Статті в журналах: "Bitter Asteraceae"

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Awwad, Abdulmonem, Patrick Poucheret, Arezki Yanis Idres, Luc Bidel, and Didier Tousch. "The bitter Asteraceae: An interesting approach to delay the metabolic syndrome progression." NFS Journal 18 (March 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2020.01.001.

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Rolnik, Agata, and Beata Olas. "The Plants of the Asteraceae Family as Agents in the Protection of Human Health." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063009.

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The Asteraceae family is one of the largest flowering plant families, with over 1600 genera and 2500 species worldwide. Some of its most well-known taxa are lettuce, chicory, artichoke, daisy and dandelion. The members of the Asteraceae have been used in the diet and for medicine for centuries. Despite their wide diversity, most family members share a similar chemical composition: for example, all species are good sources of inulin, a natural polysaccharide with strong prebiotic properties. They also demonstrate strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, as well as diuretic and wound healing properties. Their pharmacological effects can be attributed to their range of phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, acetylenes and triterpenes. One such example is arctiin: a ligand with numerous antioxidant, antiproliferative and desmutagenic activities. The family is also a source of sesquiterpene lactones: the secondary metabolites responsible for the bitter taste of many plants. This mini review examines the current state of literature regarding the positive effect of the Asteraceae family on human health.

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OLESIŃSKA, KATARZYNA. "Sesquiterpene lactones – occurrence and biological properties. A review." Agronomy Science 73, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asx.2018.3.7.

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Sesquiterpene lactones are secondary metabolites commonly found in higher plants as well as mosses, lichens, and fungi. Currently, over 5000 of such compounds have been identified with a majority isolated from Asteraceae plants. They are characterised by different chemical structures associated with the presence of various carbon pathways and functional groups, which exert an impact on their pharmacological activity. These colourless substances are soluble in fats, alcohols, or water. They are often bitter ingredients regarded as bitter compounds. They are accumulated mainly in leaves, flower parts and seeds; less frequently, they are present in roots. Sesquiterpene lactones exhibit multidirectional biological activity: some of them have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antiparasitic, antifungal, and bacteriostatic effects. Therefore, high hopes are placed on the medical and pharmaceutical use of these substances. Lactone compounds are also regarded as a potential source of new active substances used in agriculture to combat plant pathogens

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Bogdanović, Milica, Katarina Cankar, Slađana Todorović, Milan Dragicević, Ana Simonović, Adele van Houwelingen, Elio Schijlen, et al. "Tissue specific expression and genomic organization of bitter sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis in Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae)." Industrial Crops and Products 129 (March 2019): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.011.

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Ajayi, Abayomi, Titilayo Ige, Nich Arawa Ude, Olusegun Dare Omotoso, Gbenga Olorunshola Alege, John Oluwagbenga Balogun, Ekanem Ikanna Asuquo, and Akpovughaye Taiga. "Aqueous extract of bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asterales: Asteraceae) ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Wistar rats." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 7 (2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.040706.

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-dependent condition involving prostate enlargement which may lead to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This study was designed to study the ameliorative effect of the aqueous extract of bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asterales: Asteraceae) on testosterone-induced BPH in a rat model. Thirty adult male Wister rats were randomly divided into six groups (A to F), with BPH induced through a single subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) and Vernonia amygdalina administered in various doses through oral gavage for 14 days. Group A (control) was administered with distilled water only, group B with 5 mg/kg of TP only, group C with 5 g/mL of V. amygdalina only, group D with 5 mg/kg of TP and 5 g/mL of V. amygdalina, group E with 5 mg/kg of TP and 7.5 g/mL of V. amygdalina and group F with 5 mg/kg of TP and 10 g/ml of V. amygdalina. Results show that testosterone caused histological changes that are similar to the presentation of BPH in the prostate. Aqueous extract of V. amygdalina was observed to ameliorate testosterone-induced histological changes and prostatic parameters especially at higher concentration. This suggests that bitter leaf could be a candidate herb for the treatment of BPH.

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I. Nwabueze, Rose. "ANALYSIS OF THE SECONDARY METABOLITES OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS ON PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2022): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14256.

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Medicinal plants have assumed the basis of traditional treatment and have proven effective in human health care worldwide. There is an increasing interest in complementary and alternative therapies to treat various illnesses. The continued consumption of antibiotics with little or no impact on bacteria has negatively affected health care delivery. Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) is a common shrub belonging to the family Asteraceae and a perennial shrub usually cultivated as a homestead vegetable and fodder tree in various parts of Nigeria. The current study examined the effect of bitter leafs phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity on Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The result of the phytochemical analysis performed on the root and stem bark of V. amygdalina revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, and phenol. However, the investigation revealed that tannins and phenol were mainly deposited in the plants stem bark. Also, the antimicrobial analysis conducted showed that S. aureus was more vulnerable to the ethanol, acetone, and hot aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina. At the same time. Albicans and P. aeruginosa showed sensitivity on exposure to ethanol and acetone but did not react to the hot aqueous extracts. The study concludes that the observed biological reactions indicated in the aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina validate the traditional application of this plant as an alternative antibiotic.

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Inderjit, Chester L. Foy, and K. M. M. Dakshini. "Pluchea lanceolata: A Noxious Perennial Weed." Weed Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00042780.

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Pluchea lanceolata(DC.) C. B. Clarke # PLULA is an aggressive, pernicious, rhizomatous evergreen weed in the Asteraceae. In other literature,P. lanceolataOliv. & Hiern has also been mentioned (Anonymous 1992, pp. 731 and 1147). With heavy root branches and dense subterranean parts,P. lanceolatais a common weed of sandy and saline tracts of the dry plains of the northwestern parts of India (Dakshini and Sabina 1981; Inderjit 1993; Rice 1995). It also occurs in North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Nasir and Ali 1972; Oliver 1885). In India, it occurs both in cultivated and uncultivated areas. It causes considerable damage to winter and summer season crops. The control measures through conventional methods such as deep plowing, burning of aboveground parts, and herbicides are found to be unsuccessful. This rapidly spreading perennial weed apparently cannot be used for forage because of its disagreeable bitter taste (Anonymous 1976). Allelopathy has been reported as a probable cause ofP. lanceolatainterference (Inderjit and Dakshini 1990, 1992b, 1994a, 1994b, 1996a, 1996b; Inderjit et al. 1996).

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Oladosu-Ajayi, R. N., H. E. Dienye, C. T. Ajayi, and O. D. Erinle. "Comparative Screening of Phytochemical Compounds in Scent Leaf Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae) and Bitter Leaf Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Family: Asteraceae) Extracts." Advances in Zoology and Botany 5, no. 4 (October 2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/azb.2017.050403.

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Yanagisawa, Takuya, and Takumi Misaka. "Characterization of the Human Bitter Taste Receptor Response to Sesquiterpene Lactones from Edible Asteraceae Species and Suppression of Bitterness through pH Control." ACS Omega 6, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): 4401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05599.

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Idres, Yanis A., Didier Tousch, Guillaume Cazals, Aurélien Lebrun, Sarah Naceri, Luc P. R. Bidel, and Patrick Poucheret. "A Novel Sesquiterpene Lactone Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) Isolated from Burdock Leaf Up-Regulates Cells’ Oxidative Stress Defense Pathway." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101617.

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The aim of our study was to identify novel molecules able to induce an adaptative response against oxidative stress during the first stages of metabolic syndrome. A cellular survival in vitro test against H2O2-based test was applied after pretreatment with various natural bitter Asteraceae extracts. This screening revealed potent protection from burdock leaf extract. Using chromatography and LC-MS—RMN, we then isolated and identified an original sesquiterpene lactone bioactive molecule: the Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) (XPc). A real-time RT-qPCR experiment was carried out on three essential genes involved in oxidative stress protection: GPx, SOD, and G6PD. In presence of XPc, an over-expression of the G6PD gene was recorded, whereas no modification of the two others genes could be observed. A biochemical docking approach demonstrated that XPc had a high probability to directly interact with G6PD at different positions. One of the most probable docking sites corresponds precisely to the binding site of AG1, known to stabilize the G6PD dimeric form and enhance its activity. In conclusion, this novel sesquiterpene lactone XPc might be a promising prophylactic bioactive agent against oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.

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Prajakta N. Dongare, Tejashri B. Kadu, Ashish L. Pohane, Sachin J. Dighade, and Priyadarshani G. Patil. "Review on Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion plant)." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 212–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0570.

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Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), a member of the Asteraceae family, commonly found in the temperate zone of the Northern hemisphere, is the perennial herb, forming a rosette leaf, golden yellow flowers that bloom year round. Dandelion leaves, roots and flowers is used in many traditional and modern herbal medicinal systems. On phytochemical investigation, Dandelion herb contains one or more vital phytochemical constituents. Similarly Among the most important compounds in dandelion Contains sesquiterpene lactones which is a bitter element, principally contains taraxacin and taraxacerin, which is principally important in mechanism of liver functions related with hepatoprotective action. Besides that result of the phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of sterols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, that have been shown to be associated with numerous pharmacological effects such as Antioxidants, anti immflammatory, antidiabetics, antitumor activity. Along with that the Dandelion leaves are a high efficient source of vitamins and minerals, including beta carotene, non-provitamin A carotenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophyll, vitamins C and D, many of the B-complex vitamins, choline, iron, silicon, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, copper, and phosphorous which is also useful as a several nutritive action. This review will point out areas for future research of phytochemicals containing Taraxacum officinale where they shows more effective against various ailments and shows recent effective pharmacological activity

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Gupta, Sushila, Bhupendra Chauhan, and Mayank Kulshreshtha. "Pharmacognostical Studies and Anti-oxidant Activity of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) LINN Flower." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2606rjce030037.

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Plants are the living gifts of nature. Drugs obtained from plants have very low side effects and are very popular worldwide. Tagetes erecta Linn locally known as Genda Phool (Marigold) belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is containing about 50 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plant. The plants have numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiepileptic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antifungal etc. It is used as wound healing, soothing and softening the skin and thus used in skin care products. Microscopic parameters (Tagetes erecta) showed the presence of calyx (dark green, ovate), corolla (Bright orange, oblanceolate), cortical portion and fibro vascular bundle and macroscopic parameters showed that the flower is of bright orange colour, aromatic odour and distinctly bitter taste. Total ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extract value, alcohol soluble extract value, loss on drying (moisture content) were found to be 4.91% w/w, 1.63% w/w, 0.2% w/w, 72% w/w, 16.7% w/w and 7.44% w/w respectively. Phytochemical analysis of different extract showed the presence of different primary and secondary metabolites like tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids compound etc. The IC50 value was calculated.

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Tjhia, Betty, Sandra Arifin Aziz, and Ketty Suketi. "Correlations between Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Leaf Chlorophyll, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Content at Vegetative and Generative Stage of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygealina Del.)." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.5.1.25-33.

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Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae) is a nutritional and medicinal plant that is used widely throughout tropical Africa and other countries. The leaves are proved to have strong antioxidant property. The concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanins and carotenoids in five different leaf positions of vegetative and generative phases were studied. The aim of the study is to understand and to correlate the content of the three nutrients and the bioactive compounds along the five leaf positions at vegetative and generative stage of the crop growth. The study showed that the concentration of chlorophyll a and b was higher, and anthocyanin concentration was almost zero in the generative than in the vegetative stage. The leaf concentration of N, P, and K were higher in vegetative than in generative stage. At vegetative stage, N positively correlated with chlorophyll a at the 1st leaf; K had strong correlations with anthocyanins at the 2nd and 3rd leaf and with chlorophyll a at the 2nd and 5th, and with chlorophyll b and carotenoids at the 5th leaf. At the generative stage, P had a strong positive correlation with carotenoids at 4th and 5th leaves, and K positively correlated with chlorophyll a and b at 5th leaf. The findings suggest that bitter leaf is better to be harvested at vegetative stage, and that potassium level is important to increase anthocyanins and carotenoids content.

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Szopa, Agnieszka, Joanna Pajor, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Hosam O. Elansary, Fahed A. Al-Mana, Mohamed A. Mattar, and Halina Ekiert. "Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091063.

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Artemisia absinthium—wormwood (Asteraceae)—is a very important species in the history of medicine, formerly described in medieval Europe as “the most important master against all exhaustions”. It is a species known as a medicinal plant in Europe and also in West Asia and North America. The raw material obtained from this species is Absinthii herba and Artemisiae absinthii aetheroleum. The main substances responsible for the biological activity of the herb are: the essential oil, bitter sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, other bitterness-imparting compounds, azulenes, phenolic acids, tannins and lignans. In the official European medicine, the species is used in both allopathy and homeopathy. In the traditional Asian and European medicine, it has been used as an effective agent in gastrointestinal ailments and also in the treatment of helminthiasis, anaemia, insomnia, bladder diseases, difficult-to-heal wounds, and fever. Today, numerous other directions of biological activity of the components of this species have been demonstrated and confirmed by scientific research, such as antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, procognitive, neurotrophic, and cell membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities. A. absinthium is also making a successful career as a cosmetic plant. In addition, the importance of this species as a spice plant and valuable additive in the alcohol industry (famous absinthe and vermouth-type wines) has not decreased. The species has also become an object of biotechnological research.

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Mandal, Sudip Kumar, Utsab Debnath, Amresh Kumar, Sabu Thomas, Subhash Chandra Mandal, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, and Partha Palit. "Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders and cancer: A Systematic Study of this Emerging Therapeutic Approach based on Chemical and Pharmacological Aspect." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 17, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180817999200421144007.

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Background and Introduction: Sesquiterpene lactones are a class of secondary metabolite that contains sesquiterpenoids and lactone ring as pharmacophore moiety. A large group of bioactive secondary metabolites such as phytopharmaceuticals belong to this category. From the Asteraceae family-based medicinal plants, more than 5,000 sesquiterpene lactones have been reported so far. Sesquiterpene lactone-based pharmacophore moieties hold promise for broad-spectrum biological activities against cancer, inflammation, parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral infection and other functional disorders. Moreover, these moiety based phytocompounds have been highlighted with a new dimension in the natural drug discovery program worldwide after the 2015 Medicine Nobel Prize achieved by the Artemisinin researchers. Objective: These bitter substances often contain an α, β-unsaturated-γ-lactone as a major structural backbone, which in recent studies has been explored to be associated with anti-tumor, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory action. Recently, the use of sesquiterpene lactones as phytomedicine has been increased. This study will review the prospect of sesquiterpene lactones against inflammation and cancer. Methods: Hence, we emphasized on the different features of this moiety by incorporating its structural diversity on biological activities to explore structure-activity relationships (SAR) against inflammation and cancer. Results: How the dual mode of action such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer has been exhibitedby these phytopharmaceuticals will be forecasted in this study. Furthermore, the correlation of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity executed by the sesquiterpene lactones for fruitful phytotherapy will also be revealed in the present review in the milieu of pharmacophore activity relation and pharmacodynamics study as well. Conclusion: So, these metabolites are paramount in phytopharmacological aspects. The present discussion on the future prospect of this moiety based on the reported literature could be a guide for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug discovery programs for the upcoming researchers.

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"Diabetes and Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae)." Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 12, no. 4 (October 3, 2021): 4496–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/briac124.44964517.

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Vernonia amygdalina, is a perennial tropical shrub from Asteraceae with a height ranging from 1 to 10 m tall. In Tropical African Countries, V. amygdalina, known as bitter leaf because of the bitter taste of the leaf, is propagated for consumption as a vegetable due to its medicinal properties. In this paper, the use of the plant V. amygdalina for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is reviewed by searching scientific databases such as Frontiers, HealthSTAR, MDPI, MEDLINE, Pubmed, Taylor and Francis, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Wiley, American Diabetes Association from 2000 to January 2021. Herbal medicine is a form of healthcare that has been used in diabetes treatment. One such herbal plant is V. amygdalina, a multipurpose plant with many uses, health benefits, and bioactivities. V. amygdalina is identified as the most medically beneficial plant in the genus Vernonia. V. amygdalina possesses several activities, including the anti-diabetic effect. This review discusses classifications and treatments (conventional and herbal) of diabetes mellitus, the phytochemical profile of V. amygdalina and its uses in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and their mechanisms of action of the plant. The published literature used for the present work supports anti-diabetic properties of V. amygdalina.

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Chao, Jung, Ting-Yang Chen, Li-Heng Pao, Jeng-Shyan Deng, Yung-Chi Cheng, Shan-Yu Su, and Shyh-Shyun Huang. "Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (February 18, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.816029.

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Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed.Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources.Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan.Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea.Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms.

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Espinoza Toledo, Cristina, Alfredo Vázquez Ovando, Rodolfo Torres de los Santos, Alfonso López García, Victor Albores Flores, and Julieta Grajales-Conesa. "Stingless bee honeys from Soconusco, Chiapas: a complementary approach." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 4 (September 11, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32181.

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Physicochemical, acceptance and palynological studies were performed in stingless bee honeys from Soconusco, Chiapas, in order to learn and contribute to their knowledge in the Tropics. Nine honey samples were collected from Melipona solani (Ms), M. beecheii (Mb) and Scaptotrigona mexicana (Sm) in different meliponaries. Our results registered physico-chemical values that ranged as follow; pH 2.8-4.8, electrical conductivity (EC) 114-1211 μS/cm, free acidity 24-100 meq/kg, aw 59-71 g/100g, moisture 35-38 %, color 0.13-0.75 Pfund scale, reducing sugars 47-71 %, hidroxymethylfurfural (HMF) not determined – 2.72 mg/100g, and diastase activity 1.92-11.22 DN. On the other hand, the principal component analysis (PCA) of physicochemical values showed that 86.9 % of the total variability between species was explained by the following parameters aw, moisture, free acidity, color, pH, sugars and EC. Sm honeys were associated (PCA) with a higher water content, free acidity and darker colors, while Melipona honeys with a sweeter taste and a lower diastase activity; thus honeys could be grouped by genera. The acceptance test showed that 78 % of honeys were preferred, being the SmCa sample in the category “I likely dislike” due to the bitter taste (disapproved by consumers). The melisopalynological results showed that M. beecheii honeys are monofloral with a 45 % of Fabaceae pollen, while Melipona solani and Scaptotrigona mexicana honeys are multi or polyfloral with diferent pollen types; Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Malvaceae and Asteraceae. From this complementary study we can asume that it is necessary to implicate researchers with producers, so they could have accesss to stingless bee honey analysis and to help them to improve meliponaries management by identifying and introducing stingless bee flora.

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Cosson, Patrick, Cécile Hastoy, Luis Ernesto Errazzu, Carlos Jorge Budeguer, Philippe Boutié, Dominique Rolin, and Valérie Schurdi-Levraud. "Genetic diversity and population structure of the sweet leaf herb, Stevia rebaudiana B., cultivated and landraces germplasm assessed by EST-SSRs genotyping and steviol glycosides phenotyping." BMC Plant Biology 19, no. 1 (October 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2061-y.

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Abstract Background Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae), native from Paraguay, accumulates steviol glycosides (SGs) into its leaves. These compounds exhibit acaloric intense sweet taste which answers to consumer demands for reducing daily sugar intake. Despite the developpement of S. rebaudiana cultivation all over the world, the development of new cultivars is very recent, in particular due to a colossal lack of (1) germplasm collection and breeding, (2) studies on genetic diversity and its structuring, (3) genomic tools. Results In this study, we developped 18 EST-SSR from 150,258 EST from The Compositae Genome Project of UC Davis (http://compgenomics.ucdavis.edu/data/). We genotyped 145 S. rebaudiana individuals, issued from thirty-one cultivars and thirty-one landraces of various origins worldwide. Markers polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged between 0.60 and 0.84. An average of 12 alleles per locus and a high observed heterozygoty of 0.69 could be observed. The landraces revealed twice as many private alleles as cultivars. The genotypes could be clustered into 3 genetic populations. The landraces were grouped in the same cluster in which the oldest cultivars “Eirete” and “MoritaIII” type are also found. The other two clusters only include cultivated genotypes. One of them revealed an original genetic variability. SG phenotypes could not discriminate the three genetic clusters but phenotyping showed a wide range of composition in terms of bitter to sweet SGs. Conclusion This is the first study of genetic diversity in Stevia rebaudiana involving 145 genotypes, including known cultivars as well as landrace populations of different origin. This study pointed out the structuration of S. rebaudiana germplasm and the resource of the landrace populations for genetic improvement, even on the trait of SG’s composition.

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Venkatachalam, Dhanapal, Samuel Thavamani b, and Muddu Krishniah. "Pharmocognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf ofSphaeranthus indicus." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 10, no. 01 (March 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/phyto.v10i01.11932.

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Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and isolation of volatile oil, and TLC and GLC analysis of volatile oil of the leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) commonly known as Globethistle belongs to the family Asteraceae. The leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) used traditionally in Ayurveda for hyperlipidemia, epilepsy, mental illness, jaundice, diabetes, leprosy, fever cough, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and skin diseases and AIDS. The reports showed that it is also used for hypertensive, anxiolytic, neuroleptic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-hyperglycaemic and hepato protective. It grows in rice fields, dry waste places and cultivated lands in tropical parts of India. Methods: Leaf of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) was studied by Macroscopical, Microscopical,Quantitative Microscopy, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of leaf powder and extracts, isolation of volatile oil from the leaf, TLC and GLC analysis of the oil of the leaves and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO. Results: Macroscopically leaves are simple, alternate, oblong, spatulate, spinous, surface pubescent, base decurrently forming the wings of the stem, acute, glandular, hairy and narrowed at the base up to 5.0x1.5 cm, leaf margins are coarsely serrate or dentate. Fresh leaves are dark green in colour and dried leaves are greenish black colour. The leaves are bitter in taste with pleasant odour when fresh, the aroma gradually diminishing on drying and storing. The leaf has distinct midrib and thick, soft lamina. The midrib is plano-convex in cross-sectional view with single top-shaped collateral vascular bundle surrounded by parenchymatous cells. No sclerenchyma cells are seen in the vascular bundle. The lamina is dorsiventral; however the mesophyll tissue is not well differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. Characteristic epidermal trichomes are abundant on the leaf. Some of the trichomes are covering-type and are multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched and whip-like others are biseriate, broad, unbranched, conical with vertically oblong cells and a few tiers of apical glandular cells. Stomata are anomocytic; anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells are highly wavy. Vein islets are distinct, with one, simple or branched vein terminations. Petiole is circular in sectional view with aerenchymatous outer ground tissue, broad central tissue and is open ring of discrete collateral vascular bundles. The investigations also included leaf surface data; quantitative leaf microscopy. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, extractive values and ash values were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids (Isoflavone), tannins and volatile oil. TLC studies reveal that the presence of isoflavone glycosides. Essential oil have been analysed by GLC and their components were identified and quantified. Conclusions: The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

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