Статті в журналах: "Brackish water"

1

Zhu, Yang, Sun, and Zhang. "Response of Water-Salt Migration to Brackish Water Irrigation with Different Irrigation Intervals and Sequences." Water 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102089.

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Establishing methods for scientific and rational use of brackish water resources is the key to farmland irrigation in the Yellow River Delta region of China. In this study, we conducted laboratory simulation experiments with soil columns and monitored the changes in water infiltration and salt distribution under eight irrigation treatments, including four intervals (0, 30, 60, and 90 min between irrigations) and two sequences (brackish-brackish-fresh water and brackish-fresh-brackish water). The results showed that the duration of water infiltration into the soil was higher under intermittent irrigation than continuous irrigation, with the highest value recorded at the 90-min irrigation interval. There was no significant difference in the mean soil water content between the brackish-brackish-fresh water (28.01–29.71%) and brackish-fresh-brackish water (28.85–29.98%) irrigation treatments. However, the mean soil desalination rate of the brackish-brackish-fresh irrigation treatment (42.51–46.83%) was higher than that of the brackish-fresh-brackish irrigation treatment (39.48–46.47%), and a much higher soil desalination rate was observed at the 90-min irrigation interval, compared with the other intervals. In conclusion, brackish-brackish-fresh water irrigation at longer time intervals (e.g., 90 min between irrigations) is conducive to reduce soil salt content in the surface soil in the study region.

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2

Arfiati, Diana. "Composition of Plankton in Water and Stomach Milkfish at Brackish Water Ponds." Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Technology 11, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/icgt.v11i1.1392.

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Abstract- Milkfish which cultivated in brackish water ponds utilize plankton as their natural feed. This study aimed to compare the abundance and type of phytoplankton, zooplankton in waterand stomach milkfish also the water quality of brackish water ponds. This research uses survey method, samples were taken in 3 brackish water ponds. The composition of phytoplankton wasfound in three brackish water ponds with 4 divisions, in the fish stomach 6 divisions, zooplankton composition was founded 2 divisions and fish stomach 2 divisions. Milkfish consumed allcomposition of plankton in water. Based similarity index of plankton composition in water and stomach milkfish about 73%-80%. The water quality of the three brackish water ponds is classified as oligotrophic, abundance of phytoplankton in the range of 630 - 1122 cell/ ml and zooplankton 0-30 ind/ml. Water qualities are classified as good for milkfish cultivation. Therefore, it is recommended to keep the good condition of brackish water ponds.

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3

Singh, D., R. Bharadwaj, and Alpana Mahapatra. "Brackish water desalination technologies." International Journal of Nuclear Desalination 3, no. 1 (2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnd.2008.018926.

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4

MALKKI, P. "Brackish Water Ecosystems Introduction." ICES Journal of Marine Science 56 (December 1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0627.

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5

Wei, Kai, Jihong Zhang, Quanjiu Wang, Yong Chen, and Qian Ding. "Effects of ionized brackish water and polyacrylamide application on infiltration characteristics and improving water retention and reducing soil salinity." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2020-0099.

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There is an urgent need for brackish groundwater-based irrigation methods to be developed for saline soils that are effective, economically advantageous, and environmentally friendly. The use of both ionized brackish water and polyacrylamide (PAM) might provide such a method. The long-term use of brackish water irrigation can lead to the secondary salinization of soil and, as a consequence, restrict the development of the agricultural economy. Here, we conducted one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiments to examine the effects of ionized brackish water and PAM on soil infiltration characteristics. The result indicated that the water retention of soil first increased and then decreased with the increased in PAM application rates. The maximum water retention of soil was obtained in PAM application of 0.04% for ionized brackish water treatment. Soil water storage for the 0.04% PAM application under ionized brackish water irrigation was the highest and 5.1% higher compared with non-ionized brackish water at a PAM application rate of 0.04%. The ionized brackish water treatment at a PAM application rate of 0.04% improved the desalinization efficiency by 2.3% compared with non-ionized brackish water treatment. Thus, ionized treatment and PAM application are effective for improving the characteristics of soil water and salt transport and permit the safe use of brackish groundwater for irrigation.

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6

Zhang, Panpan, and Jianglong Shen. "Effect of brackish water irrigation on the movement of water and salt in salinized soil." Open Geosciences 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0367.

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Abstract In China, fresh water resources are scarce, while brackish water resources are abundant. Reasonable utilization of brackish water is one of the important measures to alleviate the contradiction of water shortage. In order to study the effect of brackish water irrigation on water and salt transport in saline-alkali soils, one-dimensional brackish water infiltration experiments of soil columns were conducted. The influence of brackish water with different salinities on water and salt transport in salinized soil was compared and analyzed. The results showed that under brackish water irrigation, the Kostiakov model could better simulate the change in soil infiltration rate with time, the soil infiltration capacity had a positive response to the salinity of irrigation water. There was a good linear relationship between cumulative infiltration and the wetting front distance. Under different salinity conditions, the depth of soil desalination, Na+, and Cl− removal is different, which are inversely proportional to the degree of salinity; with the increase in the salinity of irrigation water, the water salt content and the concentration of Na+ and Cl− increased gradually, but the difference in the desalination zone was not obvious. Therefore, brackish water irrigation has a certain effect on the distribution of water and salt in saline soil.

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7

Glueckstern, P., M. Priel, and E. Kotzer. "Blending brackish water with desalted seawater as an alterative to brackish water desalination." Desalination 178, no. 1-3 (July 2005): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.039.

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8

Liu, Chuncheng, Bingjian Cui, Juan Wang, Chao Hu, Pengfei Huang, Xiaojun Shen, Feng Gao, and Zhongyang Li. "Does Short-Term Combined Irrigation Using Brackish-Reclaimed Water Cause the Risk of Soil Secondary Salinization?" Plants 11, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 2552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192552.

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Brackish water has to be used to irrigate crops for harvest due to the scarcity of freshwater resources. However, brackish water irrigation may cause secondary soil salinization. Whether the combined utilization of different non-conventional water resources could relieve the risk of secondary soil salinization has not been reported. In order to explore the safe and rational utilization of brackish water in areas where freshwater resources are scarce, a pot experiment was conducted to study the risk of secondary soil mixed irrigation and rotational irrigation using brackish water and reclaimed water or freshwater. The results indicated that: (1) Short-term irrigation using reclaimed water did not cause secondary soil salinization, although increasing soil pH value, ESP, and SAR. The indices did not exceed the threshold of soil salinization. (2) Compared with mixed irrigation using brackish–freshwater, the contents of soil exchangeable Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ increased, and the content of soil exchangeable Na+ decreased under rotational irrigation using brackish-reclaimed water. In addition, the contents of soil exchangeable Na+ and Mg2+ under mixed irrigation or rotational irrigation were significantly lower, and the exchangeable K+ content of the soil was higher compared with brackish water irrigation. The exchangeable Ca2+ content under rotational irrigation was higher than that of brackish water irrigation, while the reverse was seen under mixed irrigation. (3) For different combined utilization modes of brackish water and reclaimed water, the ESP and SAR were the lowest under rotational irrigation, followed by mixed irrigation and brackish water irrigation. The ESP under brackish water treatment exceeded 15%, indicating a certain risk of salinization, while ESPs under other treatments were below 15%. Under mixed irrigation or rational irrigation using reclaimed-brackish water, the higher the proportion or rotational times of reclaimed water, the lower the risk of secondary soil salinization. Therefore, short-term combined irrigation using brackish water and reclaimed water will not cause the risk of secondary soil salinization, but further experiments need to verify or cooperate with other agronomic measures in long-term utilization.

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9

Liu, Chuncheng, Bingjian Cui, Ketema Tilahun Zeleke, Chao Hu, Haiqing Wu, Erping Cui, Pengfei Huang, and Feng Gao. "Risk of Secondary Soil Salinization under Mixed Irrigation Using Brackish Water and Reclaimed Water." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102039.

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The use of unconventional water resources is an effective way to alleviate the scarcity of freshwater resources, especially in areas where freshwater is scarce, but reclaimed water is abundant. To explore the reasonable utilization of brackish water and reclaimed water, a pot experiment was carried out to study the risk of secondary soil salinization. The experiment set two salinity levels of brackish water, four mixed irrigation ratios of brackish water and reclaimed water, and freshwater irrigation as the control. The results showed that: (1) Soil moisture content, salt content, pH, ESP, and SAR decreased with the increase in the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture. (2) Soil exchangeable Ca2+ content under mixed irrigation was higher than that of brackish water irrigation and reclaimed water irrigation. The content was especially significantly higher under the 1:2 mixed irrigation with brackish-reclaimed water. With the increase of the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture, soil exchangeable Na+ content decreased, and a significant difference was found between treatments. The soil exchangeable K+ decreased at first and then increased, while the soil exchangeable Ca2+ increased at first and then decreased. The trend of the change of soil exchangeable Mg2+ content was similar to that of soil exchangeable Ca2+ content. (3) Based on the soil pH value, there was no risk of soil alkalization in all treatments. Based on ESP, ESP was less than 15% under freshwater irrigation, brackish (3 g/L)-reclaimed water 1:2 mixed irrigation, and reclaimed water irrigation, indicating no risk of alkalization. However, other treatments may cause soil alkalization. (4) At 3 g/L of brackish water, there was a salinization risk when the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture was less than 1/2, but there was no salinization risk when the proportion was greater than 1/2. At 5 g/L of brackish water, there was a salinization risk under mixed irrigation. Therefore, the mixed irrigation of brackish water and reclaimed water had the risk of secondary soil salinization, and the appropriate salinity and mixing ratio should be selected.

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10

Zhang, Jihong, Quanjiu Wang, Kai Wei, Yi Guo, Weiyi Mu, and Yan Sun. "Magnetic Water Treatment: An Eco-Friendly Irrigation Alternative to Alleviate Salt Stress of Brackish Water in Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111397.

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Magnetized water has been a promising approach to improve crop productivity but the conditions for its effectiveness remain contradictory and inconclusive. The objective of this research was to understand the influences of different magnetized water with varying quality on seed absorption, germination, and early growth of cotton. To this end, a series of experiments involving the seed soaking process, germination test, and pot experiment were carried out to study the effects of different qualities (fresh and brackish water) of magnetized water on seed water absorption, germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass of cotton in 2018. The results showed that the maximum relative water absorption of magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water relatively increased by 16.76% and 19.75%, respectively, and the magnetic effect time of brackish water was longer than fresh water. The relative promotion effect of magnetized brackish water on cotton seed germination and growth potential was greater than magnetized fresh water. The cotton seeds germination rate under magnetized fresh and magnetized brackish water irrigation relatively increased by 13.14% and 41.86%, respectively, and the relative promoting effect of magnetized brackish water on the vitality indexes and the morphological indexes of cotton seedlings was greater than magnetized fresh water. Unlike non-magnetized water, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton irrigated with magnetized water increased significantly, while the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. The influences of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of cotton under magnetized brackish water were greater than magnetized fresh water. Magnetized fresh water had no significant effect on biomass proportional distribution of cotton but magnetized brackish water irrigation markedly improved the root-to-stem ratio of cotton within a 35.72% range. Therefore, the magnetization of brackish water does improve the growth characteristics of cotton seedlings, and the biological effect of magnetized brackish water is more significant than that of fresh water. It is suggested that magnetized brackish water can be used to irrigate cotton seedlings when freshwater resources are insufficient.

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11

Yang, Qiaonan, Can Hu, Jie Li, Xiaokang Yi, Jie Zhang, and Zhilin Sun. "Research Status of Brackish Water Desalination Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901039.

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The serious salinization of farmland soil and the shortage of water resources in arid areas are becoming more and more serious; In order to solve the problem of shortage of fresh water resources, find a resource that can be converted into fresh water; Brackish water is derived from farmland saline alkali land. Brackish water desalination technology has increased interest in scientists' research. However, brackish water can be used as an effective substitute for freshwater conversion because of its low salt concentration and can also be widely used in many water deficient countries. However, partial or total desalting of brackish water is essential to meet the water quality requirements of production and life. The selection of appropriate water resources desalination technology needs to understand the operation methods and technical means of the existing brackish water desalination process. Proper combination of desalination technologies can improve the efficiency of brackish water desalination. This review provides the latest advances in data, materials and categories that can help select and design requirements for specific applications.

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12

Liu, Chuncheng, Bingjian Cui, Chao Hu, Haiqing Wu, and Feng Gao. "Effects of mixed irrigation using brackish water with different salinities and reclaimed water on a soil-crop system." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 11, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 632–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.043.

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Abstract To explore the effects of mixed irrigation on soil and crops, a pot experiment was conducted in two salinity levels of brackish water, four levels of mixed brackish-reclaimed water and freshwater irrigation as the control. The soil Na-Cl to Ca-SO4 contents changed, and activities of soil alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase changed, exhibiting a ‘V’-shaped curve with increasing the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture. At the same brackish-reclaimed water level, there were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase activities except for soil alkaline phosphatase activity decreasing significantly with the increase in salinity under brackish water irrigation. Mixed irrigation obviously improved superoxide dismutase activity but no significant influences on aboveground dry weight, underground biomass or crop physiological indexes (chlorophyll, soluble protein, malondialdehyde, peroxidase, catalase). Based on the integrated biological response index version 2 (IBRv2), the deviation of reclaimed water irrigation was the smallest, followed by 1:1 and 1:2 (3, 5 g/L brackish water salinities, respectively), with IBRv2 values of 7.94, 12.55 and 16.04. Therefore, considering the soil-crop characteristics, limited daily water amount and inadequate pipeline facilities for reclaimed water, the brackish-reclaimed water ratio should be 1:1 and 1:2 at 3, 5 g/L of brackish water, respectively.

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13

Patel, R. M., S. O. Prasher, P. K. Goel, C. A. Madramootoo, and R. S. Broughton. "Brackish water subirrigation for vegetables." Irrigation and Drainage 52, no. 2 (2003): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.70.

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14

Zhang, Dasheng, Xinmin Xie, Ting Wang, Boxin Wang, and Shasha Pei. "Research on Water Resources Allocation System Based on Rational Utilization of Brackish Water." Water 14, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060948.

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The rational utilization of unconventional water sources is of great significance to areas where conventional water resources are scarce, and water resource allocation is an important way to realize the rational distribution of multiple water sources. This paper constructs a water resources allocation system integrating model data parameter database, water resources supply and demand prediction module, groundwater numerical simulation module and water resources allocation module. Taking brackish water as the main research object and final goal of achieving the best comprehensive optimization of social, economic and ecological benefits. The brackish water is incorporated as an independent water source into the water resource allocation model, and the stratum structure model and groundwater numerical model are constructed to simulate the brackish water level in the planning target year. The water resources allocation system is applied to Guantao County, China. The results show that increasing the development and utilization of brackish water under the recommended scheme can significantly reduce the water supply pressure of local fresh water resources in agriculture and industry. Compared with the current year, the overall water shortage in the region will be reduced by 4.493 × 106 m³ in 2030, and meanwhile, the brackish water level will be decreased by 12.69 m in 2035, which plays a positive role in improving soil salinization.

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15

Duda, Delta Rinanda, Syaiful Bahri, Jaya Hardi, and Nov Irmawati Inda. "PENGGUNAAN KULIT UBI KAYU (Manihot utillisima Pohl) TERHADAP PENYERAPAN LOGAM Fe (III) PADA AIR PAYAU." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i2.11469.

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The absorption of Fe (III) metal in brackish water in the Balaroa Village, West Palu District using Cassava peels (Manihot utillisima Pohl) has been carried out. The aim of this study is determining the lifetime of cassava peels (Manihot utillisima Pohl) on the absorption of Fe (III) ions in brackish water. The research was conducted in a simple purification water system. Brackish water was flowed through the simple purification water system containing Cassava peels (Manihot utillisima Pohl) with a volume of brackish water is 10 liters per day (measured flow rate) and been analyzed every 2 days using UV-Vis spectrophotometry for less than 1 month. The results of the study show that cassava peel could be used as biosorbent to absorb and reduce level of Fe (III) ions in brackish water for 2.821 months. The concentration of Fe (III) ions in brackish water in Balaroa Village, West Palu District is 1.666 ppm. Keywords : Fe (III) Ion, Biosorbent, Cassava Peel

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16

Buono, Regina M., Katherine R. Zodrow, Pedro J. J. Alvarez, and Qilin Li. "A new frontier in Texas: managing and regulating brackish groundwater." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 727–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.145.

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The challenge of providing access to clean water is visible in Texas, where chronic drought coincides with increasing water demand. The 2012 Texas State Water Plan reports a 2,700 million cubic metres (MCM) gap between freshwater supply and demand in 2010, a number predicted to grow to 3,100 MCM by 2060. Due to the difficulty of reducing water demand, policy makers and water providers are evaluating new sources, including brackish groundwater for desalination or direct use. It is estimated that Texas aquifers contain more than 3,300,000 MCM of brackish groundwater, which, if converted to fresh water, could meet current consumption needs for 150 years, albeit at a greater cost. Using Texas as a case study, this article addresses policies to better manage the supply of brackish groundwater. We review the geological, technical, and legal contexts of groundwater in Texas and situate brackish groundwater within those constructs. We consider efforts by other states to regulate brackish groundwater and identify management goals, including facilitating access to and incentivizing use of brackish groundwater and protecting freshwater aquifers from potential saline intrusion related to brackish groundwater production. Various brackish groundwater policies are examined, and policy recommendations regarding use of the resource are offered.

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17

Zhang, Jihong, Quanjiu Wang, Weiyi Mu, Kai Wei, Yi Guo, and Yan Sun. "Experimental Investigation of the Different Polyacrylamide Dosages on Soil Water Movement under Brackish Water Infiltration." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122495.

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The use of soil conditioners in conjunction with brackish water irrigation is critical for the efficient development and use of brackish water as well as the enhancement of the structure of saline soil and stimulating crop growth. This study investigated the effects of different polyacrylamide (PAM) dosages (0, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06%) on the water flow properties of sandy loam during brackish water infiltration using one-dimensional vertical and horizontal soil column infiltration experiments. The results showed that: (1) PAM could lower the soil infiltration rate and increase soil water retention performance under brackish water infiltration conditions. (2) PAM had a significant effect on the parameters of the Philip and Kostiakov infiltration models. The soil sorption rate S and the empirical coefficient λ were the smallest, and the empirical index β was the largest when the PAM dosage was 0.04%. (3) PAM dosage displayed a quadratic polynomial connection with the soil saturated water content and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The soil saturated water content was highest when the PAM dosage was 0.04%, the intake suction hd of the Brooks-Corey model increased by 15.30%, and the soil water holding capacity was greatly improved. (4) Soil treated with PAM could absorb more water under the same soil water suction, whereas the soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and its growth rate decreased. The soil saturated diffusion rate Ds, as well as the soil water diffusion threshold, rose. Finally, the 0.04% PAM dosage could improve soil hydrodynamic characteristics under brackish water infiltration, which is beneficial for the efficient utilization of brackish water.

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18

Pasternak, D., Y. De Malach, and I. Borovic. "Irrigation with brackish water under desert conditions II. Physiological and yield response of maize (Zea mays) to continuous irrigation with brackish water and to alternating brackish-fresh-brackish water irrigation." Agricultural Water Management 10, no. 1 (May 1985): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(85)90034-4.

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19

Wang, Juan. "Response of Soil and Crop to Mixed Irrigation Using Brackish and Reclaimed Water." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 4 (2022): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.14968.

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HighlightsMixed irrigation with brackish water-reclaimed water was introduced.IBRv2 was used to evaluate the effects of mixed irrigation on the soil–crop system.Reclaimed water could be used as an alternative source of freshwater to mix with brackish water, and the suitable mixed proportion should be 1:1 based on IBRv2.Abstract. To explore the reasonable utilization of brackish water in areas where freshwater is scarce, we used pot experiments to study the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and crop yield characteristics under mixed irrigation using brackish–reclaimed water at different ratios. There were six treatments, including brackish water irrigation (T1); mixed irrigation using brackish–reclaimed water at 1:1 (T2), 1:2 (T3), and reclaimed water irrigation (T4); pots with plants irrigated with freshwater (CK2); and pots without plants irrigated with freshwater (CK1) as the control. The salinity of the brackish water was 3 g L-1 (6.1 dS m-1). The results indicated that compared to T1, with the increase in the proportion of reclaimed water in the mixture, the water and salt contents in the soil gradually decreased significantly; the K+, Ca2+, and SO42– contents demonstrated an increasing trend; the Na+, Cl–, HCO3–, and Mg2+ contents showed a descending to ascending trend; and the soil water drop penetration time decreased first and then increased slightly. At the same time, the soil organic matter displayed an opposite trend, and the chlorophyll content of leaves and crop biomass both changed with an “N”-style curve. Differences existed in the responses of soil enzyme activities to different mixed water mixtures. There was a slight decrease in the enzyme activity, except for sucrase under T2 and T3. The Integrated Biological Response Version 2 (IBRv2) scored 3.97 in T2. Therefore, considering the characteristics of the soil and crop and the limits of reclaimed water, reclaimed water could be used as an alternative source of freshwater to mix with brackish water, and the suitable mixed proportion should be 1:1 based on IBRv2. Keywords: Brackish water, IBRv2, Reclaimed water, Repellency.

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AHMED, Khalil, Amar Iqbal SAQIB, Ghulam QADIR, Muhammad Qaisar NAWAZ, Muhammad RIZWAN, Syed Saqlain HUSSAIN, Muhammad IRFAN, and Muhammad Mohsin ALI. "Sustainable effective use of brackish and canal water for rice-wheat crop production and soil health." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.1883.

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A pot study was conducted to develop reasonable irrigation scheduling methods for rice-wheat crop rotation by conjunctive use of low-quality brackish water and good quality canal water. Treatments tested were; T1 (canal water), T2 (brackish water), T3 (brackish water for rice and canal water for wheat), T4 (last two irrigations to rice, and initial two irrigations to wheat with canal water), T5 (last two irrigations to rice but two initial and one last irrigation to wheat with canal water). Results revealed that irrigation with canal water resulted in the maximum mean biomass and grain yield of rice and wheat crops followed by cyclic use of brackish and canal water. While continuous irrigation with brackish water resulted the lowest mean biomass and grain yield. The different modes of irrigations also influenced chemical properties of soil, brackish water adversely affected the soil properties, and maximum pH of soil saturated paste (pHs), electrical conductivity of soil extract (ECe) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were recorded where brackish water was used continuously. Therefore, it was concluded that when water is valuable and freshwater resources are limited, cyclic use of the canal and brackish water is also profitable with marginal effect on biomass and grain yield and proves least detrimental for soil health.

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21

Barnes, R. S. K. "What, if anything, is a brackish-water fauna?" Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 80, no. 3-4 (1989): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300028674.

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ABSTRACTThe nature of the fauna of brackish-water environments is reviewed. It is concluded that: (a) a specific brackish-water macrofauna does not exist; (b) in salinities of >c. 5-8‰ the fauna is one that also occurs in soft sediments under fully marine conditions when circumstances (possibly the absence of competing species) permit; (c) in salinities of <c. 5‰ the fauna is essentially a freshwater one; and (d) inability to cope physiologically with brackish water is not a factor of major importance in limiting species diversity in these habitats, except in the vicinity of 5‰ salinity. Caution is therefore advised in assigning brackish status to past environments on the basis of their preserved fauna.

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22

Wang, Xu, and Pang. "Effects of Irrigating with Brackish Water on Soil Moisture, Soil Salinity, and the Agronomic Response of Winter Wheat in the Yellow River Delta." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2019): 5801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205801.

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Water shortages due to low precipitation and seawater intrusion in the Lower China Yellow River Delta have occurred in recent years. Exploiting underground brackish water through well drilling is a potential alternative way to satisfy the demand for agricultural irrigation. However, how to successfully use brackish water for irrigation has become a new problem to solve. A two-year field experiment was conducted in this typical saline-alkaline region to investigate the effects of irrigating with brackish water on the soil water-salt dynamics, and the physiological response of winter wheat to drought-salt stress. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications according to the quantity (160 mm and 240 mm) and quality (fresh water and brackish water with a salt concentration of 3 g L-1) of irrigation water: T1 was 240 mm of fresh water, T2 was 160 mm of fresh water, T3 was 80 mm of fresh water and 160 mm of brackish water, and T4 was 80 mm of fresh water and 80 mm of brackish water. The results showed that the soil moisture of T3 was almost the same as T1 after the harvest of winter wheat each year, therefore, irrigating with brackish water can maintain soil moisture while saving fresh water resources. After two years, the soil salinity of each treatment increased by 0.307, 0.406, 0.383, and 0.889 g kg-1, respectively. During the jointing-flowering stage, salt stress has a significant inhibitory effect on photosynthesis; T3 and T4 were lower than T1 and T2 in terms of plant height and dry weight. During the filling stage, because the effect of drought stress is more serious than that of salt stress, the photosynthesis of T3 was greater than that of T2 and T4. For both years, the yield of crops followed the rank order T1 > T3 > T2 > T4. Compared with irrigating with fresh water in T1, T3 changed the second and third irrigation into brackish water, however we did not find that soil salinity increased significantly, and this treatment was able to ensure crop growth during the filling stage. Therefore, the combination of fresh water (80 mm), then brackish water (80 mm), then brackish water (80 mm) is a feasible irrigation strategy in China's Yellow River Delta for winter wheat.

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Huang, Mingyi, Zhanyu Zhang, Zhuping Sheng, Chengli Zhu, Yaming Zhai, and Peirong Lu. "Effect on Soil Properties and Maize Growth by Alternate Irrigation with Brackish Water." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 2 (2019): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13046.

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Abstract. With growing competition for freshwater by industrialization and urbanization, brackish water irrigation has been increasingly used for agricultural production. One of major concerns is the accumulation of salt and its impacts on soil properties and crop yield. If properly managed, alternate irrigation with brackish and freshwater might alleviate the adverse impacts of salt on soil physicochemical properties and plant growth. To exploit proper alternate irrigation to minimize such impacts, a maize pot experiment was conducted at three stages (seedling, jointing and tasseling, and after tasseling) with three alternate irrigation methods (BFF: brackish-fresh-fresh, FBF: fresh-brackish-fresh, and FFB: fresh-fresh-brackish) and with three salinities (1.69, 4.81, and 7.94 dS m-1), respectively. The results show that compared to freshwater irrigation, alternate irrigation with high-salinity brackish water increased soil electrical conductivity by 4.1% to 207.4% and reduced soil infiltration rate by 19.2% to 51.9%. The adverse impacts were more prominent in FBF and FFB than in BFF due to the higher proportions of brackish water in FBF and FFB. High-salinity brackish water also caused salt stress on maize growth and decreased evapotranspiration, relative water content, intrinsic water use efficiency, and electron transport rate by 6.6% to 30.6%, 2.1% to 10.2%, 7.3% to 17.9%, and 7.2% to 39.6%, respectively, leading to reduced growth and productivity. The salt stress was more pronounced in BFF and FBF than in FFB because maize is more salt-sensitive during the vegetative stage. Overall, brackish water irrigation at the jointing and tasseling stage (FBF) caused the most severe impacts on both soil and maize, so freshwater is advocated at this stage. In BFF, due to sufficient freshwater irrigation at later stages, slightly saline irrigation can be applied at the seedling stage without evident adverse effects. Higher-salinity brackish water was used successfully in the after-tasseling stage (FFB), although salt leaching by off-season rainfall was needed after harvest for sustainable production. Keywords: Crop yield, Saline water, Salt stress, Soil salinity, Water use efficiency.

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24

Udonsi, J. K. "Experimental and field studies on the viability of eggs, and the infectivity of third-stage larvae of the human hookworm Necator americanus recovered from the creek waters of the Niger Delta, Nigeria, and their epidemiological significance." Parasitology 96, no. 1 (February 1988): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000081695.

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SUMMARYIn a combined field and laboratory study, the eggs and 3rd-stage infective larvae of the human hookworm Necator americanus were recovered from the creek waters of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. They were tested for viability and infectivity. Eggs recovered from fresh water creeks showed a viability or hatching index of between 17·5 and 23·7%. Eggs recovered from brackish water showed a viability index of 18·8–21·4% in ‘normal’ cultures, and a maximum index of 6·3% when cultured in brackish water. The differences in the viability indices of these eggs were not significant (P > 0·05). Infective 3rd-stage larvae were recovered from both fresh creek water (205–258 L3/litre of water), and brackish water (45 L3/litre of water). Larvae hatched from brackish water eggs that were cultured in the brackish water were 20% infective by 3 days, but lost all infective potential by 7 days posthatching. Larvae from fresh water eggs, cultured in fresh water and ‘normal’ laboratory cultures reached 50% infectivity in 3–5 days, losing potential infectivity in 11–15 days posthatching. The infectivity patterns of larvae recovered directly from fresh and brackish waters did not differ significantly (P > 0·05) from the infectivity patterns of larvae recovered from laboratory cultures of eggs from all the experimental sources. Although larvae recovered directly from fresh and brackish waters survived in these respective media under laboratory conditions, there was a significant difference (P < 0·05) in their survival patterns. The survival and infectivity rates of field larvae were considerably reduced over time relative to control larvae. These results indicate that both contaminated fresh and brackish water creeks and their banks may form additional hookworm infection foci in areas where various water contact activities are carried out by the human host population.

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Al-Ghouti, Mohammad A., and Mariam M. Razavi. "Water reuse: Brackish water desalination using Prosopis juliflora." Environmental Technology & Innovation 17 (February 2020): 100614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100614.

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Tian, Jiayu, Xingrui Zhao, Shanshan Gao, Xiaoying Wang, and Ruijun Zhang. "Progress in Research and Application of Nanofiltration (NF) Technology for Brackish Water Treatment." Membranes 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090662.

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Brackish water is a potential fresh water resource with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination of brackish water is an important option to alleviate the prevalent water crisis around the world. As a membrane technology ranging between UF and RO, NF can achieve the partial desalination via size exclusion and charge exclusion. So, it has been widely concerned and applied in treatment of brackish water during the past several decades. Hereon, an overview of the progress in research on and application of NF technology for brackish water treatment is provided. On the basis of expounding the features of brackish water, the factors affecting NF efficiency, including the feed water characteristics, operating conditions and NF membrane properties, are analyzed. For the ubiquitous membrane fouling problem, three preventive fouling control strategies including feed water pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions and selection of anti-fouling membranes are summarized. In addition, membrane cleaning methods for restoring the fouled membrane are discussed. Furthermore, the combined utilization of NF with other membrane technologies is reviewed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed to deal with the current existing problems. Lessons gained from this review are expected to promote the sustainable development of brackish water treatment with NF technology.

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Azevedo, Maria Teresa de P., Catharina A. Souza, and Mariângela Menezes. "Synechococcaceae (Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria) from a tropical brackish water lagoon, Brazil." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 94 (September 16, 1999): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/94/1999/45.

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Wang, Lin Jun, Xue Min Zhang, Hong Hui Li, Lei Shao, Dong Zhang, and Liang Jiao. "Theory Research on Desalination of Brackish Water Using Gas Hydrate Method." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1202.

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In allusion to some methods on desalination of brackish water such as distillation, electrodialysis method and reverse osmosis, this paper introduced the mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. It is convinced that these methods have higher energy consumption. Temperature is much lower annually in alpine region of China, it provides a good condition for hydrate formation. It also provides the possibility for the desalinating process of brackish water using hydrate methods in alpine region. This paper proposed a new method of desalinating brackish water. Based on the model of van der Waals-Platteeuw, we calculated the phase equilibrium conditions of methane, ethane and propane hydrate in NaCl solution combined parameter equation which was used to calculate the Langmuir constant presented by DU Ya and GUO Tian-min and Pitzer equation used to water activity in the system of electrolyte solution. The result shows that it is possible to desalinate brackish water using environment cold quantity. It also shows that propane is more suitable for brackish water desalination among methane, ethane and propane. It is very significantly important to seek energy-saving and environment-friendly methods for the process of desalinating brackish water with energy shortage increasingly intensifying and with awareness of human being enthancing on energy conservation and emission reduction.

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SUGITA, Mutsumi, Sachiyo MIWA, Kazuhiro AOKI, John T. DULANEY, Saori ICHIKAWA, Fuyuhiro INAGAKI, and Minoru SUZUKI. "Acidic Glycosphingolipids in Brackish Water Annelida:." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 49, no. 1 (2000): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1996.49.33.

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30

Ulanowicz, Robert E. "New perspectives through brackish water ecology." Hydrobiologia 514, no. 1-3 (February 2004): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hydr.0000018202.50447.af.

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Foglia, P., D. Vuono, C. Siciliano, A. Napoli, J. B. Nagy, and P. De Luca. "Brackish water treatment with carbon nanotubes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 572 (August 2, 2019): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/572/1/012047.

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Thorpe, W. H. "Report on the Brackish Water Insects." Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 22, no. 4 (July 7, 2010): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1927.tb00206.x.

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33

Cassaniti, C., D. Romano, M. E. C. M. Hop, and T. J. Flowers. "Growing floricultural crops with brackish water." Environmental and Experimental Botany 92 (August 2013): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.006.

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34

Sun, Xiaohan, Huixia Lu, and Jianyou Wang. "Brackish water desalination using electrodeionization reversal." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 104 (June 2016): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2016.03.014.

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35

Zheng, Xin-Yu, Shu-Yuan Pan, Po-Chih Tseng, Huai-Li Zheng, and Pen-Chi Chiang. "Optimization of resin wafer electrodeionization for brackish water desalination." Separation and Purification Technology 194 (April 2018): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.061.

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36

Cavalcante, Eduardo Santos, Claudivan Feitosa Lacerda, Rosilene Oliveira Mesquita, Alberto Soares de Melo, Jorge Freire da Silva Ferreira, Adunias dos Santos Teixeira, Silvio Carlos Ribeiro Vieira Lima, Jonnathan Richeds da Silva Sales, Johny de Souza Silva, and Hans Raj Gheyi. "Supplemental Irrigation with Brackish Water Improves Carbon Assimilation and Water Use Efficiency in Maize under Tropical Dryland Conditions." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040544.

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Dry spells in rainfed agriculture lead to a significant reduction in crop yield or to total loss. Supplemental irrigation (SI) with brackish water can reduce the negative impacts of dry spells on net CO2 assimilation in rainfed farming in semi-arid tropical regions and maintain crop productivity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the net carbon assimilation rates, indexes for water use efficiency, and indicators of salt and water stress in maize plants under different water scenarios, with and without supplemental irrigation with brackish water. The experiment followed a randomized block design in a split-plot design with four replications. The main plots simulated four water scenarios found in the Brazilian semi-arid region (Rainy, Normal, Drought, and Severe Drought), while the subplots were with or without supplemental irrigation using brackish water with an electrical conductivity of 4.5 dS m−1. The dry spells reduced the photosynthetic capacity of maize, especially under the Drought (70% reduction) and Severe Drought scenarios (79% reduction), due to stomatal and nonstomatal effects. Supplemental irrigation with brackish water reduced plant water stress, averted the excessive accumulation of salts in the soil and sodium in the leaves, and improved CO2 assimilation rates. The supplemental irrigation with brackish water also promoted an increase in the physical water productivity, reaching values 1.34, 1.91, and 3.03 times higher than treatment without SI for Normal, Drought, and Severe Drought scenarios, respectively. Thus, the use of brackish water represents an important strategy that can be employed in biosaline agriculture for tropical semi-arid regions, which are increasingly impacted by water shortage. Future studies are required to evaluate this strategy in other important crop systems under nonsimulated conditions, as well as the long-term effects of salts on different soil types in this region.

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Listyaningrum, Rostika, and Ika Nur Afiati. "ENERAPAN METODE SIMPLEKS UNTUK OPTIMASI PRODUKSI IKAN AIR TAWAR DAN IKAN AIR PAYAU DI KABUPATEN CILACAP SERTA ANALISIS KELAYAKAN PRODUKSI SECARA SENSITIVITAS." Infotekmesin 9, no. 02 (July 22, 2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v9i02.16.

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Cilacap Regency is one of region whose good potential in process of waterpark cultivation. The resource potential of fresh water cultivation and brackish water and is distribution is almost in CilacapRegency, and it still has potential to develop. This research discussed the application of simplex method on the productivity of fresh water cultivation and brackish water in Cilacap Regency. The optimal solution from simplex method was tested its change of reliability with sensitivity analysis. The maximum productivity of fresh water and brackish water in 2014 till 2016 was 28.784,4494 tons.

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Mustafa, Akhmad, Admi Athirah, Erna Ratnawati, Ruzkiah Asaf, and Tarunamulia Tarunamulia. "Adoption Level of Good Aquaculture Practices in Brackish Water Pond Aquaculture, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province." Economic and Social of Fisheries and Marine Journal 008, no. 02 (April 25, 2021): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2021.008.02.03.

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Pinrang Regency is a center of brackish water pond aquaculture production in South Sulawesi Province in which some of brackish water pond farmers in this regency have adopted Good Aquaculture Practices (GAqP). A study was conducted to determine GAqP adoption level, to identify GAqP aspects required to be improved, and to determine the category of GAqP adoption level as the first step to maximize the GAqP adoption level in the brackish water ponds. Primary data were obtained from 76 respondents consisted of pond farmers who already have adopted and or obtained GAqP certificates. On the basis of the adoption level, the adoption level classification is carried out into three categories, namely low adopters, medium adopters, and high adopters. The results showed that the highest GAqP adoption levels in brackish water ponds were in food security (89.41%) and technical aspects (78.57%). The lowest GAqP adoption levels were in management (8.71%) and environmental aspects (0%). It was also reported that the GAqP adoption level in brackish water ponds varied from 40.58 to 67.01% with an average of 42.86% and was categorized as moderate adopters. Based on this study, management and environmental aspects were found to be the aspects that need serious attention to increase the GAqP adoption level in the brackish water ponds.

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Hozayn, Mahmoud, SM Azza, AAA Abd El-Monem, and AA El-Mahdy. "Salinity stress mitigation of some canola cultivars grown under South Sinai conditions using magnetic water technology." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21`, no. 01 (February 2, 2021): 17234–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.96.19280.

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Salinity stresses either in irrigation water and/or soil is one of the most serious agricultural problems facing farmers in arid and semi-arid regions included Egypt. Many are as in the Sinai region depend mainly on the underground water of various degrees of salinity that prevent cultivated crops from reach to the full yield.Under these conditions,a split-plot field experiment using three canola cultivars; Pactol, Serw-4 and Serw-6under three irrigation water treatments:i) Brackish-water (BW), ii) Magnetic-BW1; brackish water after magnetization through passing a three inch static-magnetic unit,3.75 mT,produced by Delta Water Company, Egypt and iii) Magnetic-BW2;brackish water after magnetization through passing a three inch static magnetic unit, 0.75 mT,produced by Magnetic-Technologies Company, UAE,was carried out at Agricultural Experimental Station of Desert Research Centre, Ras Sidr region, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt during the 2017/18 winter season. The results showed that irrigation with M-BW1or M-BW2surpassed irrigation with BW in all tested growth parameters (plant height, branches and leaf number/plant, leaf area, dry matter of leaves, stem and total plant,and total chlorophyll); leaf anatomy(instance, mid vein and lamina thickness, length and width of leaf vascular bundle and lower and upper epidermis thickness); stem anatomy(stem diameter and thickness of cortex, xylem and phloem in addition pith diameter)and chemical analysis for mineral content (N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn ) at 85 days after sowing (DAS). As an average of both magnetically brackish-water treatments over tested three canola varieties, the percent of improvement compared to irrigation with brackish-water ranged between 10.78-16.02% for growth parameters, 28.33-31.76% for dry matter of plant; 15.58 -80.81% for leaf;10.71-63.88% for stems and2.42-54.48% for mineral content of leaves at 85 DAS.Reverse trends were observed in the best indicators for alleviation salinity stress (Na, and proline),where these decrease dunder both magnetic brackish water treatments by 66.08 and 43.75%, respectively (average of both magnetically brackish-water treatments compared to BW water treatment). Generally, the three tested canola varieties showed a positive response under magnetic brackish water treatments. The positive results in above-mentioned parameters of vegetative growth reflected improvement in canola yield and its components. The percent of improvement ranged between 9.35and35.98 for yield components and reached1.29,19.66 and21.30% in seed oil percentage, seeds and oil yield (kg fed-1;fed=4200m2), respectively compared to brackish water.

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40

Farooq, MR, J. Akhtar, MI Shahid, and M. Safdar. "Effect of brackish water irrigation on soil degradation and performance of salt tolerant wheat and maize genotypes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35797.

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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of brackish water on soil physical and chemical conditions and yield of wheat and maize genotypes at the farmers’ field. Two salt tolerant genotypes for each crop were selected from previous hydroponic and lysimeters studies. Wheat-maize cropping system was followed using tubewell brackish water alone and with chemical (gypsum) and organic (FYM) amendments. The results revealed that treatments have significant effect on all growth and yield parameters and followed the trend of T1>T3 >T4 > T2. Highest grain yield of wheat genotypes (SARC-1 & V-8670) was observed in control (4050 & 3800 kg/ha) and lowest was in T2 (2862 & 2200 kg/ha). Similar trend was observed in maize fodder yield that was 9625 & 8875 kg/ha in control and 4350 & 2253 kg/ha in T2 for Sahiwal-02 and Akbar, respectively. Maximum reduction in wheat grain and maize fodder yield observed in T2 (tubewell water alone) where high EC, SAR and RSC water was applied that was 39 & 57% for 1st year (wheat crop) and 89 & 74% for 2nd year (maize crop) respectively. Data revealed that use of gypsum and FYM along with brackish water improved the wheat grain yield and maize fodder as compared to T2. More adverse effect of brackish water was observed in high EC, SAR and RSC treatment (tubewell water alone) as compared to other treatments. Application of amendments (gypsum and FYM) along with brackish tubewell water reduced adverse effect of brackish water. Among genotypes SARC-1 and Sahiwal-2002 performed better in all treatments and textures especially under brackish water treatments.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 693-705, December 2017

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41

Wei, Chenchen, Fahu Li, Peiling Yang, Shumei Ren, Shuaijie Wang, Yu Wang, Ziang Xu, Yao Xu, Rong Wei, and Yanxia Zhang. "Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation." Water 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081548.

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Brackish water has been widely used to irrigate crops to compensate for insufficient freshwater water supply for agricultural use. The goal of this research was to determine an efficient brackish water use method to increase irrigation efficiency and reduce N2O emission. To this end, we conducted a field experiment with four salinity levels of irrigation water (1.1, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 g·L−1 with drip irrigation) at Hetao Irrigation District (Inner Mongolia, China) in 2017 and 2018. The results show that irrigation with 3.5–5.0 g·L−1 water salinity increased the soil salinity compared with irrigation using 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 water salinity. The soil water content with 5.0 g·L−1 brackish water irrigation was significantly higher than with 1.1–3.5 g·L−1 water salinity due to the effect of salinity on crop water uptake. The overall soil pH increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity decreased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. These results indicate that brackish water irrigation aggravates the degree of soil salinization and alkalization. The soil N2O cumulative flux resulting from irrigation with 5.0 g·L−1 water salinity was 51.18–82.86% higher than that resulting from 1.1–3.5 g L−1 water salinity in 2017, and was 32.38–44.79% higher than that resulting from 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 in 2018. Irrigation with brackish water reduced maize yield, and the reduction in yield in 2018 was greater than that in 2017, but irrigation with 2.0 g·L−1 brackish water did not significantly reduce maize yield in 2017. These results suggest that reducing the salinity of irrigation water may effectively reduce soil N2O emission, alleviate the degree of soil salinization, and increase crop yield.

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42

Widiatmaka, Widiatmaka, Wiwin Ambarwulan, Yudi Setiawan, Muhamad Yanuar Jarwadi Purwanto, Taryono Taryono, and Hefni Effendi. "Land Use Planning for Brackish Water Shrimp Ponds in The North Coast of Tuban, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 47, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.9268.

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Shrimp is a commodity that is increasingly in demand. The limited land resources implies the need of effective land use planning. The objective of this study was to assess land suitability for brackish water shrimp ponds, which then will be recommended for pond development in the north coast of Tuban, Indonesia. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used to obtain the weight of the different criteria consisted of soil characteristics, topographic, water quality, and infrastructure criteria. The suitable land for brackish water shrimp ponds was determined by weighted overlay in GIS. The results show that the study area contains highly suitable land for brackish water shrimp ponds. Land use and land cover map was interpreted from 2014 SPOT 5 imagery. The area recommended for brackish water shrimp pond wasdelineated by taking into account the suitability and the constraints of land use and land cover.

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Sridhar, K. R., and K. M. Kaveriappa. "Occurrence and survival of aquatic hyphomycetes in brackish and sea water." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 113, no. 1 (July 19, 1988): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/113/1989/153.

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44

Shirokaya, Alena A., Tatiana Ya Sitnikova, Maxim V. Vinarski, Dmitry M. Palatov, Pavel V. Kijashko, and Zuvaidullo I. Izzatullaev. "Fresh- and brackish-water gastropod taxa described by Zuvaidullo I. Izzatullaev." Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology 148, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 197–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/148/197-261.

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45

Sudia, La Baco, Lies Indriyani, Lukman Yunus, Baso Mursidi, Asramid Yasin, Albasri, and Muhammad Nurdin. "Water Quality in Thirty Freshwater Springs and Twenty Four Brackish Springs in the Karst Area to Realize Sustainable Water Resources Management." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052679.

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Clean water is an unlimited and sustainable need that must be fulfilled every day and meet an appropriate standard in terms of quantity and quality. The research objective in this study was to analyze the quality of water in thirty freshwater springs and twenty four brackish springs in the karst area of Buton Tengah Regency to achieve sustainable water resource management. Data on the quality of freshwater springs and brackish water springs chemically and biologically have been analyzed in the biology laboratory of FMIPA Universitas Halu Oleo, then the results are compared with the standards for water quality contained in the regulations of the Minister of Health and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that the freshwater springs in Talaga Raya District exceeded the water quality standards for hardness parameter, while the brackish springs in Mawasangka Tengah, Mawasangka Timur, Lakudo, and Mawasangka Districts has exceeded the water quality standards for parameters of total dissolved solids, hardness, and chloride. However, these parameters are relatively easy to overcome so that the use of freshwater springs can qualify as drinking water, while the use of brackish springs should be used to meet domestic non-drinking water needs.

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Ehrenman, Gayle. "From Sea to Sink." Mechanical Engineering 126, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2004-oct-3.

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This article reviews supplies of water under stress; the prospect of rendering saltwater drinkable is growing more appealing and more affordable. A combination of need and cost is making desalination of saltwater more attractive in the United States, and reverse osmosis is the overwhelming choice when it comes to desalination methods. Desalination, the removal of salt from either brackish or seawater to render it potable, is nothing new. Desalination processes are generally divided into two methods: thermal and membrane. Either process can be used for seawater or brackish water. Brackish water is saltier than fresh water, but typically not as salty as seawater. It may result from the mixing of sea and fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur naturally, as in underground aquifers. Brackish water concentrate disposal poses more of a problem, largely because those facilities are typically located inland, so there's no nearby ocean to send the brine back into. Instead, these facilities pump the concentrate into deep wells.

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Arturo, M., Z. Tamanai-Shacoori, C. Mamez, M. Pommepuy, and M. Cormier. "Two-dimensional electrophoresis method used for determination of plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from a sewage treatment plant." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-150.

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The plasmid contents of 306 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from raw and treated sewage from a treatment plant as well as from the water 1 km downstream were determined. The number and molecular weight of plasmids isolated from a representative sample of these strains were also measured. It was observed that biological treatment did not significantly alter these parameters. In contrast, statistically significant differences in plasmid number and size were observed when strains from sewage (raw and treated) were compared with strains isolated from brackish water. In raw and treated sewage, more than 96% of the strains contained plasmids, compared with 85% in brackish water. Nine to 13% of the strains from sewage contained plasmids with more than 56 kilobases, while only 5% of the strains from brackish water reached this size.Key words: Escherichia coli, plasmids, two-dimensional electrophoresis, sewage treatment, brackish water.

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Zulham, A., N. Shafitri, C. Yuliaty, M. Mira, and N. Kurniasari. "The socio economic challenge to improve the productivity of brackish water aquaculture business in Aceh Tamiang Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 869, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/869/1/012035.

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Abstract There were 3,624.5 hectares of the brackish water pond in Aceh Tamiang, which can support the national shrimp export program. The problems arise due to the pond ownership matter, the source of financing, the technology used, and the institutionalization action to improve productivity. The purpose of this research is to improve brackish water pond productivity based on socio-economic aspects in the location. The survey to achieve these aims conducted from April - May 2021, in eight villages in Aceh Tamiang. Data and information were interviewed from 160 pond farmers. Simple statistics and descriptive techniques were used to analyse the data. The main findings are: 91.1 % of the traditional brackish water farmers depend on commercial seed and feed; the productivity of the brackish water pond is between 1.2 tonnes/hectares/year - 2.4 tonnes/hectares/year; the average pond ownership is between 1.1 and 3.4 hectares/farmer; 60% - 94,1% of financial funding to run business depends on their source and the rest from investor or trader. This research recommends: the brackish water farmers in all villages should be organized in one “corporate business” to improve productivity. This institution is owned by farmers based on money stock and managed by professionals.

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Baldisserotto, Bernardo, Olga M. Mimura, and Luiz C. Salomão. "Urophyseal control of plasma ionic concentration in Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces) exposed to osmotic stress." Ciência e Natura 16, no. 16 (December 12, 1994): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x26385.

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Freshwater-and seawater-adapted Oreochromis mossambicus were submitted to 5 different treatments (urophysectomy, sham operation, urophyseal extract injection, saline injection and control) and transferred to brackish water. In freshwater – adapted fish transfarred to brackish water, urophysectomy increases plasma Na+, K+, Ca+ and osmotic concentrations. In seawater-adapted fish transferred to brackish water, plasma Na+ and K+ concentration were lower in control than other treatment group. The utophysis seems to act only in the “fine tuning” of osmoregulatory processes. Adaptations to changes in the salinity of the medium probably are regulated mainly by prolactin and cortisol.

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Pan, Shu-Yuan, Seth W. Snyder, Yupo J. Lin, and Pen-Chi Chiang. "Electrokinetic desalination of brackish water and associated challenges in the water and energy nexus." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 5 (2018): 613–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00550d.

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