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1
DYCK, G. W. "THE EFFECT OF HOUSING FACILITIES AND BOAR EXPOSURE AFTER WEANING ON THE INCIDENCE OF POSTLACTATIONAL ANESTRUS IN PRIMIPAROUS SOWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two studies were carried out to determine the effect of the type of housing and exposure to mature boars after weaning on the incidence of postlactational anestrus in primiparous Lacombe sows. The incidence of anestrus was higher in sows housed in pairs in confinement as compared to housing in groups in outside lots (64.0 vs. 39.5%, respectively; P < 0.10). Exposure of sows to mature boars after weaning had no effect on the incidence of anestrus, but the duration of estrus was shorter (P < 0.01) for sows with constant boar exposure as compared to minimum boar exposure. Key words: Sows, anestrus, boar exposure, housing
2
Hemsworth, PH, C. Hansen, CG Winfield, and JL Barnett. "Effects on puberty attainment in gilts of continuous or limited exposure to boars." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (1988): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To identify alternative practical procedures for stimulating early puberty in gilts, 64 crossbred gilts were allotted to 1 of 4 treatments as follows: (1) 5-min daily boar exposure, (2) 15-min daily introduction to an area adjacent to 5 boars in their pens, (3) continuously housed with a mature vasectomised boar, or (4) control, no boar exposure. Experimental treatments commenced when the gilts averaged 176 days of age, and continued until oestrus was detected or the gilts reached an average age of 212 days. All treatment groups were significantly different from the control group for the following parameters; the percentage of giltsdetectedin oestrus (93.3, 68.8, 81.3 and 31.3%, respectively), the estimated age at puberty or first ovulation (189.0, 194.9, 188.0 and 203.4 days, respectively), and the percentage of gilts estimated to have attained puberty (100, 81.3, 100 and 43.8%, respectively). We conclude that daily introduction to a corridor adjacent to mature boars and continuous housing with a mature vasectomised boar are as effective in stimulating early puberty in gilts as is daily introduction to a mature boar, and may be more practical in several commercial situations.
3
Pearce, G. P., and P. E. Hughes. "The influence of boar-component stimuli on puberty attainment in the gilt." Animal Science 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTTwo experiments employing 72 and 48 pre-pubertal Large White ♂ × (Large White ♂ × Landrace ♀) gilts respectively were carried out to investigate the involvement of various boar stimuli in the induction of precocious puberty in the gilt. Experiment 1 consisted of the following treatments commencing at 165 days of age: (1) contact with an androgenized, castrated male; (2) contact with an androgenized castrated male plus a recording of boar chants; (3) as treatment (2) plus exposure to a solution of 16-androstene steroids, 3α-androstenol (5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol) and 5α-androstenone (5α-androst-16-en-3-one); and (4) contact with an entire boar. In experiment 2, additional exposure to boar urine occurred in treatments (2) and (3).Exposure of gilts to tactile, visual and auditory cues from the boar had little effect on puberty attainment. The additional exposure to 16-androstene steroids did stimulate puberty but was not as efficacious as boar exposure. Additional exposure to boar urine improved the puberty-stimulating effect of the castrated males, and further additional exposure to 16-androstenes produced a response approaching that obtained by boar exposure.These results confirm the involvement of olfactory cues from the boar in stimulating puberty in the gilt. The olfactory cues appear to be 16-androstene steroids present in boar saliva and some undefined compound(s) present in boar urine. These experiments suggest that olfactory stimuli from the boar require the simultaneous exposure to tactile and possibly also visual and auditory cues from the boar in order to stimulate the onset of puberty in the gilt.cues from the mature boar are also involved in mediating the stimulation of puberty. Exposure of gilts to isolated sources of androstene pheromones was ineffective in stimulating puberty (Kirkwood et al., 1983), whereas exposure to contact with a sialectomized boar order to stimulate the onset of puberty in the gilt.
4
Pearce, G. P., and P. E. Hughes. "The influence of daily movement of gilts and the environment in which boar exposure occurs on the efficacy of boar-induced precocious puberty in the gilt." Animal Science 40, no. 1 (February 1985): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100031962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTTo examine the influence of boar exposure environment and daily movement on the efficacy of boar-induced precocious puberty in the gilt, 60 Large White × (Large White × Landrace) prepubertal gilts from 12 litters were randomly allocated within litter to five treatment groups of six, in two replicates, at 145 days of age. Treatments were (1) control (no movement or boar exposure), (2) gilts moved to a boar pen and exposed to a mature boar, (3) gilts moved to a different pen and exposed to a boar, (4) gilts moved to a different pen only, (5) gilts moved to a vacated boar pen. Treatments occurred for 30 min/day for 75 days, or until pubertal oestrus was observed. Gilts showing pubertal oestrus were removed and slaughtered. Ovaries were examined to confirm reproductive status. Gilts failing to exhibit oestrus by 240 days of age were slaughtered and nominally ascribed a pubertal age of 245 days. Age at puberty was significantly earlier (P < 0·001) in treatments 2 and 3 involving boar exposure than in treatments 1, 4 and 5 not involving boar exposure. No significant difference was observed in the median gilt age at puberty between the two forms of boar exposure used in this experiment. Thus the efficacy of the boar effect does not appear to be significantly affected by the environment in which exposure to the boar takes place. Additionally, it is suggested that the stress of a daily pen change is insufficient to stimulate precocious puberty in gilts in the absence of boar contact.
5
Siswadi, R., and PE Hughes. "The efficacy of the boar effect when conducted in a modified detection-mating area (DMA)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fifty-six Large White/Landrace crossbred gilts from 14 litters were allocated to four treatments by litter and liveweight in a 2x2 factorial experiment. The two factors tested were boar contact v. no boar contact and exposure to a modified Detection-Mating Area (DMA) v. no DMA exposure. All treatments began at a mean gilt age of 160 days and continued on a daily basis for 60 days. Daily boar exposure significantly reduced mean gilt age at puberty (196.2�3.88 v. 216.6�3.26 days respectively, P < 0.01) and increased the proportion of gilts attaining puberty within 60 days of commencement of treatment (0.79 v. 0.30 respectively, P < 0.01), compared with gilts receiving no boar exposure. In contrast, daily exposure to a modified DMA failed to significantly reduce mean gilt age at puberty (202.8�4.63 v. 209.7� 3.35 days respectively) or to increase the proportion of gilts attaining puberty within 60 days of commencement of treatment (0.50 v. 0.59 respectively) compared with gilts receiving no DMA exposure. However, daily exposure to a modified DMA did significantly increase the proportion of gilts pubertal over a 2-day period (days 27-28 of treatment) relative to gilts not exposed to a DMA. It is concluded that (1) daily boar exposure is a potent stimulus for early puberty attainment in gilts, (2) full physical contact with the boar must occur in order to achieve the boar effect, and (3) the current recommendation that gilt puberty stimulation can be adequately achieved by exposing them to a DMA on a daily basis should be re-examined.
6
Walton, J. S. "A note on the effect on puberty in gilts of exposure to a boar between 140 and 160 days of age." Animal Science 41, no. 1 (August 1985): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTGroups of five Yorkshire ♂ x Landrace ♀ gilts were either exposed (BE) or not exposed (NE) to a mature boar commencing at 140, 147, 154 or 161 days of age. Each group of BE gilts was slaughtered 10 days after initial boar exposure, for examination of the reproductive tract, with one of the four NE groups killed at a corresponding age.NE gilts remained prepubertal throughout. Boar exposure induced ovulation in one gilt at 140 days, two gilts at 147 days, two gilts at 154 days and one gilt at 161 days. Boar exposure also increased uterine weight (P < 0·001). There were no effects of age either on the number of gilts ovulating or on uterine weight. There was a significant positive effect of body weight on uterine weight which was greater in BE gilts than in NE gilts. These results suggest that body weight may be a determinant of the response to boar exposure by gilts between 140 and 170 days of age.
7
Yang, H., M. A. Varley, and R. G. Rodway. "Effect of allyl-trenbolone on the attainment of puberty in gilts treated with oestradiol." Animal Science 45, no. 3 (December 1987): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTSixty Large White d♂ × (Large White ♂ × Landrace ♀) pre-pubertal gilts were allocated at random to one of five treatments. Treatment consisted of a combination of three factors to induce puberty and maintain cyclicity: the administration of exogenous oestradiol benzoate (OB), the application of an orally active synthetic progestagen, allyl-trenbolone (AT), and exposure to mature boars. Treatment A gilts were given OB at 160 days of age (15 μg/kg body weight). This was followed by the administration of 20 mg/day of AT from 166 days of age for 18 days. These gilts were also allowed exposure to a mature boar for 30 min/day from 160 days of age until they were mated. Treatment B gilts were given OB at 160 days of age and were allowed boar exposure from 160 days of age but were not given AT. Treatment C gilts were given OB and AT but were not allowed exposure to a mature boar. Treatment D gilts were not given OB at the beginning of the experiment but were given AT for 18 days from 166 days of age and were allowed boar exposure. Treatment E gilts were not given any exogenous hormones but were allowed boar exposure from 160 days of age. The dose of OB was split equally into three bolus injections given on consecutive days beginning at 160 days of age. All gilts were mated twice during the first 2 days of their second oestrous period, and were slaughtered at either 25 days post coitum or at 220 days for anoestrous gilts.The percentages of OB-treated gilts with normal oestrous cycles (oestrous cycles of between 15 and 30 days from one oestrus to the next) were: 91·7%(11/12), 45·5%(5/ll) and 58·3%(7·12) for gilts in treatments A, B and C respectively (P < 0·05). The OB-treated gilts (treatments A, B and C) attained puberty at a significantly younger age than did the control gilts in treatment E (F < 0·05). No significant differences were found in ovulation rate and the percentage embryo survival between treatments.The results demonstrate that the combination of AT and boar exposure was an effective means of maintaining oestrous cycles in OB-treated gilts.
8
Höfner, Lisa, Anne-Marie Luther, Alessandra Palladini, Thomas Fröhlich, and Dagmar Waberski. "Tolerance of Stored Boar Spermatozoa to Autologous Seminal Plasma: A Proteomic and Lipidomic Approach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long-term exposure of liquid preserved boar spermatozoa to seminal plasma (SP) can cause dramatic sperm injury. This study examined whether boar specificity exists in the sensitivity of spermatozoa to SP and whether correspondent biomarkers can be identified. Consecutive ejaculates (n = 4–5) collected from 19 boars were centrifuged, diluted with a pH-stablising extender with 10% (v/v) autologous SP and evaluated by computer-assisted semen analysis and flow cytometry. Up until 144 h storage, four boars showed consistently high sperm motility, viability and mitochondria activity, and one boar showed consistently low values. Intra-boar variability was high in the other boars. Screening of SP (n = 12 samples) for protein markers using mass spectrometry identified three protein candidates of which the granulin precursor, legumain and AWN were 0.5 to 0.9 log2-fold less abundant (p < 0.05) in SP-resistant compared to SP-sensitive samples. Lipidome analysis by mass spectrometry revealed 568 lipids showing no difference between the SP-groups. The most abundant lipids were cholesterol (42,442 pmol), followed by phosphatidylserine (20,956 pmol) and ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (13,039 pmol). In conclusion, three candidate proteins were identified which might be indicative of SP-tolerance of sperm during long-term storage. Noteworthy, a first lipidomic profile of boar SP is presented.
9
Prompiram, Phirom, Kanaporn Poltep, and Nongluck Sangkaew. "Antibody reaction of leptospirosis in asymptomatic feral boars, Thailand." November-2019 12, no. 11 (November 2019): 1884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1884-1887.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim: This study aimed to determine the proportion of exposure to leptospirosis and evaluate the degree of serovar antibody reaction in feral boars. Materials and Methods: A total of 58 sera obtained from feral boars in Khao Prathab Chang Wildlife Breeding Center, Ratchaburi, Thailand, were screened for leptospirosis exposure by microscopic agglutination test, conducted with a reference panel of 23 pathogenic serovars and a non-pathogenic serovar. Results: Overall exposure rate of 62.07% was found in the studied population. An antibody reaction presented in 18 of 24 leptospiral serovars. Among the seropositive, Ballum serovar showed predominant exposure in the feral boar population. Conclusion: The results show a relatively high exposure to leptospirosis and the predominant serovar was Ballum followed by Canicola, the first finding in feral boars in Thailand. It has been revealed that feral boars act as a natural reservoir host of leptospirosis. There should be more concern about public health problems in leptospirosis arising where feral boars appear.
10
Lynch, P. B., T. J. Hanrahan, and S. Arkins. "Effect of Age at First Mating on Lifetime Performance of Sows Under two Weaning Regimes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002715x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of age at first mating on lifetime reproductive performance of sows has been examined by Brooks and Smith (1980). They concluded that early mating had no adverse effects on later fertility and resulted in greater overall efficiency of feed utilisation. This may not be true in modern intensive production systems where early weaning results in depressed litter size (Clark and Leman, 1986).Gilts were reared in groups of eight under an ad libitum feeding system and isolated from male pigs from 30 kg live weight until boar exposure at 200, 220 or 240 days of age (= B200, B220 and B240). Groups were transferred intact to the breeding area at the appropriate age. A mature boar was penned in the house, allowed in the pen with the gilts for 1-2 hours daily for the first 3 days and later only under supervision to allow heat detection. Animals were mated at the first observed oestrus after boar exposure. Those not mated by 35 days after boar exposure were culled.
11
Gulakov, Andrey V., and Denis N. Drozdov. "Variation of absorbed radiation dose of wild boar living in the territory of radioactive contamination." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-3-33-40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of the assessment of the absorbed dose rate from incorporated radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the body of wild boar living in an area with different levels of radioactive contamination. The internal irradiation dose was evaluated for incorporated 137Cs in muscle and 90Sr in bone tissue of wild boar. During the assessment, it was assumed that radionuclides 137Cs uniformly distributed in the tissue and are in equilibrium conditions, and radionuclides are 90Sr concentrated in the bone tissue of the animal, during the year the concentration of radionuclides is assumed to be constant. In total, samples were obtained from 117 wild boar individuals, among which 87 animals were seized in the exclusion zone and 30 in the resettlement zone. From the animal carcass, spot samples of muscle tissue were taken according to 500 ± 50 g, the 137Cs content in the samples was determined for raw, natural mass. The activity of 90Sr in bone tissue was determined by radiochemical method. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average total exposure dose of wild boar seized in the exclusion zone is twice that of animals seized in the resettlement zone (p < 0,05) and amounted to 653,6 ± 73,5 mGy/day for animals harvested in the exclusion zone and 328,8 ± 31,4 mGy/day for wild boar living in the zone resettlement. Analysis of the coefficients of variation showed that the maximum variation is observed among the values of the absorbed dose of radiation from the incorporated 137Cs in animals that were seized in the exclusion zone. The minimum variation rate occurs with respect to the external exposure dose in animals harvested in the resettlement zone. There is no significant difference (p < 0,05) between the median absorbed dose of exposure of wild boars living in the exclusion zone and the resettlement zone. The result of our studies suggests that the density of contamination is not the main factor determining the formation of an animal’s radiation dose.
12
Meng, X. J., D. S. Lindsay, and N. Sriranganathan. "Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1530 (September 27, 2009): 2697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) are indigenous in many countries in the world. These free-living swine are known reservoirs for a number of viruses, bacteria and parasites that are transmissible to domestic animals and humans. Changes of human habitation to suburban areas, increased use of lands for agricultural purposes, increased hunting activities and consumption of wild boar meat have increased the chances of exposure of wild boars to domestic animals and humans. Wild boars can act as reservoirs for many important infectious diseases in domestic animals, such as classical swine fever, brucellosis and trichinellosis, and in humans, diseases such as hepatitis E, tuberculosis, leptospirosis and trichinellosis. For examples, wild boars are reservoirs for hepatitis E virus, and cluster cases of hepatitis E have been reported in Japan of humans who consumed wild boar meat. In Canada, an outbreak of trichinellosis was linked to the consumption of wild boar meat. The incidence of tuberculosis owing to Mycobacterium bovis has increased in wild boars, thus posing a potential concern for infections in livestock and humans. It has also been documented that six hunters contracted Brucella suis infections from wild swine in Florida. This article discusses the prevalence and risk of infectious agents in wild boars and their potential transmission to livestock and humans.
13
Braz, Paulo H., Maxwell R. Oliveira, Virgínia S. Silva, Walfrido M. Tomas, Raquel S. Juliano, Thamy A. Moreira, Namor P. Zimmermann, and Aiesca O. Pellegrin. "Risk of exposure of farms and subsistence nurseries to contact with wild boar in southern Mato Grosso do Sul." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 2 (February 2019): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT: With the advancement of wild boar distribution in the rural environment, its impacts are not limited to health in the pig sector, but the requirements for monitoring and control of the species are requirements laid down by the OIE for the recognition of classical swine fever free zone status. The construction of ecological models of favorability or suitability for the occurrence of pest species are necessary tools for the decision making on priority areas of management aiming at risk management. This work aims to map the level of suitability for the occurrence of wild boar in the southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as to identify the main risk variables for contact with the wild boar and evaluate the biosecurity measures adopted by commercial farms integrated in the south of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. To evaluate the risk potential of wild boar for commercial and subsistence swine farming in southern Mato Grosso do Sul, a model of environmental suitability was constructed for this species in the swine producing region. This model considered different environmental strata, being the selection of the layers considered the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the species. In parallel, interviews were carried out in a sample of commercial farms integrating the region to survey the perception of the presence of the invasive species and the biosafety measures adopted. The results of this work indicate that the risk of contact among wild boars and animals reared in closed production systems may be high in the study area and only establishment of appropriate biosecurity measures that consider the characteristics and habits of the boar may prevent the intrusion of this species and contact with domestic swine. The built model can be considered of high reliability and it is recommended to apply it to other areas of the state, being a useful tool for the productive sector, environmental agencies and decision makers.
14
Eastham, Philippa R., and D. J. A. Cole. "Reproduction in the gilt 7. Exposure of young gilts to the same mature boar and relocation: effects on the attainment of puberty." Animal Science 44, no. 3 (June 1987): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001237x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTTwenty-four Landrace × (Landrace × Large White) gilts were randomly allocated at a mean age of 70 days to each of two rearing treatments which were: (1) housing gilts with other gilts but in complete isolation from other pigs; or (2) housing gilts with fence-line contact with a mature boar. At 160 days of age all gilts were relocated, treatment 1 gilts being adjacent to a mature boar for the first time while treatment 2 gilts were adjacent to the same mature boar with which they had had contact during rearing. In addition, the gilts on each treatment were exposed to full contact with this boar for 30 min/day. There were no significant differences between the treatments in age (176 and 185 days) or weight at puberty (81·9 and 82·6 kg), in the interval from relocation and full boar contact to puberty (11 and 16 days) and in ovulation rate at the pubertal oestrus (11·6 and 11·5).In a second experiment, 72 gilts were reared with fence-line contact with a mature boar and at 160 days of age, half were relocated adjacent to a novel mature boar and the other half remained in the rearing house next to a novel boar with all gilts receiving full boar contact for 30 min/day. Significantly more relocated gilts reached puberty during the experimental period (25/32) than gilts which were only exposed to contact with a novel boar and not relocated (12/31) (P < 0·001) and those relocated gilts were significantly younger (187 v. 225 days; P < 0·001) and lighter (75·4 v. 93·9 kg; P < 0·001) at puberty and the induction interval was significantly shorter (20 v. 89 days; P < 0·001) compared with gilts on the second treatment.
15
Zhang, Yuting, Hanlin Liang, Yan Liu, Meng Zhao, Qianqian Xu, Zhonghua Liu, and Xiaogang Weng. "Metabolomic Analysis and Identification of Sperm Freezability-Related Metabolites in Boar Seminal Plasma." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some potential markers of boar sperm freezability have been found in spermatozoa, but little attention has been paid to seminal plasma. The seminal plasma is composed of secretions from the testis, epididymis, and accessory sex glands. The exposure of spermatozoa to small molecules such as metabolites can affect sperm function. However, details and significance of the seminal plasma metabolome related to boar sperm freezability are unknown. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to explore the differences in the metabolic level of seminal plasma between boars with differential freezability and to explore the candidate biomarkers of semen freezability. A total of 953 metabolites were identified in boar semen plasma by UHPLC-qTOF-MS analysis, and 50 metabolites showed significant change between the GFE group and PFE group. Further, twelve metabolites were subjected to metabolic target analysis, and three metabolites (D-aspartic acid, N-acetyl-L-glutamate (NAG), and inosine) showed differences. In conclusion, there is significant difference in the metabolome of seminal plasma between GFE and PFE individuals. D-aspartic acid, NAG, and inosine in seminal plasma may be potential markers for assessing sperm cryopreservation resistance in boars.
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Peltola, Joanna, Alberto Ritieni, Raimo Mikkola, Pavel A. Grigoriev, Gabriella Pócsfalvi, Maria A. Andersson, and Mirja S. Salkinoja-Salonen. "Biological Effects of Trichoderma harzianum Peptaibols on Mammalian Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4996–5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4996-5004.2004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Trichoderma species isolated from water-damaged buildings were screened for toxicity by using boar sperm cells as indicator cells. The crude methanolic cell extract from Trichoderma harzianum strain ES39 inhibited the boar sperm cell motility at a low exposure concentration (50% effective concentration, 1 to 5 μg [dry weight] ml of extended boar semen−1). The same exposure concentration depleted the boar sperm cells of NADH2. Inspection of the exposed boar sperm cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the plasma membrane. By using the black lipid membrane technique, it was shown that the semipurified metabolites (eluted from a SepPak C18 cartridge) of T. harzianum strain ES39 induced voltage-dependent conductivity. The high-performance liquid chromatography-purified metabolites of T. harzianum strain ES39 dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) of human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (cell line A549). The semipurified metabolites (eluted from a SepPak C18 cartridge) of T. harzianum strain ES39 were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and nanoflow electrospray ionization MS revealed five major peptaibols, each of which contained 18 residues and had a mass ranging from 1,719 to 1,775 Da. Their partial amino acid sequences were determined by collision-induced dissociation tandem MS.
17
Bergmann, Hannes, Katja Schulz, Franz J. Conraths, and Carola Sauter-Louis. "A Review of Environmental Risk Factors for African Swine Fever in European Wild Boar." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092692.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A detailed understanding of environmental risk factors for African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar will be not only essential for risk assessments but also for timely and spatially informed allocation of resources in order to manage wild boar-targeted ASF control measures efficiently. Here, we review currently known environmental risk factors that can influence the occurrence of ASF virus infection in wild boar when compared to disease occurrence in wild boar of a non-exposed reference scenario. Accordingly, the exposure of wild boar to environmental risk factors related to (1) climate, (2) land cover, (3) human activity, (4) wild boar and (5) ASF were evaluated. As key environmental risk factors in this review, increased ASF occurrence in wild boar was associated with seasonal patterns, forest coverage, presence of water, human presence, farming activities, wild boar density and ASF nearness. The review highlights inconsistencies in some of these risk factor associations with disease detection in space and time and may provide valuable insights for the investigation of ASF transmission dynamics. The examined risk information was applied to consider potential improvements of the ASF control strategy in wild boar regarding disease surveillance, hunting, wild boar carcass searches and ASF barrier implementation.
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Hughes, P. E. "The effects of duration of boar exposure, number of gilts in the exposure group and size of the exposure pen on the efficacy of the boar effect." Animal Reproduction Science 31, no. 3-4 (May 1993): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90016-k.
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Balogun, Kayode B., and Kara R. Stewart. "PSV-8 Effects of Air Exposure and Agitation on Quality of Stored Boar Semen Samples." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Recent adoption of post cervical artificial insemination facilitates lowered concentrations of semen inseminated. In order to achieve this reduced concentration, the volume of the insemination dose has been reduced and replaced with additional air in the semen storage container. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of semen volume, air contact inside semen dose tubes, daily agitation of semen doses and extender type on semen quality, thermo-resistance and bacterial growth in extended boar semen doses over 7 days of liquid storage at 17 C. Ejaculates from 4 terminal cross-bred boars were collected for 4 weeks and used in the 3 x 2 x 2 factorial study. The effects of treatment (CON: 80ml doses sealed at the top of the tube; 40HIGH: 40ml doses sealed at top of tube; and 40LOW: 40ml doses sealed at top of the liquid), extender type (long-term vs short-term), and agitation (agitated vs not agitated) were investigated. The result of the study revealed that motility (P=0.014) and viability (P=0.007) in 40HIGH were lower than CON. pH (P< 0.001) was higher in 40HIGH compared to CON. Agitation did not impact motility (P=0.541), viability (P=0.406) or morphology (P=0.970) while long-term extender maintained higher motility (P=0.034), viability (P< 0.001) and normal acrosomes (P< 0.001) compared to short-term extender. VAP (P=0.039) of 40HIGH was lower than CON in a thermo-resistance test. Bacteria were cultured on both sheep’s blood and MacConkey agar and neither treatment (P=0.798; 0.766) nor agitation (P=0.396; 0.476) impacted bacterial growth in this study. In conclusion, semen doses prepared with 80mL or 40mL of total volume with minimal air contact in the tubes yield more desirable semen quality, as air contact negatively impacts boar semen pH and sperm motility. Additionally, regardless of volume or air exposure, daily agitation of boar semen doses did not affect semen quality.
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Ito, Satoshi, Jaime Bosch, Cristina Jurado, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno, and Norikazu Isoda. "Risk Assessment of African Swine Fever Virus Exposure to Sus scrofa in Japan Via Pork Products Brought in Air Passengers’ Luggage." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has become prevalent in many areas, including Asia. The repeated detection of the ASF virus (ASFV) genome in pork products brought in air passenger’s luggage (PPAP) was also reported from Japanese airports. In the present study, the risk of ASFV exposure to susceptible hosts in Japan via three different pathways was assessed. Two quantitative stochastic risk assessment models were built to estimate the annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs, which could be attributed to foreign job trainees or foreign tourists. A semi-quantitative stochastic model was built to assess the risk of ASFV exposure to wild boar caused by foreign tourists. The overall mean annual probability of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs via PPAP carried by foreign job trainees was 0.169 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.000–0.600], whereas that by foreign tourists was 0.050 [95% CI: 0.000–0.214], corresponding to approximately one introduction every 5.9 and 20 years, respectively. The risk of ASFV exposure to domestic pigs was dispersed over the country, whereas that of wild boar was generally higher in the western part of Japan, indicating that the characteristics of the potential ASF risk in each prefecture were varied.
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Walton, J. S. "A note on the effect of exposing gilts to a mature boar at 140 days of age." Animal Science 41, no. 1 (August 1985): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100017621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTFifty-six Landrace ♂ x Yorkshire ♀ gilts were divided at 140 days of age into four groups in a 2 x 2 factorial design whereby they were exposed continually (BE) or not exposed (NE) to a mature boar and were or were not blood sampled twice weekly for progesterone determinations.There was no effect of BE on the age at the first or second ovulation. Since detection of oestrus was only 70·80% accurate, BE apparently delayed the onset of first and second oestrus by 16 days (p = 0·06). Blood sampling advanced first oestrus by 15 days (F = 0·07) and second oestrus by 32 days (P = 0·001).The results suggest that gilts are unlikely to be responsive to boar exposure at 140 days of age, that observations of oestrus alone may be a misleading end-point of the effect of boar exposure and that the use of blood sampling for the measurement of progesterone as an index of ovarian activity may attenuate the response to stimuli intended to advance puberty in the gilt.
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DYCK, G. W. "THE EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL BENZOATE AND BOAR EXPOSURE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN THE GILT." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The efficacy of estradiolbenzoate (EB) and exposure to mature boars as means of stimulating estrus and ovulation in gilts was determined on a total of 333 Lacombe gilts. The gilts were placed on the experiment at an average age of 160 d either in the winter (January and February) or summer (July and August) of 2 yr. They were slaughtered either 8 – 12 d after being observed in estrus or after 200 d of age if they were not observed in estrus. A higher percentage of EB-treated than control gilts were in estrus by 200 d of age (87.4 vs. 58.6%, P < 0.01). For the EB vs. control gilts detected at their first estrus, the number of days to estrus after 160 d of age was shorter (4.5 ± 0.1 vs. 16.9 ± 1.1 d, P < 0.01). In the control gilts, exposure to mature boars and season had no significant effect on the number of gilts in estrus or days to first estrus. In comparison with control gilts, EB produced the following additional effects: more gilts in estrus without ovulation (32.7 vs. 15.1%, P < 0.05); a reduction in ovulation rate (6.2 ± 0.4 vs. 12.8 ± 0.5, P < 0.01); and more gilts with cystic follicles (11.9 vs. 0.8%, P < 0.01). Thus, while EB stimulated estrus at an earlier age than exposure to mature boars, the effects on the ovary suggest that breeding at the EB stimulated estrus would not be desirable. Key words: Estradiolbenzoate, boar exposure, estrus, ovulation
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Cliff, Angela H., J. H. Dunne, P. R. English, J. S. M. Hutchinson, and O. Macpherson. "Factors affecting the response of working boars to changing environmental temperature." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020900.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is well established that high environmental temperature can have adverse effects on sperm concentration and the normality of sperm in the boar. Induced abnormalities include reduced motility, abnormal heads, proximal droplets, coiled and bent tails and abnormal acrosomes (Malmgren and Larsson, 1989). While all stages of spermatogenesis can be adversely affected, the primary spermatocytes are most vulnerable to these influences. Since spermatogenesis occurs over 45 days, any adverse effects of elevated ambient temperature can affect sperm quality for around 6 weeks. The maximum period of infertility appears around weeks 3 and 4 after heat stress. Reduced levels of testosterone and sometimes of LH following heat stress are implicated in these adverse effects. There is evidence that boars subjected to high constant temperature (30°C), which have become acclimatised to such, are affected less in terms of sperm output and quality (Cameron and Blackshaw, 1980) than when boars are subject to sudden major increases in temperature from fairly low levels (15 to 30 C) e.g. during the summer months (Antonyuk et al, 1983). There also appears to be large differences between boars in their ability to adapt to exposure to high environmental temperature by minimising temperature rise and avoiding adverse effects on semen quality (Cameron and Blackshaw, 1980). These workers found that boars prone to heat stress show an acute rise in body temperature in response to elevated environmental temperature and this sudden rise has a more adverse effect on semen quality than the length of exposure to the elevated temperature. There appears to be little information available on the reasons for such important between boar differences. This study was carried out to determine rectal temperature responses of boars to varying summer temperature in an intensive pig enterprise in Scotland and to attempt to determine some of the factors associated with ‘high’ and ‘low’ responding boars.
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Walters, E. M., J. D. Benson, A. Rieke, J. K. Graham, and J. K. Critser. "80 CHOLESTEROL-LOADED METHYL-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN IMPROVES BOAR SPERMATOZOA CRYOPROTECTANT ADDITION AND REMOVAL TOLERANCE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Difficulties associated with the cryopreservation of boar sperm include their sensitivities to osmotic stresses and chilling sensitivity. We investigated the effects of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on boar sperm motility and membrane integrity following exposure to various osmolalities. Samples were collected using the gloved hand method from crossbred boars, and ejaculates having greater than 75% motility were extended 1:3 with Androhep (Minitube Inc., Verona, WI) for this study. Samples were centrifuged at 700g for 5 min, and the resulting pellets were resuspended to 1.2 × 108 cells mL–1 in Androhep. Samples were then treated with 0, 1.5, or 3.0 mg of CLC/1.2 × 108 cells mL–1 for 10 min at room temperature. In experiment 1, samples were aliquoted into 1.5-mL centrifuge tubes, centrifuged at 700g for 5 min and the sperm exposed to Dulbecco’s PBS at different osmolalities for 5 min before being returned to 300 mOsm by adding Dulbecco’s PBS solutions at differing osmolalities. After returning the sperm to isosmotic conditions, sperm motility was analyzed. In experiment 2, samples were treated as in experiment 1 and following exposure to the various osmolalities, sperm were stained with Alexa 488-PNA and propidium iodide to determine sperm membrane integrity. Ten thousand sperm per treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by standard ANOVA. The CLC-treated sperm (normalized means ± SEM; 33 ± 16, 80 ± 8, 86 ± 5, 100, 64 ± 4, 7 ± 3, 0 ± 0, respectively) exhibited greater percentages of motile cells following hypo-isosmotic exposure than control sperm (4 ± 1.6, 33 ± 9.6, 84 ± 7.1, 100, 37 ± 5.5, 3 ± 1.6, 0 ± 0, respectively), and there was a tendency for CLC-treated sperm (P = 0.0225) to maintain motility following hyper-isosmotic exposure. In addition, CLC-treated sperm (87 ± 4, 93 ± 1, 95 ± 1, 93 ± 2, 88 ± 4, 83 ± 3, 41 ± 9, respectively; P < 0.05) maintained greater percentages of membrane integrity following treatment with anisosmotic solutions compared with controls (29 ± 8, 63 ± 10, 81 ± 7, 92 ± 3, 73 ± 8, 44 ± 5, 21 ± 9, respectively). Using a combination of these osmotic tolerance data with previously published boar sperm membrane permeability characteristics, we mathematically modeled the number of steps needed for the addition or removal of cryoprotectants. Computer simulations indicate that an abrupt addition of 1 m glycerol will cause boar sperm to exceed their osmotic tolerance limits unless they are treated with 3 mg of CLC. Moreover, the addition of 1 m EG causes boar sperm to exceed all osmotic tolerance limits and therefore, the addition and removal of EG requires multiple-step protocols. However, the addition and removal of 1 m DMSO maintains volume excursions well within the osmotic tolerance limits with the addition of cholesterol (1.5 and 3 mg). Empirical data for addition of CPA have shown similar results as seen with the computer simulation. These data support the hypothesis that adding cholesterol to porcine sperm broadens their osmotic tolerance limits and potentially provide a mechanism to increase post-thaw survival of porcine sperm.
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Newton, E. A., Jeffrey S. Stevenson, and Duane L. Davis. "Estrous expression of sows after altered suckling and boar exposure." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 10 (January 1, 1987): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6205.
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RICHOMME, C., E. AFONSO, V. TOLON, C. DUCROT, L. HALOS, A. ALLIOT, C. PERRET, M. THOMAS, P. BOIREAU, and E. GILOT-FROMONT. "Seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in a Mediterranean island." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 9 (January 25, 2010): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYKnowledge of the factors affecting the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife is limited. Here we analyse which local landscape characteristics are associated with the presence of toxoplasmosis in wild boar, Sus scrofa, on the island of Corsica, France. Meat juice samples from 1399 wild boars collected during two hunting seasons were tested for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (titre 1:4). The overall seroprevalence was 0·55 (95% CI 0·50–0·59) for the first year and 0·33 (95% CI 0·29–0·35) for the second year. Seroprevalence varied according to age and county. At the county level, seropositivity in adults was related to farm density during year 1, and to habitat fragmentation, farm density and altitude during year 2. The exposure of wild boar to T. gondii is thus variable according to landscape characteristics and probably results in a variable risk of transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans.
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MAILLES, A., M. OGIELSKA, F. KEMICHE, B. GARIN-BASTUJI, N. BRIEU, Z. BURNUSUS, A. CREUWELS, et al. "Brucella suisbiovar 2 infection in humans in France: emerging infection or better recognition?" Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 13 (August 8, 2017): 2711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYBrucellosis is usually acquired by humans through contact with infected animals or the consumption of raw milk from infected ruminants.Brucella suisbiovar 2 (BSB2) is mainly encountered in hares and wild boars (Sus scrofa), and is known to have very low pathogenicity to humans with only two case reports published in the literature. Human cases of brucellosis caused by BSB2 were identified through the national mandatory notification of brucellosis. The identification of the bacterium species and biovar were confirmed by the national reference laboratory. Epidemiological data were obtained during medical follow-up visits. Seven human cases were identified between 2004 and 2016, all confirmed by the isolation of BSB2 in clinical specimens. All patients had direct contact with wild boars while hunting or preparing wild boar meat for consumption. Five patients had chronic medical conditions possibly responsible for an increased risk of infection. Our findings suggest that BSB2 might be an emerging pathogen in hunters with massive exposure through the dressing of wild boar carcasses. Hunters, especially those with chronic medical conditions, should be informed about the risk of BSB2 infection and should receive information on protective measures.
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Bandelj, Petra, Diana Žele Vengušt, Rok Blagus, Aleksandra Vergles Rataj, and Branko Krt. "High Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Slovenian Wild Boars (Sus scrofa)." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of great public health concern. Wild boars could be considered an emerging source of toxoplasmosis in humans due to the popularity of venison and their increasing population. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the Slovenian wild boar population and evaluate risk factors for human infection. Of 353 samples, 62% were positive for T. gondii using ELISA tests. This is the highest T. gondii seroprevalence reported to date in wild boar worldwide. The increase in prevalence with increasing age (p = 0.003) and weight (p = 0.002) were statistically significant, whereas gender was not (p = 0.781). Odds for being T. gondii-positive increased with age with the largest difference being between 2–3-year-old and 1–2-year-old animals (OR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.03–6.85). Animals weighing 20–40 kg had a higher risk than animals weighing 0–20 kg (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.21–6.20), whereas a further increase in the weight was not associated with increasing the odds. Due to the high Toxoplasma prevalence, the study concluded that the risk of exposure to T. gondii from handling raw or undercooked wild boar meat is high. Surveillance protocols should be established at the national level together with increased awareness within the hunting community.
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Franzoni, Giulia, Valentina Ciccotelli, Lucia Masiello, Chiara Grazia De Ciucis, Antonio Giovanni Anfossi, Barbara Vivaldi, Mauro Ledda, et al. "Cadmium and wild boar: Environmental exposure and immunological impact on macrophages." Toxicology Reports 9 (2022): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.009.
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Benefield, Randi F., Richard A. Mudarra, Tsung-Cheng Cheng Tsai, Christopher R. Hansen, Charles V. Maxwell, Rick W. Rorie, and Brittni P. Littlejohn. "PSIII-1 Influence of prenatal or postnatal exposure to gossypol from cottonseed meal on semen quality in commercial boars: a preliminary study on feral hog control." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The objective was to examine the influence of prenatal (Experiment 1) or postnatal (Experiment 2) exposure to gossypol from cottonseed meal (CSM) on semen quality in commercial boars. In Experiment 1, pregnant sows (n = 5) were fed a diet containing 0% (n = 1), 0.04% (n = 2), or 0.08% (n = 2) gossypol between d 56 and 86 of gestation. Boars (n = 11) born to sows in each treatment group (0% gossypol n = 3; 0.04% gossypol n = 4; 0.08% gossypol n = 4) were fed a common diet without CSM, and semen was collected at 269±2 d of age using a live sow in estrus. In Experiment 2, boars (n = 21) were fed a diet containing 0%, 0.02%, or 0.04% gossypol between 63±1 and 105±1 d of age (Initial BW: 19.85±0.43 kg). After the treatment period, boars were fed a common diet without CSM, and semen was collected at 238±7 d of age using a breeding dummy. Sperm cell concentration, percentage of motile sperm cells, and percentage of progressively motile sperm cells were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect in Experiment 1 and 2 and dam as a random effect in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, semen was not successfully collected from every boar; therefore, chi-square analysis was used to assess semen collection status between treatment groups using the FREQ procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in sperm concentration (P = 0.45), percent motility (P = 0.71), or percent progressive motility (P = 0.27) between treatment groups. In Experiment 2, there was no difference in sperm concentration (P = 0.72), percent motility (P = 0.17), or percent progressive motility (P = 0.87) between treatment groups. No difference was observed in boar collection status between treatment groups (P = 0.77). In conclusion, prenatal or postnatal exposure to gossypol from CSM did not influence semen quality in commercial boars.
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Gordigiani, Lorenzo, Andrea Viviano, Francesca Brivio, Stefano Grignolio, Lorenzo Lazzeri, Andrea Marcon, and Emiliano Mori. "Carried away by a moonlight shadow: activity of wild boar in relation to nocturnal light intensity." Mammal Research 67, no. 1 (December 4, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-021-00610-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract An increase of nocturnal activity of ungulate species may represent a compensatory opportunity for energy intake, when activity in daylight is hindered by some disturbance events (e.g. hunting or predation). Therefore, mostly-diurnal and crepuscular species may be active in bright moonlight nights whereas others may shift their diurnal activity towards darkest nights to limit their exposure to predators. In natural and undisturbed conditions, the wild boar may be active both during the day and the night, with alternating periods of activity and resting. In this work, we tested whether activity patterns of wild boar, a species with poor visive abilities, were dependent on moon phases and environmental lightening. We aimed to assess if nocturnal activity could be better explained by variations of the lunar cycle or by the variations of environmental lightening conditions, evaluated by means of different measures of night brightness. Data were collected through camera-trapping in Central Italy in 2019–2020. Despite the poor visive abilities of the wild boar, we observed that this ungulate significantly reduced their activity by avoiding the brightest nights. In our study area, the wild boar has to cope with both human pressure (i.e. mostly hunters and poachers) and predation by the grey wolf. Furthermore, the nocturnal activity of wild boar peaked in mid-Autumn, i.e. when hunting pressure is the highest and when leaf fall may bring wild boar to range for long distances to find suitable resting sites for diurnal hours.
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Barroso, Patricia, José A. Barasona, Pelayo Acevedo, Pablo Palencia, Francisco Carro, Juan José Negro, María José Torres, Christian Gortázar, Ramón C. Soriguer, and Joaquín Vicente. "Long-Term Determinants of Tuberculosis in the Ungulate Host Community of Doñana National Park." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060445.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Animal tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and cattle in south and central Spain. In order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied TB at the wildlife–livestock interface in Doñana National Park for 14 years (2006–2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). Wild boar showed the highest prevalence of TB (76.7%), followed by red deer (42.5%), fallow deer (14.4%) and cattle (10.7%). We found evidence of relevant epidemiological processes which operate over the long-term and interact with host and community ecology. Interestingly, the effect of high wild boar population density on increased TB rates was mediated by sows, which could determine high incidence in young individuals already in maternal groups. Rainfall significantly determined a higher risk of TB in male red deer, probably mediated by sex-related differences in life history traits that determined more susceptibility and/or exposure in comparison to females. The positive association between the prevalence of TB in fallow deer and cattle may indicate significant interspecies transmission (in either direction) and/or similar exposure to risk factors mediated by ecological overlapping of grazing species. The identification of long-term drivers of TB provided evidence that its control in extensive pastoral systems can only be achieved by targeting all relevant hosts and integrating measures related to all the factors involved, such as: population abundance and the aggregation of wild and domestic ungulates, environmental exposure to mycobacteria, cattle testing and culling campaigns and adjustments of appropriate densities.
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Barasona, Jose A., Sandra Barroso-Arévalo, Belén Rivera, Christian Gortázar, and Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. "Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis in Oral Fluid from Eurasian Wild Boar." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is a main concern in wildlife populations such as the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Tests detecting antibodies against the MTC are valuable for tuberculosis (TB) monitoring and control and particularly useful in suids. The development of accurate, efficient, and non-invasive new tools to detect exposure to MTC would be highly beneficial for improving disease surveillance. This study aimed to determine if antibodies against MTC could be detected in oral fluid (OF) samples by a new ELISA test (IgG detection) from naturally TB-infected wild boar. For this, individual, paired serum and OF samples were collected from 148 live wild boar in two TB-status areas from Spain and quantitatively used to validate the new ELISA test. Antibodies against MTC were widely detected in OF samples, for which a significant positive correlation (r = 0.83) was found with the validated serology test. OF ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 67.3% and 100%, respectively. The results of this work suggest that OF samples have the potential to be used for MTC diagnosis as a further step in TB surveillance and control in suid populations. Based on our results, further research is warranted and could be performed using non-invasive new tools directly in field conditions to detect exposure to MTC.
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Andersson, M. A., R. Mikkola, J. Helin, M. C. Andersson, and M. Salkinoja-Salonen. "A Novel Sensitive Bioassay for Detection ofBacillus cereus Emetic Toxin and Related Depsipeptide Ionophores." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.4.1338-1343.1998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Of the toxins produced by Bacillus cereus, the emetic toxin is likely the most dangerous but, due to the lack of a suitable assay, the least well known. In this paper, a new, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid bioassay for detection of the emetic toxin ofB. cereus is described. The assay is based on the loss of motility of boar spermatozoa upon 24 h of exposure to extracts of emetic B. cereus strains or contaminated food. The paralyzed spermatozoa exhibited swollen mitochondria, but no depletion of cellular ATP or damage to plasma membrane integrity was observed. Analysis of the purified toxin by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry showed that it was a dodecadepsipeptide with a mass fragmentation pattern similar to that described for cereulide. The 50% effective concentration of the purified toxin to boar spermatozoa was 0.5 ng of purified toxin ml of extended boar semen−1. This amount corresponds to 104 to 105 CFU of B. cereus cells. No toxicity was detected for 27 other B. cereus strains up to 108 CFU ml−1. The detection limit for food was 3 g of rice containing 106 to 107 CFU of emetic B. cereusper gram. Effects similar to those provoked by emetic B. cereus toxin were also induced in boar spermatozoa by valinomycin and gramicidin at 2 and 3 ng ml of extended boar semen−1, respectively. The symptoms provoked by the toxin in spermatozoa indicated that B. cereus emetic toxin was acting as a membrane channel-forming ionophore, damaging mitochondria and blocking the oxidative phosphorylation required for the motility of boar spermatozoa.
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Kasprzyk, Anna, Janusz Kilar, Stanisław Chwil, and Michał Rudaś. "Content of Selected Macro- and Microelements in the Liver of Free-Living Wild Boars (Sus scrofa L.) from Agricultural Areas and Health Risks Associated with Consumption of Liver." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study was to determine the levels of selected toxic and non-toxic elements in the liver of free-living wild boars from agricultural areas and to assess health risks associated with liver consumption. Samples were collected from 70 wild boars. The animals were divided into three age groups (group I up to one year, group II from one to three years, group III over three to five years). It was shown that wild boar liver is a rich source of mineral compounds (K, Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cu). The age was found to exert an effect on the concentration of most minerals. The sex significantly determined the content of Fe, Ca, and Cd. The maximum allowable level of Cd in the liver was exceeded in two and three samples from groups I and III, respectively. Therefore, regular monitoring of the content of this element in tissues of game animals is extremely important and advisable to assess the consumer exposure to this metal. From the point of view of human health, the estimation of the non-carcinogenic risk indicated that the intake of individual trace elements through the consumption of the liver was safe, whereas consumption of combined trace elements (only in the case of the consumption of the wild boar liver twice a week) suggested a potential health risk to children.
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Safranski, T. J., W. R. Lamberson, and R. O. Bates. "Effect of boar exposure on expression of genetic potential for age of puberty in gilts." Animal Science 52, no. 3 (June 1991): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001309x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTGenotype × environment interaction for age at puberty was evaluated using gilts from the Nebraska Gene Pool population derived from lines selected randomly (RS; no. = 48) or for seven generations for decreased age at puberty (AP; no. = 73). Age at puberty was evaluated in two environments: boar exposure for 15 min daily (BE) or no boar exposure (NBE). Pigs were randomly assigned to treatment and mixed into groups of 20 in pasture lots. Oestrous detection was initiated when the oldest gilt in a pen was 125 days of age. Blood samples were taken weekly and assayed for progesterone. Gilts were considered to have expressed oestrus if they exhibited lordosis or had consecutive weekly blood samples with progesterone values above 6·4 × 109 mol/1 (2 μ, g/l). Gilts were removed from the pen upon confirmation of puberty or at 250 days of age. Two gilts failed to reach puberty by 250 days so this value was assigned as their age at puberty. Least-squares analyses of variance were used to analyse the data. A model including line, sire within line, farrowing group, treatment and line × treatment interaction was fitted to the dependent variables age at puberty and percentage cycling by 185 days. Line and treatment each affected age at puberty (P < 0·05) but did not interact. Least-square mean ages at puberty were 154 (s.e. 4·5), 164 (s.e. 4·7), 164 (s.e. 6·1) and 179 (s.e. 5·9) days for AP-BE, AP-NBE, RS-BE and RS-NBE, respectively. Treatment affected percentage of gilts cycling by 185 days (P < 0·05). Least-square percentages were 91 (s.e. 6·9), 76 (s.e. 71), 84 (s.e. 9·2) and 65 (s.e. 8·9) % for AP-BE, AP-NBE, RS-BE and RS-NBE, respectively. These results indicate that expression of response to selection for decreased age at puberty in the gilt is not dependent on stimuli from the boar.
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Newton, E. A., Jeffrey S. Stevenson, J. Ernest Minton, and Duane L. Davis. "Endocrine changes in sows in response to altered suckling and boar exposure." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 10 (January 1, 1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6162.
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Patterson, J. L., H. J. Willis, R. N. Kirkwood, and G. R. Foxcroft. "Impact of boar exposure on puberty attainment and breeding outcomes in gilts." Theriogenology 57, no. 8 (May 2002): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00674-x.
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Amaral Filha, W. S., M. L. Bernardi, I. Wentz, and F. P. Bortolozzo. "Growth rate and age at boar exposure as factors influencing gilt puberty." Livestock Science 120, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.04.009.
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Vilanova-Perez, Teresa, Celine Jones, Stefan Balint, Rebecca Dragovic, Michael L Dustin, Marc Yeste, and Kevin Coward. "Exosomes derived from HEK293T cells interact in an efficient and noninvasive manner with mammalian sperm in vitro." Nanomedicine 15, no. 20 (August 2020): 1965–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim: To investigate exosomes as a noninvasive delivery tool for mammalian sperm. Materials & Methods: Exosomes were isolated from HEK293T cells and co-incubated with boar sperm in vitro. Results: Internalized exosomes were detected within 10 min of co-incubation. Computer-assisted sperm analysis and flow cytometry demonstrated that even after 5-h of exposure to exosomes, there were no significant deleterious effects with regard to sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (p > 0.05), thus indicating that exosomes did not interfere with basic sperm function. Conclusion: HEK293T-derived exosomes interacted with boar sperm without affecting sperm function. Exosomes represent a versatile and promising research tool for studying sperm biology and provide new options for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.
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Takova, Katerina, Tsvetoslav Koynarski, Ivan Minkov, Zdravka Ivanova, Valentina Toneva, and Gergana Zahmanova. "Increasing Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar in Bulgaria." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
(1) Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute viral hepatitis, predominantly transmitted by the fecal–oral route. In developed countries, HEV is considered to be an emerging pathogen since the number of autochthonous cases is rising. Hepatitis E is a viral disease with a proven zoonotic potential for some of its genotypes. The main viral reservoirs are domestic pigs and wild boar. Consumption of undercooked meat, as well as occupational exposure, are key factors for the spread of HEV. In order to evaluate the risks of future viral evolution, a detailed examination of the ecology and distribution of the virus is needed. The aim of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG Ab in domestic pigs and wild boar in Bulgaria; (2) Methods: In this study, during the period of three years between 2017 and 2019, 433 serum samples from 19 different pig farms and 1 slaughterhouse were collected and analyzed. In addition, 32 samples from wild boar were also collected and analyzed during the 2018–2019 hunting season. All samples were analyzed by commercial indirect ELISA; (3) Results: Overall, HEV seroprevalence was 60% (95% CI 42.7–77.1) in domestic pigs and 12.5% (4/32) in wild boar. The observed seroprevalence of the slaughter-aged pigs was 73.65% (95% Cl 58.7–87.3). Prevalence in domestic pigs was significantly higher in the samples collected during 2019 (98% (95% Cl 96.1–99.9)) compared to those collected during 2017 (45.33% (95% CI 2.7–87.3)) and 2018 (38.46% (95% CI 29.1–49.7.); (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that domesticated pigs and wild boar might be the reason for the increased HEV transmission across Bulgaria. The genotypic characterization of HEV found in pigs, wild boar and humans will give a more accurate view of the zoonotic transmission of this virus.
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Barroso, Patricia, María A. Risalde, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Pelayo Acevedo, José Ángel Barasona, Javier Caballero-Gómez, Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz, Antonio Rivero-Juárez, Vidal Montoro, and Joaquín Vicente. "Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen whose main reservoir is suids. Most of the ecological and epidemiological aspects of its sylvatic cycle remain unknown. Thus, in this work, we study the drivers of HEV exposure in the wild boar population of Doñana National Park (DNP, southwest Spain) operating in the medium and long-term (2005–2018). Anti-HEV antibodies are widely distributed throughout the wild boar (46.7 ± 3.8%, 327 out of 700 sampled), showing a statistically significant age-increasing pattern. The temporal pattern displayed important interannual fluctuations. This could be mediated by marked variations in the population control of the wild boar, and subsequent changes in abundance rates, and its interplay with climatic conditions; as wet years together with a low abundance of wild boar led to the lowest seroprevalence. The fact that seroprevalence is high during conditions of high abundance, and not affected by rainfall level, is probably due to the increased interactions among the animals, and possibly, the subsequent higher environmental contamination with HEV particles. The proximity to the marshland (the main water body of the study area) is associated with a higher risk of testing positive, which is probably mediated by the preferential use of this area during the dry season and the favourable environmental conditions for the survival of HEV particles. A deeper understanding of the epidemiology of HEV in host communities deserves future research concerning other susceptible species. Most importantly, wild boar population control remains a challenge at the international level, and an increase of shared pathogen-related conflicts associated with this species is expected, as exemplified by HEV. Therefore, surveillance of wild boar diseases, including integrated population monitoring and sustainable population control programmes, will be essential to control the associated risks.
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Costa, A. N., and M. A. Varley. "The effects of altered suckling intensity, boar exposure in lactation and gonadotropins on endocrine changes, fertility and the incidence of lactational oestrus in multiparous sows." Animal Science 60, no. 3 (June 1995): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOne of the more promising techniques for the improvement of sow productivity has been the use of partial weaning or the separation of the sow and litter for periods of between 3 to 12 h/day towards the end of lactation. The purpose of the present study was to examine changes in steroid hormone concentrations, oestrus and fertility responses in lactating sows subjected to altered sucking, boar exposure and gonadotropins in mid lactation and at weaning. Thirty-two crossbred sows were allocated at random to one of four experimental treatments. Treatment 1 sows (no. = 8) were separated from their respective litters for 3 h/day from 12 days post partum through until weaning which was carried out at 21 days post partum. Treatment 1 sows were also given in-pen boar exposure for 1 h/day between day 12 post partum and weaning. Treatment 2 sows (no. = 8) were given the same protocol of litter separation (LS) and boar exposure (BE) as in treatment 1 and they were also given a combination of gonadotropins (Gn) on day 17 of lactation. Treatment 3 sows (no. = 8) were given LS + BE as above and the sows were injected with Gn on the day of weaning. Treatment 4 sows were controls given no LS, BE or Gn (no. = 8). During lactation, treatment 1 sows exhibited significantly (P < 0·05) reduced progesterone concentrations compared with treatment 2 sows. There were no other significant effects of treatment for any of the periods considered. The separation of sows from their piglets with or without gonadotropic treatment did not result in lactational oestrus in any treated sows. No significant treatment differences were found in the subsequent litter size (piglets born alive or total number of piglets). In conclusion, the present results have demonstrated no significant effects of LS, BE and Gn treatment during lactation on sow and litter performance. This was associated with low levels of peripheral plasma progesterone in all lactating sows.
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Knox, R. V., S. M. Breen, K. L. Willenburg, S. Roth, G. M. Miller, K. M. Ruggiero, and S. L. Rodriguez-Zas. "Effect of housing system and boar exposure on estrus expression in weaned sows1,2." Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 3088–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2004.82103088x.
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Feugang, Jean Magloire, Jonathan Michael Greene, Ramey Callahan Youngblood, Christy Shaw Steadman, John Vincent Stokes, Scott Thomas Willard, and Peter Liam Ryan. "Assessment of Boar Sperm Viability and Fertilization Rate after Exposure to Quantum Dots." Biology of Reproduction 87, Suppl_1 (August 1, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/87.s1.58.
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Turner, A. I., P. H. Hemsworth, P. E. Hughes, B. J. Canny, and A. J. Tilbrook. "The effect of repeated boar exposure on cortisol secretion and reproduction in gilts." Animal Reproduction Science 51, no. 2 (April 1998): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00057-8.
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Terry, R., Karen L. Kind, Alice C. Weaver, Paul E. Hughes, and William H. E. J. van Wettere. "Optimal timing of boar exposure relative to parturition for stimulation of lactation oestrus." Livestock Science 177 (July 2015): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.017.
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Zeng, WenXian, and Takato Terada. "Freezability of boar spermatozoa is improved by exposure to 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, no. 4 (2000): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HBCD) exposure on post-thaw spermatozoa prior to freezing using acrosome integrity and the parameters of motility was studied. Acrosomal status was monitored by means of FITC-labelled peanut agglutinin, and the motility parameters were assessed using a computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) system. The spermatozoa were exposed to HBCD over a period of 3 h, during which the cells were slowly cooled from 25 to 5˚C, and then frozen into pellets. The percentage of frozen–thawed spermatozoa with intact acrosomes in 40 mM HBCD group was approximately three-fold higher than that of the control. The motility and progressive motility values of the frozen–thawed spermatozoa were found to increase significantly with increased HBCD concentrations. On the other hand, further addition of cholesterol-3-sulfate to the BF5 extender containing 20 mM HBCD resulted in a drastic decrease in the percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, and decreased motility and progressive motility, suggesting that cholesterol-sulfate probably counter-acted the protective action of HBCD. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that HBCD protected boar spermatozoa against freeze–thaw damage, possibly by means of stimulating the efflux of membrane cholesterol.
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Hyvönen, Saija, and Hannu Syrjala. "Asthma Case Cluster during Renovation of a Water-Damaged and Toxic Building." Microorganisms 7, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120642.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: An association between fungal exposure at work and asthma onset has been shown, but a causal relationship between them has not beTanle en established. Methods: The study describes an asthma cluster in workers in a building under renovation. Before renovation the work site had significant water damage, technical deficiencies, and ventilation problems. Worker protection was insufficient during renovation. In the building, toxicity was determined from dust as well as from cultured dust. Toxicity analysis was conducted in vitro using the boar spermatozoa motility assay. Results: During the 8-month renovation period, among 290 workers, 21 (7.2%) experienced new-onset asthma (9 women, 42.9%; 12 men, 57.1%; median age, 43 years (range, 30–60 years)). At the renovation site, they had been exposed to areas where remarkable toxicity was demonstrated in vitro. One year later, 13 (61.9%) of them still had moderate disease, and three (14.8%) had severe disease. Most patients had a poor response to inhaled corticosteroids. Conclusions: This study documents a clear temporal association between occupational exposure during renovation of a water-damaged building and a cluster of 21 new occupational asthma cases. In addition, dust and cultured dust from their work spaces showed remarkable toxicity based on inhibition of boar sperm motility in vitro.
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Hughes, P. E., and K. L. Thorogood. "A note on the effects of contact frequency and time of day of boar exposure on the efficacy of the boar effect." Animal Reproduction Science 57, no. 1-2 (October 1999): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(99)00055-x.
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