Дисертації: "Blindness"

1

MacDonald, James. "Load induced blindness." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444318/.

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This thesis has established the effects of perceptual load and working memory load on the conscious awareness of an expected task-unrelated stimulus. Participants performed a visual search task, in which perceptual load was manipulated, while attempting to detect the presence of a meaningless task-unrelated figure, referred to as the critical stimulus (CS). The results showed a consistent reduction in CS detection rate and detection sensitivity (with no accompanying change in response criterion), when the search task was of high perceptual load, compared to a low perceptual load condition. Alternative accounts of the results in terms of memory failure rather than the absence of conscious awareness, the differential search task reaction times in the low and high conditions of perceptual load, goal-neglect, and strategy were ruled out. The effects of perceptual load were generalised to a CS presented directly at fixation, while demonstrating that detection performance was superior for fixated stimuli than for stimuli in peripheral vision, despite size-scaling to account for cortical magnification. Furthermore, the experiments established a dissociation between the effect of perceptual load and the effect of working memory load on conscious awareness, and a second dissociation between the effect of working memory load on awareness and its effect on distractor interference: whereas detection sensitivity and distractor interference were both reduced alike under high perceptual load, working memory load led to increased distractor interference but had no effect on detection sensitivity. Overall, the results generalised perceptual load theory (e.g., Lavie, 1995) to measures of conscious perception, and established a contrast between the effect of working memory load on awareness and on distractibility.

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2

Bavelier, Daphne. "Phonological repetition blindness." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13206.

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3

Taylor, E. D. "Blindness, education and society." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7264.

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This thesis looks at social scientific and disability related research on visual impairment and education. It starts from a historical perspective, and outlines the radical change of emphasis in research and thinking brought about by the Disabled People's Movement. After showing how this movement has developed, it looks at various aspects of visual impairment, concentrating on rehabilitation, personality research and the symbolism of the eye. The next section looks at the development of education for visually impaired people. It starts from a historical perspective, and relates this to mainstream Sociological research on classroom interaction and school culture. All of these sections highlight the importance of attitudes and social factors, whilst not denying the undoubted impact of visual impairment in itself. 23 visually impaired school pupils were interviewed, each individually, in a wide range of schools, and from a variety of social and educational backgrounds although an age range of 14 to 18 years seemed most suitable, for various reasons, the ages of those interviewed range from 13 to 19 years. For more detail see Chapter 7. The results highlighted a lack of understanding amongst educational establishment and society at large, especially with regard to partial sight. They showed that generally people can live normal lives, but that it is difficult for them to become fully part of groups which include sighted people, mainly due to problems in sighted people's attitudes and the effects of not seeing who and what is around. Varying levels of confidence were found in both mainstream and special schools, and these often related to the level of encouragement given by staff for the visually impaired people to mix with sighted people. 10 sighted colleagues of the visually impaired respondents at three of the schools were also interviewed, again individually. They were aged 15 and 16. Again, see Chapter 7 for more details. They highlighted issues including looking different, not "knowing how to act" around a visually impaired person, and in some schools, a lack of information about visual impairment. It was these issues, along with the availability of more mainstream information for visually impaired people, (especially "top shelf" material) that concerned respondents the most.

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4

Godfrey, Andrew R. "Nietzsche and 'aspect-blindness'." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2014. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/67/.

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In this thesis, I draw on Wittgensteinian philosophical thought to critically explore Nietzsche’s diagnosis of (and proposed therapy for) the alleged malaise in modernity. In chapter 1, I argue that Wittgenstein’s concepts of aspect-seeing and certainty provide the resources to resolve several apparently contradictory claims Nietzsche makes about the predicament of his fellow moderns. I show that the condition Wittgenstein calls ‘aspect-blindness’ offers a unified account of the predicament Nietzsche describes. In chapter 2, I explore Nietzsche’s claim that some overarching framework (what Wittgenstein calls a ‘form of life’) has ‘died’. I argue that the pathological attitude of Wittgenstein’s interlocutor towards frameworks provides the most satisfactory model for understanding the nature of the supposed ‘death’ of frameworks in modernity. In chapter 3, I argue that Nietzsche’s proposed remedy for the malaise of modernity is a form of therapy akin to Wittgenstein’s attempt to free his readers from a picture which holds them captive. I show that our understanding of Nietzsche’s therapeutic method will be improved if we bear in mind certain distinctions and ambiguities highlighted by Wittgensteinian discussion of pictures. In chapter 4, I address the concern that Nietzsche appears to characterise modernity in two contradictory ways as both excessively and insufficiently emotional and excessively and insufficiently sceptical. I resolve the appearance of contradiction by showing that (on Nietzsche’s view) the moderns are inherently prone to extreme shifts between poles and that many of the apparent emotions and ideals of the moderns are ‘fake’.

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5

Russell, Charlotte Lisa. "Implicit and explicit measures of visual processing within 'inattentional blindness' and 'change blindness' paradigms." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270882.

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6

Bates, Kathleen. "A social history of blindness." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.263622.

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7

Arnold, Sarah Ellen. "Blindness and Vision in "Middlemarch"." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625528.

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8

Magnusson, Anna, and Madeleine Thyrsson. "Banner blindness : hur webbanvändare undviker reklambanners." Thesis, University West, Department of Economics and IT, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-1622.

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Reklam på internet är ständigt ökande och många internetanvändare är negativt inställda till den. Därför har de utvecklat olika medvetna och omedvetna strategier för att undvika den när de ska göra något på internet. För skapare av reklam på Internet kan det vara bra att känna till hur reklamen undviks för att kunna bli bättre på att skapa effektiv reklam. Denna undersökning har baserats på intervjuer med vana internetanvändare med olika bakgrund för att få reda på hur de hanterar reklambanners samt en förståelse för hur de tänker. Intervjuerna föregicks av en videoinspelning där försöksdeltagarna fick specifika uppgifter att utföra för att eftersträva ett naturligt beteende.

Resultatet av undersökningen visade att banner blindness är ett fenomen som används av många försöksdeltagare, både på ett medvetet och omedvetet plan. Det visade sig att bara några få gör något aktivt fö ratt slippa eller undvika reklambanners. Anledningarna till varför de undvek reklamen visade sig i många fall bero på tre anledningar som tas upp i Cho och Cheons (2004) teoretiska modell : reklamen stör deras uppgift; många och röriga banners samt tidigare negativa erfarenheter.

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9

Keser, Vafa. "Molecular genetic studies of childhood blindness." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117218.

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Childhood blindness due to hereditary retinal disease represents a huge clinical problem. Morbidity, blindness but also a major lack of understanding the molecular genetic events that lead to blindness in very young children hamper clinical management of this important and common problem. One way to get entry into the disease mechanism of childhood retinal blindness is to study Mendelian disease entities that are caused by relatively straightforward links between mutations in genes that lead to aberrant retinal protein function and the resulting disease phenotype. These discoveries in the Mendelian model would lead to understanding of the genetics, proteomics and most importantly retinal disease mechanisms and cycles that underlie the more complex diseases causing blindness. We have assembled a very exciting collection of 21 consanguineous pedigrees with a devastating autosomal recessive Mendelian disease, nonsyndromic congenital retinal nonattachment (NCRNA) and 16 families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). Our main guiding hypothesis is that a significant portion of NCRNA will be caused by mutations in novel retinal genes as currently only one NCRNA gene is known (ATOH7). These novel genes may give us insight into the disease pathways of retinal detachment itself, a huge and clinically unmet medical need. Adult retinal detachments are common and the disease pathways are unknown.In a preliminary study of our cohort, we performed SNP genotyping where we aimed to identify homozygous (hmz) regions. Homozygous regions contain the causal gene(s) in consanguineous families. We found that in many of our patients known retinal detachment or RP gene(s) resided in one of the top 5 largest homozygous segments documented by the SNP array. Direct sequencing of these genes identified the causal mutations in known retinal genes in 11 out of our 21 retinal detachment families and 2 out of our 16 RP families. Thus, 35% of the patients were successfully genotyped in our study with six novel and seven previously reported mutations in known genes. Interestingly, 65% of our cohort of arRP and NCRNA patients remains genetically undetermined, despite our intensive search. After our prescreening for known mutations in NCRNA and RP genes using a combination of conventional genotyping methods, the genetic defects in 10 NCRNA and 14 RP patients remained unexplained suggesting new gene(s) in those patients. Although the clinical diagnosis of all children was NCRNA, in eight families, the molecular diagnosis determined that the disease process was in fact, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), a rare inherited vitreoretinal dystrophy characterized by the disruption of retinal vascular development (FEVR; MIM 133780), caused by pathogenic variation occurred in LRP5, TSPAN12 and NDP genes. However, the phenotype remains the very severe congenital retinal detachment, previously not known to be associated with FEVR mutations. Therefore, we have expanded the phenotypic spectrum of FEVR, a severe retinal detachment phenotype that clinically overlaps with NCRNA. Also, we identified in our Pakistani cohort, the previously identified large deletion (6523 bp del) in ATOH7 found in the Kurdish founder population of Northern Iranian with a high incidence of NCRNA (Ghiasvand et. al, 2011) [5]. We therefore establish for the first time genetic overlap between the Iranian and Pakistani populations.
La cécité infantile causée par des maladies héréditaires de la rétine représente un énorme problème clinique. La morbidité, la cécité mais aussi le manque important de la compréhension des événements moléculaires génétiques conduisant à la cécité chez les très jeunes enfants diminuent la capacité de gérer cliniquement ce problème important et commun. Un moyen de comprendre le mécanisme de la maladie de la cécité infantile est d'étudier les maladies mendéliennes causées par des liens relativement simples entre les mutations génétiques, qui rendent aberrant le fonctionnement des protéines rétiniennes, et le phénotype de la maladie qui en résulte. Ces découvertes dans le modèle mendélien conduiraient à la compréhension des mécanismes des maladies rétiniennes ainsi que d'autres maladies plus complexes provoquant la cécité. Nous avons rassemblé une collection très intéressante de 21 pedigrees consanguins dont les membres possèdent une maladie autosomique récessif aux effets dévastatrices: nonsyndromic congenital retinal nonattachement (NCRNA) ainsi que 16 familles avec rétinite pigmentaire autosomique récessive (arRP). Notre principale hypothèse de base est que une partie importante de NCRNA sera causée par des mutations de nouveaux gènes rétiniennes puisque actuellement un seul gène NCRNA est connu (ATOH7). Ces nouveaux gènes peuvent nous donner des informations sur la mécanisme de la maladie de la détachement rétinienne. Décollement de la rétine chez les adultes sont fréquents et les voies de la maladie sont inconnues. Dans une étude préliminaire de notre cohorte, nous avons effectué de génotypage de SNPs où nous avons cherché à identifier des régions homozygotes (hmz). Les régions homozygotes contiennent le gène responsable dans des familles consanguines. Nous avons constaté que, parmi beaucoup de nos patients, les gènes de la détachement rétinienne ou de RP résidaient dans l'un des 5 plus grands secteurs homozygotes documentés par l'ensemble SNP. Le séquençage direct de ces gènes nous a permis d'identifier les mutations responsables dans les gènes rétiniens connus pour 11 sur nos 21 familles de décollement de la rétine et 2 sur nos 16 familles de RP. Conséquemment, six nouvelles mutations et sept mutations rapportées dans des gènes connus se trouvent dans 35% des patients. Fait intéressant, 65% de notre cohorte de patients arRP et NCRNA demeurent génétiquement indéterminée, en dépit de notre recherche intensive. Après notre présélection pour les mutations connues dans les gènes NCRNA et RP en utilisant une combinaison de méthodes de génotypage conventionnelles, les défauts génétiques dans 10 patients NCRNA et 14 patients RP sont restées inexpliqués suggérant de nouveaux gène(s) chez ces patients. Bien que le diagnostic clinique de tous les enfants était NCRNA, dans huit familles, le diagnostic moléculaire a déterminé que le processus de la maladie était en fait familial exudative vitreoretinopathy FEVR, une rare dystrophie vitréo-rétinienne héréditaire caractérisée par la perturbation du développement vasculaire rétinienne (FEVR; MIM 133780), causé par des variations pathologiques survenues dans les gènes LRP5, TSPAN12 et NDP. Cependant, le phénotype reste d'être des détachements de la rétine congénitale sévères qui n'étaient pas connue pour être associée à des mutations FEVR. Par conséquent, nous avons élargi le spectre phénotypique de la FEVR, un phénotype de détachement rétinien sévère contenant des caractéristiques cliniques similaires à NCRNA. En outre, Nous avons trouvé, dans notre cohorte pakistanaise, la suppression de grande taille (6523 pb del) dans ATOH7 préalablement identifiée parmi la population fondatrice kurde du nord de l'Iran chez qui on retrouve une incidence élevée de NCRNA (Ghiasvand et. al., 2011). Nous avons donc établi, pour la première fois, le chevauchement génétique entre les populations iraniennes et pakistanaises.

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10

Ward, Marchella. "Towards a grammar of theatrical blindness." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8376616c-d537-4e2e-93ad-6f06665d252d.

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Since the fifth century, the theatre has been a place for seeing. In spite of this, blind figures repeatedly appear on the stage, from Oedipus, Polymestor, Tiresias and the Cyclops to Shakespeare's Gloucester, Beckett's Hamm, Friel's Molly Sweeney and Kane's Ian. These blind characters have an important role to play in articulating the task of the spectator, both in their aural and imaginative construction of the fictional world in pre-naturalistic theatre, and also in their ability to see through the dramatic illusion in later drama. These scenes of blindness and blinding also have consequences for reception studies, since the relationship between them is not straightforwardly a textual reception history. Instead, these blind characters and the scenes in which they appear are read as what Deleuze and Guattari term an 'assemblage': a heterogenous multiplicity that is produced at the moment of reading / watching with reference to other scenes of blindness and blinding. This thesis sketches out a grammar for such an assemblage, and each chapter focuses on a rule in this grammar. When read as part of an assemblage of blindness, blind characters always have a special relationship with death (Chapter 2), showcase their own performance (Chapter 3), undermine the fictional setting that has been established onstage (Chapter 4), have access to a kind of superhuman knowledge (Chapter 5) and alter the position of their spectators (Chapter 6). Each chapter is structured around a particular moment when the theatre's interest in blind characters resurges, as a response to changes in the social, cultural or scientific understanding of vision and visual impairment. In each chapter, the grammar that is outlined in Chapter 1 with reference to ancient plays returns to the fore, but is refracted through the historical period back on to the grammar of the assemblage.

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11

Ryan, Ann Margaret Gitzean. "Vowel blindness in Arabic learners of English." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570310.

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12

McConnell, Dianne. "School experiences of successful adults with blindness." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23030.pdf.

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13

Schillmeier, Michael. "More than seeing : the materiality of blindness." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431736.

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14

Elglaly, Yasmine Nader Mohamed. "Spatial Reading System for Individuals with Blindness." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/22016.

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In this research we introduce a novel reading system that enables Individuals with Blindness
or Severe Visual Impairment (IBSVI) to have equivalent spatial reading experience to their
sighted counterparts, in terms of being able to engage in different reading strategies e.g.
scanning, skimming, and active reading. IBSVI are enabled to read in a self-paced manner
with spatial access to the original layout of any electronic text document. This system
renders text on iPad-type devices, and reads aloud each word touched by the user\'s finger.
The user could move her finger smoothly along the lines to read continuously with the
support of tactile landmarks. A tactile overlay on the iPad screen helps IBSVI to navigate
a page, furnishing a framework of tactile landmarks to give IBSVI a sense of place on the
page. As the user moves her finger along the tangible pattern of the overlay, the text on the
screen that is touched is rendered audibly to speech. The system supports IBSVI to develop
and maintain a cognitive map of the structure and the layout of the page. IBSVI are enabled
to fuse audio, tactile landmarks, and spatial information in order to read.
The system\'s initial design is founded on a theoretical hypothesis. A participatory design
approach with IBSVI consultants was then applied to refine the initial design. The re"fined
design was tested in a usability study, which revealed two major issues with the tested
design. These issues are related to the lack of instant feedback from the system (psycho-
motorical problem), and the lack of conveying the semantic level of the page structure.
We adapted the reader design to solve the usability problems. The improved design was
tested in an experience sampling study. The results showed a leap in the system usability.
IBSVI participants successfully self-paced read spatial text. Further reading support was
then added to the system to improve the user experience while reading and interacting with
the system. We tested the latest design of the reader system with respect to its featured
function of enabling self-paced reading and re-finding information. A decomposition study
was conducted to evaluate the main components of the system; the tactile overlay, and the
intelligent active reading support. The results showed that both components are required
to achieve the best performance in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and spatial perception.
We conducted an evaluation study to compare our reader system to the state-of-the-art
iBook with VoiceOver. The results show that our reader system is more effective than iBook
with VoiceOver in finding previously read information and in estimating the layout of the
page, implying that IBSVI were able to construct a cognitive map for the pages they read,
and perform advanced reading strategies. Our goal is to to enable IBSVI to access digital
reading materials effectively, so that they may have equal learning opportunities as their
sighted counterparts.
Ph. D.

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15

TOLLNER, ALISON M. "INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHANGE BLINDNESS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1157588423.

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16

Kaehler, Laura. "Trauma and Betrayal Blindness in Charitable Donations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18305.

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Betrayal trauma theory (see Freyd, 1996) posits betrayal events often require "betrayal blindness" in order to limit awareness or memory of information regarding the betrayal. This occurs in order to maintain a connection that is necessary for survival. BTT may be applied to events that generally would not be considered traumatic, such as adultery or discrimination. In order to maintain connections within relationships, institutions, and social systems upon which there is a dependency, people (acting as victims, perpetrators, and witnesses) may show betrayal blindness. This dissertation consists of two studies investigating betrayal blindness and betrayal trauma history as they relate to charitable behavior. Study 1 included 467 college students at the University of Oregon who completed self-report measures of trauma history and a behavioral measure requesting a hypothetical donation. Contributions were requested for three scenarios that varied in level of betrayal: natural disaster, external genocide, and internal genocide. Results indicated no significant main effects for trauma history or type of event. However, people were less willing to donate to the group of recipients and the genocide conditions at low levels of emotional arousal. Additionally, those who have experienced high betrayal traumas also were less likely to donate at low emotional response values. Given the lack of significant findings in this experiment, a second study was conducted using a repeated measures design. Study 2 involved 634 undergraduate students at the University of Oregon. In addition to the measures from Study 1, participants also completed additional self-report measures assessing trait measures of prosocial tendencies, social desirability, personality, emotion regulation, and betrayal awareness. There were no main effects on charitable behavior for personality traits, prosociality, emotion regulation, social desirability, or betrayal awareness. Significant order effects were observed when comparing the type of event and betrayal level of event. A between-subjects approach revealed people donated less money to the higher betrayal versions of both types of scenarios. Across both studies, increased affect, particularly guilt, was associated with more charitable behavior. Although there are several limitations of these studies, the findings represent an important first step exploring prosocial behavior within a betrayal trauma framework.

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17

Pizzighello, Silvia. ""Inattentional blindness: when looking is not enough"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426013.

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Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon in which people fail to notice stimuli appearing under their gaze when they are engaged with an attentionally demanding task. With our research we tried to understand what happens to the unattended stimulus when it is not seen; more precisely, we tried to understand if it is completely ignored or if it is elaborated, even if unconsciously. Moreover, we explored the novel possibility to generate inattentional blindness engaging participants with an auditory, rather than a visual, task.
La cecità da disattenzione è quel fenomeno per cui, quando stiamo prestando attenzione ad un oggetto o evento, accade che altri oggetti o eventi inattesi passino del tutto inosservati. L’obiettivo principale della mia attività di ricerca in questi tre anni è stato quello di approfondire il destino dello stimolo inatteso quando non visto. Abbiamo infatti indagato se venisse completamente ignorato o venisse comunque elaborato, anche se in modo non consapevole. Abbiamo inoltre studiato se vi fosse la possibilità di generare cecità da disattenzione utilizzando come compito target un compito presentato in modalità non visiva, e quindi non direttamente concorrente con la modalità coinvolta nella cecità da disattenzione.

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18

Kaphle, Dinesh. "Magnitude and determinants of the ratio between prevalences of low vision and blindness in rapid assessment of avoidable blindness surveys." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20836.

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Part A of the dissertation includes the protocol of the study, which was approved by Faculty of Health Sciences Human Research Ethics Committee, University of Cape Town. The study was observational analytical, aiming to determine the magnitude and determinants of the ratio between prevalence of low vision and prevalence of blindness using Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) surveys across World Bank regions. The surveys included in the study were available in the RAAB repository and obtained through permission from the primary investigators. A univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the ratio as an outcome variable and potential explanatory variables as follows: prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Error (URE), Cataract Surgical Coverage (CSC) at visual acuity 3/60, 6/60 and 6/18 for persons, logarithm of Gross Domestic Product per capita income and health expenditure per capita income. Part B contains the structured literature review. PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOHOST (Africa wide and MEDLINE) and Web of science databases were used to look for literature using the following key words: rapid assessment, blindness, age-related cataract, uncorrected refractive errors, low vision, visual impairment, avoidable OR curable OR preventable OR treatable. The summary of the literature review in addition to the gap in the literature is presented in the section. Part C includes a journal "ready" manuscript. The results showed that the ratio was between 1.35% in Mozambique and 11.03% in India. There was a statistically significant variation of the ratio across the regions: approximately 7.0 in South Asia and approximately 3.0 in Sub-Saharan Africa (X2=28.23, P<0.001). The variables: prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Errors (URE), Cataract Surgical Coverage at visual acuity 3/60, 6/60 and 6/18 for persons, logarithm of Gross Domestic Product per capita and logarithm of health expenditure per capita were found to be statistically significantly associated with the ratio. However, only prevalence of URE and CSC at 3/60 for persons across the regions were found statistically significant in multivariate analysis.

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19

Gonzalez, Christian. "Individual Differences in Attention Control and Change Blindness." Thesis, George Mason University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3707274.

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Change blindness is a well-studied perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates the volatility of the human visual system. Although its effects are ubiquitous, they do not manifest themselves in the same way in all observers. This dissertation explores the relationship between individual differences in attentional control, specifically differences in cognitive flexibility and working memory capacity, and change blindness in the presence of relevant task knowledge and task load. Results indicate that both cognitive flexibility and working memory predict change blindness independently, but can also interact in the presence of relevant task knowledge.

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20

Arun, Chankramath S. "Retinopathy screening : prevention of blindness due to diabetes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427289.

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21

Herrmann, U. K. "Art psychotherapy and congenital blindness : investigating the gaze." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2012. http://research.gold.ac.uk/7056/.

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Art therapy with the blind has received little attention in terms of practice and research. This study investigates for the first time the psychodynamics of the gaze in the triangular relationship between congenitally blind clients, their artwork, and their sighted art psychotherapist. Analysing case material from a cohort of four blind clients in long-term art psychotherapy, this research explores how blindness and sight engender gazes that are specific to the sensory differences between the clients and the therapist. The nature of the interpersonal gazes between blind client and sighted art therapist are investigated in terms of transference, power and surveillance. The research shows that the client’s ‘blind gaze’ and the therapist’s ‘sighted gaze’ are subject to unconscious dynamics that mirror the continued historic, cultural and psychological misunderstandings between the blind and the sighted and powerfully determine the individual therapeutic situation. Through a multimodal qualitative research design, including the in-depth visual analysis of the clients’ artwork, three types of images are discerned by their characteristic form and content; these are described as protomorphous, allomorphous and automorphous sculptures. It is argued that the reciprocal relationship between these three forms of imagery and the clients engenders distinct gazes which gradually enhance the clients’ ability for the conscious reflection of ‘other’ in relation to ‘self’, arriving at a dynamic, changed and loveable self-image towards the end of therapy. The investigation further explores how the clients’ and the therapist’s joint beholder’s gaze likewise evolves in relation to the three forms of artwork and to the gaze of the artwork back to its maker and the therapist. The main findings of the study are described as a congruent and progressive anamorphosis of artwork and gazes; it is suggested that these specific forms of artwork and gazes do not only challenge the sighted therapist’s visual paradigm, but also eventually engender a changed sensory culture that reconciles the perceptual divide between blind client and sighted art therapist. This shared culture is discussed in terms of a tactile joint attention and a ‘tactile gaze’. The case material and the findings are examined and reflected against diverse theories on the gaze with particular reference to psychoanalysis and art psychotherapy. The entire process of the study, its methodologies and its impact on current practice are discussed and evaluated, and potential areas of further research are outlined.

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22

Butt, Ummara. "Using fatty acids to combat blindness in newborns." Thesis, Kingston University, 2018. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/41906/.

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The bacterial species 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae' ('N. gonorrhoea') and 'Staphylococcus aureus' ('S. aureus') are amongst the main microorganisms that cause ophthamia neonatorum, an infection of the eye that occurs when infants are born through an infected birth canal. The current treatment that involves the use of various antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime is becoming more ineffective due to the antibiotic resistance in 'N. gonorrhoea'. Fatty acids (FAs) are used by many organisms as defence mechanism against virulent bacteria. The high safety profile and broad spectrum of activity make them potential alternatives to currently used topical antibiotics for the treatment of eye infections in neonates. In this study, a design of experiment approach (DOE) was used to optimise the quantification of five fatty acids namely; lauric acid (LA), tridecanoic acid (TA), myristoleic acid (MOA), palmitoleic acid (POA), [alpha]-linolenic acid (ALA). a gas chromatographic method (GC-FID) was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines for the identification and quantification of fatty acids and monocaprin. Different approaches were investigated to avoid the fatty acids interaction with the calcium ions (Ca[sup]2+) in simulated tear fluid. One approach was the conversion of fatty acids into the esters forms. The prepared esters were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance infra-red (ATR) spectroscopy. These ester derivatives were tested against 'N.gonorrhea' using the disc diffusion method. Second approach was the selection of three calcium chelators, including ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) to avoid the fatty acids interaction with the calcium ions. The antimicrobial effect of these chelating agents and the influence of these chelating agents ont he antimicrobial activity of fatty acids were investigated by using the disc diffusion method. The preformulation phase including saturation solubility studies were carried out ti select the suitable excipients. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate microemulsion (ME) regions. The prepared microemulsions were evaluated regarding their particle size, zeta potential, stability, viscosity, pH, self-diffusion NMR, and antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, prepared MEs were tested for ocular toxicity/ irritation potential using the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) test and the hen egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test. The results showed that DOE can help to optimise a method to derivatise fatty acids and analyse them by GC-FID. The results of GC method validation showed that the developed GC-FID method is linear (coefficient of variation (R[sup]2) values were higher than 0.99), precise and accurate (highest recovery values and the lowest intra-day and inter-day variation values) for all FAs. Formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and ethyl esters (FAEEs) were confirmed by ATR and NMR amalyses without the formation of any artefacts. Some of the FA esters showed strong antimicrobial effect against 'N. gonorrhoea' but the chelating agents (EDTA, DTPA, and DMSA) showed no antimicrobial activity against 'N. gonorrhoea'. However, these chelators especially EDTA caused a significant increase in the antimicrobial activity of all fatty acids. Nine FA based microemulsions of [alpha]-linoleic acid with tween 80, cremophor EL, transcutol P and PEG 400 were formed using the phase titration method. Polarised light microscopy, pH, droplet size, zeta potential, and self-diffusion NMR were able to successfully characterise the ME formulations. FA based microemulsions were found to have a strong antimicrobial effect against 'N. gonorrhoea' and 'S. aureus'. Moreover, all ME formulations did not show any strong irritant effect. It was concluded that the [alpha]-linolenic acid based microemulsions could be used for potential treatment of opthalmia neonatorum.

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23

Tigner, Robert Bruce. "Overcoming Repetition Blindness: The Effect of Repetition Salience /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487935125881498.

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24

Wilamowska, Zofia A. McGlynn F. Dudley. "Measuring change blindness in specific phobia a replication /." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1305.

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25

Murphy, Cynthia Maureen. "A blind child's meaning for look : a replication of Landau & Gleitman." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26501.

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Landau and Gleitman's experiments investigating a blind child's meaning for look, as it applied to herself, were replicated with a three year old boy who was totally blind, and had no concomitant disorders. Several commands to look were presented within informal play sessions. Responses to the look commands were compared with responses to instructions to touch, listen and taste. Experiments were video recorded for subsequent analysis. It was found that the blind child associated the haptic perceptual modality with the visual verb, in that an instruction to look at an object elicited manual exploration of the object. His meaning for look was distinct from his meanings for the other perceptual verbs. These findings were consistent with Landau and Gleitman's findings. Landau and Gleitman's interpretation, of how a blind child's mastery of visual terms bears on the word/meaning mapping problem, is critically discussed.
Medicine, Faculty of
Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of
Graduate

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26

Hochwarter, Stefan. "colorXtractor - a technical aid for people with colour blindness." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6979.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop an technical aid (software) to help people with colourblindness. Colour blind people have difficulties to differentiate between certain colours,so the implemented software will name a selected colour. The software is implementedas a Mozilla Firefox extension and also uses a XPCOM component. Furthermore canthe user select different colour databases and change the displaying properties.The aim of this thesis is to develop an technical aid (software) to help people with colourblindness. Colour blind people have difficulties to differentiate between certain colours,so the implemented software will name a selected colour. The software is implementedas a Mozilla Firefox extension and also uses a XPCOM component. Furthermore canthe user select different colour databases and change the displaying properties.

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27

Chan, Jason Seeho. "'Change deafness' : an auditory analogue of visual 'change blindness'?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403972.

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28

McCormack, Shane. "The effect of an auditory stimulus on change blindness." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/881.

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This research examined whether or not an auditory stimulus would affect rates of change blindness. Change blindness occurs when there is a failure to detect an obvious change to a visual scene. For this experiment 40 participants were asked to determine if a change occurred between two pictures. This involved an original picture shown for 1 second, a neutral screen shown for 50 milliseconds and then either a modified version of the original image or the same image for 1 second and then repeated. Participants then determined whether a change occurred in the visual display. For some participants a familiar song played on repeat during the visual task. My goal was to determine if music would affect rates of change blindness and how quickly changes would be detected if present. I found that participants in both the music and non-music conditions were more accurate when there was no change to a scene. Participants in the music condition also took longer to respond as opposed to the control group. When examining reaction times of only correct responses, both conditions responded in a similar amount of time for pictures with changes. In trials with no changes the participants in the music condition took longer to respond than the control group. Overall, it appears that music had a negative effect on reaction times when a change was present. Participants were also more accurate in detecting pictures with no changes as opposed to pictures with changes.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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29

Ba-Abbad, Rola. "Characterisation of temporal vision in congenital stationary night blindness." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10055259/.

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Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a rare hereditary retinal condition, which manifests as visual dysfunction with variable severity. In this thesis temporal acuity and contrast sensitivity are assessed in subjects with molecularly confirmed CSNB to associate their functional losses with the molecular pathology. L-cone temporal acuity (critical fusion frequency or CFF) as a function of retinal irradiance, and L-cone temporal contrast sensitivity as a function of frequency (TCSF) were measured using standard methods in probands with CSNB and carriers of the same mutations, and in ten controls. A rapid-On or rapid-Off sawtooth modulated, 650-nm stimulus, with a diameter of 40, was produced with a Maxwellian-view system. Differences in CFF and TCSF between probands, carriers, and controls were modelled. Six unrelated probands with CSNB1 and mutations in NYX (3), GRM6 (2), TRPM1 (1), and three males with CSNB2 (CACNA1F mutations) participated. For both CFFs and TCSFs in patients with CSNB1 and CSNB2, no consistent differences were found between rapid-On and rapid-Off sawtooth flicker. CSNB subjects showed a broad range of temporal acuity and contrast sensitivity losses. The differences between the TCSF function in controls and probands can be modelled as a simple low-pass filter. Temporal acuity and contrast sensitivity data suggest that the severity of loss is independent of the genotype, but the GRM6-related phenotype was the most severe. In the absence of other pathologies, CSNB provides an example of a non-progressive disorder of the first retinal synapse, which is less likely to be confounded by cell death and inner retinal remodelling. Surprisingly, given the Off-pathway preservation in CSNB1, there is no difference in sensitivity for rapid-On and rapid-Off stimuli.

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30

McPeake, Aaron. "Nibbling at clouds : the visual artist encounters adventitious blindness." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2012. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/5871/.

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This thesis, Nibbling at clouds: the visual artist encounters adventitious blindness, examines how visual artists who have come to lose all or most of their eyesight in later life continue to engage with their art practice. This relates directly to my own conditio, where vision has deteriorated in recent years to a point where my visual acuity stands at a tenth of normal vision, and as a consequence I am registered blind. The condition and art practices are in many ways inseparable, as behavioural changes in response to the deterioration of vision are largely unavoidable due to powerful physical, social and psychological influences. The research draws on the personal experience of the author as well as an analysis of phenomena experienced by the adventitiously blind artists interviewed: Sargy Mann, Keith Salmon, Sally Booth and Jane Phillips. There are several pressing factors which impact on artistic practice following the loss of eyesight. These include mental health issues, physical rehabilitation, subject or modal choices in the studio, declaring one's condition (or not) particularly in terms of exhibition and more broadly, regarding the contemporary social understanding of blindness, particularly in the field of visual arts. Because of my subjective experienc of loss of vision, part of the thesis takes the form of a self-interview serving as a 'narrative washing line'. The self-interview acts as a continuous narrative throughout the document, and is punctuated by several 'volumes' addressing the above-mentioned disparate and more formal factors. Exploring the extent of my own 'making' capabilities, the research process involved working with methods and materials which were new to me including film, photography and bronze sculpture. Because of the lack of literature in the field, my use of other artists' testimonies has been emphatic. Methodologically the artwork draws on literary work, including Joyce and Borges, in conjunction with personal experience to provide the option for multiple possible readings. My resulting artworks and works by the artists interviewed are documented and discussed throughout the body of the text in the context of blindness as contributing force in making and articulating the artists' ideas, rather than being only a detrimental influence. The work's primary contribution to knowledge is through providing an account of how a visual artist renegotiated his beliefs, emotions and goals following the breakdown in self and environment caused by the onset of adventitious blindness. It also points to the value of various practices of reflective examination in the process.

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31

Knapp, John Charles. "Self-deception and moral blindness in the modern corporation." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683163.

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32

Popplestone, Catherina Aletta. "Metaphors of vision and blindness in contemporary critical thought." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23355.

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33

Hoover, Mary Jean. "Knowledge of blindness adaptation techniques among rehabilitation undergraduate students." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003hooverm.pdf.

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34

Amberson, Joshua James. "Staring Into the Sun: Essays on Vision and Blindness." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4457.

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This collection of essays is both a personal chronicle of vision loss and an investigation into the human eye. Delving into the history of corrective lenses, eye contact, crying, ocularcentrism, the typewriter, Mr. Magoo, and off-label drug use, these essays examine the wide variety of ways we relate to eyeballs, vision, and blindness.

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35

Ballenger, Hank D. "Everything and Nothing at the Same Time." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2168/.

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36

Lithander, Joan. "Methods for detection and prevention of monocular and binocular visual impairment in childhood /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3271-9/.

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37

Zhao, Zi-Shan. "T cell effector mechanisms in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294788.

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38

Whitehead, Jennifer L. "Molecular analysis of candidate genes in retinitis pigmentosa." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU090196.

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of retinal degenerations which are one of the most common causes of inherited visual handicap. The aims of this study were three fold. Firstly, samples from 81 patients with RP and various other retinal degenerations were screened for mutations in four of the RP candidate genes (rhodopsin, ROM1 peripherin/RDS and CRBP1) by SSCP analysis followed by direct sequencing. Two heterozygous sequence changes, GCC299TCC (ala299ser) and G4084A, were identified in the rhodopsin gene, both of them in isolated cases of RP. Three alterations were found in the ROM1 gene. A heterozygous CGC16CAA (arg16gln) alteration was disease specific in available members of an autosomal dominant RP family and a heterozygous GGG298AGG was found in an isolated case of RP. The third change, CGG223CGC (arg223arg), has been previously reported as a benign polymorphism. Four sequence changes were identified in peripherin/RDS exon 3 (glu304gln, lys310arg, gly338asp and C1302T) all of which have been previously reported as benign polymorphisms. No sequence changes were identified in the CRBP1 gene. Secondly, the RP candidate genes rhodopsin, peripherin/RDS and ROM1 were shown to be illegitimately transcribed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). This allowed an analysis of the effect of three rhodopsin splice site sequence changes on mRNA processing. One of these changes, a heterozygous G5167A change in the 3' acceptor splice site of intron 4 and disease specific in an adRP family was found to abolish normal splicing. The second two changes (GGC120GGT and G4084A) were both found in isolated cases of RP and neither of them is thought to affect mRNA processing. aFinally, RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) of PBL RNA was investigated as a means to identify novel RP candidate genes.

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39

WADA, KENTARO, TOMOYUKI NODA, KENICHI HATTORI, HIDEKI MAKI, AKIRA KITO, and HIROFUMI OYAMA. "POSTOPERATIVE RECOVERY FROM UNILATERAL BLINDNESS CAUSED BY TUBERCULUM SELLAE MENINGIOMA." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16036.

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40

King, Anthony. "Progression to blindness of patients with primary open angle glaucoma." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29585.

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Aims: to establish the proportion of patients with treated primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) who progressed to blindness, and identify factors that may have contributed to progression. To establish the proportion of POAG patients who achieved eligibility for blind or partial sight registration but who were not registered. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal follow-up, cohort study of patients with POAG attending the Leicester Royal Infirmary in 1982. Results: 258 patients were followed up for a mean of 11.2 years. Four point three percent (11/258) of patients were blind at the diagnosis of POAG. At the end of follow-up 34.5% (89/258) were blind, 17.4% (45/89) were blind from POAG alone and 17.1% (44/89) were blind from other causes, either alone or in combination with POAG. Regression analysis identified the visual field in the better eye at diagnosis (p<0.00005), the mean follow-up intraocular pressure in the better eye (p<0.005) and age at diagnosis of POAG (p<0.002) as being risk factors for progression to blindness. Odds ratios (OR) for progression to blindness from all causes revealed an OR=0.53 (95%CI;0.31,0.90) for visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 in the better eye at diagnosis, OR=0.18 (95%CI;0.07,0.43) for early visual field defect in the better eye at diagnosis and OR=0.40 (95%CI;0.21,0.77 (for early visual field defect in the worst eye at diagnosis. For patients aged between 65-74 years it was estimated that patients with POAG were >2.5 times more likely to become blind than the age matched general population and for those 75 years patients with POAG were >1.8 times likely to become blind. Fifty-one of the 90 patients who were eligible for blind or partial sight registration were not registered during the follow-up period. Conclusion: despite treatment, over a third of patients with POAG progressed to blindness during their follow-up period.

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41

Kooner, Karanjit S. "Risk factors for legal blindness in primary open angle glaucoma." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29462.

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Context: POAG is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Factors associated with the damage, progression of the disease and related blindness are poorly understood. Objective: To determine characteristics of patients with POAG that are associated with either a higher risk for blindness or preservation of visual function. Design: Prospective observational comparative cohort study. Participants: In all, 487 (974 eyes) consecutive incoming patients with POAG were followed for 5.5 3.6 years. Exclusion criteria were l) secondary glaucoma, 2) ocular conditions that would interfere with proper diagnosis and management, and 3) less than 3 months follow-up. Methods: Seventy-seven pieces of information were collected on each patient and updated at every six monthly visit. Comparisons were done between 1) patients with no legal blindness (NLB) and those with legal blindness (LB); 2) stable NLB patients and those who progressed; 3) the affected eye and non-affected eye of patients with unilateral blindness; and 4) initial presenting data of new patients. Setting: Academic (Clinic A), county hospital (Clinic B), and a Veterans Affairs hospital (Clinic C) providing primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Main Outcome Measures: 1) Development of legal blindness in one or both eyes and 2) progression of glaucoma in one or both eyes. Results: Compared to NLB group, LB group features were: higher mean initial intraocular pressure (IOP), (p = 0.03), late detection (p = 0.006), wide variation of IOP in the follow-up period (5.9 vs 4.1 mmHg, p = 0.031), poor control of IOP (p < 0.0001) and non-compliance (p < 0.0003). Conclusions: This study suggests that some of the risk factors for legal blindness in POAG are related to the level of initial IOP, late detection of the disease, poor control of IOP and non-compliance.

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42

Still, Mary Lynn. "The roles of awareness and encoding effectiveness in repetition blindness." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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43

Mössle, Thomas. "Zur Entwicklung des Personenwiedererkennens change blindness bei Kindern und Erwachsenen." Hamburg Kovač, 2005. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/3-8300-2059-7.htm.

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44

Trevethan, Ceri T. "The detection and evaluation of residual vision in cortical blindness." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415555.

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Some cortically blind patients have the ability to detect and discriminate certain visual stimuli presented within their field defect; a phenomenon known as ‘Blindsight’ (Weiskrantz 1986). Although a wide-range of residual abilities has been investigated in patients with striate cortex damage, to date no systematic method has been used to characterise the residual capabilities of blindsight cases, which allows comparison and generalisation across cases. In the current thesis, a common metric was introduced to evaluate the fundamental characteristics of residual vision in a group of patients. Psychophysical investigation of the effect of spatial frequency, stimulus size, stimulus contrast, stimulus duration and temporal frequency revealed the importance of specific stimulus parameters in eliciting above chance discrimination within the field defect. Residual vision was characterised by sensitivity to a narrow range o flow spatial frequencies (<4c/°) and temporal frequencies between 5 and 20Hz. Stimulus size and contrast were also important for successful detection. Pupil grating responses (PGRs) to sinusoidal gratings presented at a range of spatial frequencies also demonstrated low spatial frequency sensitivity (<3.5c/°). Two patients with no significant performance in the psychophysical studies also had no significant blind field PGRs. The two negative cases sustained occipital brain damage extending more anteriorly compared to the positive cases of blindsight. Finally, in a series of investigations, detection and form discrimination were investigated in DB, the first documented blindsight patient, and revealed an improvement in residual visual abilities.

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45

Chun, Marvin Myungwoo. "Processing deficits in RSVP : the attentional blink and repetition blindness." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11651.

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46

Rott, Kathryn (Katja) Allen. "Unveiling the eternal feminine: Vision and blindness in Goethe's Faust." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1453554.

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47

Brooks, Gene Iran. "Correlates of substance abuse among people with blindness/visual impairment /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004224.

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48

Castronovo, Julie. "Numbers in the dark : early visual deprivation and the semantic numerical representation." Université catholique de Louvain, 2007. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-04022007-210758/.

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Study of the impact of early visual deprivation and its following experience with numbers and numerosities on the elaboration of the semantic numerical representation with the same properties to those postulated in sighted people.

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49

Salinas, M. S. "Characterisation and molecular cloning of glutathione S-transferases from Onchocerca volvulus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361766.

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50

Wilson, Michael David. "Morphological and molecular methods for the identification of adult female Simulium damnosum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) vectors of onchocerciasis." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239997.

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