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Khan, Dodo, Low Tang Jung, and Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani. "Systematic Literature Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 9372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209372.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
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Cerezo Sánchez, David. "Pravuil: Global Consensus for a United World." FinTech 1, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fintech1040025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The latest developments in blockchain technology have conceptualised very efficient consensus protocols that have not yet been able to overcome older technologies. This paper presents Pravuil, a robust, secure, and scalable consensus protocol for a permissionless blockchain suitable for deployment in an adversarial environment such as the Internet. Using zero-knowledge authentication techniques, Pravuil circumvents previous shortcomings of other blockchains: Bitcoin’s limited adoption problem (as transaction demand grows, payment confirmation times grow much less than that of other PoW blockchains); higher transaction security at a lower cost; more decentralisation than other permissionless blockchains; impossibility of full decentralisation; the blockchain scalability trilemma (decentralisation, scalability, and security can be achieved simultaneously); and Sybil resistance for free implementation of the social optimum. Pravuil goes beyond the economic limits of Bitcoin and other PoW/PoS blockchains, leading to a more valuable and stable cryptocurrency.
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Noh, Siwan, Sang Uk Shin, and Kyung-Hyune Rhee. "PyRos: A State Channel-Based Access Control System for a Public Blockchain Network." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (November 27, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is a technology that enables the implementation of a decentralized system by replacing the role of the centralized entity with the consensus of participants in the system to solve the problem of subordination to the centralized entity. Blockchain technology is being considered for application in numerous fields; however, the scalability limitation of a public blockchain has led many researchers to consider private blockchains, which reduce the security of the system while improving scalability. A state channel represents a leading approach among several scalability solutions, intended to address public blockchain scalability challenges while ensuring the security of the blockchain network. Participants in the channel perform the process of updating the state of the channel outside the blockchain. This process can proceed very quickly because it does not require the consensus of the blockchain network, but still, like on-chain, it can guarantee features such as irreversibility. In this paper, we propose the PyRos protocol, an access control system that supports the trading and sharing of data between individuals on a public blockchain based on the state channel. As far as we know, the research using the off-chain state channel for access control has not been proposed yet, so PyRos is a new approach in this field. In PyRos, user-defined access control policies are stored off-chain, and policy updates are always rapid regardless of the performance of the blockchain network. Moreover, PyRos provides means to prevent malicious participants from arbitrarily using the channel’s previous state while resolving constraints due to scalability problems, along with privacy guarantees for the transaction content. To evaluate the efficiency and security of PyRos, we provide qualitative analysis of security requirements and analysis in terms of the performance of public blockchain platforms.
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Rožman, Nejc, Marko Corn, Gašper Škulj, Janez Diaci, and Primož Podržaj. "Scalability Solutions in Blockchain-Supported Manufacturing: A Survey." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers in the field of smart manufacturing have recognized the benefits of blockchain technology, which solves the trust problem in the open network without relying on any trusted third party. Blockchain technology enables interaction between otherwise competing manufacturing entities to satisfy increasing customer demands in a trustful way. However, existing blockchain networks are facing limitations, which are defined by the trade-off between scalability, decentralization, and security. The scalability of the blockchain network is defined as the ability of the network to support an increasing load of transactions and it is lower compared to the non-blockchain systems. In order to omit the effects of the limitations, scalability solutions are being presented. This research reviews the literature in the field of blockchain-supported manufacturing concerning scalability solutions. The selected literature has been reviewed and classified according to the type of scalability solution. For each type of scalability solution, the main features of the concepts and connection between blockchain technology and manufacturing system are highlighted and discussed. The main findings of the study are that Layer 1 scalability solutions are better represented in the literature and are predominating in the case of general smart manufacturing systems, whereas Layer 2 scalability solutions are better represented in the case of specific smart manufacturing systems. Based on insights obtained from the presented analysis, future directions and open issues regarding the scalability limitations and solutions in blockchain-supported manufacturing are presented.
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Zheng, Xiaoying, Yongxin Zhu, and Xueming Si. "A Survey on Challenges and Progresses in Blockchain Technologies: A Performance and Security Perspective." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224731.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain naturally fits multiple industry sectors due its characteristics of decentralization, enhanced security, tamper-proof, improved traceability and transparency. However, there is a significant concern of blockchain’s performance, since blockchain trades off its performance for a completely distributed feature, which enhances its security. In this paper, we investigate the state-of-the-art progress of blockchain, mainly from a performance and security perspective. We extracted 42 primary papers from major scientific databases and 34 online technical articles. The objective is to understand the current research trends, challenges and future directions. We briefly introduce the key technologies of blockchain including distributed ledger, cryptography, consensus, smart contracts and benchmarks. We next summarize the performance and security concerns raised in the investigation. We discuss the architectural choices, performance metrics, database management enhancements, and hybrid blockchains, and try to identify the effort that the state-of-the-art has made to balance between the performance and security. We also make experiments on Ethereum and survey other popular blockchain platforms on the scalability feature of blockchain. We later discuss the potential applications and present the lessons learned. Finally, we attempt to identify the open issues and possible research directions.
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Antwi, Robert, James Dzisi Gadze, Eric Tutu Tchao, Axel Sikora, Henry Nunoo-Mensah, Andrew Selasi Agbemenu, Kwame Opunie-Boachie Obour Agyekum, Justice Owusu Agyemang, Dominik Welte, and Eliel Keelson. "A Survey on Network Optimization Techniques for Blockchain Systems." Algorithms 15, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15060193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increase of the Internet of Things (IoT) calls for secure solutions for industrial applications. The security of IoT can be potentially improved by blockchain. However, blockchain technology suffers scalability issues which hinders integration with IoT. Solutions to blockchain’s scalability issues, such as minimizing the computational complexity of consensus algorithms or blockchain storage requirements, have received attention. However, to realize the full potential of blockchain in IoT, the inefficiencies of its inter-peer communication must also be addressed. For example, blockchain uses a flooding technique to share blocks, resulting in duplicates and inefficient bandwidth usage. Moreover, blockchain peers use a random neighbor selection (RNS) technique to decide on other peers with whom to exchange blockchain data. As a result, the peer-to-peer (P2P) topology formation limits the effective achievable throughput. This paper provides a survey on the state-of-the-art network structures and communication mechanisms used in blockchain and establishes the need for network-based optimization. Additionally, it discusses the blockchain architecture and its layers categorizes existing literature into the layers and provides a survey on the state-of-the-art optimization frameworks, analyzing their effectiveness and ability to scale. Finally, this paper presents recommendations for future work.
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Lavaur, Thomas, Jérôme Lacan, and Caroline P. C. Chanel. "Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.
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Coladangelo, Andrea, and Or Sattath. "A Quantum Money Solution to the Blockchain Scalability Problem." Quantum 4 (July 16, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-07-16-297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We put forward the idea that classical blockchains and smart contracts are potentially useful primitives not only for classical cryptography, but for quantum cryptography as well. Abstractly, a smart contract is a functionality that allows parties to deposit funds, and release them upon fulfillment of algorithmically checkable conditions, and can thus be employed as a formal tool to enforce monetary incentives. In this work, we give the first example of the use of smart contracts in a quantum setting. We describe a simple hybrid classical-quantum payment system whose main ingredients are a classical blockchain capable of handling stateful smart contracts, and quantum lightning, a strengthening of public-key quantum money introduced by Zhandry [55]. Our hybrid payment system employs quantum states as banknotes and a classical blockchain to settle disputes and to keep track of the valid serial numbers. It has several desirable properties: it is decentralized, requiring no trust in any single entity; payments are as quick as quantum communication, regardless of the total number of users; when a quantum banknote is damaged or lost, the rightful owner can recover the lost value.
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Gopalan, Aditya, Abishek Sankararaman, Anwar Walid, and Sriram Vishwanath. "Stability and Scalability of Blockchain Systems." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3392153.
Повний текст джерела
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Gopalan, Aditya, Abishek Sankararaman, Anwar Walid, and Sriram Vishwanath. "Stability and Scalability of Blockchain Systems." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 48, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3410048.3410090.
Повний текст джерела
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Guru, Divya, Supraja Perumal, and Vijayakumar Varadarajan. "Approaches towards Blockchain Innovation: A Survey and Future Directions." Electronics 10, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A blockchain is a decentralized peer to peer platform which provides security services based on some key concepts, namely authentication, confidentiality, integrity and authorization. It is the process of recording and keeping track of the resources without the intervention of a centralized authority. This paper provides an overview of blockchains, the structure of blockchains, consensus algorithms, etc., It compares the algorithms based on their utility and limitations. Though blockchains provide secure communication, there are some minimal data leaks which are discussed. Various security issues in blockchains are discussed such as denial of service attacks, etc., In addition to security, some other blockchain challenges are presented like scalability, reliability, interoperability, privacy and consensus mechanisms for integration with AI, IoT and edge computing. This paper also explains about the importance of blockchains in the fields of smart healthcare, smart grid, and smart financial systems. Overall, this paper gives the glimpse of various protocols, algorithms, applications, challenges and opportunities that are found in the blockchain domain.
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Zehir, Cemal, and Melike Zehir. "Emerging blockchain solutions in the mobility ecosystem: Associated risks and areas for applications." Bussecon Review of Social Sciences (2687-2285) 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/brss.v4i2.394.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to identify the most influential blockchain types for potential implementation areas in the transforming mobility ecosystem, considering application area-specific needs such as transparency, transaction speed, scalability, energy usage, security, and operating cost. The study demonstrated the hybrid blockchain suitability for most of the 13 distinguished mobility applications, while private and consortium blockchains are found applicable based on the needs of specific use cases. A public blockchain is only found suitable for two of the use cases. Proof of Authority and Proof of Stake matches well with most use cases, while Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Proof of Work could be suitable in particular.
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Alshahrani, Hani, Noman Islam, Darakhshan Syed, Adel Sulaiman, Mana Saleh Al Reshan, Khairan Rajab, Asadullah Shaikh, Jaweed Shuja-Uddin, and Aadar Soomro. "Sustainability in Blockchain: A Systematic Literature Review on Scalability and Power Consumption Issues." Energies 16, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031510.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is a peer-to-peer trustless network that keeps records of digital assets without any central authority. With the passage of time, the sustainability issue of blockchain is rising. This paper discusses two major sustainability issues of blockchain: power consumption and scalability. It discusses the challenge of power consumption by analyzing various approaches to estimating power consumption in the literature. A case study of bitcoin is presented for this purpose. The study presents a review of the growing energy consumption of bitcoin along with a solution for immersion cooling in blockchain mining. The second challenge addressed in this research is scalability. With the increase in network size, scalability issues are also increasing as the number of transactions per second is decreasing. In other words, blockchain is observing low throughput with its increase in size. The paper discusses research studies and techniques proposed in the literature. The paper then investigates how to scale blockchain for better performance.
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Zhang, Xiaohui, Mingying Xue, and Xianghua Miao. "A Consensus Algorithm Based on Risk Assessment Model for Permissioned Blockchain." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 26, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8698009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is characterized by privacy, traceability, and security features as a novel framework of distributed ledger technologies. Blockchain technology enables stakeholders to conduct trusted data sharing and exchange without a trusted centralized institution. These features make blockchain applications attractive to enhance trustworthiness in very different contexts. Due to unique design concepts and outstanding performance, blockchain has become a popular research topic in industry and academia in recent years. Every participant is anonymous in a permissionless blockchain represented by cryptocurrency applications such as Bitcoin. In this situation, some special incentive mechanisms are applied to the permissionless blockchain, such as “mined” native cryptocurrency to solve the trust issues of the permissionless blockchain. In many use cases, permissionless blockchain has bottlenecks in transaction throughput performance, which restricts further application in the real world. A permissioned blockchain can reach a consensus among a group of entities that do not establish an entire trust relationship. Unlike permissionless blockchains, the participants must be identified in permissioned blockchains. By relying on the traditional crash fault-tolerant consensus protocols, permissioned blockchains can achieve high transaction throughput and low latency without sacrificing security. However, how to balance the security and consensus efficiency is still the issue that needs to be solved urgently in permissioned blockchains. As the core module of blockchain technology, the consensus algorithm plays a vital role in the performance of the blockchain system. Thus, this paper proposes a new consensus algorithm for permissioned blockchain, the Risk Assessment-based Consensus (RAC) protocol, combined with the decentralized design concept and the risk-node assessment mechanism to address the unbalance issues of performance in speed, scalability, and security.
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Yadav, Jyoti, and Ranjana Shevkar. "Performance-Based Analysis of Blockchain Scalability Metric." Tehnički glasnik 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210205103310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, are widely known applications of blockchain technology, have drawn much attention and are largely recognized in recent years. Initially Bitcoin and Ethereum processed 7 and 15 Transactions Per Second (TPS) respectively, whereas VISA and Paypal process 1700 and 193 TPS respectively. The biggest challenge to blockchain adoption is scalability, defined as the capacity to change the block size to handle the growing amount of load. This paper attempts to present the existing scalability solutions which are broadly classified into three layers: Layer 0 solutions focus on optimization of propagation protocol for transactions and blocks, Layer 1 solutions are based on the consensus algorithms and data structure, and Layer 2 solutions aims to decrease the load of the primary chain by implementing solutions outside the chain. We present a classification and comparison of existing blockchain scalability solutions based on performance along with their pros and cons
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Bhat, Showkat Ahmad, Nen-Fu Huang, Ishfaq Bashir Sofi, and Muhammad Sultan. "Agriculture-Food Supply Chain Management Based on Blockchain and IoT: A Narrative on Enterprise Blockchain Interoperability." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern-day agriculture supply chains have evolved from sovereign and autonomous local stakeholders to a worldwide interconnected system of multiple participants linked by complicated interactions, impacting the production, processing, transportation, and delivery of food to end consumers. Regular instances of fraudulent acts reveal a lack of openness in agriculture supply chains, raising worries about financial losses, eroding customer trust, and lowering corporate brand value. To develop an efficient and reliable trading environment, several fundamental modifications in the present supply chain architecture are required. There is broad consensus that blockchain can improve transparency in agriculture-food supply chains (agri-food SCs). Consumers now demand safe, sustainable, and equitable food production processes, and businesses are using blockchains and the internet of things to meet these needs. For enhanced responsiveness in agri-food SCs, new concepts have evolved that combine blockchains with various Industry 5.0 technologies (e.g., blockchain technology, big data, internet of things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), near field communication (NFC), etc.). It is critical to cut through the hype and examine the technology’s limits, which might stymie its acceptance, implementation, and scalability in agri-food supply chains. This study presents Agri-SCM-BIoT (Agriculture Supply Chain Management using Blockchain and Internet of things) architecture to address the storage and scalability optimization, interoperability, security and privacy issues security, and privacy of personal data along with storage concerns with present single-chain agriculture supply chain systems. We also discussed the classification of security threats with IoT infrastructure and possible available blockchain-based defense mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the features of the proposed supply chain architecture, followed by a conclusion and future work.
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Zhou, Qiheng, Huawei Huang, Zibin Zheng, and Jing Bian. "Solutions to Scalability of Blockchain: A Survey." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 16440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2967218.
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Bhujel, Sangam, and Yogachandran Rahulamathavan. "A Survey: Security, Transparency, and Scalability Issues of NFT’s and Its Marketplaces." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228833.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs) are ownership records stored on a blockchain, and they are typically digital items such as photos and videos. In many ways, an NFT is like a conventional proof-of-purchase document, such as a paper invoice or an electronic receipt. NFTs are attractive among other things because of verifiability; each sale is recorded as a blockchain transaction, allowing ownership to be tracked. Also, NFTs can be used to transfer digital assets between two mutually distrusting parties, since both the crypto payment and the asset transfer take place in one transaction. With NFTs, all marketplaces can freely trade with the help of decentralized applications (DApps). It is currently estimated that there are over 245 NFT marketplaces (NFTM) listed with over 1000 blockchains as of August 2022 with 68 million blockchain wallet users. With the expansion of markets, they must face challenges and issues. The objective of this review is to study the market dynamics of NFT ecosystems. It also focuses on technical components that enable NFTs and their marketplace. The review provides a deeper understanding of its components, how they are related, and why they are important. The paper analyses the challenges faced by NFTs and marketplaces in terms of security, transparency, scalability, and the consequences leading to these issues and how they will address them, as well as future opportunities.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (November 19, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods: In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results: We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion: This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (October 27, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods: In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results: We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion: This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Tahir Yinka, Olaosebikan, Su-Cheng Haw, Timothy Tzen Vun Yap, and Samini Subramaniam. "Improving the data access control using blockchain for healthcare domain." F1000Research 10 (September 8, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.72890.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction Unauthorized access to data is one of the most significant privacy issues that hinder most industries from adopting big data technologies. Even though specific processes and structures have been put in place to deal with access authorization and identity management for large databases nonetheless, the scalability criteria are far beyond the capabilities of traditional databases. Hence, most researchers are looking into other solutions, such as big data management. Methods In this paper, we firstly study the strengths and weaknesses of implementing cryptography and blockchain for identity management and authorization control in big data, focusing on the healthcare domain. Subsequently, we propose a decentralized data access and sharing system that preserves privacy to ensure adequate data access management under the blockchain. In addition, we designed a blockchain framework to resolve the decentralized data access and sharing system privacy issues, by implementing a public key infrastructure model, which utilizes a signature cryptography algorithm (elliptic curve and signcryption). Lastly, we compared the proposed blockchain model to previous techniques to see how well it performed. Results We evaluated the blockchain on four performance metrics which include throughput, latency, scalability, and security. The proposed blockchain model was tested using a sample of 5000 patients and 500,000 observations. The performance evaluation results further showed that the proposed model achieves higher throughput and lower latency compared to existing approaches when the workload varies up to 10,000 transactions. Discussion This research reviews the importance of blockchains as they provide infinite possibilities to individuals, companies, and governments.
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Xi, Jinwen, Shihong Zou, Guoai Xu, Yanhui Guo, Yueming Lu, Jiuyun Xu, and Xuanwen Zhang. "A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (December 18, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5483243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain technology has been widely used in many fields, such as smart cities, smart health care, and smart manufacturing, due to its anonymity, decentralization, and tamper resistance in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, poor scalability has severely affected the widespread adoption of traditional blockchain technology in high-throughput and low-latency applications. Therefore, based on the three-layer architecture, this study presents a variety of solutions to improve the scalability of the blockchain. As the scale of the network expands, one of the most practical ways to achieve horizontal scalability is sharding, where the network is divided into multiple subnetworks to avoid repeated communication overhead, storage, and calculations. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to blockchain sharding, along with a detailed comparison and evaluation for primarily considered sharding mechanisms. We also provide the detailed calculations and then analyze the characteristics of existing solutions along with our insights.
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Litke, Antonios, Dimosthenis Anagnostopoulos, and Theodora Varvarigou. "Blockchains for Supply Chain Management: Architectural Elements and Challenges Towards a Global Scale Deployment." Logistics 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics3010005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchains are attracting the attention of stakeholders in many industrial domains, including the logistics and supply chain industries. Blockchain technology can effectively contribute in recording every single asset throughout its flow on the supply chain, contribute in tracking orders, receipts, and payments, while track digital assets such as warranties and licenses in a unified and transparent way. The paper provides, through its methodology, a detailed analysis of the blockchain fit in the supply chain industry. It defines the specific elements of blockchain that affect supply chain such as scalability, performance, consensus mechanism, privacy considerations, location proof and cost, and details on the impact that blockchains will have in disrupting the supply chain industry. Discussing the tradeoff between consensus cost, throughput and validation time it proceeds with a suggested high-level architectural approach, and concludes as a result with a discussion on changes needed and challenges faced for an in-vivo deployment of blockchains in the supply chain industry. While the technological features of modern blockchains can effectively facilitate supply chain uses cases, the various challenges that still remain, bring in front of us a wide set of needed changes and further research efforts for achieving a global, production level blockchain for the supply chain industry.
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Vivekanadam B. "Analysis of Recent Trend and Applications in Block Chain Technology." December 2020 2, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2020.4.003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is a digital ledger in which each record known as blocks and that are combined in a single list known as a chain. It is regarded as Bitcoin’s backbone technology. It is also regarded as cohesive collections of digital wallets. Blockchains are primarily used by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and other applications to record these transactions. A blockchain is commonly referred to as a collection of distributed databases that consists of all public transactions, records and digital events then that information is shared among the participants. Every transaction is verified and it cannot be removed. The main features of this technology are reliable, efficient operation, fault tolerance and scalability. Some of the applications are manufacturing, government and finance when the three properties met together (i.e., Efficiency, Scalability and Security). By using several computers, each transaction that is applied to a blockchain is validated. A peer-to-peer network is developed by these systems that are used to validate these forms of blockchain transactions. They work together to ensure that any transaction is legitimate until it is added to the blockchain, and invalid blocks cannot be added to the chain by these systems. When a new block is added, it can be connected to a previous block using a cryptographic hash and the chain cannot be broken and each block is recorded permanently. Blockchain can be used for an exchanging the transaction securely without an intermediate. It enables customer relationship and agile chain values and thereby integrating with IoT and Cloud technology. The functionality of distributed ledger is combined with blockchain security to solve the financial and non-financial industry problems. This paper proposes the blockchain technology with devices and creates a common platform and secure data communication.
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Wu, Yaqin, Pengxin Song, and Fuxin Wang. "Hybrid Consensus Algorithm Optimization: A Mathematical Method Based on POS and PBFT and Its Application in Blockchain." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 13, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7270624.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is a new technology for processing complex and disordered information with respect to business and other industrial applications. This work is aimed at studying the consensus algorithm of blockchain to improve the performance of blockchain. Despite their advantages, the proof of stake (POS) algorithm and the practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) algorithm have high latency, low throughput, and poor scalability. In this paper, a blockchain hybrid consensus algorithm which combines advantages of the POS and PBFT algorithms is proposed, and the algorithm is divided into two stages: sortition and witness. The proposed algorithm reduces the number of consensus nodes to a constant value by verifiable pseudorandom sortition and performs transaction witness between nodes. The algorithm is improved and optimized from three dimensions: throughput, latency, and scalability. The experimental results show that the improved hybrid consensus algorithm is significantly superior to the previous single algorithms for its excellent scalability, high throughput, and low latency.
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Harshvardhan and Say Yen Teoh. "Improving Shipping Efficiency Industry-Led Consortium Blockchain Smart Contact." Journal of Global Information Management 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.313035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COVID-19 has recently affected global trade flows, and the primary reason is that shipping failed to adapt rapidly to meet the need for on-time delivery. Given blockchain's “revolutionary” potential, this paper aims to understand how blockchain can address longstanding inefficiencies and challenges in the shipping industry. This analysis proposes a model of how an industrywide blockchain-based consortium powered by smart contracts could resolve end-to-end contract issues with trustworthiness, thus improving efficiency in terms of time and cost. A mixed-method approach was conducted. That included 27 surveys and 20 interviews with representatives of shipping industry members. This study contributes to the blockchain and shipping supply chain literature by offering empirical data about the application of an industry-led consortium blockchain with cost, scalability, and volatility perspectives. As for the managerial implications, incentives and education are required to stimulate collaboration and commitment to blockchain for more efficient and effective global shipping trade flows.
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Lan, Yixiao, Yuan Liu, Boyang Li, and Chunyan Miao. "Proof of Learning (PoLe): Empowering Machine Learning with Consensus Building on Blockchains (Demo)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 18 (May 18, 2021): 16063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.18013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The consensus algorithm is the core component of a blockchain system, which determines the efficiency, security, and scalability of the blockchain network. The representative consensus algorithm is the proof of work (PoW) proposed in Bitcoin, where the consensus process consumes large amount of compute in solving meaningless Hash puzzel. Meanwhile, the deep learning (DL) has brought unprecedented performance gains at heavy computate cost. In this demo, we channels the otherwise wasted computational power to the practical purpose of training neural network models, through the proposed proof of learning (PoL) consensus algorithm. In PoLe, the training/testing data are released to the entire blockchain network (BCN) and the consensus nodes train NN models on the data, which serves as the proof of learning. When the consensus on the BCN considers a NN model to be valid, a new block is appended to the blockchain. Through our system, we investigate the potential of enpowering machine learning with consensus building on blockchains.
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Nasir, Qassim, Ilham A. Qasse, Manar Abu Talib, and Ali Bou Nassif. "Performance Analysis of Hyperledger Fabric Platforms." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (September 9, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3976093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is a key technology that has the potential to decentralize the way we store, share, and manage information and data. One of the more recent blockchain platforms that has emerged is Hyperledger Fabric, an open source, permissioned blockchain that was introduced by IBM, first as Hyperledger Fabric v0.6, and then more recently, in 2017, IBM released Hyperledger Fabric v1.0. Although there are many blockchain platforms, there is no clear methodology for evaluating and assessing the different blockchain platforms in terms of their various aspects, such as performance, security, and scalability. In addition, the new version of Hyperledger Fabric was never evaluated against any other blockchain platform. In this paper, we will first conduct a performance analysis of the two versions of Hyperledger Fabric, v0.6 and v1.0. The performance evaluation of the two platforms will be assessed in terms of execution time, latency, and throughput, by varying the workload in each platform up to 10,000 transactions. Second, we will analyze the scalability of the two platforms by varying the number of nodes up to 20 nodes in each platform. Overall, the performance analysis results across all evaluation metrics, scalability, throughput, execution time, and latency, demonstrate that Hyperledger Fabric v1.0 consistently outperforms Hyperledger Fabric v0.6. However, Hyperledger Fabric v1.0 platform performance did not reach the performance level in current traditional database systems under high workload scenarios.
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Woznica, Arnold, and Michal Kedziora. "Performance and scalability evaluation of a permissioned Blockchain based on the Hyperledger Fabric, Sawtooth and Iroha." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis210507002w.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper shows the performance and scalability evaluation of different blockchain platform implementations. Hyperledger Iroha implementing YAC consensus, Sawtooth implementing PoET algorithm, and Hyperledger Fabric framework implementation. Performance evaluation and scalability assessment were done by varying different sets of parameters such as block size, transaction sending rate, network traffic distribution, and network size. Performance evaluation was done based on average transaction latency, network throughput, and transaction failure rate. Scalability was assessed based on changes in transaction latency and throughput with increasing network size. Test results let to study the impact of a particular parameter on the private blockchain network performance and show how they can be adjusted to improve performance.
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Xie, Junfeng, F. Richard Yu, Tao Huang, Renchao Xie, Jiang Liu, and Yunjie Liu. "A Survey on the Scalability of Blockchain Systems." IEEE Network 33, no. 5 (September 2019): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1800290.
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Zubaydi, Haider Dhia, Pál Varga, and Sándor Molnár. "Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Ensuring Security and Privacy Aspects in Internet of Things: A Systematic Literature Review." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the Internet of Things (IoT) concept materialized worldwide in complex ecosystems, the related data security and privacy issues became apparent. While the system elements and their communication paths could be protected individually, generic, ecosystem-wide approaches were sought after as well. On a parallel timeline to IoT, the concept of distributed ledgers and blockchains came into the technological limelight. Blockchains offer many advantageous features in relation to enhanced security, anonymity, increased capacity, and peer-to-peer capabilities. Although blockchain technology can provide IoT with effective and efficient solutions, there are many challenges related to various aspects of integrating these technologies. While security, anonymity/data privacy, and smart contract-related features are apparently advantageous for blockchain technologies (BCT), there are challenges in relation to storage capacity/scalability, resource utilization, transaction rate scalability, predictability, and legal issues. This paper provides a systematic review on state-of-the-art approaches of BCT and IoT integration, specifically in order to solve certain security- and privacy-related issues. The paper first provides a brief overview of BCT and IoT’s basic principles, including their architecture, protocols and consensus algorithms, characteristics, and the challenges of integrating them. Afterwards, it describes the survey methodology, including the search strategy, eligibility criteria, selection results, and characteristics of the included articles. Later, we highlight the findings of this study which illustrates different works that addressed the integration of blockchain technology and IoT to tackle various aspects of privacy and security, which are followed by a categorization of applications that have been investigated with different characteristics, such as their primary information, objective, development level, target application, type of blockchain and platform, consensus algorithm, evaluation environment and metrics, future works or open issues (if any), and further notes for consideration. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of all articles is included from an architectural and operational perspective. Finally, we cover major gaps and future considerations that can be taken into account when integrating blockchain technology with IoT.
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Feng, Hangwei, Jinlin Wang, and Yang Li. "A Blockchain Storage Architecture Based on Information-Centric Networking." Electronics 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain technology is a unique distributed ledger technology that has been widely used in various areas. With the increase in data on the blockchain and the append-only nature of the blockchain, the traditional blockchain’s full replica storage technique leads to blockchain storage scalability problem. Existing methods prioritize minimizing the storage strain on blockchain nodes while ignoring the availability of data, resulting in a lengthy average response time for users to access the blockchain. To address the shortcomings, this paper proposes an Information-Centric Networking-based blockchain storage architecture. The architecture uses the enhanced resolution system for community division to build blockchain node partitions and store blockchain ledgers in the underlying network. It introduces virtual chain for rapid blockchain indexing and adopts a collaborative block replica deletion algorithm across neighboring partitions, including replica number decision based on blockchain access decay characteristics and replica deletion based on resource relationship. Finally, we compare and analyze the proposed blockchain storage architecture with BC-store and KASARASA, and the results demonstrate that this architecture has significantly lower average access time than others. The replica data volume of this method is reduced by 57.2% compared to the full replica policy, but the access time is only 5.2% slower when compared to the full replica policy, which substantially increases the replica storage utilization.
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Gao, Yuefei, Shin Kawai, and Hajime Nobuhara. "Scalable Blockchain Protocol Based on Proof of Stake and Sharding." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 5 (September 20, 2019): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0856.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain – a distributed and public database of transactions – has become a platform for decentralized applications. Despite its increasing popularity, blockchain technology faces a scalability problem: the throughput does not scale with the increasing network size. Thus, in this paper, we propose a scalable blockchain protocol to solve the scalability problem. The proposed method was designed based on a proof of stake (PoS) consensus protocol and a sharding protocol. Instead of transactions being processed by the whole network, the sharding protocol is employed to divide unconfirmed transactions into transaction shards and to divide the network into network shards. The network shards process the transaction shards in parallel to produce middle blocks. Middle blocks are then combined into a final BLOCK in a timestamp recorded on the blockchain. Experiments were performed in a simulation network consisting of 100 Amazon EC2 instances. The latency of the proposed method was approximately 27 s and the maximum throughput achieved was 36 transactions per second for a network containing 100 nodes. The results of the experiments indicate that the throughput of the proposed protocol increases with the network size. This confirms the scalability of the proposed protocol.
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Biswas, Sujit, Zigang Yao, Lin Yan, Abdulmajeed Alqhatani, Anupam Kumar Bairagi, Fatima Asiri, and Mehedi Masud. "Interoperability Benefits and Challenges in Smart City Services: Blockchain as a Solution." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12041036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The widespread usage of smart devices with various city-centric services speeds up and improves civic life, in contrast to growing privacy and security concerns. Security issues are exacerbated when e-government service providers trade their services within a centralised framework. Due to security concerns, city-centric centralised services are being converted to blockchain-based systems, which is a very time-consuming and challenging process. The interoperability of these blockchain-based systems is also more challenging due to protocol variances, an excessive amount of local transactions that raise scalability and rapidly occupy memory. In this paper, we have proposed a framework for interoperability across various blockchain-based smart city services. It also summarises how independent service providers might continue self-service choices (i.e., local transactions) without overloading the blockchain network and other organisations. A simulated interoperability network is used to show the network’s effectiveness. The experimental outcomes show the scalability and memory optimization of the blockchain network.
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Khan, Dr Kashif Mehboob, Muhammad Abdullah Hayat, and Rana Muhammad Ibrahim. "Investigating the Impact of Consensus Algorithm on Scalability in Blockchain Systems." Sir Syed University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology 12, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.33317/ssurj.427.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the current era, blockchain has emerged as one the best and promising technology. All the cryptocurrencies have also gained a lot of popularity around the globe which are based on blockchain technology. Blockchain provides a distributed architecture, in which transactions are verified by different validators using different algorithms and then are stored in distributed ledger. The verification of transactions is done using consensus algorithms which verifies that incoming transaction is correct and reliable by different distributed nodes working in a peer-to-peer network. Consensus algorithms ensure the integrity and security of blockchain. There are various types of consensus algorithms used in blockchain technology which are used depending on the architecture and usage, some of the consensus algorithms are Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS) etc. The Proof of Work algorithm is most widely used across the globe by the community. It is used by many popular cryptocurrency networks like Litecoin and Bitcoin. It requires larger computation power while verifying transactions. The selection of a consensus algorithm is one the most important parts of blockchain, as the consensus mechanism is considered to be the core of a network. It is easier to predict and guarantee the security, reliability, fault tolerance, and recoverability of the system if the correct consensus protocol is selected. A single algorithm can never fulfill all the requirements, there is always a tradeoff in the selection of consensus algorithms. Therefore, it is very important to select the best suited consensus algorithm for the network as the consensus mechanism validates transactions without any third-party platform and prevents malicious activities in the network. This paper investigates the comparison among types of consensus algorithms and their effectiveness and viability.
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Peram, Subba Rao, and Premamayudu Bulla. "Blockchains: Improve the Scalability and Efficiency of Conventional Blockchain by Providing a Lightweight Block Mining and Communication Algorithm." Ingénierie des systèmes d information 25, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.250604.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To provide secure and reliable services using the internet of things (IoT) in the smart cities/villages is a challenging and complex issue. A high throughput and resilient services are required to process vast data generated by the smart city/villages that felicitates to run the applications of smart city. To provide security and privacy a scalable blockchain (BC) mechanism is a necessity to integrate the scalable ledger and transactions limit in the BC. In this paper, we investigated the available solutions to improve its scalability and efficiency. However, most of the algorithms are not providing the better solution to achieve scalability for the smart city data. Here, proposed and implemented a hybrid approach to improve the scalability and rate of transactions on BC using practical Byzantine fault tolerance and decentralized public key algorithms. The proposed Normachain is compares our results with the existing model. The results show that the transaction rate got improved by 6.43% and supervision results got improved by 17.78%.
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Kim, Heesang, and Dohoon Kim. "Adjusting the Block Interval in PoW Consensus by Block Interval Process Improvement." Electronics 10, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain is not widely applied in various fields due to the critical issue of scalability as part of the blockchain trilemma. This issue arises during consensus among the nodes in a public blockchain. To address the issue of low scalability with proof-of-work (PoW) consensus, various methods have been proposed for transaction per second (TPS) improvement. However, no such methods include an improvement in the consensus step. Therefore, to improve PoW public blockchain scalability, it is important to shorten the time required for PoW consensus. This paper proposes a method for minimizing the block intervals that occur during consensus over a PoW blockchain network. A shortened block interval leads to an increase in the probability of three different attacks: selfish mining, double-spending, and eclipse attacks. According to an experiment using Ethereum, with a typical PoW blockchain, it is inevitable to provide rewards for stable block mining in competition between mining pools. To find an optimal block interval in the PoW consensus algorithm, we conducted a four-step experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to verify the difficulty level and issues with Mainnet security. Therefore, considering stale block mining rewards, an optimal block interval is proposed. The Ethereum TPS was improved by at least 200%. Given this finding, it is considered possible to achieve a similar improvement in a different PoW blockchain. On balance, even if the block interval is shorter than that of the PoW Mainnet, network security falls by only 1.21% in Testnet, even with a rise in the stale block rate, while performance is increased at up to 120 TPS, which is three times higher than that in Mainnet.
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Wu, Chenyuan, Mohammad Javad Amiri, Jared Asch, Heena Nagda, Qizhen Zhang, and Boon Thau Loo. "FlexChain." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 1 (September 2022): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3561261.3561264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While permissioned blockchains enable a family of data center applications, existing systems suffer from imbalanced loads across compute and memory, exacerbating the underutilization of cloud resources. This paper presents FlexChain , a novel permissioned blockchain system that addresses this challenge by physically disaggregating CPUs, DRAM, and storage devices to process different blockchain workloads efficiently. Disaggregation allows blockchain service providers to upgrade and expand hardware resources independently to support a wide range of smart contracts with diverse CPU and memory demands. Moreover, it ensures efficient resource utilization and hence prevents resource fragmentation in a data center. We have explored the design of XOV blockchain systems in a disaggregated fashion and developed a tiered key-value store that can elastically scale its memory and storage. Our design significantly speeds up the execution stage. We have also leveraged several techniques to parallelize the validation stage in FlexChain to further improve the overall blockchain performance. Our evaluation results show that FlexChain can provide independent compute and memory scalability, while incurring at most 12.8% disaggregation overhead. FlexChain achieves almost identical throughput as the state-of-the-art distributed approaches with significantly lower memory and CPU consumption for compute-intensive and memory-intensive workloads respectively.
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Deng, Xiaohong, Kangting Li, Zhiqiang Wang, and Huiwen Liu. "A Novel Consensus Algorithm Based on Segmented DAG and BP Neural Network for Consortium Blockchain." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (April 8, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1060765.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, because of the excellent properties of decentralization, hard tamperability, and traceability, blockchain is widely used in WSN and IoT applications. In particular, consortium blockchain plays a fundamental role in the practical application environment, but consensus algorithm is always a key constraint. Over the past decade, we have been witnessing the obvious growth in blockchain consensus algorithms. However, in the existing consortium blockchain consensus algorithms, there is a limited characteristic of scalability, concurrency, and security. To address this problem, this work introduces a new consensus algorithm that is derived from a directed acyclic graph and backpropagation neural network. First, we propose a partitioned structure and segmented directed acyclic graph as data storage structure, which allows us to improve scalability, throughput, and fine-grained granularity of transaction data. Furthermore, in order to provide the accuracy of node credit evaluation and reduce the possibility of Byzantine nodes, we introduce a novel credit evaluation mechanism based on a backpropagation neural network. Finally, we design a resistant double-spending mechanism based on MapReduce, which ensures the transaction data are globally unique and ordered. Experimental results and security analysis demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has advantages in throughput. Compared with the existing methods, it has higher security and scalability.
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Fu, Jinhua, Wenhui Zhou, Mixue Xu, Xueming Si, Chao Yuan, and Yongzhong Huang. "New public blockchain protocol based on sharding and aggregate signatures." Journal of High Speed Networks 27, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhs-210653.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Existing blockchains, especially public blockchains, face the challenges of scalability which means the processing capacity will not get better with the addition of nodes, making it somewhat infeasible for mobile computing applications. Some improved technologies are known to speed up processing capacity by shrinking the consensus group, increasing the block capacity and/or shortening the block interval. Even these solutions are met with major problems such as storage limitations and weak security. To face the realistic application scenarios for blockchain technology in the mobile realm, we propose a new public blockchain designed based on sharding, aggregate signature and cryptographic sortition which we call SAC. In SAC, the transaction rate increases with the number of shards while the length of the consensus signature is a constant. Meanwhile, in SAC, the assignment of consensus representatives is controlled by a verifiable random function, which can effectively solve the problem of centralized consensus. In addition, this paper analyzes the performance of SAC to give adequate comparison with other sharding technologies while also giving a rational security analysis. Our experimental results clearly show the potential applicability of this novel blockchain protocol to in mobile computation.
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Burchert, Conrad, Christian Decker, and Roger Wattenhofer. "Scalable funding of Bitcoin micropayment channel networks." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Bitcoin network has scalability problems. To increase its transaction rate and speed, micropayment channel networks have been proposed; however, these require to lock funds into specific channels. Moreover, the available space in the blockchain does not allow scaling to a worldwide payment system. We propose a new layer that sits in between the blockchain and the payment channels. The new layer addresses the scalability problem by enabling trustless off-blockchain channel funding. It consists of shared accounts of groups of nodes that flexibly create one-to-one channels for the payment network. The new system allows rapid changes of the allocation of funds to channels and reduces the cost of opening new channels. Instead of one blockchain transaction per channel, each user only needs one transaction to enter a group of nodes—within the group the user can create arbitrarily many channels. For a group of 20 users with 100 intra-group channels, the cost of the blockchain transactions is reduced by 90% compared to 100 regular micropayment channels opened on the blockchain. This can be increased further to 96% if Bitcoin introduces Schnorr signatures with signature aggregation.
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Hu, Zhuoer, Hui Gao, Taotao Wang, Daoqi Han, and Yueming Lu. "Joint Optimization for Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Blockchain Systems: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A mobile edge computing (MEC)-enabled blockchain system is proposed in this study for secure data storage and sharing in internet of things (IoT) networks, with the MEC acting as an overlay system to provide dynamic computation offloading services. Considering latency-critical, resource-limited, and dynamic IoT scenarios, an adaptive system resource allocation and computation offloading scheme is designed to optimize the scalability performance for MEC-enabled blockchain systems, wherein the scalability is quantified as MEC computational efficiency and blockchain system throughput. Specifically, we jointly optimize the computation offloading policy and block generation strategy to maximize the scalability of MEC-enabled blockchain systems and meanwhile guarantee data security and system efficiency. In contrast to existing works that ignore frequent user movement and dynamic task requirements in IoT networks, the joint performance optimization scheme is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP). Furthermore, we design a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based algorithm to solve the MDP problem and define the multiple and variable number of consecutive time slots as a decision epoch to conduct model training. Specifically, DDPG can solve an MDP problem with a continuous action space and it only requires a straightforward actor–critic architecture, making it suitable for tackling the dynamics and complexity of the MEC-enabled blockchain system. As demonstrated by simulations, the proposed scheme can achieve performance improvements over the deep Q network (DQN)-based scheme and some other greedy schemes in terms of long-term transactional throughput.
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Umran, Samir M., Songfeng Lu, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar, Jianxin Zhu, and Junjun Wu. "Secure Data of Industrial Internet of Things in a Cement Factory Based on a Blockchain Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 6376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become a pivotal field of development that can increase the efficiency of real-time collection, recording, analysis, and control of the entire activities of various machines, and can actively enhance quality and reduce costs. The traditional IIoT depends on centralized architectures that are vulnerable to several kinds of cyber-attacks, such as bottlenecks and single points of failure. Blockchain technology has emerged to change these architectures to a decentralized form. In modern industrial settings, blockchain technology is utilized for its ability to provide high levels of security, low computational complexity, P2P communication, transparent logs, and decentralization. The present work proposes the use of a private blockchain mechanism for an industrial application in a cement factory, which offers low power consumption, scalability, and a lightweight security scheme; and which can play an efficient role in controlling access to valuable data generated by sensors and actuators. A low-power ARM Cortex-M processor is utilized due to its efficiency in terms of processing cryptographic algorithms, and this plays an important part in improving the computational execution of the proposed architecture. In addition, instead of proof of work (PoW), our blockchain network uses proof of authentication (PoAh) as a consensus mechanism to ensure secure authentication, scalability, speed, and energy efficiency. Our experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves high levels of security, scalability and ideal performance for smart industrial environments. Moreover, we successfully realized the integration of blockchain technology with the industrial internet of things devices, which provides the blockchain technology features and efficient resistance to common cyber-security attacks.
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Fajri, Ade Ilham, and Faizal Mahananto. "Hybrid lightning protocol: An approach for blockchain scalability issue." Procedia Computer Science 197 (2022): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.159.
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Adavoudi Jolfaei, Amirhossein, Seyed Farhad Aghili, and Dave Singelee. "A Survey on Blockchain-Based IoMT Systems: Towards Scalability." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 148948–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117662.
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Adavoudi Jolfaei, Amirhossein, Seyed Farhad Aghili, and Dave Singelee. "A Survey on Blockchain-Based IoMT Systems: Towards Scalability." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 148948–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117662.
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Mazlan, Ahmad Akmaluddin, Salwani Mohd Daud, Suriani Mohd Sam, Hafiza Abas, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid, and Muhammad Fathi Yusof. "Scalability Challenges in Healthcare Blockchain System—A Systematic Review." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 23663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969230.
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Ling, Xintong, Zheng Gao, Yuwei Le, Li You, Jiaheng Wang, Zhi Ding, and Xiqi Gao. "Satellite-Aided Consensus Protocol for Scalable Blockchains." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 5616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we propose a satellite-aided permissionless consensus protocol for scalable space–terrestrial blockchains. We design its working principle and workflow by taking full advantage of satellites for extensive coverage and ubiquitous connectivity. Based on the proposed protocol, we demonstrate how such a space–terrestrial blockchain grows and evolves through several typical cases in the presence of adversarial nodes, user misbehavior, and transmission outage. Taking proof of work (PoW) as a benchmark, we assess the system security by considering both adversarial miners and possible colluding satellites. Then, we analyze the maximum blockchain throughput under network capacity limits and evaluate the impact of information propagation delay via a Markov model. Simulation results support that the proposed satellite-aided consensus protocol achieves higher throughput and exhibits greater scalability than PoW.
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Hafid, Abdelatif, Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid, and Dimitrios Makrakis. "Sharding-Based Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols: Key Components & Probabilistic Security Analysis." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 4, 2023): 2819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blockchain technology has been gaining great interest from a variety of sectors including healthcare, supply chain, and cryptocurrencies. However, Blockchain suffers from a limited ability to scale (i.e., low throughput and high latency). Several solutions have been proposed to tackle this. In particular, sharding has proved to be one of the most promising solutions to Blockchain’s scalability issue. Sharding can be divided into two major categories: (1) Sharding-based Proof-of-Work (PoW) Blockchain protocols, and (2) Sharding-based Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Blockchain protocols. The two categories achieve good performances (i.e., good throughput with a reasonable latency), but raise security issues. This article focuses on the second category. In this paper, we start by introducing the key components of sharding-based PoS Blockchain protocols. We then briefly introduce two consensus mechanisms, namely PoS and practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT), and discuss their use and limitations in the context of sharding-based Blockchain protocols. Next, we provide a probabilistic model to analyze the security of these protocols. More specifically, we compute the probability of committing a faulty block and measure the security by computing the number of years to fail. We achieve a number of years to fail of approximately 4000 in a network of 4000 nodes, 10 shards, and a shard resiliency of 33%.
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Nyamtiga, Sicato, Rathore, Sung, and Park. "Blockchain-Based Secure Storage Management with Edge Computing for IoT." Electronics 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080828.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a core technology to manage decentralized systems, blockchain is gaining much popularity to deploy such applications as smart grid and healthcare systems. However, its utilization in resource-constrained mobile devices is limited due to high demands of resources and poor scalability with frequent-intensive transactions. Edge computing can be integrated to facilitate mobile devices in offloading their mining tasks to cloud resources. This integration ensures reliable access, distributed computation and untampered storage for scalable and secure transactions. It is imperative therefore that crucial issues of security, scalability and resources management be addressed to achieve successful integration. Studies have been conducted to explore suitable architectural requirements, and some researchers have applied the integration to deploy some specific applications. Despite these efforts, however, issues of anonymity, adaptability and integrity still need to be investigated further to attain a practical, secure decentralized data storage. We based our study on peer-to-peer and blockchain to achieve an Internet of Things (IoT) design supported by edge computing to acquire security and scalability levels needed for the integration. We investigated existing blockchain and associated technologies to discover solutions that address anonymity, integrity and adaptability issues for successful integration of blockchain in IoT systems. The discovered solutions were then incorporated in our conceptual design of the decentralized application prototype presented for secure storage of IoT data and transactions.