Статті в журналах: "Brain damage - Social aspects"

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Ziablitsev, S. V., T. I. Panova, S. V. Kolesnikova, and O. V. Nahornyi. "BRAIN INJURY: MEDICO-SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS. Review." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1.2020.09.

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The review provides up-to-date data on the medico-social significance and scientific aspects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in particular, the processes of neuroinflammation and the development of autoimmune reactions. According to the results of the analysis of open literature (PumMed database), it is established that among persons of working age, TBI holds the first place in the mortality structure, which is 2-3 times higher in Ukraine than similar indicators of economically developed countries. Each year, TBI costs the world economy about $ 400 billion, which is 0.5% of the gross world product. From a scientific point of view, TBI can be regarded as a continuous, possibly lifelong, process that affects multiple organ systems and can be a cause of traumatic disease. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of TBI that successively change each other (necrosis, axonal damage, gliosis/microgliosis, apoptosis, demyelinization and neuroregeneration) are highlighted.

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Nazarko, Linda. "Alcohol-related brain damage: diagnosis, treatment and medical management." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 16, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2020.16.1.36.

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Alcohol misuse is often a hidden problem and alcohol-related brain damage is thought to account for around 10% of cases of dementia ( Gupta and Warner, 2008 ; Brust, 2010 ). In England, an estimated 589 101 adults are alcohol-dependent and 24% of adults in England and Scotland regularly drink more than Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) guidelines ( Burton et al, 2016 ). Alcohol misuse can affect many aspects of health and can lead to alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD). This article explains about the pathophysiology and clinical features of ARBD, and how it is diagnosed, treated and managed.

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Valenzano, Anna, Alessia Scarinci, Vincenzo Monda, Francesco Sessa, Antonietta Messina, Marcellino Monda, Francesco Precenzano, et al. "The Social Brain and Emotional Contagion: COVID-19 Effects." Medicina 56, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120640.

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Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease, responsible for a global pandemic that began in January 2020. Human/COVID-19 interactions cause different outcomes ranging from minor health consequences to death. Since social interaction is the default mode by which individuals communicate with their surroundings, different modes of contagion can play a role in determining the long-term consequences for mental health and emotional well-being. We examined some basic aspects of human social interaction, emphasizing some particular features of the emotional contagion. Moreover, we analyzed the main report that described brain damage related to the COVID-19 infection. Indeed, the goal of this review is to suggest a possible explanation for the relationships among emotionally impaired people, brain damage, and COVID-19 infection. Results: COVID-19 can cause several significant neurological disorders and the pandemic has been linked to a rise in people reporting mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Neurocognitive symptoms associated with COVID-19 include delirium, both acute and chronic attention and memory impairment related to hippocampal and cortical damage, as well as learning deficits in both adults and children. Conclusions: Although our knowledge on the biology and long-term clinical outcomes of the COVID-19 infection is largely limited, approaching the pandemic based on lessons learnt from previous outbreaks of infectious diseases and the biology of other coronaviruses will provide a suitable pathway for developing public mental health strategies, which could be positively translated into therapeutic approaches, attempting to improve stress coping responses, thus contributing to alleviate the burden driven by the pandemic.

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Nazarko, Linda. "Dementia 5. Alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD): diagnosis, treatment and medical management." British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 13, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2019.13.12.600.

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Alcohol misuse is often a hidden problem and alcohol-related brain damage is thought to account for around 10% of cases of dementia ( Brust, 2010 ; Gupta and Warner, 2008 ). In England, an estimated 589 101 adults are alcohol-dependent and 24% of adults in England and Scotland regularly drink more than Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) guidelines ( Burton et al, 2016 ). Alcohol misuse can affect many aspects of health and can lead to alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD). This article, the fifth in a series on dementia, explains about the pathophysiology and clinical features of ARBD, and how it is diagnosed, treated and managed.

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Gandolfini, Massimo. "Physiopathology of coma and the vegetative state. Scientific aspects and bioethical choices." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (April 2011): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2011-001006en.

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Applying the technology of neuroimaging to patients in PVS we must to review radically our knowledge of the concept of "absence of consciousness" as the result of total damage to the function of the cerebral cortex. Neuroimaging has demonstred the existence of cortical areas able to manifest definite and definible fragments of cerebral activity in a severely damaged brain, which is said to be "unconscious". Today, it is not possible to talk more of the "absence of consciousness", but rather of the "submerged consciousness". This must lead to a very prudent attitude to avoid considering PVS as an irreversible and/or terminal state, for which it is useless investing scientific and social resources. The drift towards abandonment, or whorse, euthanasia - invoked by certain ideologies founded on the "quality of life" and on "a life not worth living" is more antiscientific than it has ever been. No pathology, including PVS, is defeated or resolved by abandoning or suppressing those who are their innocent victims.

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Leyva, Arturo. "Ethical aspects of organized contact sports for children as participants." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203047.

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This paper seeks to review the literature and address ethical implications of organized contact sports, such as American football and boxing, with significant child or adolescent participation. Child and adolescent sport participation act not only as a leisure activity, but also improves physical health and enhances psychological and social health outcomes. However, playing sports may also have negative physiological effects, such as sports-related concussions (SRCs) - a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) - which are an emerging public health concern. This paper review and explores ethical implications of contact sports in the scientific literature and demonstrates challenged faced on philosophical deliberation on the ethical implications of SRCs and RHIs due to complexities of these conditions and their identification and treatment involving a wide variety of practical situations, which formal sports rules may not adequately address. Since scholarly literature has yet to arrive at a consensus concerning causal link(s) between contact sports participation and significant concussion-related brain damage, the paper argues in favor of strengthening concussion preventive measures, identification protocols and management procedures in contact sports. This article rejects ethical paternalism on the basis of inconclusive empirical evidence concerning associations between contact sports participation and heightened SRC risk. It also rejects Mill’s argumentation against consensualism and suggests prevention is a better solution over inadequately founded philosophical ethical proposals favoring drastically reforming contact sports.

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Meier, Lukas J. "Are the irreversibly comatose still here? The destruction of brains and the persistence of persons." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105618.

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When an individual is comatose while parts of her brain remain functional, the question arises as to whether any mental characteristics are still associated with this brain, that is, whether the person still exists. Settling this uncertainty requires that one becomes clear about two issues: the type of functional loss that is associated with the respective profile of brain damage and the persistence conditions of persons. Medical case studies can answer the former question, but they are not concerned with the latter. Conversely, in the philosophical literature, various accounts of personal identity are discussed, but usually detached from any empirical basis. Only uniting the two debates and interpreting the real-life configurations of brain damage through the lens of the philosophical concepts enables one to make an informed judgment regarding the persistence of comatose persons. Especially challenging are cases in which three mental characteristics that normally occur together—wakefulness, awareness and memory storage—come apart. These shall be the focus of this paper.

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Karafin, Matthew S., Daniel Tranel, and Ralph Adolphs. "Dominance Attributions Following Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 10 (December 2004): 1796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042947856.

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Damage to the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VM) can result in dramatic and maladaptive changes in social behavior despite preservation of most other cognitive abilities. One important aspect of social cognition is the ability to detect social dominance, a process of attributing from particular social signals another person's relative standing in the social world. To test the role of the VM in making attributions of social dominance, we designed two experiments: one requiring dominance judgments from static pictures of faces, the second requiring dominance judgments from film clips. We tested three demographically matched groups of subjects: subjects with focal lesions in the VM (n = 15), brain-damaged comparison subjects with lesions excluding the VM (n = 11), and a reference group of normal individuals with no history of neurological disease (n = 32). Contrary to our expectation, we found that subjects with VM lesions gave dominance judgments on both tasks that did not differ significantly from those given by the other groups. Despite their grossly normal performance, however, subjects with VM lesions showed more subtle impairments specifically when judging static faces: They were less discriminative in their dominance judgments, and did not appear to make normal use of gender and age of the faces in forming their judgments. The findings suggest that, in the laboratory tasks we used, damage to the VM does not necessarily impair judgments of social dominance, although it appears to result in alterations in strategy that might translate into behavioral impairments in real life.

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Dobrynina, L. A., M. R. Zabitova, L. A. Kalashnikova, E. V. Gnedovskaya, and M. A. Piradov. "Hypertension and Cerebral Microangiopathy (Cerebral Small Vessel Disease): Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Their Relationship." Acta Naturae 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2018-10-2-4-15.

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Hypertension (HT) and its cerebral complications are extremely vexing medical and social problems. Despite the obvious association between hypertension and the clinical and neuroimaging features of cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) (also known as cerebral small vessel disease), the causal links between them remain ambiguous. Besides, antihypertensive therapy as the only way to manage these patients does not always prevent brain damage. Knowledge about the key factors and mechanisms involved in HT and CMA development is important for predicting the risk of cerebral complications and developing new approaches to their prevention and treatment. At present, genome-wide association studies and other approaches are used to investigate the common hereditary mechanisms of HT and CMA development, which will explain a large number of CMA cases not associated with hypertension, lack of a correlation between HT severity and the degree of cerebral injury, and failure of antihypertensive therapy to prevent CMA progression. Epigenetic markers likely play a modulating role in the development of these diseases.

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Immordino-Yang, Mary Helen, and Antonio Damasio. "We Feel, Therefore We Learn: The Relevance of Affective and Social Neuroscience to Education." LEARNing Landscapes 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v5i1.535.

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Recent advances in neuroscience are highlighting connections between emotion, social functioning, and decision making that have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the role of affect in education. In particular, the neurobiological evidence suggests that the aspects of cognition that we recruit most heavily in schools, namely learning, attention, memory, decision making, and social functioning, are both profoundly affected by and subsumed within the processes of emotion; we call these aspects emotional thought. Moreover, the evidence from brain-damaged patients suggests the hypothesis that emotion-related processes are required for skills and knowledge to be transferred from the structured school environment to real-world decision making because they provide an emotional rudder to guide judgment and action. Taken together, the evidence we present sketches an account of the neurobiological underpinnings of morality, creativity, and culture, all topics of critical importance to education. Our hope is that a better understanding of the neurobiological relationships between these constructs will provide a new basis for innovation in the design of learning environments.

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Geertsma, Meleah A. "Punitive Damages: Court Orders Two-Thirds to Go to State University Cancer Research Program." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 2 (2003): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00092.x.

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On December 20, 2002, the Ohio Supreme Court issued an opinion in Dardinger v. Anthem Blue Cross & Blue Shield granting a landmark punitive damages award against the defendant-insurer for breach of contract and bad faith in its coverage of a cancer patient. The court directed that the punitive damages award of $30 million, should it be accepted by the plaintiff, be apportioned between the plaintiff and a cancer research fund to be established in the name of the plaintiff's deceased wife, Esther Dardinger. In so doing, the court broke new ground in the scope and social purpose of punitive damages in health care litigation, as well as the courts’ role in distributing those damages.After being diagnosed with metastatic brain tumors in October 1996, Esther began intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) treatments at the recommendation of her physician, Dr. Newton. IAC is a targeted form of chemotherapy in which an arterial catheter is threaded through a cranial artery near the tumor and into the brain.

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Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., R. Tomer, B. D. Berger, and J. Aharon-Peretz. "Characterization of Empathy Deficits following Prefrontal Brain Damage: The Role of the Right Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903321593063.

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Impaired empathic response has been described in patients following brain injury, suggesting that empathy may be a fundamental aspect of the social behavior disturbed by brain damage. However, the neuroanatomical basis of impaired empathy has not been studied in detail. The empathic response of patients with localized lesions in the prefrontal cortex (n = 25) was compared to responses of patients with posterior (n = 17) and healthy control subjects (n = 19). To examine the cognitive processes that underlie the empathic ability, the relationships between empathy scores and the performance on tasks that assess processes of cognitive flexibility, affect recognition, and theory of mind (TOM) were also examined. Patients with prefrontal lesions, particularly when their damage included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, were significantly impaired in empathy as compared to patients with posterior lesions and healthy controls. However, among patients with posterior lesions, those with damage to the right hemisphere were impaired, whereas those with left posterior lesions displayed empathy levels similar to healthy controls. Seven of nine patients with the most profound empathy deficit had a right ventromedial lesion. A differential pattern regarding the relationships between empathy and cognitive performance was also found: Whereas among patients with dorsolateral prefrontal damage empathy was related to cognitive flexibility but not to TOM and affect recognition, empathy scores in patients with ventromedial lesions were related to TOM but not to cognitive flexibility. Our findings suggest that prefrontal structures play an important part in a network mediating the empathic response and specifically that the right ventromedial cortex has a unique role in integrating cognition and affect to produce the empathic response.

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Vaccaro, A. G., F. Manfrin, C. Zoppellaro, and A. Catania. "Clinical neuroscience and psychosocial rehabilitation." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1343.

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There is a physical world and a world of meanings, symbols and social relationships. Neuroscience considers brain as a biological machine. Social science studies the human relationships.Nowadays we know cerebral processes underlying several aspects of social behavior.Cerebral damages or dysfunctions can influence the social behavior, as well as the social experiences can shape the development, structuring and functioning of the brain and, consequently, condition the further responses of the individuals to the social events. Humans are embodied subject. In an objective sense we are bodies with a brain, in a subjective sense we are individuals in a social world. This is a relevant matter for all the medical sciences, not only for psychiatry.The real-life functioning of individuals with schizophrenia shows deficits in several daily-life abilities, in social relationships and in the work activities. According to literature and clinical practice, basic criterions are: bio-psycho-social vulnerability, stressful life events, coping strategies as well as social and relational competence.Neurocognitive activity shows a straight correlation, albeit indirect, with the real-life functioning. Positive symptoms, negative symptoms and disorganized behavior can considerably influence the real-life functioning. While social and relational competence, the general functioning and resilience are protective factors that can positively condition real-life functioning. Moreover, welfare services (i.e. assisted job placement; disability subsidies; etc.) and a good family and social network can considerably influence the results.According to the results above, we can affirm the importance to adopt integrated and personalized therapeutic-rehabilitative program for the treatment of schizophrenia and other serious mental disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Sales, Synara Sepúlveda, Janete Knapik, and Roberto Moraes Cruz. "Forensic neuropsychological assessment of children victims of violence." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): e4579108750. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8750.

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Violence in its most general aspect reveals important issues, mainly related to physical, mental, social and legal consequences. Childhood violence is a public health issue, as damage is described, affecting mainly cognitive, emotional and behavioral development. Studies show damage to children's development, resulting in biochemical, functional and structural changes in the brain, resulting from the violence suffered. The objective of the article was to verify the scientific production on the impact of violence on children's development in the field of forensic neuropsychology. Therefore, the production of knowledge on the topic and the impact of maltreatment on children's neuropsychological development was analyzed. This is an integrative literature review, supported by international databases. The results demonstrate the importance of a forensic neuropsychological assessment, to detect the impacts of violence, as well as to develop prevention and action strategies, in the scope of mental health, forensics and/or legal demands and thus, devise more effective measures for this population and subsidize public risk reduction policies applied to children and adolescents. Studies are still small, which shows a wide field to be investigated.

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Mohamed, Mohd Haazik, Sangaran Gopal, Idayu Badilla Idris, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin, and Hazlina Mohd Miskam. "Mental Health Status among Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients at Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia." Asian Social Work Journal 5, no. 3 (November 3, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v5i3.150.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect and cause damage to several human organs such as the skin, kidneys, muscles, joints, lungs, heart and brain. Uncontrolled relapses in SLE patients can lead to death. SLE patients and their families also face difficulties due to lack of information about the disease. Therefore, studies focused on the psychological aspects such as symptoms of anxiety and depression among SLE patients is still needed in Malaysia. Thus, this study investigated the psychological status of SLE such as the occurrence of anxiety and depression in SLE patients and its associated factors. A cross sectional study using the purposive sampling was carried out at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaires were used to occurrence of anxiety and depression respectively. Out of 150 SLE patients participated, 46.6% had anxiety while another 33.3% experienced severe depression. Anxiety and depression were significantly correlated with socio demographic factors such as gender (p = 0.006, p = 0.003 respectively), level of education (p = 0.028, p = 0.003 respectively), and monthly income (p = 0.008, p = 0.001 respectively). Overall, socio demographic factors have important influence on the occurrence of anxiety and depression in patients with SLE. Mental health issue among SLE patient in Malaysia should be taken into consideration by health care provider especially by medical social worker.

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Safari, Hossein, Shahram Bagheri, and Behnia Ahmadi Halili. "Cosmetic Outcomes of Scalp in Standard Reverse Question Mark Incision and L.G. Kempe Incision in Large Craniotomies." Iranian Journal of Neurosurgery 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irjns.6.4.4.

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Background and Aim: Craniotomy is a surgery in which a flap of the skull is opened to access the affected area in the brain. Since paying attention to the aesthetic aspects of the patient’s head after surgery is very important for the patient’s mental health and social life, surgeons should try to adopt a method that minimizes damage to the scalp and follicles. Methods and Materials/Patients: In this clinical trial study, patients who were candidates for frontotemporoparietal craniotomy surgery were selected. Twenty-three selected patients were randomly divided into 2 groups consisting of a 12-member intervention group (L.G. Kempe) and an 11-member control group (Standard Reverse Question mark). Patients underwent a pre-operative biopsy of the scalp and a follow-up biopsy 6 months post-operatively. In the evaluation of aesthetic aspects, the created scar was scored using the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale (SBSES). Patients were also directly asked about their satisfaction with the operation and the scar created. Results: In 23 patients, the results showed that patients who underwent LG Kempe incision craniotomy received significantly higher scores in SBSES scoring evaluations (P=0.005). There was no significant difference in subjective evaluations by asking patients about their satisfaction with the scar site and the operation area (P=0.75). In the analysis of post-operative hair follicle density between the 2 groups (P=0.910), general changes in pre-operative and post-operative follicle density in all samples (P= 0.657) as well as comparing the changes between 2 groups, no significant difference was found between follicular density changes between the intervention and control groups (P=0.137). Conclusion: Patients treated with L.G. Kempe incision had significantly higher SBSES scores, which can be considered an aesthetically superior method that could prevent the formation of undesirable scar.

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Alriksson-Schmidt, Ann, Johan Jarl, Elisabet Rodby-Bousquet, Annika Lundkvist Josenby, Lena Westbom, Kate Himmelmann, Kristine Stadskleiv, et al. "Improving the Health of Individuals With Cerebral Palsy: Protocol for the Multidisciplinary Research Program MOVING ON WITH CP." JMIR Research Protocols 8, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): e13883. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13883.

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Background Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common early onset disabilities globally. The causative brain damage in CP is nonprogressive, yet secondary conditions develop and worsen over time. Individuals with CP in Sweden and most of the Nordic countries are systematically followed in the national registry and follow-up program entitled the Cerebral Palsy Follow-Up Program (CPUP). CPUP has improved certain aspects of health care for individuals with CP and strengthened collaboration among professionals. However, there are still issues to resolve regarding health care for this specific population. Objective The overall objectives of the research program MOVING ON WITH CP are to (1) improve the health care processes and delivery models; (2) develop, implement, and evaluate real-life solutions for Swedish health care provision; and (3) evaluate existing health care and social insurance benefit programs and processes in the context of CP. Methods MOVING ON WITH CP comprises 9 projects within 3 themes. Evaluation of Existing Health Care (Theme A) consists of registry studies where data from CPUP will be merged with national official health databases, complemented by survey and interview data. In Equality in Health Care and Social Insurance (Theme B), mixed methods studies and registry studies will be complemented with focus group interviews to inform the development of new processes to apply for benefits. In New Solutions and Processes in Health Care Provision (Theme C), an eHealth (electronic health) procedure will be developed and tested to facilitate access to specialized health care, and equipment that improves the assessment of movement activity in individuals with CP will be developed. Results The individual projects are currently being planned and will begin shortly. Feedback from users has been integrated. Ethics board approvals have been obtained. Conclusions In this 6-year multidisciplinary program, professionals from the fields of medicine, social sciences, health sciences, and engineering, in collaboration with individuals with CP and their families, will evaluate existing health care, create conditions for a more equal health care, and develop new technologies to improve the health care management of people with CP. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/13883

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McMahon, Terry, and Shiraj Vahora. "Radiation damage to the brain: Neuropsychiatric aspects." General Hospital Psychiatry 8, no. 6 (November 1986): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(86)90027-7.

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Wachula, Ewa, Jolanta Zok, Marzenna Ziomek, Piotr Jan Wysocki, and Wojciech Rogowski. "Personality disorders as a result of symptom of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) antiangiogenic treatment for metastatic renal cancer: A case report of 71-year-old women." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e13560-e13560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13560.

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e13560 Background: Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, known also as chemo brain, is defined as cognitive changes experienced by patients undergoing chemotherapy, especially in aspects of visual and verbal memory, attention and psychomotor functions. Cognitive changes and dysfunction after common cancer chemotherapy and recently appearing after biologic agents are increasing as a disturbing side-effect in cancer survivors. The etiology of this phenomenon is not well understood. Methods: We present the case of 71-year- old female, with metastatic renal cancer who are exposed to anti-angiogenic treatment for years.From 2005 to 2009 the patient was treated by combination therapy which consisted of bevacizumab and INF-alfa.The anti-angiogenic therapy was discontinued prematurely because of cardiac toxicity. Partial response of metastatic lesions was achieved as a result of the treatment. In 2010, new metastases were found, and a second line therapy by m-TOR inhibitor everolimus was commenced. Because of hematological toxicity of CTC grade 3, the patient required a 50% dose reduction. During anti-angiogenic treatment some psychiatric symptoms such as paranoid personality disorders, memory impairment, dementia, emotional coldness and social withdrawal were observed. Results: In laboratory tests any electrolytes and metabolic imbalance were noticed. The CT and the MR imaging of the head excluded any structural damages and focal brain parenchymal lesions. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy were suggested.The patient is still on everolimus until now in order to maintain stabilization. Conclusions: The chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment can be problematic for survivors. Better understanding factors that contribute to chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction is important because this information could identify patients at risk and inform treatment.

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Macedo, Heloísa Oliveira. "Atividade metalinguística em discussão: a refacção textual escrita de sujeitos afásicos." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 45 (September 19, 2011): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v45i0.8637016.

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Although there have been several studies about the processses of rewriting texts there is none related to aphasia. Even thou rewriting is considered as an alternative to promote reflection, to searching for new ways and, therefore, as a new possibility of sigfiynig in a text, in language, it was never studied with brain damaged subjects. When the subjects recognizes the need to rewrite his text in order to make themselves understood in a more accurate way by his partners, they change their strategies, adjusts their language and positions themselves as a social subjects. The theory on which this work is based is the Neurolinguistics developed by Coudry (1986) and Morato (1995), discoursively oriented, which assumes the close relation between language and speech, language and cognition and between the subject and the social practices. Three aphasic subjects were followed while the process of writing texts about their history on aphasia, mainly about the consequences that the condition of being aphasics brought to their lives. The process of writing was carried together with the investigator, when they talked about their doubts and about the hyphotesis they made about the process of writing. The analysis shows that the cognitive aspects related to the knowledge of the roles and structures of a written text are preserved. In fact, they were able to recognize when something is not properly organized. In general, the research shows that the work with rewriting allows the subject to recover and/or improve their competence in reading and writing.

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Onufriev, M. V., M. Yu Stepanichev, A. O. Tishkina, S. V. Sidorova, and N. V. Gulyaeva. "Neuroimmune aspects of brain damage after focal ischemia." Neurochemical Journal 8, no. 1 (January 2014): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819712414010127.

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Pléh, Csaba. "Modularity and pragmatics." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.10.4.04ple.

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The modular approach to language in its career of 30 years had alternating and rivaling views regarding the place of pragmatics. A first approach basically is the one outlined by Fodor (1983) that would pack pragmatic aspects of language use under the rubric of the mushy General Problem Solver component of the architecture, thus extracting it from considerations of modularity altogether. The rival Massive Modular approaches such as Dan Sperber’s would be willing to treat pragmatic aspects as one crucial module as part of a general architecture with modularity all over the place. The paper after summarizing the theoretical interpretations calls for a less dedicated distributed processing and representation system where modularity rather than a simple starting point might be seen as the result of a process of modularization. Three types of empirical data are surveyed. First, studies that seem to support a specialized pragmatic module are discussed, namely from right hemisphere damaged populations and brain imaging data that imply a strong involvement of right hemisphere in a variety of pragmatic aspects from emotional stress to understanding non-literal language. A second line of data comes from developmental neuroscience considerations. Studies with autistic and other cognitively challenged populations suffering from a presupposed overall architectural deficit indicate the crucial role of a Theory of Mind not only in tasks of second order representation, in attributing a sophisticated Belief-Intention system to others, but in language processing as well. One interpretation of these data is to postulate a module of social and psychological cognition, that would be a driving source of language use. The primacy of language use should be left open as an option. It is possible that language use itself and thus language pragmatics in different intentional contexts is partly responsible for the development of the seemingly encapsulated system of mentalization. This would correspond to the general idea of early prepared systems being modified during an interface buildup process in development that roughly corresponds to an overall use of language for metacognitive purposes. A third line evidence calling for a balanced treatment of the modularity issue comes from theories of Paleobiology. Theories like the ones proposed by Donald, Mithen, Wilkins and Wakefield should also be considered in this regard. According to these theories human language may actually have resulted from a loosening of boundaries between encapsulated modules, rather then from strengthening them. This line of reasoning is especially interesting since it supports the idea that human language emerges by necessity as the result of an interaction between different “intelligences’“, together with elementary societal organization and a social mind.

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Iwadate, Kimiharu, Nagahisa Matsuyama, Miwako Aoyagi, Ryo Shimada, and Yohko Ito. "A case of generalized hypoxic brain damage following traumatic brain damage." Legal Medicine 7, no. 2 (March 2005): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2004.10.003.

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Unterberg, A., A. Baethmann, and W. Lanksch. "Prevention and treatment of secondary brain damage. Clinical aspects." Chest 100, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 200S—202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.3.200s.

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Leviton, A., and O. Dammann. "Brain damage markers in children. Neurobiological and clinical aspects." Acta Paediatrica 91, no. 1 (January 2, 2007): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01630.x.

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Rami, Abdelhaq, and Josef Krieglstein. "Brain Damage Caused by Ischemia: Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Aspects." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 4, no. 1 (1993): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000107292.

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Heijnen, Cobi J., and Annemieke Kavelaars. "Neuro-immune, behavioral and molecular aspects of brain damage." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24, no. 5 (July 2010): 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.01.012.

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Sanchez, Manuel, Ellen Grober, and D. Peter Birkett. "Dementia in Left Brain Damage." Clinical Gerontologist 17, no. 4 (April 24, 1997): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j018v17n04_03.

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Neiman, Jack. "Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Brain Damage: Neurologic Aspects." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22, s7 (May 1998): 346s—351s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04389.x.

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Lanser, J. B. K. "Traumatic brain injury. Clinical, social and rehabilitational aspects." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 93, no. 2 (January 1991): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-8467(91)90084-3.

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Chepranova, Zh Yu, Ye A. Yatsenko, Ye A. Lisikh, and Z. A. Kapustina. "Phenomenon of preconditioning in the aspects of the ischemic brain damage." Medicina 7, no. 1 (2019): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2019-7-1-109-122.

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Borodin, Yuriy, and Vladimir Chekhonin. "Neuroimmunological Aspects of Fetus and Newborn Brain Damage in Complicated Pregnancy." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 35, no. 4 (April 1996): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00504.x.

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Sultana, Sharmin, M. Lokman Hossain, and M. Nazma Parvin. "Pattern and treatment of Parkinson’s disease at different health care levels in Bangladesh: a hospital based survey." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 4 (March 24, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20201269.

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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a condition in which part of the brain becomes progressively damaged over many years. This study represents the pattern of Parkinson’s disease and help to identify various drugs which are being used at different health care levels in Bangladesh.Methods: Cross-sectional technique was applied as study design in this research work. We accessed the patients with formulated questionnaire of the Department of Neuroscience of National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) for data collection from January 2017 to August 2019. 100 patients were selected in the ages between 25-80 years, among them 66 were male and 34 females. Results: A total number of 100 Parkinson’s disease patients (male 66%, female 34%) were recruited for this study. Genetic factor (56%) is the main cause of PD found in this study. Among various symptoms, the prominent symptoms were voice disorders (96%), slowness of movement (90%), mask-like face expression (86%), tremor (80%), sensory and sleep difficulties (78%), excessive sweating (60%) and insomnia (56%). It was observed that along with physiotherapy, drugs used to manage PD were levodopa (14%), carbamazepine (12%), quetiapine (12%), haloperidol (11%), pramipexole (10%), trihexyphenidyl HCl (10%), carbidopa (8%), amlodipine (8%) and clonazepam (8%).Conclusions: Disgrace exists in the personal life and social context of the PD patients which also unfavourably affects their psychosocial aspects of life. Our population-based data provide evidence for a protective effect of Parkinson’s disease in our country.

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Fahmida Ferdous, Dionéia Motta Monte-Serrat, Md Faruq Alam, Helal Uddin Ahmed, AZM Mosiul Azam, Jinat Imtiaz Ali, and Syed Shahrier Rahman. "Childhood-acquired aphasia: A case report." Z H Sikder Women’s Medical College Journal 2, Number 2 (July 1, 2020): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/zhswmcj.2020.v0202.08.

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Childhood-acquired aphasia or Childhood-acquired language disorder is a neurological disorder caused by damage of the brain areas related to some aspects of language production and language processing. As a result, there are problems in understanding the speech, which interferes with what the speaker intends to communicate. There are also impaired speaking and writing skills. When language processing area is impaired then communication is significantly affected and behavioral problems arise reflecting on inadequate language performance, below that could be expected based on children’s age level. The aim of this paper is to report a case of Childhood-acquired aphasia or Childhoodacquired language disorder in a four-year-old boy. 4-year-old male Muslim child from an urban environment with lower economic education. Referred by a child neurologist with complaints of being easily irritated, expressed, especially with his mother’s movement, irritability, episodic tantrums and fights with siblings. Speaks less than in periods prior to the onset of symptoms. He produces meaningless speech; he is unable to understand all speech during communication, which has been happening for a period of 30 days. Also has a history of seizure for 1 month. The child was born by normal vaginal delivery without any complications during antenatal, natal and post-natal period. His milestones of development in all domains were age appropriate and he had no history of mental illness in the family. His socialization as well as the relationship with friends was good before the seizure occurrence. The linguistic assessment revealed that the child cannot understand the speaker’s simple and complex sentences, as well as the pragmatic linguistic representations necessary for successful functional communication in various social contexts. These facts reveal that there is difficulty in the development of receptive language. There were abnormalities in his EEG report. Childhood-acquired language disorder or Childhood-Expressive language assessment revealed a-grammatic speech with a breakdown of sentence structure and with the omission or misuse of grammatical morphemes. There is spelling error in alphabet\letter and, also in words that meant disorder in the written expression. Acquired aphasia was assigned to the boy managed with bio psychosocial approach. Follow up after 3 months revealed gradual decrease of behavioural problems with significant improvement in language development. This case revealed that Childhood-acquired aphasia or Childhood-acquired language disorder sometimes present with seizure disorder and behaviour disturbances of children. Meticulous history and index of suspicion are able to provide evaluation of child with linguistic disorders.

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Maruska, Karen, Marta C. Soares, Monica Lima-Maximino, Diógenes Henrique de Siqueira-Silva, and Caio Maximino. "Social plasticity in the fish brain: Neuroscientific and ethological aspects." Brain Research 1711 (May 2019): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.026.

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Hari, Riitta, and Miiamaaria V. Kujala. "Brain Basis of Human Social Interaction: From Concepts to Brain Imaging." Physiological Reviews 89, no. 2 (April 2009): 453–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2007.

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Modern neuroimaging provides a common platform for neuroscience and related disciplines to explore the human brain, mind, and behavior. We base our review on the social shaping of the human mind and discuss various aspects of brain function related to social interaction. Despite private mental contents, people can share their understanding of the world using, beyond verbal communication, nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and postures. The understanding of nonverbal messages is supported by the brain's mirroring systems that are shaped by individual experience. Within the organism-environment system, tight links exist between action and perception, both within an individual and between several individuals. Therefore, any comprehensive brain imaging study of the neuronal basis of social cognition requires appreciation of the situated and embodied nature of human cognition, motivating simultaneous monitoring of brain and bodily functions within a socially relevant environment. Because single-person studies alone cannot unravel the dynamic aspects of interpersonal interactions, it seems both necessary and beneficial to move towards “two-person neuroscience”; technological shortcomings and a limited conceptual framework have so far hampered such a leap. We conclude by discussing some major disorders of social interaction.

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Cole, M. "Clinical and Neuropsychological Aspects of Closed Head Injury (Brain Damage, Behaviour and Cognition)." Neurology 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.41.6.958.

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Banks, Russell E., and Delfina C. Domínguez. "Sports-Related Concussion: Neurometabolic Aspects." Seminars in Speech and Language 40, no. 05 (February 14, 2019): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679887.

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AbstractConcussion is a transitory brain injury resulting from a blow to the head. Concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), which is self-limited. Repetitive mTBI has been associated with chronic, progressive neurological damage. Extreme biochemical changes occur in neuron cells as a result of mTBI. These metabolic disturbances may reflect the symptoms observed in patients who had suffered concussions. However, it has been difficult to correlate clinical signs and symptoms. Currently, there are no laboratory tests to diagnose concussion, though several biomarkers are being investigated. Further studies are needed to elucidate the biochemical details of the metabolic cascade and the associated time frame, which will help determine when an athlete can safely return to the game.

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Irwin, Billy. "Prosodic Impairment Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 19, no. 3 (October 2009): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld19.3.97.

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Abstract Purpose: This article discusses impaired prosody production subsequent to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prosody may affect naturalness and intelligibility of speech significantly, often for the long term, and TBI may result in a variety of impairments. Method: Intonation, rate, and stress production are discussed in terms of the perceptual, physiological, and acoustic characteristics associated with TBI. Results and Conclusions: All aspects of prosodic production are susceptible to the effects of damage resulting from TBI. There are commonly associated prosodic impairments; however, individual variations in specific aspects of prosody require detailed analysis.

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Aicardi, Christine, Simisola Akintoye, B. Tyr Fothergill, Manuel Guerrero, Gudrun Klinker, William Knight, Lars Klüver, et al. "Ethical and Social Aspects of Neurorobotics." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 2533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00248-8.

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Abstract The interdisciplinary field of neurorobotics looks to neuroscience to overcome the limitations of modern robotics technology, to robotics to advance our understanding of the neural system’s inner workings, and to information technology to develop tools that support those complementary endeavours. The development of these technologies is still at an early stage, which makes them an ideal candidate for proactive and anticipatory ethical reflection. This article explains the current state of neurorobotics development within the Human Brain Project, originating from a close collaboration between the scientific and technical experts who drive neurorobotics innovation, and the humanities and social sciences scholars who provide contextualising and reflective capabilities. This article discusses some of the ethical issues which can reasonably be expected. On this basis, the article explores possible gaps identified within this collaborative, ethical reflection that calls for attention to ensure that the development of neurorobotics is ethically sound and socially acceptable and desirable.

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Kirilova, L. G., and Ya A. Martynenko. "Modern aspects of the pathogenesis of brain damage in extremely low birth weight infants." PERINATOLOGIYA I PEDIATRIYA, no. 4(64) (December 30, 2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2015.64.64.

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42

Morozova, E. A., R. R. Sergeeva, and D. V. Morozov. "Practical aspects of diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures." Epilepsia and paroxyzmal conditions 10, no. 4 (March 1, 2019): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2077-8333.2018.10.4.017-025.

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Aim– analyze the current practice of management in patients with neonatal seizures and perinatal brain disorders, and determine the ways to prevent long-term neurological complications.Materials and methods.The study group included 140 children (aged from 2 weeks to 18 months) with neonatal seizures and perinatal brain abnormalities. In these cases, the obstetric and early postnatal history was analyzed; all patients underwent video-EEG monitoring, cervical spine X-ray, neuroimaging, and a Doppler ultrasound test.Results.We found a number of reliable ante- and intra- partum predictors of neonatal seizures. According to the medical documentation from the neonatal pathology departments, local neonatologists have difficulties in diagnosing and verifying the type and duration of seizures. In most patients with neonatal seizures, we detected epileptiform EEG activity, signs of birth defects (according to X-ray) and marked changes (according to neuroimaging) in the cervical spine.Conclusion.The results confirm that neonatal seizures are one of the first symptoms of severe brain damage, including intra-natal damage. Evolution of neonatal seizures into drug-resistant epilepsy and further disability is associated with insufficient knowledge of neonatal seizures, standards for their diagnosis, therapy and multidisciplinary observation.

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43

Luming, Zhao. "Research on Covid-19 Pandemic and Social Security." World Journal of Social Science Research 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): p4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v7n2p4.

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Public health security is one of the important areas of social security. When the author drew up this thesis, the novel coronavirus pneumonia broke out in the Wuhan area, wreaking havoc on the entire land of China. Macroscopically speaking, the damage caused by the epidemic situation to social security is not only in public health, but also has a profound impact on public opinion, economic production and so on. In this paper, the author will analyze the damage on social security caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in three aspects: physical damage, social economic loss, and public opinion turbulence, furthermore, discussing its countermeasures.

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AFANASIEVA, Olga Romanovna, Lidia Vladimirovna ZARAPINA, Maria Mikhailovna MUKHLYNINA, Alla Petrovna ADAMENKO, and Sergey Aleksandrovich SHUMAKOV. "Economic and Legal Aspects of Compensation for Environmental Damage." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.3(43).03.

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The article considers the economic and legal aspects of compensation for environmental damage. The variety of consequences that occur as a result of environmental offenses, the complex structure of environmental damage, and specific objects of environmental legal relations determine the necessity to apply environmental legal, as well as civil, norms to the regulation of relations on compensation for environmental damage. Interaction, convergence, and interpenetration of social relations lead to the strengthening of integration processes of their legal mediation. The necessity of complete dissociation of norms of environmental and civil legislation, especially as regards the regulation of the considered relations, can hardly be accepted. Ecologized norms appear, the inclusion of which in various normative legal acts is connected with the economic development of countries, threat of ecological crisis, complication of public relations, and the necessity to consider the laws of nature.

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Mützell, Sture. "Brain Damage and Neuropsychological Impairment in the General Population and Alcoholics." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 5, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.1994.9747747.

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46

Khairkar, Praveen, Srikanth Reddy, and Amit Agrawal. "Neuropsychiatric aspects of paediatric brain tumours: an update." Romanian Neurosurgery 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2016-0077.

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Abstract The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with cancer has a tremendous and lasting effect on the patients, their families, and other individuals in their social network. It carries a host of psychological and neurobehavioral ramifications, from questions of mortality to changes in levels of functioning in multiple domains. Childhood cancer remains the leading cause of illness-related death in childhood, but significant advances in survival have been made in the past 40 years. This review looks at the neuropsychiatric presentations, psychosocial and treatment-related issues that arise in children with brain tumors.

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47

Senju, Atsushi, and Mark H. Johnson. "Is eye contact the key to the social brain?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001275.

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AbstractEye contact plays a critical role in many aspects of face processing, including the processing of smiles. We propose that this is achieved by a subcortical route, which is activated by eye contact and modulates the cortical areas involve in social cognition, including the processing of facial expression. This mechanism could be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

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Syta, Aneta. "Zaburzenia sprawności językowych i komunikacyjnych u chorych po udarze prawej półkuli mózgu. Opisy przypadków." Poradnik Językowy 2020, no. 2/2020(771) (February 25, 2020): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.2.6.

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Right hemisphere brain damage manifests itself in the language at the level of not only expression but also reception. Utterances of people with right hemisphere dysfunctions are often disorderly and illogical. As recipients, patients with right hemisphere brain damage, for instance, interrupt their interlocutor’s utterance, cannot understand jokes, mockeries, or ambiguous messages. The paper describes language and communication defi cits arising from right hemisphere brain damage and cases of patients suffering from right hemisphere disorder. The data obtained in the course of examining people with right hemisphere damage show that the most disturbed aspects of language include: lexical and semantic processing, processing complex language information, discourse, and prosody.

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Minga, Jamila, Davida Fromm, ClarLynda Williams-DeVane, and Brian MacWhinney. "Question Use in Adults With Right-Hemisphere Brain Damage." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00063.

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Purpose Right-hemisphere brain damage (RHD) can affect pragmatic aspects of communication that may contribute to an impaired ability to gather information. Questions are an explicit means of gathering information. Question types vary in terms of the demands they place on cognitive resources. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study is to test the hypothesis that adults with RHD differ from neurologically healthy adults in the types of questions asked during a structured task. Method Adults who sustained a single right-hemisphere stroke and neurologically healthy controls from the RHDBank Database completed the Unfamiliar Object Task of the RHDBank Discourse Protocol (Minga et al., 2016). Each task was video-recorded. Questions were transcribed using the Codes for the Human Analysis of Transcripts format. Coding and analysis of each response were conducted using Computerized Language Analysis (MacWhinney, 2000) programs. Results The types of questions used differed significantly across groups, with the RHD group using significantly more content questions and significantly fewer polar questions than the neurologically healthy control group. In their content question use, adults with RHD used significantly more “what” questions than other question subtypes. Conclusion Question-asking is an important aspect of pragmatic communication. Differences in the relative usage of question types, such as the reduced use of polar questions or increased use of content questions, may reflect cognitive limitations arising from RHD. Further investigations examining question use in this population are encouraged to replicate the current findings and to expand on the study tasks and measures. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11936295

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Crisp, Ross. "Social Reintegration After Traumatic Brain Impairment: A Qualitative Analysis." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.25.4.16.

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This study explored the process of social reintegration of 10 persons with traumatic brain impairment. A series of in-depth interviews over a period of 12 months were conducted with all participants. Data were analyzed using procedures utilized by grounded theory and ethnographic researchers; and, resulted in a typology that described different aspects of social reintegration into community life. Implications for rehabilitation counselors and researchers are discussed.

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