Статті в журналах: "Borate de zinc hydraté"

1

Schubert. "Hydrated Zinc Borates and Their Industrial Use." Molecules 24, no. 13 (June 30, 2019): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132419.

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Zinc borates are important chemical products having industrial applications as functional additives in polymers, bio-composites, paints and ceramics. Of the thirteen well documented hydrated binary zinc borates, Zn[B3O4(OH)3] (2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3H2O) is manufactured in the largest quantity and is known as an article of commerce as 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙3.5H2O. Other hydrated zinc borates in commercial use include 4ZnO∙B2O3∙H2O, 3ZnO∙3B2O3∙5H2O and 2ZnO∙3B2O3∙7H2O. The history, chemistry, and applications of these and other hydrated zinc borate phases are briefly reviewed, and outstanding problems in the field are highlighted.

2

Song, Jiuqiang, Zhixiong Huang, Yan Qin, and Xinyi Li. "Thermal Decomposition and Ceramifying Process of Ceramifiable Silicone Rubber Composite with Hydrated Zinc Borate." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101591.

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The ceramifiable silicone rubber composite was prepared using hydrated zinc borate and kaolin as ceramifiable fillers. Effects of the hydrated zinc borate content and the combustion temperature on the properties of the ceramifiable silicone rubber composite were investigated. Thermal decomposition and ceramifying processes of the composite in a muffle furnace under air were also studied. The results showed that the density and the hardness of the composites increased as the content of the hydrated zinc borate increased from 0 to 30 phr. The tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. In addition, hydrated zinc borate decreased the decomposition temperature of the composite, whereas the residue weight under air atmosphere was increased. In the process of decomposition and oxidation of the ceramifiable silicone rubber composite in air, B2O3 was generated by the decomposition of zinc borate and participated in the formation of the residue network structure, which decreased the temperature of the ceramifying transition. The new phases, zinc aluminate (ZnO·Al2O3) and aluminum-rich mullite (9Al2O3·2SiO2), appeared after high-temperature thermochemical reactions. Microscopy images revealed that different structures were formed at different temperatures. The network structure of the ceramic residue became increasingly compact, and the compressive strength increased from 0.31 to 1.82 MPa with the increase of temperature from 800 to 1400 °C, which had a better protective effect on heat transfer and mass loss. The weight loss and the linear shrinkage of the ceramic residue was 37.6% and 21.9%, respectively, with the 30 phr content of hydrated zinc borate. The bending strength was improved from 0.11 to 11.58 MPa, and the compressive strength also increased from 0.03 to 1.14 MPa.

3

Mahajan, Dhiraj S., Tushar D. Deshpande, Mahendra L. Bari, Ujwal D. Patil, and Jitendra S. Narkhede. "Hydrated and anhydrous zinc borate fillers for tuning the flame retardancy of epoxy nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137, no. 34 (January 22, 2020): 48987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.48987.

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4

Green, Joseph. "Mechanisms for Flame Retardancy and Smoke suppression -A Review." Journal of Fire Sciences 14, no. 6 (November 1996): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419601400602.

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The prevailing mechanisms for halogen and phosphorus flame retardancy are reviewed. Halogens act in the vapor phase and phosphorus can act in either the vapor or condensed phase depending on the specific phos phorus compound and the chemical composition of the polymer. Halogen- antimony synergy is discussed. Convincing evidence is presented for bromine- phosphorus synergy in specific polymers. The mode of decomposition of polycarbonate is shown and the effect of salts of organic acids in changing the mode of decomposition hence producing a more flame resistant polymer is shown. Intumescence in polyolefins is discussed. Inorganic metal hydrates used in large concentration cool by endothermically releasing a large concentration of water. The effect of boron compounds is discussed. Methods of smoke suppres sion are presented as is the role of zinc borate, molybdenum and tin compounds acting as Lewis acids in PVC.

5

Łopiński, Jakub, Beata Schmidt, Yongping Bai, and Krzysztof Kowalczyk. "Effect of the B:Zn:H2O Molar Ratio on the Properties of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) and Zinc Borate-Based Intumescent Coating Materials Exposed to a Quasi-Real Cellulosic Fire." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112542.

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In order to investigate an influence of the B:Zn:H2O molar ratio on the fire protection efficiency of poly(vinyl acetate)-based thermoplastic intumescent coating materials (ICs), systems containing ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, pentaerythritol and different types of zinc borates (ZBs) were tested in a vertical position in quasi-real fire conditions. 3ZnO·2B2O3·6H2O (ZB6), 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O (ZB3.5) or 3ZnO·2B2O3 (ZB0) were added in amounts of 1–10 wt. parts/100 wt. parts of the other coating components mixture. Char formation processes and thermal insulation features were investigated using an open-flame furnace heated according to the cellulosic fire curve. Thermogravimetric features (DTG), chemical structures (FTIR) and mechanical strength of the ICs and the chars were analyzed as well. It was revealed that the type and dose of the ZBs significantly affect thermal insulation time (TIT) (up to 450 °C of a steel substrate) and sagging (SI) of the fire-heated coatings as well as the compressive strength of the created chars. The highest TIT value (+89%) was noted for the sample with 2.5 wt. parts of ZB3.5 while the lowest SI (−65%) was observed for the coatings containing 10 wt. parts of the hydrated borates (i.e., ZB3.5 or ZB6). The best mechanical strength was registered for the sample filled with the anhydrous modifier (3 wt. parts of ZB0). The presented results show that the ICs with the proper ZBs can be used for effective fire protection of vertically positioned steel elements.

6

Schubert, David M. "Zinc Borate Hydrolysis." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 5768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185768.

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The crystalline zinc borate phase ZnB3O4(OH)3, known in commerce as 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O, is an important industrial material used as a fire-retardant synergist in polymers, a source of micronutrients in agriculture, and a preservative in building materials. It lends durability to wood composite building materials by inhibiting attack by wood destroying organisms. The hydrolysis chemistry of this zinc borate is relevant to its industrial use. ZnB3O4(OH)3 exhibits incongruent solubility, reversibly hydrolyzing at neutral pH to insoluble Zn(OH)2 and soluble B(OH)3. It is sparingly soluble with a room temperature solubility of 0.270 wt% in terms of its equivalent oxide components in solution, comprising 0.0267 wt% B2O3 and 0.003 wt% ZnO. Aspects of the hydrolysis chemistry of zinc borate under neutral pH conditions are discussed.

7

Benrashid, Ramazan, Gordon L. Nelson, Donald J. Ferm, and Leland W. Chew. "Effect of Zinc, Zinc Oxide and Zinc Borate on the Flammability of Polycarbonate." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 3 (May 1995): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300305.

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Polycarbonate was blended with zinc, zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O 3·3.5H2O) and zinc oxide. Blends made of zinc/polycarbonate and especially zinc borate/polycarbonate show major improvement in oxygen index values. Ohio State University (OSU) heat release studies show reduction in heat release only for zinc borate/polycarbonate blends compared to virgin polycarbonate. No improvement in smoke suppression was observed from NBS Smoke Chamber studies for these blends. From DSC studies there was a low ering of Tg's. Thermogravimetric analyses show the blends have lower tempera ture stability in nitrogen (50% weight loss) compared to a control.

8

Wu, Yang, Ji-Yong Yao, Jian-Xiu Zhang, Pei-Zhen Fu, and Yi-Cheng Wu. "Potassium zinc borate, KZnB3O6." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 66, no. 5 (April 30, 2010): i45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536810015175.

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9

Benrashid, Ramazan, Gordon L. Nelson, and Donald J. Ferm. "Effect of Triaryl Phosphate, Zinc and Zinc Borate on Fire Properties of High Impact Polystyrene and High Impact Polystyrene-Polyphenylene Oxide Blend (Modified-Polyphenylene Oxide." Journal of Fire Sciences 12, no. 6 (November 1994): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419401200605.

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Samples of m-PPO (virgin and flame retarded) and high impact polystyrene blended with zinc and zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H 2O), were pre pared. The effect of triaryl phosphate on the flame retardancy of PPO-HIPS in conjunction with zinc and zinc borate was studied. For polystyrene zinc borate shows some reduction in smoke generation. Zinc, however does not show any effect on smoke generation for high impact polystyrene. Triphenyl phosphate shows minimal flame retardancy in HIPS which is not enhanced by zinc. Addition of zinc gives an increase in oxygen index for FR m-PPO, whereas zinc borate decreases the OI values. Zinc borate may sequester triaryl phos phate and thus eliminate its vapor phase activity. Zinc borate shows a signifi cant reduction in smoke generation and rate of heat release for m-PPO.

10

Benrashid, R., G. L. Nelson, and Donald J. Ferm. "Effect of Zinc and Zinc Borate on Fire Properties of Modified Polyphenylene Oxide." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 3 (May 1993): 210–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100302.

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Modified polyphenylene oxide resin (m-PPO) (virgin) and m-PPO flame retarded with triaryl phosphate (FR m-PPO) were blended with zinc borate, zinc, and zinc/zinc borate. Both virgin and FR m-PPO containing zinc borate showed a marked reduction in smoke production (flaming and non- flaming-NBS Smoke Chamber). In FR m-PPO a reduction in oxygen index values was seen for zinc borate, except at the highest level tested (50 PHR). Zinc, on the other hand, showed an increase in oxygen index for FR m-PPO. Given the potential for both condensed and vapor phase activity for triaryl phosphate in m-PPO, the reduction in both smoke and oxygen index by zinc borate suggests a deactivation of the vapor phase activity of triaryl phosphate.

11

Benrashid, Ramazan, and Gordon L. Nelson. "Synergistic Fire Performance Between Metal or Metal Filled Organic Coatings and Engineering Plastics." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 5 (September 1993): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100501.

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Metal filled organic and EMI coatings affect the fire performance properties of engineering plastics. Zinc arc spray, zinc/epoxy, and zinc borate/epoxy coatings on modified-polyphenylene oxide (m-PPO) are particu larly effective. The results from non-flaming NBS smoke chamber tests show a dramatic reduction in smoke for zinc and zinc borate coatings, whereas a ZnO coating did not show the same effect. Heat release data (Radiant Panel) for these samples show lower Q values for zinc, zinc borate coatings compared to m-PPO, epoxy coated m-PPO and ZnO epoxy coated m-PPO. The Fs values for zinc and zinc borate coatings are low compared to a m-PPO control and ZnO coated m-PPO. Polycarbonate structural foam sheet was coated with epoxy coatings filled with zinc, zinc borate, or ZnO. NBS Smoke Chamber data in the non-flaming mode for zinc or ZnO coatings do not show an improvement in smoke produc tion, but a zinc borate epoxy coating does have a reductive effect on smoke. Ra diant Panel Q was low for all coated samples compared to a control. Fs values also were low for coated samples. From OSU heat release data the zinc borate/epoxy coating shows a low heat release rate and the zinc/epoxy coating a much delayed heat release rate. Data for smoke (2 min) was low for coated samples compared to a control, but for smoke (peak) only zinc borate demon strated the potential for significant smoke reduction.

12

Ibáñez, Claudia M., Alvaro Camargo, Carlos Mantero, Ricardo Faccio, Antonio Malanga, and Mario Rabinovich. "Effectiveness of micronizing zinc borate to improve its fungicidal properties." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 6231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6231-6246.

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The effectiveness was evaluated for an established wood preservative, zinc borate, prepared in an agitating bead mill to extensively reduce its particle size. The generated micro- or nano-particles of zinc borate were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, and the particle size distribution was determined to evaluate the effect of milling. Then the fungicidal effectiveness of the zinc borate of both milled and unmilled samples were assayed against brown- and white-rot fungi, on culture medium and on conifer and hardwood as substrates. Treated wood samples were subjected to leaching tests. Scanning electron microscopic images of wood samples were examined to analyze the distribution of zinc borate within the wood. The micronized zinc product kept its crystal structure intact, and it increased the proportion of particles with diameters below 100 nm by 25% when compared to the unmilled product. Malt extract-agar medium supplemented with 2.5% of w/w milled and unmilled zinc borate inhibited fungal growth tested. Both milled and unmilled zinc borate protected the wood when not subjected to leaching. The milled sample of zinc borate improved resistance to leaching, which would allow its application in environments of high moisture content; however, it did not improve the fungicidal action against decay fungi.

13

Gao, Pingqiang, and Yan Zhang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Borate Nanowhiskers and Their Inflaming Retarding Effect in Polystyrene." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/925060.

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Zinc borate nanowhiskers 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O were in situ successfully synthesized via one-step precipitation reaction. A set of experiments was performed to evaluate the influence of reaction temperature. Increasing the temperature up to 70°C led to the high purity of zinc borate nanowhiskers with a monoclinic crystal structure measuring 50 nm to 100 nm in diameter and approximately 1 µm in length. However, higher temperature decreases the crystallization due to the emergence of other styles of zinc borate. Flame-resistant nanocomposites of polystyrene and zinc borate nanowhiskers were also successfully synthesized. The samples were investigated by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, and TG. The mechanical properties of the composites were also tested. The incorporation of zinc borate nanowhiskers improved the thermal and mechanical properties for polystyrene. FESEM images show that zinc borate nanowhiskers increased the smoothness of composites. The composites presented good responsive behavior in relation to LOI (limiting oxygen index) allowing them to be suitable for green flame retardants.

14

Mergen, A., and R. Gören. "Sintering of Zinc Metatitanate with Zinc Borate Addition." Key Engineering Materials 264-268 (May 2004): 1349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.1349.

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15

Evans, Philip D., Vinicius Lube, Holger Averdunk, Ajay Limaye, Michael Turner, Andrew Kingston, and Timothy J. Senden. "Visualizing the Microdistribution of Zinc Borate in Oriented Strand Board Using X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography and SEM-EDX." Journal of Composites 2015 (February 28, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/630905.

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Oriented strand board (OSB) is an important wood composite used in situations where fungal decay and termite attack can occur. To counter these threats, powdered zinc borate biocide is commonly added to OSB. The effectiveness of biocides depends on their even distribution within composites and resistance to leaching, but little is known about the distribution of zinc borate in OSB. Zinc is denser than wood and it should be possible to map its distribution in OSB using X-ray micro-CT. We test this hypothesis and chemically register zinc in OSB using SEM-EDX. Zinc borate particles aggregated at the wood-adhesive interface in OSB, creating interrupted lines of zinc oriented in the x-y plane. Zinc borate particles were also found in the lumens of wood cells. Zinc was distributed throughout OSB, although slightly less was present in the core of the composite than in surface layers. A network of zinc remained in OSB after leaching in water. The resistance of zinc to leaching may be due to its incorporation in glue-lines within OSB, in addition to its low water-solubility. We conclude that X-ray micro-CT is a powerful tool for studying the distribution of zinc in OSB and other wood composites containing zinc borate.

16

Dafinova, R. M. "Zinc-borate luminescent systems with different zinc oxide compositions." Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01729919.

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17

Ersan, Ali Can, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak, Meral Yildirim Ozen, and Nurcan Tugrul. "An accelerated and effective synthesis of zinc borate from zinc sulfate using sonochemistry." Main Group Metal Chemistry 43, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgmc-2020-0002.

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AbstractRecently, sonochemistry has been used for the synthesis of inorganic compounds, such as zinc borates. In this study using zinc sulphate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) and boric acid (H3BO3) as starting materials, a zinc borate compound in the form of Zn3B6O12·3.5H2O was synthesized using an ultrasonic probe. Product’s characterization was carried out with using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Zinc borate compound’s chemical bond structure was observed with Raman and FTIR. From the XRD results it was seen that Zn3B6O12·3.5H2O can be quickly synthesized upon heating at 80°C and 85°C (55 min) or 90°C (45 min) in very high yield (>90%). The minimum particle size obtained was ~143 μm from the SEM results. Zinc borate compound was synthesized at a lower temperature in less time than other synthesized zinc metal compound in literature.

18

Jiao, Zhi-Wei, Ru-Ji Wang, Xiao-Qing Wang, De-Zhong Shen, and Guang-Qiu Shen. "LaZnB5O10, the first lanthanum zinc borate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 66, no. 1 (December 4, 2009): i1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809050922.

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19

Youming Yang, Xichang Shi, and Ruirong Zhao. "Flame Retardancy Behavior of Zinc Borate." Journal of Fire Sciences 17, no. 5 (September 1999): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419901700502.

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20

Ivankov, A., J. Seekamp, and W. Bauhofer. "Optical properties of zinc borate glasses." Materials Letters 49, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(00)00370-0.

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21

Chen, Xue-An, Ying-Hua Zhao, Xin-An Chang, Li Zhang, and Hai-Ping Xue. "Lead zinc borate, PbZn2(BO3)2." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 62, no. 1 (December 24, 2005): i11—i12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270105040709.

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22

El-Falaky, G. E., M. S. Gaafar, and N. S. Abd El-Aal. "Ultrasonic relaxation in Zinc–Borate glasses." Current Applied Physics 12, no. 2 (March 2012): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2011.09.009.

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23

Chang, J. B., P. X. Yan, and Q. Yang. "Formation of borate zinc (ZnB4O7) nanotubes." Journal of Crystal Growth 286, no. 1 (January 2006): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.10.004.

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24

Altuntas, Ertugrul, Esra Yılmaz, Tufan Salan, and Mehmet Hakkı Alma. "Combined effect of zinc borate and coupling agent against brown and white rot fungi in wood-plastic composites." BioResources 12, no. 4 (August 8, 2017): 7056–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7056-7068.

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Fungal resistance was investigated for wood-plastic composites (WPCs) containing zinc borate, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as a coupling agent, wood fiber (Pinus sylvestris), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Decay resistance, water absorption, and surface hardness (Shore D) of the WPCs were tested. The reinforced wood-plastic composites were exposed to brown-rot fungus (Coniophora puteana, Postia placenta) and white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) in agar tests. The results showed that zinc borate improved the decay resistance of the WPCs against brown and white rot fungus according to their weight losses. Moreover, the water absorption and surface hardness tests indicated that the physical properties of the composites were weakened after fungal decay tests. The usage of MAPE and zinc borate alone or together was effective against both rot fungus species in WPCs. The synergy of 1% zinc borate and 3% MAPE in WPCs could considerably increase the fungal attack resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that both brown and white rot fungus attacked the surface of WPCs samples without both MAPE and zinc borate.

25

Kozerozhets, Irina V., Varvara V. Avdeeva, Grigorii A. Buzanov, Evgeniy A. Semenov, Yulia V. Ioni, and Sergey P. Gubin. "A New Approach for the Synthesis of Powder Zinc Oxide and Zinc Borates with Desired Properties." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110212.

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Zinc borates are widely used in industry due to their thermal stability as a flame retardant in the production of plastics, rubber, and other polymer compositions. We have developed a simple and effective approach for the synthesis of zinc borate powders with desired properties, including desired particle size, low bulk density, high reactivity, etc. Zinc borates were prepared by the thermal treatment of a concentrated water–carbohydrate solution of a zinc salt until finely dispersed ZnO was formed, followed by its hydrothermal treatment at 90–300 °C as part of a suspension based on a hot aqueous solution of H3BO3. According to X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and TG–DSC data, depending on the temperature of hydrothermal treatment, a decrease in the water content in the structure of synthesized zinc borate particles is observed. TEM and SEM data indicate the formation of isometrically shaped zinc borate particles in the nanometer range during hydrothermal treatment above 250 °C. Varying the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment affects the average size and fineness of the structure of the zinc borate particles.

26

Sultygova, Z. Kh, L. I. Kitieva, and Timur A. Borukaev. "Using Zinc Borate as Effective Flame Retardant." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.129.

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A directed synthesis of zinc borate was carried out in order to obtain a product with a specific chemical composition and specified characteristics, which was used as a flame retardant for the polymer. It was found that the introduction of the obtained zinc borate into high-density polyethylene leads to a significant increase in the fire resistance of the starting polymer. It is shown that the deformation-strength properties of high-density polyethylene do not deteriorate with the introduction of zinc borate, but remain at the level of the original polymer.

27

Liang, Pan, Zuolaguli Tuoheti, and Zhi-Hong Liu. "Controlling the structure and morphology of zinc borate by adjusting the reaction temperature and pH value: formation mechanisms and luminescent properties." RSC Advances 7, no. 7 (2017): 3695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra23319h.

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Zinc borate micro/nanostructured phosphors with three different compositions and structures have been prepared. When Tb³⁺ ions were doped into the zinc borate matrix, the three phosphors yielded tunable emissions.

28

Gao, Ping Qiang, Wen Hua Song, and Xing Wang. "Preparation and Characterization of Nano Zinc Borate/Epoxide Resin Composite." Key Engineering Materials 567 (July 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.567.87.

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A nano zinc borate wasprepared via coordination homogeneous precipitation method using sodium borate (Na2B4O7•10H2O)and zinc borate nitrate (Zn (NO3)2•6H2O). The characterizations of theas-obtained samples were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Field-emissionscanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FTIR) and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) It had been found that theproducts had excellent inflaming retarding effect for epoxide resin.

29

Al-Mosawi, Ali I., Mustafa Ahmed Rijab, Ali J. Salaman, Naser A. Alwash, and Naglaa S. Aziz. "Flammability Behavior of Composite Mixed with Retardant Agents." Applied Mechanics and Materials 186 (June 2012): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.186.129.

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The flammability characteristics and synergistic effect of zinc borate with antimony trioxide in araldite resin composite have been studied by thermal erosion test . Zinc borate was added first to araldite resin reinforced by hybrid carbon-Kevlar fibers as a surface layer(5mm) thickness .Then, the result composite material was exposed to a direct flame generated from Oxyacetylene torch (3000°C) with different flame exposure intervals (10,20mm), and study the range of resistance of retardant material layer to the flames and protected the substrate .After that , antimony trioxide was added to zinc borate with various amount(10%,20%,30%) to forming a hybrid flame retardant for enhance the action of this material to react flame . Hybrid retardant exposure to same flame temperature and exposure distances. Method of measuring the surface temperature opposite to the flame was used to determined the heat transferred to composite material . the best results was obtained with large exposed distance and large percentage from protective layer which is zinc borate with (30%) antimony trioxide .

30

Altuntas, Ertugrul, Esra Yilmaz, Tufan Salan, and Mehmet Hakki Alma. "Biodegradation properties of wood-plastic composites containing high content of lignocellulosic filler and zinc borate exposed to two different brown-rot fungi." BioResources 12, no. 4 (August 16, 2017): 7161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7161-7177.

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The decay resistance of zinc borate-reinforced wood-plastic composites (WPCs) was studied against two types of brown-rot fungi (Rhodonia placenta and Coniophora puteana). The WPCs with 70% wood fibers (Pinus sylvestris L.) were reinforced with 1% and 2% zinc borate. The reinforced WPCs were exposed to a decay test according to the EN 113 (1996) standard. The composite samples were characterized by their weight losses and water absorption capacity (WAC) as well as by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The weight losses and WAC results showed that zinc borate improved the decay resistance of the WPCs to a certain degree against brown rot fungi. The FTIR and SEM results showed that the brown rot fungi attacked the WPCs. It was concluded that the use of 1-2% zinc borate provided resistance to fungal attack on WPCs to a certain degree.

31

El-Kameesy, Samir Yousha, Sahar Abd El-Ghany, Moenis Abd El-Hakam Azooz, and Yaser Abd Allah El-Gammam. "Shielding Properties of Lead Zinc Borate Glasses." World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 03, no. 04 (2013): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2013.34033.

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32

Atakul Savrık, Sevdiye, Burcu Alp, Fatma Üstün, and Devrim Balköse. "NANO ZINC BORATE AS A LUBRICANT ADDITIVE." Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry 5, sp.is.1 (December 25, 2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.370763.

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33

Saidu, A., H. Wagiran, M. A. Saeed, and Y. S. M. Alajerami. "Structural Properties of Zinc Lithium Borate Glass." Оптика и спектроскопия 117, no. 3 (2014): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0030403414090232.

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34

Saidu, A., H. Wagiran, M. A. Saeed, and Y. S. M. Alajerami. "Structural properties of Zinc Lithium borate glass." Optics and Spectroscopy 117, no. 3 (September 2014): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x14090239.

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35

Bobkova, N. M., and S. A. Khot'ko. "Zinc Oxide in Borate Glass-Forming Systems." Glass and Ceramics 62, no. 5-6 (May 2005): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-005-0064-7.

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36

Agrawal, J. P., D. C. Gupta, Yogesh Khare, and R. S. Satpute. "Zinc–Borate complex as flame-retardant filler." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43, no. 2 (July 20, 1991): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430216.

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37

Nguyen, Thi Hanh, Thi Nhung Hac, Van Toan Hoang, Nhat Thuy Giang Le, Mai Ha Hoang, and Van Tuyen Nguyen. "Preparation of nano zinc borate and investigation of flame-retardancy of ternary combination nano zinc borate/red phosphorus/expandable graphite on HDPE." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 66, no. 1 (January 25, 2024): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.66(1).56-61.

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Nano zinc borates were successfully synthesised from aqueous solutions of zinc sulfate, boric acid, and sodium hydroxide via the precipitation method. The effects of pH, temperature, and surfactants on the structure and morphologies of nano zinc borates were investigated. The nano zinc borates obtained at the pH of 7 to 8 were well-crystallised monophase Zn[B3O4(OH)3]. The morphologies of nano zinc borates were highly impacted by the reaction temperature and the surfactants. At the range of temperatures from 70 to 80oC, the nano zinc borates were nanoplates of 40-50 nm in thickness. The nano zinc borates grew out of the surface to form nanorods at 90oC and nanowhiskers at 100oC. The nano zinc borates modified with surfactants tended to form larger and thinner plate-like nanoparticles. In the presence of Tween 80, petal-like nano zinc borates were achieved. The petal-like nano zinc borates showed good flame retardant synergistic effects with red phosphorus and expandable graphite on high-density polyethylene matrix. Additionally, the nano zinc borates nanopetals significantly improved the mechanical properties of red phosphorus/expandable graphite/high-density polyethylene composites.

38

Çakal, Gaye. "Production of fine zinc borate in industrial scale." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 4-1 (2012): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120224031c.

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In this study, zinc borate production in an industrial scale batch reactor was carried out at the optimum process conditions determined in the previous studies performed at the laboratory and pilot scale reactors. The production was done via the heterogeneous reaction of boric acid and zinc oxide. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, XRD, TGA, SEM and particle size distribution. The final product which was obtained in the industrial scale reactor was 2ZnO.3B2O3.3H2O. The kinetic data for the zinc borate production reaction fit to a modified logistic model where the lag time was taken into account. As observed, the reaction time was influenced by scaling up. There was a lag time of 120 min for the industrial scale production and thus, the reaction completion time was 70 min longer compared to pilot scale. It should be emphasized that the specific reaction rate, k; as well as the average particle size and the hydration temperature of zinc borate are unaffected by scale up.

39

Chen, Ze Min, Xue Chao Jiao, Jian Zhong Xu, and Li Guang Che. "Research on the Preparation of Low Water Zinc Borate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.650.

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Zinc Borate with low water is one of excellent inorganic flame retardant additives. Among Zinc Borate, ZB-2335 (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O) is widely used. The paper selects borax and Zinc sulfate as raw materials. Through orthogonal experiment and the single factor analysis experiment, the optimum technological conditions are determined: temperature is 338K, ZnSO4·7H2O and Na2B2O7·10H2O mixture ratio is 1:1.26, liquid and solid ratio is 6.5:1, reaction time is 6h. The product prepared under these conditions is in good agreement with theoretical value.

40

Liu, Xin, Shao Ju Bian, Dan Dan Gao, Qing Fen Meng, Ming Wei, and Wu Li. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Borate Zn₂B₆O₁₁·7H₂O." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.795.

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Zinc borate Zn2B6O11•7H2O was prepared at room temperature using Na2B4O7•10H2O, ZnSO4•7H2O and H3BO3 as raw materials. The synthesized product was characterized by XRD, SEM, TG-DSC and FT-IR. SEM results showed that the synthesized zinc borate had uniform morphology with a length up to a few microns. The experiment result indicates that additional H3BO3 in starting materials was beneficial to the uniform morphology of Zn2B6O11•7H2O.

41

Xu, Songchen, William C. Everett, Arkady Ellern, Theresa L. Windus, and Aaron D. Sadow. "Oxygen insertion reactions of mixed N-heterocyclic carbene–oxazolinylborato zinc alkyl complexes." Dalton Trans. 43, no. 38 (2014): 14368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt01011f.

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42

Küçük, Nil, and Damla Yaman. "Dosimetric Properties of Dysprosium Doped Zinc Borate Phosphors." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.66679.

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43

Tian, Yumei, Yupeng Guo, Man Jiang, Ye Sheng, Bala Hari, Guangyu Zhang, Yanqiu Jiang, Bing Zhou, Yanchao Zhu, and Zichen Wang. "Synthesis of hydrophobic zinc borate nanodiscs for lubrication." Materials Letters 60, no. 20 (September 2006): 2511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.01.108.

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44

Ting, Chen, Deng Jian-Cheng, Wang Long-Shuo, Yang Fan, and Feng Gang. "Synthesis of a new netlike nano zinc borate." Materials Letters 62, no. 14 (May 2008): 2057–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.015.

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45

Lilov, E., V. Lilova, C. Girginov, S. Kozhukharov, S. Nedev, A. Tsanev, D. Yancheva, and V. Velinova. "Anodic behavior of zinc in aqueous borate electrolytes." Materials Chemistry and Physics 239 (January 2020): 122081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122081.

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46

Zheng, Yunhui, Yumei Tian, Honglei Ma, Yuning Qu, Zichen Wang, Dongmin An, Shuang Guan, and Xiaoyan Gao. "Synthesis and performance study of zinc borate nanowhiskers." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 339, no. 1-3 (May 2009): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.018.

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47

Gao, Xiaoyan, Yupeng Guo, Yumei Tian, Shengli Li, Shi Zhou, and Zichen Wang. "Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/zinc borate nanocomposites." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 384, no. 1-3 (July 2011): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.037.

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48

AMBROSI, L., M. BETTINELLI, M. FERRARI, M. CASARIN, and A. PIAZZA. "Optical spectroscopy of Eu3+ doped zinc borate glasses." Le Journal de Physique IV 04, no. C4 (April 1994): C4–477—C4–480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19944114.

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49

Siva Sesha Reddy, Annapureddy, Adam Ingram, Mikhail G. Brik, Marek Kostrzewa, Piotr Bragiel, Vandana Ravi Kumar, and Nalluri Veeraiah. "Insulating characteristics of zinc niobium borate glass-ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100, no. 9 (May 23, 2017): 4066–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14957.

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50

Motke, S. G., S. P. Yawale, and S. S. Yawale. "Infrared spectra of zinc doped lead borate glasses." Bulletin of Materials Science 25, no. 1 (February 2002): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02704599.

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