Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Borigin groups"

Recently we were focused on the synthetic, physicochemical and theoretical evaluation of the properties of borinic 8-oxyquinolinates.[1,2] Such systems are of interest of many groups in the world, as borinic derivatives are promising materials for the preparation of luminescent layers in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).[3] Our aim is to trace the impact of structure on properties of the system. Hence we have conducted polymorph screening for highly strain aromatic heteroleptic borinic system. As a result, we are presenting, the very first examples of polymorphism in the group of aromatic borinic 8-oxyquinolinate complexes [(2-fluoro-3-pyridyl) (2,2`-biphenyl)borinic 8-oxyquinolinate)]. We wanted to extend our investigations on high-pressure crystallography. These investigations were prompted by results obtained by other groups which analysed crystal structures of AlQ3, GaQ3 and InQ3 under low and high pressure. Such studies helped to trace a connection between the motifs present in the crystal phases and optical properties of these complexes as a consequence of orbital interactions. On this basis we were interested in investigation of the influence of high pressure on the packing of synthesized and characterized (2-fluoro-3-pyridyl) (4-iodophenyl)borinic 8-oxyquinolinate.

The study presented here was conducted in order to analyze the role of the direction of celestial rotation in the development of stellar orientation in young migratory birds. The test birds were garden warblers, Sylvla borin, which leave their breeding ground on a southwesterly compass course. The birds were hand-raised and, during the premigratory period, exposed to an artificial 'sky' in the local geomagnetic field. For the control group C, the star pattern was rotating in the natural direction, with the centre of rotation and magnetic North coinciding. For the three experimental groups, the star pattern was rotating in the opposite direction; for group E1, the centre of rotation coincided with magnetic North, for group E2 the centre of rotation was at magnetic West and for group E3 it was at magnetic East. During autumn migration, the birds were tested without magnetic information under the same, now stationary, sky. All four groups were able to use stellar information for orientation, but only the control group preferred the normal southwesterly course. The three experimental groups, in contrast, all oriented towards a significantly different direction, preferring due south. The results for group E1 showed less scatter than those for the other two experimental groups. These results indicate that the direction of celestial rotation is crucial for the development of the normal migratory course with respect to the stars in young garden warblers. Establishing the species-specific southwesterly migratory course requires an interaction between celestial rotation and magnetic cues; this interaction appears to depend on the natural direction of celestial rotation. Rotation in the reverse direction allowed the birds to respond only in a manner that oriented them away from the centre of rotation.

e22510 Background: GCT is a benign and locally aggressive tumor that occur infrequently in the mobile spine. The radical excision is generally agreed for treatment of GCTs. Methods: We performed retrospective analysis of 20 GCTs in the mobile spine from 2005 to 2013. Verteberal involvement was classified with Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini grading system. Surgery types were classified into 3 groups; partial excision, gross total removal (GTR), and en-bloc resection. We analysis by GTR versus non-GTR group, and enbloc versus non-enbloc group in GTR group. The log rank test was used for comparison of factors, and a P value of less than 0.05 was deemed significant. Results: After first surgery of the 20 patients, 17 additional surgery performed for 10 (50%) patients. There were 7 (35%) local recurrences and 3 (15%) distant metastasis. The time to recurrence or progression of tumor ranged from 5 months to 39 months. Two (10%) patients had additional surgery for instrument failure. One (5%) patient died from the complication of the surgery. The follow up duration ranged from 24 months to 141 months. The local recurrence was associated with partial resection (P < 0.01) and history of recurrence (P = 0.39). There was no significant difference between non-en bloc GTR and en bloc GTR in local recurrence (p = 0.101). Conclusions: Gross total resection should be considered for GCTs of the mobile spine. The choice of en bloc resection must be balanced with risks of the procedure. En bloc resection or radical excision could be challenging in many cases. In that cases, the gross total removal by intralesional resection is considerable for local control.

Abstract The introduction of an effective method for studying the local headings of migrants using ‘orientation cages’ has made it possible to study the migration patterns of small passerine nocturnal migrants. Numerous papers have been published on varied samples of local data collected using this method. A rough generalization was presented at the 2019 Meeting of the European Ornithologists Union and subsequently published in The Ring. Case studies on data collected for the Blackcap have already been published, and further studies on other species were suggested. The presented work is the next study of this kind, on the migration pattern of the Garden Warbler, using data from orientation tests collected in autumn as part of the work of the SEEN (SE European Bird Migration Network). The data comprises 2,593 tests performed at 31 ringing sites in Central/Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The paper continues the discussion of application of the method to present migration patterns in a geographically wide territory. The general data evaluation methods in this work are exactly as described in the earlier papers. The paper discusses azimuths of arrival and departure tracks at every ringing site, their linearity, number relations between departing and arriving headings, and the general pattern of migration streams followed by different groups of migrants. The hypothesis put forth earlier, stating that the arrival/departure heading axes shown in studies using orientation cages are situated linearly, is once again confirmed and can be used as a general assumption in this type of study. The average deviations are very small and are negligible for drawing general migration patterns. In some cases, however, there were deviations caused by the geographic location of the study site. This problem should be discussed in more detail when more species data become available. Nine migration streams are defined in the study area, which are presented, for simplicity, using different names and colours on maps. Southward and south-eastward streams are dominant and distributed similarly to the streams of the Blackcap. The most pronounced is a stream shown in yellow (YELLOW stream), which is directed from the wide area of central and eastern Europe to the Arabian Peninsula. The BLACK and NAVY streams are the most intriguing (running nearly longitudinally) and require a great deal of attention in further analyses of migration in the Mediterranean. Two styles of presentation of the species migration pattern are discussed, of which the location style of presentation seems to be more precise. The simpler presentation style that shows only general heading axes could be used to compare the general patterns of different species.

Background:Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease mainly affecting exocrine glands and characterized by a progressive lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands with consequent loss of function and development of sicca symptoms. Autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is the most frequent autoimmune disease associated with SS and detectable in about 10 - 30% of cases1. Interestingly, patients with concomitant SS and AT seem to display a more attenuated phenotype compared to patients with solely SS. It is also noteworthy that up to 30% of patients with AT experience sicca symptoms without a clear diagnosis SS2. At the light of these evidences, it is unclear whether SS and AT represent two distinct nosological entities or different expressions of the same pathology.Objectives:Aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of AT in a large monocentric cohort of patients with SS and to define its clinical and laboratory characteristics compared to isolated SS.Methods:Consecutive patients with SS (AECG criteria) referring to our “Sjögren Clinic” (Sapienza University of Rome) were enrolled and divided in two groups: SS with AT (group 1) and SS without AT (group 2). Group 1 was further divided in two subgroups depending on the presence (1a) or absence (1b) of anti Ro/SSA antibodies. The following clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively collected for all patients: concomitant celiac disease, arthralgia, lung involvement, purpura, lymphoma, presence of ANA, anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB, rheumatoid factor, cryoglobulins, leukopenia and hypergammaglobulinaemia. These characteristics were compared between the following groups: group 1, group 2, group 1a and 1b. For statistic Chi Square and Fisher’s test analysis were performed.Results:Six-hundred and three SS patients were enrolled (group 1 n=135; group 2 n=381; group 1a n=96; group 1b n=39). The prevalence of AT was 135/603 (22.3%). When comparing SS patients with or without AT (group 1 vs group 2) the frequency of rheumatoid factor was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 1 (p=0.006). No case of lymphoma was recorded in group 1 while 14 cases of lymphoma were ascertained in group 2 (p=0,08). Conversely, celiac disease was higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (p=0.01). No other differences between these groups were identified. Stratifying SS patients with AT according to the presence (group 1a) or not (group 1b) of anti Ro/SSA antibodies, ANA, rheumatoid factor and hypergammaglobulinemia were significantly more positive in group 1a compared to group 1b (p=0.0002, p=0.002, p=0.02, respectively); no clinical differences were identified.Conclusion:In this study, we confirm the presence of a less aggressive disease in patients with SS and AT compared to solely SS. The higher prevalence of rheumatoid factor and lymphoma occurrence in SS without AT, strictly suggest a more severe phenotype in this subset. Although is known that in SS patients with anti Ro/SSA+ antibodies and RF there is a more aggressive disease, in SS with AT the presence or absence of such autoantibodies do not seems to associate with any difference in clinical severity. Follow up studies are presently being carried out in order to provide conformation of a less sever phenotype and a better disease outcome in patients with associated SS and AT.References:[1]Jara, L.J., Navarro, C., Brito-Zerón, M.P. et al. Thyroid disease in Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 26, 1601–1606 (2007)[2]Vera D. Milic, Goran Radunovic, Ivan Boricic, Sanja Ognjanovic, Radmila Petrovic, Marija Radak-Perovic, Nada Vujasinovic-Stupar, Nemanja Damjanov, High prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in subjects with sicca symptoms without Sjögren’s syndrome, Rheumatology, Volume 52, Issue 4, April 2013, Pages 754–755.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

The earlier lectotype designation for Nematus crassipes Thomson, 1871 by Kopelke (1989) is invalid. A new lectotype for Nematus crassipes is designated from Thomson’s collection; the female was collected by C. G. Thomson at the end of the 1860s in Swedish Lapland. The correct author for Nematus betulinus and for Nematus helicinus is Dahlbom, 1850. Nematus bergmanni Dahlbom, 1835 = Nematus betulinus Dahlbom, 1850, syn. nov. The species of the Eupontania crassipes- and aquilonis-groups and E. reticulatae (Malaise) are redescribed. Lectotypes are designated for Nematus herbaceae Cameron, 1876, Pontania ora Kincaid, 1900, Pontania arctica MacGillivray, 1919, Pontania atrata MacGillivray, 1919, Pontania delicatula MacGillivray, 1919, Pontania lorata MacGillivray, 1919, Pontania lapponica Malaise, 1920, P. polaris Malaise, 1920, P. reticulatae Malaise, 1920, and Pontania aquilonis Benson, 1941. Eupontania crassipes (Thomson, 1871) = E. lapponica (Malaise, 1920), syn. nov., = E. enslini (Zirngiebl, 1937), syn. nov.; E. herbaceae (Cameron, 1876) = E. polaris (Malaise, 1920), syn. nov; Eupontania aquilonis (Benson, 1941) = Eupontania algida (Benson, 1941), syn. nov. Eupontania ora (Kincaid) and E. atrata (MacGillivray) are regarded as valid species, the latter having E. lorata (MacGillivray) as its new synonym, syn. nov. Eupontania borisi sp. n. associated with Salix rhamnifolia Pall. in Buryatskaya Republik, Eastern Siberia, Russia, E. aborigensis sp. n. reared from galls on Salix dshugdshurica Skvortsov in Magadan oblast, NE Russia, and E. alpinae sp. n. reared from galls on Salix alpina Scop. in the Slovak Republic are described. Eupontania herbaceae is reported as new to Finland. Repeated observations and rearings in N. Sweden and N. Finland indicate that both Salix herbacea L. and S. polaris Wahlenb. are the food plants of the larvae of Eupontania aquilonis. E. myrsiniticola (Kopelke, 1991) is included in E. aquilonis-group and its presence in the fauna of Finland is confirmed. An annotated key is presented for the adults of the European species of Eupontania crassipes- and aquilonis-groups together with E. reticulatae.

Á undanförnum árum hafa mörg íslensk fyrirtæki innleitt gæðastjórnunarkerfi á grunni ISO9001 staðals og fengið vottun. Engin fjárhagsleg greining hefur verið gerð á því hvort vottun skilar íslenskum fyrirtækjum fjárhagslegum ávinningi, þó gerðar hafi verið nokkrar almennar athuganir á útbreiðslu vottunar og viðhorfum fyrirtækja til vottunar. Í þessari rannsókn eru tekin til skoðunar öll íslensk fyrirtæki með ISO9001 vottun sem störfuðu á samkeppnismarkaði og þau borin saman við sambærileg fyrirtæki sem ekki höfðu vottun, til að kanna hvort greina mætti mun á þessum fyrirtækjahópum hvað varðar ýmsar fjárhagslegar kennistærðir. Niðurstaðan er meðal annars sú að vottuðu fyrirtækin hafa hærri söluhagnaðarhlutfall og hærra eiginfjárhlutfall en þau óvottuðu. In recent years, a number of Icelandic organizations have implemented a quality management system based on the ISO9001 standard and been certified. No effort has yet been made to analyse if certification leads to any financial benefits, yet there have been some general assessments of the distribution certified quality management systems. This paper reports from a study of all ISO9001 certified organizations in Iceland, operating in a competitive environment. They were compared to similar organizations ­ not certified ­ to assess if any differences could be found in some financial variables between the two groups. The study shows that the certified organizations have higher return on sales and higher equity ratio.

This thesis examines warga or 'origin groups' in contemporary Bali and considers the negotiations over hierarchy and equality in which they are socially engaged. The study focuses on Warga Pasek Sapta Rsi and its formal organisation, the Maha Gotra Pasek Sanak Sapta Rsi (MGPSSR). This warga is the largest origin group and one of the most progressive in the struggle for equality. The study was carried out throughout Bali, since there is no 'average village' which can represent 'Balinese society'; variation in socio-cultural practices in Bali is unbelievably wide ranging according to village or region. Moreover, the nature of the warga, which crosscuts administrative boundaries, compelled me to wander from one village to another, from one kabupaten to the next. I even followed members of this warga to Solo (Central Java), as this warga has discovered one of its presumed ancestors there and has constructed a petilasan (tomb-shrine), where annual celebrations are conducted. To start with, I describe the 'multiple identities' of the Balinese, since all Balinese are inevitably members of more than one organisation, ie. desa adat (customary village) and banjar (customary hamlet), desa dinas (administrative village), subak (organisations for irrigation farmers), subak abian (organisations for upland farmers), pamaksan (temple congregations), seka (functional groups), and warga (kin-based origin networks). All of these organisations are egalitarian in nature, in the sense that all members are more or less equal, regardless of their other social roles, and no member holds special privileges. Once they enter the sphere of these organisations, they are 'one,' as 'brothers' (semeton). The theory of four-castes provides an inappropriate concept to understand Balinese society because it oversimplifies the complexity of Balinese social relations and daily interactions. As an alternative, I suggest that the concept of origin group or warga is more useful, since the warga has more religious and sociological significance than caste. Nonetheless, I maintain the terms Triwangsa and Jaba, the first being those who bear honorific initial names and the latter those who do not. Despite the honorific initial name they bear, the Triwangsa people have no special privilege in present-day Bali. The establishment of modern-style organisations for warga has been inspired by an ideology of equality that challenges the hierarchical ordering of these warga. The sense of being different from others with a distinct identity is clear in the emergence of warga organisations. They emphasise the concept of 'difference,' as opposed to 'hierarchy.' According to the concept of difference, no warga is higher or lower, and the various symbols used by different warga are merely differences. This search for difference is obvious in warga of the Jaba, notably Warga Pande, Bhujangga Waisnawa, and Pasek Sapta Rsi. The search for difference, in practice, means a search for enhanced status. However, the search for status here is not carried out by claiming honorific initial names (as is frequently reported), but by each warga's attempt to enhance its status as a whole while ignoring the hierarchical order of the warga. The search for difference also means a search for identity. To establish their difference and, at the same time, assert a prestigious self-identity, a warga invariably chooses a certain figure as its originator. The chosen originator must be popular, extraordinary in some way, and prestigious. In order to maintain its distinctiveness, this originator must not have been claimed by another warga. The role of babad (a traditional chronicle) is important in the (re )construction of the warga. Babad, particularly the part called the bisama (ancestral instruction), has been very effective in establishing the attitude of warga in general, particularly toward the maintenance of origin temples (pura kawitan), the conduct of ritual ceremonies in such temples, and reinvention of a symbolic identity for the warga. Babad and bisama thus become a charter, the neglect of which is an offence against the ancestors, which will result in punishment. Leadership patterns of most warga organisations, including the MGPSSR, have shifted from traditional leaders, who are leaders of dadya or dadya agung, to new-elite leaders, ie. those who hold power in the government bureaucracy, intellectuals, or businessmen, who are not necessarily influential in their own warga temples. This has produced a psychological divide between these leaders and their grassroots supporters, ie. members of dadya throughout Bali. Some problems faced by the MGPSSR in implementing its programs have been associated with this psychological divide. The temple system of the warga is clearly an arena where the warga try to consolidate their strength. Temples are the building blocks of warga organisations. The success or failure of the MGPSSR is clearly determined by its ability in controlling its temple system. The formal acknowledgment by Parisada (the Indonesian Hindu Council), that all twice-born priests (sulinggih) are equal in status, has been effectively used by some warga in Bali to channel their struggle for status. At present, the priesthood is a battle field between the ideology of homo-hierarchicus and homo-aequalis. In order to be able to use their priests to spread their ideology, the MGPSSR tries to produce priests of high quality. This is partly achieved through the rules of a 'priesthood ladder,' according to which an ordinary member from Warga Pasek Sapta Rsi cannot directly perform a consecration ceremony (dwijati) without first becoming a pemangku and then a jero-gede (both are lower-level priests). Another means to ensure quality is through an oral examination (diksa pariksa) for the candidate, administered by a special team from the MGPSSR. Aside from the effort to achieve quality, several practices found in the consecration of a priest from Warga Pasek Sapta Rsi are also meant to mark their identity by marking 'differences.' Other factors of great help for the MGPSSR in the struggle for equality are the introduction of the Pancasila, the Indonesian state ideology, which acknowledges that human beings are equal; the better access to Hindu teachings from Vedic sources, not merely Balinese sources; the movement to purify Balinese Hindu religion or 'return to the Veda'; and the contemporary global concern with social justice and human rights. In legitimising its claim of equality, the MGPSSR has developed a discourse based on global issues, on the Indonesian nation-state ideology of equality, and on traditional sources.

What groups inhabited Puerto Rico before the Spanish Conquest? The Taínos were the first indigenous inhabitants of the Americas to come into contact with Europeans. They occupied much of the Larger Antilles, including what is now Puerto Rico, which they called Borinquen or Borikén, when...

An efficient method for allylation of a sterically hindered alcohol in the presence of base-sensitive functionality (cf. 1 to 2) has been developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 1319) by Richard B. Silverman at Northwestern University. Mark S. Taylor at the University of Toronto found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8260) that borinic acid 4 catalyzed the monofunctionalization of diols and carbohydrates such as 3. The selective functionalization of unprotected peptides can be challenging, but Man-Kin Wong at Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Chi-Ming Che at the University of Hong Kong have shown (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2589) that selective N-terminal functionalization can be achieved with the alkynyl ketene 7, which allows for subsequent derivitization of the acylated products (e.g., 8) via click reactions with azides. To formylate amines such as morpholine (9), an N-heterocyclic carbene (e.g., 10) catalyzed procedure that utilizes CO2 and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) has been developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2934) by Thibault Cantat at the CEA in France. For the protection of acyclic amino acid derivatives, Eiji Tayama at Niigata University has reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 1373) a new protecting group, 1,2-dimethoxy-4,5-dimethylene, that is installed by double alkylation and can be removed with, for example, ethyl chloroformate to produce the corresponding carbamate (e.g., 12 to 13). As far as protecting groups go, ethers can be especially challenging to remove; however, a new procedure for the oxidative cleavage of glycol ethers, including dioxane, has been developed (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 3218) by Zhong-Quan Liu at Lanzhou University. This copper-catalyzed procedure employs carboxylic acids such as 14 and produces alkoxymethoxy esters 15. The cleavage of unactivated ethers such as dibutyl ether as a means to alkylate sulfonamides (cf. 16) has been reported (Synlett 2012, 595) by Wei Zeng at South China University of Technology. Protecting groups that are thermally labile offer the ability to achieve deprotection without added reagents. A new thermolabile protecting group has been developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 666) by Marcin K. Chmielewski at the Polish Academy of Sciences based on 2-pyridyl-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)aminoethyl carbonates.