Статті в журналах: "Blend Polymer"

1

Cavanaugh, T. J., K. Buttle, J. N. Turner, and E. B. Nauman. "The study of multiphase polymer-blend morphologies by HVEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163368.

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Multiphase polymer blends are important in the polymer industry. Most commercial blends consist of two main polymers combined with a third, compatibilizing polymer, typically a graft or block copolymer. The most common examples are those involving the impact modification of a brittle thermoplastic by the microdispersion of a rubber into the matrix. Recently, a model of ternary polymer blends has provided a wealth of morphologies for examination. Even though this model can give an excellent basis for the design of a polymer blend, experimental verification is necessary. A correlation of blend properties such as impact strength with blend morphology must also be made. The focus is to confirm the predicted morphologies in binary and ternary blends using HVEM.The polymer blends were produced by compositional quenching. In this process, the polymers were dissolved in a solvent. The solution was pumped through a heat exchanger and then flashed across a needle valve to remove the solvent.

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2

Singh, Pradeep, B. R. Venugopal, and Radha Kamalakaran. "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Polymer Blends." Journal of Modern Materials 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.4.1.31-36.

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Physical properties of the polymer can be altered by mixing one or more polymers together also known as polymer blending. The miscibility of polymers is a key parameter in determining the properties of polymer blend. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) plays a critical role in determining the miscibility and morphology of the polymers in blend system. One of the most difficult part in polymer microscopy is the staining by heavy metals to generate contrast in CTEM. RuO4 and OsO4 are commonly used to stain the polymer materials for CTEM imaging. CTEM imaging is difficult to interpret for blends due to lack of clear distinction in contrast. Apart from having difficulty in contrast generation, staining procedures are extremely dangerous as improper handling could severely damage skin, eyes, lungs etc. We have used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image polymer blends without any staining processes. In current work, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene (MBS) and Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) along with filler additive were dispersed on Polycarbonate (PC) matrix and studied by STEM/HAADF (high angle annular dark field). By using HAADF, contrast was generated through molecular density difference to differentiate components in the blend.

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3

Hammani, Salim, Sihem Daikhi, Mikhael Bechelany, and Ahmed Barhoum. "Role of ZnO Nanoparticles Loading in Modifying the Morphological, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Immiscible Polymer (PMMA/PEG) Blends." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238453.

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High-performance hybrid polymer blends can be prepared by blending different types of polymers to improve their properties. However, most polymer blends exhibit phase separation after blending. In this study, polymethylmethacrylate/polyethylene glycol (PMMA/PEG) polymer blends (70/30 and 30/70 w/w) were prepared by solution casting with and without ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) loading. The effect of loading ZnO nanoparticles on blend morphology, UV blocking, glass transition, melting, and crystallization were investigated. Without loading ZnO NP, the PMMA/PEG blends showed phase separation, especially the PEG-rich blend. Loading PMMA/PEG blend with ZnO NPs increased the miscibility of the blend and most of the ZnO NPs dispersed in the PEG phase. The interaction of the ZnO NPs with the blend polymers slightly decreased the intensity of infrared absorption of the functional groups. The UV-blocking properties of the blends increased by 15% and 20%, and the band gap energy values were 4.1 eV and 3.8 eV for the blends loaded with ZnO NPs with a PMMA/PEG ratio of 70/30 and 30/70, respectively. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 14 °C, the crystallinity rate increased by 15%, the melting (Tm) and crystallization(Tc) temperatures increased by 2 °C and 14 °C, respectively, and the thermal stability increased by 25 °C compared to the PMMA/PEG blends without ZnO NP loading.

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4

Sweah, Zainab J., Fatima hameed Malik, and Alyaa Abdul Karem. "Electrical Properties of Preparing Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PVA/Starch Doping with Rhodamine –B." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 0097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1.0097.

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This research focuses on the characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol and starch polymer blends doping with Rhodamine-B. The polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprises 1:1(wt. /wt.). The polymer blends of PVA and starch with had different ratios of glycerin 0, 25, 30, 35, and 40 % wt. The ratio of 30% wt of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties by strength and elasticity. The polymer blend of 1:1 wt ratios of starch/PVA and 30% wt of glycerin were doped with different ratios of Rhoda mine-B dye 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% wt and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% wt to the polymer blends showed high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature, which is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers. This work focuses on the characteristics of polymer blend based on starch and polyvinyl alcohol doping with Rhodamine-B. the polymer blends were prepared using the solution cast method, which comprising 1:1(wt./wt.). ratio starch and polyvinyl alcohol and different ratio of glycerin (0, 25, 30, 35,and 40) %. The ratio of 30% of glycerin was found to be the most suitable mechanical properties. The polymer blend of 1:1 starch/PVA and 30%of glycerin were doped with different ratio of Rhoda mine-B dye (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) and the electrical properties of doping biodegradable blends were studied. The ratio of Rhodamine-B 5% to the polymer blends was high conductivity up to 1×10-3. In general, the electrical conductivity was increased with high temperature this is similar to the behavior of semi-conductive polymers.

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5

Hameed, Awham M. "A Study on the Mechanical Properties for Ternary Polymer Blends." Journal of Materials Science Research 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v6n3p27.

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In this work, two ternary polymer blends were prepared by mixing EP with (UP/PSR) and (PVC/PSR) respectively. Different mixing ratios were used (5, 10, 15 and 20) wt.% of the added polymers. Impact, tensile, compression, flexural and hardness tests were performed on the prepared blends. The results of testing showed that the first ternary blend A (EP/UP/PSR) records tensile strength values higher than that of the second ternary blend B (EP/ PVC/PSR). At 20wt.% of mixing, the blend B records higher impact strength than that of the blend A. There is large difference in the flexural behavior between A and B blends where the blend A records the highest value of flexural strength (F.S) at (5wt.%) while the blend B records the highest value of (F.S) at (20wt.%). From compression test, it is obvious that the values of compressive strength decrease of blend B more than that of the blend A as well as the same behavior can be obtained through the hardness test.

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6

Gunawardene, Oneesha H. P., Chamila Gunathilake, Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Darshana B. Wanninayaka, Asanga Manamperi, Asela K. Kulatunga, et al. "Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110300.

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The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.

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7

Quitadamo, Alessia, Valerie Massardier, and Marco Valente. "Eco-Friendly Approach and Potential Biodegradable Polymer Matrix for WPC Composite Materials in Outdoor Application." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (January 27, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3894370.

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Blends based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) with different ratios of both polymers were produced: a blend with equal amounts of HDPE and PLA, hence 50 wt.% each, proved to be a useful compromise, allowing a high amount of bioderived charge without this being too detrimental for mechanical properties and considering its possibility to biodegradation behaviour in outdoor application. In this way, an optimal blend suitable for producing a composite with cellulosic fillers is proposed. In the selected polymer blend, wood flour (WF) was added as a natural filler in the proportion of 20, 30, and 40 wt.%, considering as 100 the weight of the polymer blend matrix. There are two compatibilizers to modify both HDPE-PLA blend and wood-flour/polymer interfaces, i.e., polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride and a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate. The most suitable percentage of compatibilizer for HDPE-PLA blends appears to be 3 wt.%, which was selected also for use with wood flour. In order to evaluate properties of blends and composites tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and infrared spectroscopy have been performed. Wood flour seems to affect heavy blend behaviour in process production of material suggesting that future studies are needed to reduce defectiveness.

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8

Hwang, Do-Hoon, Moo-Jin Park, Suk-Kyung Kim, Nam-Heon Lee, Changhee Lee, Yong-Bae Kim, and Hong-Ku Shim. "Characterization of white electroluminescent devices fabricated using conjugated polymer blends." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 7 (July 2004): 2081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0261.

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We report the characterization of white light emitting devices fabricated using conjugated polymer blends. Blue emissive poly[9,9-bis(4′-n-octyloxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-co-10-(2′-ethylhexyl)phenothiazine-3,7-diyl] [poly(BOPF-co-PTZ)] and red emissive poly(2-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) were used in the blends. The inefficient energy transfer between these blue and red light emitting polymers (previously deduced from the photoluminscence (PL) spectra of the blend films) enables the production of white light emission through control of the blend ratio. The PL and electroluminescence (EL) emission spectra of the blend systems were found to vary with the blend ratio. The EL devices were fabricated in the indium tin oxide [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)] (ITO/PEDOT-PSS)blend/LiF/Al configuration, and white light emission was obtained for one of the tested blend ratios.

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9

Fanta, Gada Muleta, Pawel Jarka, Urszula Szeluga, Tomasz Tański, and Jung Yong Kim. "Phase Behavior of Amorphous/Semicrystalline Conjugated Polymer Blends." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081726.

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We report the phase behavior of amorphous/semicrystalline conjugated polymer blends composed of low bandgap poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene) -alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and poly{(N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene -1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl)-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} (P(NDI2OD-T2)). As usual in polymer blends, these two polymers are immiscible because ΔSm ≈ 0 and ΔHm > 0, leading to ΔGm > 0, in which ΔSm, ΔHm, and ΔGm are the entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of mixing, respectively. Specifically, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ) for the PCPDTBT /P(NDI2OD-T2) blend was estimated to be 1.26 at 298.15 K, indicating that the blend was immiscible. When thermally analyzed, the melting and crystallization point depression was observed with increasing PCPDTBT amounts in the blends. In the same vein, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the π-π interactions in P(NDI2OD-T2) lamellae were diminished if PCPDTBT was incorporated into the blends. Finally, the correlation of the solid-liquid phase transition and structural information for the blend system may provide insight for understanding other amorphous/semicrystalline conjugated polymers used as active layers in all-polymer solar cells, although the specific morphology of a film is largely affected by nonequilibrium kinetics.

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10

Ngai, K. L., and C. M. Roland. "Models for the Component Dynamics in Blends and Mixtures." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547838.

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Abstract Four models for the component dynamics in polymer blends are briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on their ability to describe anomalous segmental relaxation behavior, secondary relaxations in blends, mixtures which include small molecules, and properties in the concentration limits of probe molecules and neat polymers. While general features of the segmental dynamics of polymer blends can be accounted for by all of these models, only that of the authors addresses all these particular aspects of blend dynamics. Our conclusion is that assessment of blend dynamics models should extend beyond intuitive appeal or general properties, with due attention given to the more subtle and exceptional behaviors.

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11

Negim, Elsayed, G. Yeligbayeva, Rimma Niyazbekova, R. Rakhmetullayeva, A. A. Mamutova, R. Iskakov, M. Sakhy, and G. A. Mun. "Studying physico-mechanical properties of cement pastes in presences of blend polymer as chemical admixtures." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v4i3.4716.

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<p>Physico-mechanical properties of cement pastes were studied by setting time, combined water, compressive strength, SEM as well as porosity in presence of blend polymers. Blend polymers were used based on polyvinyl alcohol and carbamide with blend ratios 20/80, 40/60 and 80/20 respectively. The addition of blend polymers to cement pastes affected the physico-mechanical properties of cement pastes. As the content of carbamide in the polymer blends decreased, the water of consistency decreased, whereas the setting times (initial & final) were elongated. The combined water content and compressive strength of the hardened cement pastes were increased at all ages of hydration. The SEM images showed that the addition of these polymers to cement material improves the dispensability and workability of cement pastes.</p>

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12

Muller, R., M. Bouquey, F. Mauguière, G. Schlatter, C. Serra, and J. Terrisse. "Rheology of Reactive Polymer Blends: Separation of Mixing and Reatcion Steps." Applied Rheology 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2001-0009.

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Abstract The crosslinking reaction in various types of polymer blends was followed by rheological measurements. Miscible polymers with controlled glass transition temperature, chain length and number of functional units per chain were synthesized by bulk radical copolymerization. Other experiments were carried out on immiscible systems based on commercial polymers. Blends were either prepared in a batch mixer or directly in the parallel-plate geometry of a rotational rheometer. Due to the low glass transition or melting temperature of most blend components, it was usually possible to separate the mixing step which was carried out at low temperature from the crosslinking reaction which was followed by small amplitude dynamic measurements at higher temperatures. The influence of several parameters on the reaction was studied, in particular : the reaction temperature, the amount of shear during the mixing step (or mixing time), the number of functional units per chain in each blend component and the blend composition. For the miscible blends, a master curve for the dependence of the elastic modulus G’ as a function of reaction time could be drawn for different functionalities and blend compositions.

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13

Jiang, You Qing, and Yun Bo Zhang. "Interaction and Enthalpy Recovery Behavior in Polymer Blends of Polysulfone and Carboxylated Polysulfone." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.612.

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Polymer blends of a binary system with limited miscibility are a kind of different surface structure polymer blends which main chains are same as one. The blend of polysulfone (PSf) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) had been made in the solvent of dimethylacelamide (DMAc) or N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). The chemical polysulfones containing 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 carboxylated groups per repeat unit were mixed with Udel 300 polysulfone. The equilibrium time of two-phase polymer in solution presents their degrees of limited miscibility. The two- phase polymers could transfer as miscible blends when they had been annealed at 170 for above 6 days. Annealing of blends below the grass transition temperature(Tg) results in a decrease in enthalpy that is recovered during heating. The enthalpy recovery is visible as an endothermic peak in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) scan. The position of this peak depends on the composition of two-phase and on the structure of material itself. Two-sample cells were co-tested in same time for getting several Tg of limited miscible polymer blend and its component respectively. PSf/CPSf polymer blends in liquid-liquid phase separation and molecular weight distribution to be tested by High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The polymer blends were showing S-O-C strength absorbance between 1000-769/cm and 3300-2500/cm to be detected by Infrared Absorption Spectrum (IR) analysis. Therefore, the reaction and enthalpy of limited miscibility between two-phase of polymer blend PSf/CPSf can be described in the paper.

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14

Seo, Jae Sik, Ho Tak Jeon, and Tae Hee Han. "Rheological Investigation of Relaxation Behavior of Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Blends." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091916.

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The rheological properties of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) blends with various blend ratios are investigated at different temperatures to determine the shear dependent chain motions in a heterogeneous blend system. At low frequency levels under 0.1 rad/s, the viscosity of the material with a blend ratio of 3:7 (PC:ABS) is higher than that of pure ABS polymer. As the temperature increases, the viscosities of ABS-rich blends increase rather than decrease, whereas PC-rich blends exhibit decrease in viscosity. Results from the time sweep measurements indicate that ordered structures of PC and the formation and breakdown of internal network structures of ABS polymer occur simultaneously in the blend systems. Newly designed sequence test results show that the internal structures formed between PC and ABS polymers are dominant at low shear conditions for the blend ratio of 3:7 and effects of structural change and the presence of polybutadiene (PBD) become dominant at high shear conditions for pure ABS. The results of yield stress and relaxation time for PC/ABS blends support this phenomenon. The specimen with a blend ratio of 3:7 exhibited the highest value of yield stress at high temperature among others, which implies that the internal structure become stronger at higher temperature. The heterogeneity of ABS-rich blends increases whereas that of PC-rich blends decreases as temperature increases.

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15

Tikish, Tekalign A., Ashok Kumar, and Jung Yong Kim. "Study on the Miscibility of Polypyrrole and Polyaniline Polymer Blends." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3890637.

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We report on the miscibility and phase behaviour of polypyrrole-polyaniline (PPy/PANI) as a function of blend composition. The PPy/PANI blends were prepared by solution processing method, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. Characterization of the polymer blends was carried out based on the data analysis from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PPy/PANI system was successfully formed blends in DMSO solvent. The polymer blends showed almost amorphous nature in XRD spectra because of intermolecular interaction between PPy and PANI macromolecules, which was confirmed by FT-IR data. Specifically, the DSC result for the PPY : PANI = 50 : 50 wt.% blend showed only one glass transition temperature (Tg), which indicates that the two polymers are well miscible without undergoing any phase separation.

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16

Jaaoh, Darika, Chatchai Putson, and Nantakan Muensit. "Contribution of Electrostriction in Polyurethane/Polyaniline Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.697.

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In this work, we present a series of electrostrictive polymer blend that can potentially be used as actuators for a variety of applications. This polymer blend combines an electrostrictive polyurethane with a conductivity polyaniline polymer. The effect of filler content has been investigated. The structures of the blends, the electrical and mechanical properties which affect electrostrictive behavior were studied. The results showed that both dielectric constant and glass transition temperature of the blends increase with increasing polyaniline contents. Moreover, it was noted that space charges distribution and hard-segment domain formation significantly related with electrostrictive coefficient of polymer blend. Therefore, electrostriction behavior in the polymer blends has been demonstrated, and optimal microstructure for electrostriction enhancement has been identified.

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17

Kontogianni, Georgia-Ioanna, Amedeo Franco Bonatti, Carmelo De Maria, Raasti Naseem, Priscila Melo, Catarina Coelho, Giovanni Vozzi, et al. "Promotion of In Vitro Osteogenic Activity by Melt Extrusion-Based PLLA/PCL/PHBV Scaffolds Enriched with Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Strontium Substituted Nano-Hydroxyapatite." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041052.

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Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of current treatments for bone-related disorders, but the trade-off between mechanical properties and bioactivity remains a concern for many polymeric materials. To address this need, novel polymeric blends of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) have been explored. Blend filaments comprising PLLA/PCL/PHBV at a ratio of 90/5/5 wt% have been prepared using twin-screw extrusion. The PLLA/PCL/PHBV blends were enriched with nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and strontium-substituted nano-HA (Sr-nano-HA) to produce composite filaments. Three-dimensional scaffolds were printed by fused deposition modelling from PLLA/PCL/PHBV blend and composite filaments and evaluated mechanically and biologically for their capacity to support bone formation in vitro. The composite scaffolds had a mean porosity of 40%, mean pores of 800 µm, and an average compressive modulus of 32 MPa. Polymer blend and enriched scaffolds supported cell attachment and proliferation. The alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium production were significantly higher in composite scaffolds compared to the blends. These findings demonstrate that thermoplastic polyesters (PLLA and PCL) can be combined with polymers produced via a bacterial route (PHBV) to produce polymer blends with excellent biocompatibility, providing additional options for polymer blend optimization. The enrichment of the blend with nano-HA and Sr-nano-HA powders enhanced the osteogenic potential in vitro.

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18

Zhuikov, Vsevolod A., Elizaveta A. Akoulina, Dariana V. Chesnokova, You Wenhao, Tatiana K. Makhina, Irina V. Demyanova, Yuliya V. Zhuikova, et al. "The Growth of 3T3 Fibroblasts on PHB, PLA and PHB/PLA Blend Films at Different Stages of Their Biodegradation In Vitro." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010108.

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Over the past century there was a significant development and extensive application of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for their biomedical applications. This research investigates the dynamic change in properties of biodegradable polymers: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-l-lactide (PLA), and their 50:50 blend (PHB/PLA)) during their hydrolytic non-enzymatic (in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), at pH = 7.4, 37 °C) and enzymatic degradation (in PBS supplemented with 0.25 mg/mL pancreatic lipase). 3T3 fibroblast proliferation on the polymer films experiencing different degradation durations was also studied. Enzymatic degradation significantly accelerated the degradation rate of polymers compared to non-enzymatic hydrolytic degradation, whereas the seeding of 3T3 cells on the polymer films accelerated only the PLA molecular weight loss. Surprisingly, the immiscible nature of PHB/PLA blend (showed by differential scanning calorimetry) led to a slower and more uniform enzymatic degradation in comparison with pure polymers, PHB and PLA, which displayed a two-stage degradation process. PHB/PLA blend also displayed relatively stable cell viability on films upon exposure to degradation of different durations, which was associated with the uneven distribution of cells on polymer films. Thus, the obtained data are of great benefit for designing biodegradable scaffolds based on polymer blends for tissue engineering.

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19

Devadas, Suchitha, Saja M. Nabat Al-Ajrash, Donald A. Klosterman, Kenya M. Crosson, Garry S. Crosson, and Erick S. Vasquez. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-Methyl Acrylate)/Lignin Nanofibers: Effects of Lignin Type and Total Polymer Concentration." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13070992.

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Lignin macromolecules are potential precursor materials for producing electrospun nanofibers for composite applications. However, little is known about the effect of lignin type and blend ratios with synthetic polymers. This study analyzed blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-MA) with two types of commercially available lignin, low sulfonate (LSL) and alkali, kraft lignin (AL), in DMF solvent. The electrospinning and polymer blend solution conditions were optimized to produce thermally stable, smooth lignin-based nanofibers with total polymer content of up to 20 wt % in solution and a 50/50 blend weight ratio. Microscopy studies revealed that AL blends possess good solubility, miscibility, and dispersibility compared to LSL blends. Despite the lignin content or type, rheological studies demonstrated that PAN-MA concentration in solution dictated the blend’s viscosity. Smooth electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using AL depending upon the total polymer content and blend ratio. AL’s addition to PAN-MA did not affect the glass transition or degradation temperatures of the nanofibers compared to neat PAN-MA. We confirmed the presence of each lignin type within PAN-MA nanofibers through infrared spectroscopy. PAN-MA/AL nanofibers possessed similar morphological and thermal properties as PAN-MA; thus, these lignin-based nanofibers can replace PAN in future applications, including production of carbon fibers and supercapacitors.

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20

Saleem, Doaa S., Mohammed Alzuhairi, and Nassier Abdul Hussain Nassir. "The Compatibility Characterization of PMMA/DPET Based Polymer Blend." Materials Science Forum 1077 (December 15, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ytw4g2.

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The compatibility of polymers based on the blending of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) was studied in this investigation. Initially, the PET was obtained using the waste bottle before the depolymerization process to get the final product of DPET. Here, the preparation of the polymer blend used was carried out by mixing the two polymers manually. The affinity of the polymers to each other is conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of FT-IR indicate that some bands were shifted, some of them were decreased, and the others were eliminated by the addition of DPET to PMMA. This behavior can be attributed to interaction and coordination between the PMMA and DPET. Based on DSC analysis, the melting temperatures of PMMA and DPET blends were reduced as compared to pure PMMA, with the exception of the 99/1 (PMMA/DPET) blend. PMMA's surface morphology reveals a rough surface with a micropore structure. The appearance of pure DPET in the SEM image shows a rough surface with diverse shaped and sized particles. Also, the 5/95 (DPET/PMMA) blend doesn't seem to have any visible phase separation. Keywords: Compatibility, polymer blend, PMMA, DPET

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21

Nishikawa, Yukihiro, and Masaoki Takahashi. "Polymer Blend ―Applications of Polymer Blend Researches to Polymer Processing―." Seikei-Kakou 25, no. 7 (June 20, 2013): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.25.331.

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22

Sweah, Zainab J. "A Swelling Study in Different PH and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Films Based on Pluronic F-127/ Poly-Vinyl Alcohol." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.389.

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PluronicF-127/PVA polymeric biomaterials blend films plasticized with glycerin were prepared by solvent molding method. The polymer blend films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and mechanical measurements. The FTIR spectra of the two polymers and their blends show that there is no chemical interaction between the PVA and the PluronicF-127. FESEM images indicate that blend homogeneous film can easily be prepared. Mechanical and swelling properties of the studied blends indicate that these can be used for medical application such as biodegradable materials and biodegradable drugs carriers and as food packaging materials.

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23

Asuku, Suleiman Shuaibu, Yusuf Abubakar, Aliyu Abdulraheem, Abdulsalam Ismaila Galadima, and Abdel Malik Abdel Gaffar Amoka. "Influence of Blending on Mechanical Behavior of Low-Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polyvinylchloride." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2223.006.

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Three thermoplastic polymers, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene(PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC),were synthesized from their raw pellets.Three blends of 1:1 wt.% of low-density polyethylene/polypropylene, low-density polyethylene/polyvinylchloride, polypropylene/polyvinylchloride, and one blend of 1:1:1 wt.% of low-density polyethylene/polypropylene/polyvinylchloride were produced via compression mould method using Two-roll Mill machine and Compression Mould machine. Using the Tensile Strength Tester machine, the pristine polymer and the blends were cut into dumbbell shapes for mechanical testing. The resultsobtained are 9.8MPa and 67.5% maximum stress and strain, respectively, for LDPE, 29MPa, and 12.4% maximum stress and strain, respectively, for neat PP. 25.8MPa and 35% maximum stress and strain respectively for pristine PVC, 19.2MPa and 44% maximum stress and strain respectively for LDPE/PVC blend, 19MPa and 29% maximum stress and strain respectively for LDPE/PP blend, 27.5MPa and10.75% maximum stress and strain respectively for PP/PVC, 21MPa and 10.4% maximum stress and stain respectively for LDPE/PP/PVC blend. The force at peak and the respective peak elongation are; 85.612N and 0.008387m for pristineLDPE, 344.810N and 0.004810m for pristinePP, 264.976N and 0.005496m forpristine PVC, 188.288N and 0.005980m for LDPE/PVC blend, 174.755N and 0.005109m for LDPE/PP blend, 250.196N and0.004287m for PP/PVC blend, 275.175N and 4.009mm for LDPE/PP/PVC blend. The maximum energies expended to have maximum extension are 0.71802784J (LDPE), 2.04578339J (PP), 1.70308635J (PVC), 1.12596224J (LDPE/PVC),0.8928233J (LDPE/PP), 1.50129025J (PP/PVC) and 1.10317658J (LDPE/PP/PVC). These results show improvement in the mechanical properties of the blends when compared with those of the constituent polymers. It also indicatesthat polymeric properties modification via an immiscible polymer blend is possible and easy to achieve.

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24

Osaka, Noboru. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 23, no. 7 (June 20, 2011): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.23.421.

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25

Nishitsuji, Shotaro. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 21, no. 7 (June 20, 2009): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.21.389.

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26

Nishitsuji, Shotaro. "Polymer blend." Seikei-Kakou 22, no. 7 (June 20, 2010): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.22.366.

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27

Semba, Takeshi. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 20, no. 7 (July 20, 2008): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.20.409.

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28

Osaka, Noboru. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 24, no. 7 (June 20, 2012): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.24.393.

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29

Nishikawa, Yukihiro. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 26, no. 7 (June 20, 2014): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.26.334.

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30

Takeshita, Hiroki. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 27, no. 7 (June 20, 2015): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.27.280.

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31

Takeshita, Hiroki. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 28, no. 7 (June 20, 2016): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.28.279.

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32

Kuboyama, Keiichi. "Polymer Blend." Seikei-Kakou 29, no. 7 (June 20, 2017): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.29.249.

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33

Zerda, T. W., G. Song, and W. H. Waddell. "Distribution of Elastomers and Silica in Polymer Blends Characterized by Raman Microimaging Technique." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 4 (September 1, 2003): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547770.

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Abstract Raman microimaging technique was used to study the distribution of silica filler and elastomer domains in binary and ternary polymer blends containing cis1–4-polybutadiene BR; brominated poly(isobutylenecoparamethylstyrene) BIMS; Natural Rubber, NR; and/or Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, SBR. Contour maps depicting distribution of the elastomer phases and silica within each phase were obtained for 1 μm thick sections of blends having different compositions. All polymers were uniformly distributed throughout the blends. However, on a micrometer scale local fluctuations were clearly observed using Raman microimaging. The BR component is not as compatible with BIMS as are the other polymers based upon the presence of some single-phase BR domains exceeding 5 μm. Addition of the third polymer, either SBR or NR, to the blend improves the BR compatibility with BIMS since the BR domains are not as large. At low concentrations in a ternary blend, the NR phase appears concentrated near the BR domains, but in samples with higher NR concentrations, the natural rubber forms it own network and may also be found near the BIMS domains. The SBR phase was found to be near or within the BR domains. Silica was dispersed throughout the polymers in each blend, but tended to aggregate near the boundaries of the BIMS domains. Sometimes the silica was present within the BIMS domains, but did not locate within a BR domain.

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34

Al-Gahtany, S. Ali, D. Mohamed Alshangiti, M. Madani, and M. Mohamady Ghobashy. "Improved Thermal Stability of Radiation Degradative Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Blending with Poly(ethylene glycol)." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 7 (2020): 1708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22575.

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A blend polymer consists of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in four ratios 20:0, 18:2, 16:4 and 14:6. The blend polymer (PMMA/PEG) was characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TGA and FTIR. FTIR analysis proved that the lack of miscibility and interactions between PMMA (hydrophobic) and PEG (hydrophilic) were not due to hydrogen bonding but gamma irradiation at doses up to 20 kGy. Furthermore, DSC thermograms of the blend polymers display a positive deviation during the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PMMA due to gamma irradiation-induced PEG crosslinking, decreasing the molecular motion and chain relaxation between the two polymers. Blends that are not irradiated show negative Tg deviation from the corresponding values due to plasticization of PEG. Furthermore, the melting point (Tm) of PMMA increased with an increase in PEG, which acts as a filler at high temperatures.

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35

Shield, Stephanie R., Ghebrehiwet N. Ghebremeskel, and Cebron Hendrix. "Pyrolysis-GC/MS and TGA as Tools for Characterizing Blends of SBR and NBR." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547654.

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Abstract There is increased technological interest to use blends of various dissimilar elastomers in applications for which service, material availability, or cost of a single elastomer do not provide the necessary processing, vulcanizate, or economic properties. Properties of polyblends are sensitive to variations in the amounts of the individual polymers used. Therefore, there is a need for developing a variety of analytical tools that will enable the compounder to monitor the consistency of blend compositions. In this study, the feasibility of using pyrolysis-GC/MS and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate the blend composition of SBR/NBR blends was investigated. Pyrolysis-GC/MS degradation products that are characteristic of each polymer were identified. The GC/MS peak areas were used to determine the blend composition. The blend compositions were estimated by TGA from the linear correlation between the polymer composition and the temperature required to pyrolyze a sample to a specific “% weight loss.” The results obtained by pyrolysis-GC/MS and TGA were compared to calculated blend ratios of SBR/NBR in order to estimate the accuracy of the test methods presented in this study.

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36

Nesaule, Arturs Eriks, Elina Didrihsone, Remo Merijs-Meri, Oskars Grigs, and Jānis Zicāns. "On the Development and Characterization of Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide Blends with Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.118.

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Within the current report the first results of the upcoming multi-stage research cycle on the development of high-performance environmentally friendly PLA/PBAT blend based composite materials are presented. Development and basic characterization of PLA/PBAT blends at various wt.-to-wt. ratios of the base polymeric components is performed. Rheological properties of PLA and PBAT have been investigated by means of rotational viscometry to define the optimal blending parameters. PLA/PBAT blends have been obtained by using twin-screw extrusion. Structural features of the obtained polymer blend compositions have been revealed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Crystallization behavior of the obtained polymer blend compositions have been characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal stability of the obtained polymer blend compositions has been studied by using thermogravimetric analysis. Mechanical behavior of the obtained polymer blend compositions has been studied by means of both quasistatic (in respects to tensile and flexural properties) and dynamic tests (impact resistance).

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37

Kim, Youngkyoo, Minjung Shin, and Hwajeong Kim. "Polymer Solar Cells with Ternary Blend Nanolayers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 6247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18378.

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We report polymer solar cells with a polymer blend nanolayer (film) that consists of two electron-donating polymers and one electron-accepting polymer. Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) were employed as electron-donating polymers, whilst poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) was used as an electron-accepting polymer. Two kinds of solvent and film thickness were applied to examine their effect on the device characteristics. Results showed that the device performance was better when p-xylene was used as a solvent, whilst thicker blend films exhibited better power conversion efficiency. A nanohole morphology found in the blend film made using chlorobenzene, compared to the blend film made using p-xylene, was assumed to be responsible for the relatively poor device performance in spite of higher absorption in the longer wavelengths. Still low efficiency of present devices was attributed to the existence of charge blocking resistances in the bulk polymer nanolayer.

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38

Shikaleska, A. V., and F. P. Pavlovska. "Advanced materials based on polymer blends/polymer blend nanocomposites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 40 (September 13, 2012): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/40/1/012009.

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39

Almeida, A. T., H. Gliemann, Th Schimmel, and D. F. S. Petri. "Characterization of PMMA/PVB Blend Films by Means of AFM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 11, S03 (December 2005): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605051044.

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Polymer blends are of increasing interest in the field of surface technology because they can be used to change or tailor the properties of surfaces for special application. In most cases not only the chemical nature of the components is important for the physical properties of the blend but also the components distribution on the blend surface. This distribution is strongly dependent on the adsorption energy of the polymers onto the substrate. According to the Flory-Huggins theory, the criterion for polymer miscibility in blends is that the average interaction parameter for a binary mixture of polymers, 12, must be less than a critical value cri, which is calculated from weight-average degrees of polymerization of the two polymers [1]. This parameter also describes the difference of the interaction energies between similar and different monomers. During the spin coating process the system tries to reach a state of low energy, indicating that the substrate surface and the vapor phase influence the wetting and dewetting of the substrate by the resulting polymer films. However, one should notice that spin-coated film structure may not correspond to the equilibrium one due to the rapid solvent evaporation during the spin coating process and to solvent effects [2].

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40

Plisko, Tatiana, Yana Karslyan, and Alexandr Bildyukevich. "Effect of Polyphenylsulfone and Polysulfone Incompatibility on the Structure and Performance of Blend Membranes for Ultrafiltration." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 5740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195740.

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This study deals with the modification of polyphenylsulfone ultrafiltration membranes by introduction of an incompatible polymer polysulfone to the polyphenylsulfone casting solution to improve the permeability. The correlation between properties of the blend polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone solutions and porous anisotropic membranes for ultrafiltration prepared from these solutions was revealed. The blend polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone solutions were investigated using a turbidity spectrum method, optical microscopy and measurements of dynamic viscosity and turbidity. The structure of the prepared blend flat sheet membranes was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Membrane separation performance was investigated in the process of ultrafiltration of human serum albumin buffered solutions. It was found that with the introduction of polysulfone to the polyphenylsulfone casting solution in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone the size of supramolecular particles significantly increases with the maximum at (40–60):(60:40) polyphenylsulfone:polysulfone blend ratio from 76 nm to 196–354 nm. It was shown that polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone blend solutions, unlike the solutions of pristine polymers, are two-phase systems (emulsions) with the maximum droplet size and highest degree of polydispersity at polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone blend ratios (30–60):(70–40). Pure water flux of the blend membranes passes through a maximum in the region of the most heterogeneous structure of the casting solution, which is associated with the imposition of a polymer-polymer phase separation on the non-solvent induced phase separation upon membrane preparation. The application of polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone blends as membrane-forming polymers and polyethylene glycol (Mn = 400 g·mol−1) as a pore-forming agent to the casting solutions yields the formation of ultrafiltration membranes with high membrane pure water flux (270 L·m−2·h−1 at 0.1MPa) and human serum albumin rejection of 85%.

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41

Kudaikulova, Saule, Zulfiya Musapirova, Natalya Sobarina, Maira Umerzakova, Rinat Iskakov, Bulat Zhubanov, and Marc J. M. Abadie. "Novel Polymer Composites on the Basis of Arylalicyclic Polyimide Blends. I. Polyimide/Polycarbonate & Polyimide/Polysulphone Blends." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 6, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj326.

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The new composite materials based on dianhydride of tricyclodecentetracarbon acid and oxydianiline with two other thermally stable polymers, such as polycarbonate and polysulphone, are being reported. The synthesis of the polyimide blends was done through two ways: mechanical mixing of two homopolymer ingredients; and the so-called chemical mixing of polyimide comonomers with the above-mentioned polymers. The physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties have been manifested in a broadening of their performance characteristics. It was not found any physical-chemical interactions between the two ingredients of the blend, which indicates the formation of a typical compatible polymer blend with an appropriate miscibility. Such new polyimide composite could be an ideal candidate for the preparation of reflective and conductive metallized polyimide blend films with wide mechanical performances.

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42

Mhessn, R. Jameel, L. Abd-Alredha, R. Al-Rubaie, and A. Fuad Khudair Aziz. "Preparation of Tannin Based Hydrogel for Biological Application." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 4 (2011): 1638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/763295.

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Анотація:

Polymeric blends as potential wound dressing were prepared. Natural polymer (Tannin) and synthetic polymers (PVA and PEG) were used to prepare heterogeneous blends. The product was identified by spectrophotometry. A diaphragm cell was used to measure the diffusion coefficient (D). The result shown the PEG-PVA disk was very faster permeability for all solution. The D of PVA/ PEG-Tannin blend was 0.184x10-3cm2/s higher than Tannin-PEG blend was 0.038x10-3cm2/s. The natural phenolic compounds that can be used artificial membrane to inhibit growth or kill microorganism such as bacteria or fungi.

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43

Reddy, M. Ravindar, M. Jaipal Reddy, and A. R. Subrahmanyam. "Structural, Thermal and Optical Properties of PMMA, PEO and PMMA/PEO/LiClO4 Polymer Electrolyte Blends." Material Science Research India 14, no. 2 (November 16, 2017): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/140206.

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Анотація:

This paper is a report of a study conducted on Structural, thermal and optical Properties of pure PMMA, pure PEO and PMMA-PEO-LiClO4 polymer blend electrolyte thin films. These films were prepared using solution casting technique and characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). XRD analysis Observations confirmed that amorphous, crystalline and semi crystalline nature of pure PMMA, pure PEO and PMMA-PEO-LiClO4 polymer blend electrolyte thin films the SEM micrographs suggest that the surface morphology of pure PEO changes from smooth to rough when PMMA and LiClO4 added to PEO polymer, which shows the interaction/ interface between the two polymers and polymer blend electrolyte due to cross – linking. Glass transition (Tg) and melting temperatures (Tm) of pure PMMA, pure PEO and PMMA-PEO-LiClO4 polymer blend electrolyte thin films were confirmed by DSC analysis. FTIR spectra confirmed that complex formation and interaction among PMMA, PEO polymers and LiClO4 salt.

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44

Mulderig, Andrew J., Yan Jin, Fei Yu, Jong Keum, Kunlun Hong, James F. Browning, Gregory Beaucage, Gregory S. Smith, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717010457.

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This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.

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45

Deeba, Farah, Kriti Shrivastava, Minal Bafna, and Ankur Jain. "Tuning of Dielectric Properties of Polymers by Composite Formation: The Effect of Inorganic Fillers Addition." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120355.

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Анотація:

Polymer blend or composite, which is a combination of two or more polymers and fillers such as semiconductors, metals, metal oxides, salts and ceramics, are a synthesized product facilitating improved, augmented or customized properties, and have widespread applications for the achievement of functional materials. Polymer materials with embedded inorganic fillers are significantly appealing for challenging and outstanding electric, dielectric, optical and mechanical applications involving magnetic features. In particular, a polymer matrix exhibiting large values of dielectric constant (ε′) with suitable thermal stability and low dielectric constant values of polymer blend, having lesser thermal stability, together offer significant advantages in electronic packaging and other such applications in different fields. In this review paper, we focused on the key factors affecting the dielectric properties and its strength in thin film of inorganic materials loaded poly methyl meth acrylate (PMMA) based polymer blend (single phase) or composites (multiple phase), and its consequences at low and high frequencies are explored. A wide range of different types of PMMA based polymer blends or composites, which are doped with different fillers, have been synthesized with specific tailoring of their dielectric behavior and properties. A few of them are discussed in this manuscript, with their different preparation techniques, and exploring new ideas for modified materials.

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46

Sen, Unal, Mehmet Ozdemir, Mustafa Erkartal, Alaattin Metin Kaya, Abdullah A. Manda, Ali Reza Oveisi, M. Ali Aboudzadeh, and Takashi Tokumasu. "Mesoscale Morphologies of Nafion-Based Blend Membranes by Dissipative Particle Dynamics." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060984.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) composed of polymer or polymer blend is a vital element in PEM fuel cell that allows proton transport and serves as a barrier between fuel and oxygen. Understanding the microscopic phase behavior in polymer blends is very crucial to design alternative cost-effective proton-conducting materials. In this study, the mesoscale morphologies of Nafion/poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) (Nafion-PVTri) and Nafion/poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) (Nafion-PVPA) blend membranes were studied by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation technique. Simulation results indicate that both blend membranes can form a phase-separated microstructure due to the different hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of different polymer chains and different segments in the same polymer chain. There is a strong, attractive interaction between the phosphonic acid and sulfonic acid groups and a very strong repulsive interaction between the fluorinated and phosphonic acid groups in the Nafion-PVPA blend membrane. By increasing the PVPA content in the blend membrane, the PVPA clusters’ size gradually increases and forms a continuous phase. On the other hand, repulsive interaction between fluorinated and triazole units in the Nafion-PVTri blend is not very strong compared to the Nafion-PVPA blend, which results in different phase behavior in Nafion-PVTri blend membrane. This relatively lower repulsive interaction causes Nafion-PVTri blend membrane to have non-continuous phases regardless of the composition.

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47

Liu, Chun Yuan, Wei In Lin, and Jenshi B. Wang. "Polymer Blend through Inclusion Complexation." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.8.

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Анотація:

A new method is proposed to improve blend compatability through inclusion complexation. The host polymer and the guest polymer are synthesized respectively and blended to form a film. The transparency of blend film increases and, at some composition, a third Tg is obsereved, indicating the inclusion complex between these two polymers

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48

Roy, S. K. Singha, and C. K. Das. "Speciality Polymer Blends of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyurethane Elastomers." Engineering Plastics 3, no. 6 (January 1995): 147823919500300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919500300602.

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Анотація:

Blends of polyurethane elastomers and carboxylated nitrile rubber, prepared by three different techniques in different blend ratios, have been studied. The properties of the blends were improved by blending with polyurethanes in a sulphur cured blend system. In the peroxide cure system the improvements occurred when the preblends were heated before incorporating curatives into it. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurred between polyurethane and carboxylated nitrile rubber on heating, in the absence of curatives. The preheating of the blends before adding curatives improved the properties of the blends; the degradation process and weight loss were retarded. The extraction of the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) phase in the solvents was also restricted on preheating, due to interchain crosslinking.

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Roy, S. K. Singha, and C. K. Das. "Speciality Polymer Blends of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyurethane Elastomers." Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 6 (September 1995): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300602.

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Blends of polyurethane elastomers and carboxylated nitrile rubber, prepared by three different techniques in different blend ratios, have been studied. The properties of the blends were improved by blending with polyurethanes in a sulphur cured blend system. In the peroxide cure system the improvements occurred when the preblends were heated before incorporating curatives into it. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurred between polyurethane and carboxylated nitrile rubber on heating, in the absence of curatives. The preheating of the blends before adding curatives improved the properties of the blends; the degradation process and weight loss were retarded. The extraction of the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) phase in the solvents was also restricted on preheating, due to interchain crosslinking.

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50

Arribada, Raquel Gregorio, Francine Behar-Cohen, Andre Luis Branco de de Barros, and Armando Silva-Cunha. "The Use of Polymer Blends in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071431.

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The eye is an organ with limited drug access due to its anatomical and physiological barriers, and the usual forms of ocular administration are limited in terms of drug penetration, residence time, and bioavailability, as well as low patient compliance. Hence, therapeutic innovations in new drug delivery systems (DDS) have been widely explored since they show numerous advantages over conventional methods, besides delivering the content to the eye without interfering with its normal functioning. Polymers are usually used in DDS and many of them are applicable to ophthalmic use, especially biodegradable ones. Even so, it can be a hard task to find a singular polymer with all the desirable properties to deliver the best performance, and combining two or more polymers in a blend has proven to be more convenient, efficient, and cost-effective. This review was carried out to assess the use of polymer blends as DDS. The search conducted in the databases of Pubmed and Scopus for specific terms revealed that although the physical combination of polymers is largely applied, the term polymer blend still has low compliance.

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