Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Birdge between software"

In recent years, rotation construction is widely used in construction of arch birdge, and the method of construction is difficult and has complicated process. Construction process control for rotation construction of the long-span anch bridge is not only the key measure to ensure the states meeting the design requirements of the constructed bridge, but also is the important part to ensure the construction quality and safety. Therefore, it is necessary to control the construction for the long-span self-anchored arch bridge. The paper established the control system according to the rotation constrcution for the long-span self-anchored arch bridge which is overpass a exited major highway. And took a follow-up observations for the actual states of the constructing arch bridge, and used the finite enlement software ANSYS to analyze the stress of the structure and static and dynamic stress in the process of rotation construction. Comparing the theoretical value to the measured results showed that there was good meet between the results. And the rotation construction was stable, the vertical displacement and the acceleration were smaller, and didn’t take a bad effects on the structure. According to the results of the finite element and monitoring, it will provide the target of the construction monitoring for each construction segment, and meet the final design of the bridge, furthermore it will provide a reliable reference for the smooth progress of construction.

Abstract The monitoring of bird species across their geographic ranges is essential in order to assess population status and trends and to inform conservation action. However, undertaking monitoring, particularly in the long-term, is often resource-intensive and costly. In recent years, the use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has emerged as a useful monitoring tool. Birds are especially appropriate for bioacoustic monitoring because they regularly produce species-specific vocalizations. Here we report on pilot deployments of autonomous recording units (ARUs) on the island of Anguilla. ARUs were deployed for up to 7 days and the recorded data was subject to analysis by BirdNET, an automated bird recognition software. BirdNET identified 43,655 vocalizations from 75 species, of which 48 species were confirmed manually (27 were identified as false positives). The cumulative number of species recorded plateaued after approximately 3 days of recording and the highest level of activity (peak number of vocalizations) were found between 0400–0900 and 1800–1900. When compared to point counts, PAM identified more species at each site but did not record any species that had not been previously recorded in Anguilla. We conclude that PAM can serve as a useful tool for monitoring the presence of birds, particularly at remote sites where access may be difficult, and could prove to be valuable in the establishment of long-term monitoring programs. Keywords ARU, bioacoustics, BirdNET, Caribbean, Lesser Antilles, migratory birds, PAM Resumen Monitoreo acústico pasivo de aves en las Antillas Menores: ¿una herramienta útil para el monitoreo de sitios remotos? • El monitoreo de las especies de aves en toda su área de distribución geográfica es esencial para evaluar el estado y las tendencias poblacionales, y para fundamentar las acciones de conservación. Sin embargo, llevar a cabo el monitoreo, particularmente a largo plazo, a menudo requiere muchos recursos y es costoso. En los últimos años, el uso del monitoreo acústico pasivo (PAM) se ha revelado como una herramienta útil para el monitoreo. Las aves son especialmente apropiadas para el monitoreo bioacústico, porque producen regularmente vocalizaciones especie-específicas. Aquí presentamos un informe sobre la implementación piloto de unidades de grabación autónomas (ARU) en la isla de Anguila. Las ARU se utilizaron durante un máximo de 7 días y los datos registrados se analizaron con BirdNET, un software de reconocimiento automático de aves. BirdNET identificó 43.655 vocalizaciones de 75 especies, de las cuales 48 especies se confirmaron manualmente (27 se identificaron como falsos positivos). El número acumulado de especies registradas se estabilizó después de aproximadamente 3 días de grabación, y el nivel más alto de actividad (número máximo de vocalizaciones) se encontró entre las 0400–0900 y las 1800–1900. En comparación con los puntos de conteo, el PAM permitió identificar más especies en cada sitio, pero no se encontró ninguna que no se hubiera registrado previamente en Anguila. Concluimos que el PAM puede servir como una herramienta útil para monitorear la presencia de aves, particularmente en sitios remotos donde el acceso puede ser difícil, y que podría resultar valioso en el establecimiento de programas de monitoreo a largo plazo. Palabras clave Antillas Menores, ARU, aves migratorias, bioacústica, BirdNET, Caribe, PAM Résumé Suivi acoustique passif des oiseaux dans les Petites Antilles – Un outil utile pour le suivi de sites éloignés ? • Le suivi des espèces d’oiseaux sur l’ensemble de leur aire de répartition géographique est essentiel pour évaluer l’état et les tendances des populations et pour orienter les mesures de conservation. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre d’un suivi, en particulier à long terme, est coûteuse et nécessite souvent des ressources importantes. Ces dernières années, le suivi acoustique passif (PAM – passive acoustic monitoring) est apparu comme un outil de suivi utile. Les oiseaux se prêtent particulièrement bien au suivi bioacoustique, car ils émettent régulièrement des vocalisations propres à leur espèce. Nous présentons ici le déploiement pilote d’unités d’enregistrement autonomes (ARU – autonomous recording units) sur l’île d’Anguilla. Les unités ont été déployées pendant 7 jours et les données enregistrées ont été analysées par BirdNET, un logiciel de reconnaissance automatique des oiseaux. BirdNET a identifié 43 655 vocalisations de 75 espèces, dont 48 espèces confirmées manuellement (27 ont été identifiées comme faux positifs). Le nombre cumulé d’espèces enregistrées a atteint un plateau après environ 3 jours d’enregistrement et le niveau d’activité le plus élevé (nombre maximal de vocalisations) a été observé de 04h00 à 09h00 et de 18h00 à 19h00. En comparaison avec les points d’écoute, le suivi acoustique passif a identifié plus d’espèces sur chaque site, mais n’a pas enregistré d’espèces qui n’avaient pas été contactées auparavant à Anguilla. Nous concluons que le suivi acoustique passif peut être un outil utile pour suivre la présence d’oiseaux, en particulier sur les sites éloignés où l’accès peut être difficile, et qu’il pourrait s’avérer précieux pour la mise en place de programmes de suivi à long terme. Mots clés ARU, bioacoustique, BirdNET, Caraïbes, oiseaux migrateurs, PAM, Petites Antilles, suivi acoustique passif, unités d’enregistrement autonomes

Background: The pattern of dyslipidemia varies among the patients of type 2 of diabetes mellitus. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to observe gender difference of lipid abnormalities in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.Methodology: This cross sectional comparative study was conducted in the OPD of Department of medicine at BIRDEM, Dhaka from January, 2014 to July, 2014 for a period of six months. Convenient purposive sampling method was used and data assessed in a prospective manner. Blood sugar (FBS, ABF), lipid profile (TG, TC, LDLC, and HDLC) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software program.Results: A total number of 400 type 2 DM patients (200 males and 200 females) attending to BIRDEM OPD were recruited in this study. Blood sugar was higher than normal in both male and female (FBS=8.79±.20, 8.64±0.22 respectively and ABF=12.15±0.27, 11.8±0.29 mmol/l respectively). TG level was also higher in two groups of study subjects with male level is slightly more than female (194.99±6.72 and 185.21±15.51 respectively) with no significant difference between the groups (P>.05). Total cholesterol and LDL-C level was within normal physiological level in both groups, where as these levels were higher in female in comparison to male (TC=184.44±3.33 &166.16±3.04 respectively, LDLC=109.68±2.59 & 88.66±2.59 respectively), showing significant difference between the groups (P=.000). HDL-C was below normal in both male (38.28± 48) and female (39.02±2.59); however HDL-C was slightly higher in female than male and the difference was insignificant (p=.330). Conclusion: In conclusion dyslipidemia were observed in a greater proportion of female diabetic patients than male diabetic patients.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research, 2015;2(2):34-38

Background: Dementia is a clinical syndrome with loss of cognitive function, thinking, remembering and reasoning. It also affects the behavioral abilities to such an extent that interfere one’s daily life and activities. Alzheimer’s disease is known as the most common form of dementia frequently affecting people with 65 years or more. Abnormal glycemic status carries a significant role for developing dementia in elderly individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the glycemic status of diabetic population suffering from dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIRDEM General Hospital from July 2018 to June 2019. According to inclusion criteria, after taking informed written consent from 222 respondents and their caregivers, a structured questionnaire (Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination-ACE-III) was filled up for each subject to predict their ACE-III score. According to ACE-III score, the total study population were divided into two groups, as Group I- DM with Dementia (ACE-III score d” 70) and Group II- DM without Dementia (ACE-III score >70). Relevant biochemical parameters such as fasting and 2-hours after breakfast blood sugar and HbA1c level were measured by appropriate method. Statistical analysis was done with the help of SPSS software. Results: In this study, the differences between glycemic parameters (FBS 7.34± 1.86 mmol/L vs 6.52± 1.25 mmol/L, p <0.01, 2hrs ABF 11.94± 3.07 mmol/L vs 9.21±1.37 mmol/L, p <0.001 and HbA1c 8.80± 2.18% vs 6.41±0.64%, p < 0.001) between two groups were significant. A positive correlation of glycemic parameters were also found with dementia. Conclusion: This study concluded that glycaemic status was poor in diabetic patients with dementia than those without dementia. BIRDEM Med J 2023; 13(2): 76-80

Background and objectives: Carotid atherosclerosis constitutes an important cause of ischemic stroke. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be an independent risk factor for stroke and its recurrence. This study was aimed to explore relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke in patients with diabetes and its association with other risk factors. Materials and Methods: A total number of 50 ischemic stroke patients, as confirmed by CT/MRI, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of both sexes, age range 40-79 years, were recruited in the study from in-patient Neurology department, BIRDEM. Carotid duplex study was done. Ischemic Stroke patients were sub grouped into normal, mild (<2), moderate (2-4) and severe (>4) on the basis of ICA/CCA flow velocity ratio. Blood glucose and fasting lipid levels and blood pressure were recorded. Lipid abnormality ,LDL 130mg/dl, total cholesterol 200 mg/dl was defined following NCEP and AHA guidelines. Data were collected in a pre-formed printed case record form and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Of the 50 cases only 9 (18%) had normal ICA/CCA flow velocity ratio. Their mean age was 48.0±4.4 years. Three (6%) cases had severe form of ICA/CCA flow velocity ratio 47.67±2.08. Subjects with stroke having mild to moderate compromised flow velocity ratio were significantly older (p<0.001). Mean (±SD) total cholesterol and LDLcholesterol were significantly associated with ICA/CCA flow velocity ratio (p<0.001 for both) in the study subjects. Serum triglyceride did not show significant association with ICA/ CCA flow velocity ratio. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (p=0.02) and blood pressure (p=0.001) shown to be significantly associated with atherosclerotic changes in the study subjects. Conclusions: The data conclude that diabetic patients with ischemic stroke have carotid atherosclerosis which is significantly related with lipid abnormality. High total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are associated with degree of carotid atherosclerosis. Study subjects with severe atherosclerotic changes are relatively younger in age. Carotid duplex study should be planned in ischemic stroke patients with diabetes which will identify the individual at risk and suggest them necessary prevention program. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2013; Vol. 29 (1) : 24-30

Background: The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and dyslipidemia is still debatable about whether SCH is constantly associated with lipid disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the lipid abnormalities in patients with SCH and to evaluate the relation between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and lipid profile. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in outpatient department (OPD) of the Hormone and Diabetes Clinic at MARKS Medical College & Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from May 2018 to October 2019. A total of 308 subjects (age 30 - 60 years) were included in this study using covenience sampling. Among them, 156 were diagnosed case of SCH, while 152 were euthyroid healthy individuals in control group (matched for age, gender and weight). Laboratory test included serum TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) and fasting lipid profile. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 statistical software. Results: In this study, dyslipidemia was more prevalent in patients with SCH compared to control group [p<0.001]. SCH group showed altered lipid profile i.e. significantly higher serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared with the euthyroid subjects [p < 0.05 for each]. Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the relationships between serum TSH and lipid level showed that TSH levels were positively correlated with TC, LDL-C, TG and negatively correlated with HDL-C in patients with SCH [p < 0.05 for each]. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is a common feature in SCH compared to euthyroid controls. The study showed that TSH level was positively correlated with TC, LDL-C, TG and negatively correlated with HDL-C. SCH should be a matter for further investigation because dyslipidemia is associated with this thyroid disorder. BIRDEM Med J 2021; 11(3): 172-178

Background: For assessment of unconscious state in Medical Intensive Care Unit, physician mostly rely on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). But its verbal component has limitations in aphasic and intubated patient. More over its predilection ability to mortality is hardly challenged. The FOUR (Full outline of unresponsiveness) score, a new coma scale, evaluates 4 components: Eye, motor responses, brain stem reflexes and respiration. Aim of this study was to compare Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) scale for prediction of mortality among patients admitted in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) of a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Objectives: To compare prediction of mortality between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) scale. Methods: This is a prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Critical Care Medicine, BIRDEM General Hospital to compare the mortality predilection in between FOUR score and GCS score. All consecutive adult unconscious patients over the age of 18 years were included in this study. Sedated patients were examined while they were not getting sedation or during routine sedation window period. Altered conscious level was examined by both GCS and FOUR scales. Data were collected using a check list containing demographic information, preexisting chronic illness, biochemical markers, imaging findings etc. Later patients were followed up and data regarding ICU stay, mortality and time of discharged from ICU were recorded. Both GCS and FOUR score were compared between survivor and non-survivor group and compared both score in between non-survivor group. Ultimately data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 20). Results: Total 105 unconscious patients were enrolled within the study after fulfilling inclusion & exclusion criteria. Among them 34 patients were survivor and 71 patient were non-survivor. The mean and SD of age in this study were 64 .55 ±14.65 years. The peak age distribution was (61-70) 39%. Among them 54.3 % (n=57) were male and 45.7 % (n=48) were female. DM (82.85%) was the most common comorbidity and the predominant diagnosis was Septic shock 33% followed by Ischemic stroke 29%, Meningo encephalitis 19.04 %, and Electrolytes imbalance 17.14%, Cardiogenic shock 12.38% etc. In both GCS and FOUR score their value significantly differ in case of both survival ([7.15± 1.56]; P<.0001 and [7.74± 2.26]; P<.0001) and non-survival group ([5.38± 1.96]; P <0.0001) and ([5.35± 2.83]; P <0.0001). But comparison of FOUR score (5.35± 2.83) with GCS (5.38± 1.96) in terms of predicting mortality their value not significantly differ (P <0.93). So both GCS and FOUR score is equally effective predicting mortality among unconscious patients. Conclusion: Both GCS and FOUR score significantly vary among survivor and non-survivor groups of unconscious patients but while comparing them regarding predicting mortality there is no significant differences in both score. Finally we conclude that both GCS and FOUR score equally good at predicting in hospital mortality among unconscious patients admitted in MICU. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2022; 10(2): 76-81

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is clustering of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance that collectively increases the risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and overall mortality. Microalbuminuria is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertention, obesity all are components of metabolic syndrome. Microalbuminuria and MetS have both been linked to chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Before development of microalbuminuria there is a wide normal range for urinary albumin excretion. By comparing the strength of the association between MetS and its components with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, we can assess the risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria with the components of MetS in Bangladeshi adult subjects. Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study, carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of March 2017 to January 2018. Total 175 patients with MetS attending the outpatient department of Medicine and Endocrinology of Mitford Hospital were included. Collected data was checked, edited and analyzed with the help of software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 22. Results: This study showed, among the total 175 study subjects, 125 subjects were with normoalbuminuria (71.43%) and 50 subjects had microalbuminuria (28.57%). With an average age 42.4 years, female were 52% in this study. There was also female predominance among microalbuminuric subjects (13.71% vs 14.75%). Participants with microalbuminuria were more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) than those with normoalbuminuria. The albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of study subjects ranged from 3.00 to 270.39 mg/g and mean ACR was 27.14 mg/g. The mean ACR for participants with three (n=34), four (n=72) and five (n=69) components of MetS were 14.73, 19.94 and 40.77 mg/g respectively and corresponding prevalence of microalbuminuria was 10%, 32% and 58% respectively. Normal range of urinary albumin excretion rate (normoalbuminuria) were classified into four quartiles according to their ACR values and ranges for Q1, Q2, Q3 & Q4 were respectively Q1 = 3.00 to 5.1, Q2 = 5.1 to 8.2, Q3 = 8.2 to 13.89, Q4 = 13.89 to 28.1mg/g. The means of elevated DBP, SBP, FBG and tri-acyl glycerol (TAG) among the components of MetS showed increasing trend from lower to upper quartiles within normal range. Q1 was considered as base line in comparison to other quartiles. Odds of elevated WC, FBG, TAG, BP and low HDL-C were high across increasing quartiles of ACR (1.00 vs 1.33 vs 2.24 vs 1.79 respectively for central obesity; 1.00 vs 1.07 vs 1.97 vs 2.07 respectively for elevated fasting blood glucose; 1.00 vs 1.51 vs 1.69 vs 1.69 respectively for elevated TAG; 1.00 vs 6.86 vs 3.87 vs 2.88 respectively for elevated BP and 1.00 vs 1.35 vs 2.79 vs 2.79 respectively for low HDL-C; p-values <0.05 for all). Among the components of MetS, most significant relationship was observed between elevated BP and increasing ACR quartile within normal range. Conclusions: In conclusion, we demonstrated that microalbuminuria was strongly associated with MetS and its components. Microalbuminuria should be reconsidered as a component of MetS as it shows incremental effect with severity of MetS. Even upper normal range of albuminuria (higher normoalbuminuria) is strongly associated with elevated BP, FBG and TAG among the components of MetS. So, normal range of albuminuria should be rearranged after performing large scale population study in this regard. Birdem Med J 2020; 10(3): 152-158

Partial of the cytochrome C oxidase unit I (COI) mtDNA genes of the red jungle fowl (Gallus sp.) were isolated and sequenced to examine the base substitution pattern compared to several accessions taken from GenBank. Samples were collected from several areas in North Sulawesi in the form of muscle tissue and prepared with 95% alcohol, and stored at temperatures below 500 C. Total DNA was isolated using the innuPREP DNA micro kit with a modified protocol. The target gene amplification used the primers BirdR1 and BirdF1, and the amplicons were sequenced at the Singapore FirstBase laboratory. Target gene sequences have been blasted through the nucleotide blast program provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)—sequence analysis using MEGA5 and DnaSPv5 software. Target gene sequences were aligned using the Clustal-W program on MEGA5. The amplified target gene sequence length was 490 bp. The blast results showed that the target gene sequence was 98% identical to the COI gene sequence from several Gallus-gallus accessions from GenBank. The results of multiple alignments between the sequences of some of the genes examined showed the presence of polymorphic sites (S). The number of polymorphic sites (S) is 11, while the conserved sequence (C) is 386/397 = 0.977. The number of haplotypes (h) is 5, and the diversity of haplotypes (Hd) is 0.703. The overall genetic distance average was 0.008. The polymorphic sites and base substitution events occurred at sites number 145 (A↔G), 241 (G↔C), 268 (C↔A), 295 (C↔A), 348 (T↔C), 381(A) ↔T), 384 (T↔C), 390 (T↔A), 393 (C↔T), 394 (T↔C) and 395 (C↔T). The substitution pattern at these polymorphic sites consists of substitution transitions and transversions. The ratio of transition substitution and transversion events (Ts/Tv) = 1.4056. The substitution events at these sites are located at the bases in the first and third positions of the codon. Substitution events at these polymorphic sites partially cause the exchange of amino acids. The exchange of amino acids occurs at codons 49, 81, 90, 99 and 130.

Introduction: Diagnosis of patients with severe acute pancreatitis as soon as possible is critical for achieving optimal outcomes. Management depends largely on severity. Medical treatment of mild acute pancreatitis is relatively straightforward. Treatment of severe acute pancreatitis involves intensive care. Surgical intervention (open or minimally invasive) is indicated in selected cases.Methodology: A total number of 59 subjects were enrolled in this present prospective study in the department of Radiology and Imaging, BIRDEM during two years aim to find out the correlation between CT severity index and patient serum enzyme levels in acute pancreatitis. Patients with clinically suspected and biochemically diagnosed acute pancreatitis referred to Radiology and Imaging department from department of gastroenterology (GHPD), BIRDEM for imaging investigation were enrolled in this study. Severity of acute pancreatitis was measured by both clinical and imaging staging (Modified CT severity index) in mild, moderate and severe groups. Subjects clinical information’s and serum enzymes were recorded and analyzed by computer software SPSS (Ver. 20-IBM).Result: Mean age of the study subjects was 36.43 ± 13.85 years. The age ranged from 20-63 years and the maximum number was found in 21 to 40 years age group. Male female ratio was almost 1.56:1. It was seen that diffuse pancreatic enlargement was noted in 20.33% subjects. Pancreatic inflammation with and without peripancreatic fat involvement were observed in 22.72% and 57.62% subjects respectively. Pseudocyst formation (11.86%), ascites (23.72%), renal fascia involvement (37.28%) and pleural effusion (30.5%) were seen in CT scan. The results of the interpreter analysis was Kappa = 0.852 with p < 0.001 when association of severity by clinical scoring and CT severity scoring was compared and revealed that measure of agreement, while statistically significant, was almost perfect agreement. CT severity index in acute pancreatitis had statistically significant (p is less than 0.05) relation with serum amylase (0.738), lipase (0.638), SGOT (0.581) and SGPT (0.365) during admission which was found on simple linear regression test.Conclusion: This present study concluded that modified CT severity index correlated well with patient’s enzymes level (Amylase, lipase, SGOT, SGPT) as well as clinical findings in acute pancreatitisBirdem Med J 2015; 5(1) Supplement: 18-24

L’électronique de puissance est en pleine croissance. De nombreuses questions de fiabilité sont apportées par le remplacement du silicium par du carbure de silicium, notamment concernant la tenue des composants aux courts-circuits. Aujourd’hui, il existe des modèles de prédiction de durée de vie restante dans le cadre d’une utilisation normale du composant, mais aucun modèle ne gère le cas d’un court-circuit. Or, avec des durées de vie aux alentours de la vingtaine d’années, la modification de la durée de vie restante suite à l’apparition d’un court-circuit est une problématique à intégrer pour optimiser les maintenances préventives ou correctives.La simulation numérique d’un court-circuit d’un module de puissance permettrait de déduire l’endommagement du module et la rectification à effectuer sur la prédiction de la durée de vie restante. Cette démarche étant innovante, de nombreux verrous technologiques et problématiques de modélisation ont dû être résolue. Tout d’abord, comme deux logiciels en éléments finis (ANSYS Mehanical et Sentaurus TCAD) sont utilisés qui ne communiquent pas naturellement entre eux, une passerelle pour permettre ce lien a dû être faite. Une modélisation électro-thermo-mécanique d’une cellule SiC MOSFET 1,2 kV 15 A est présentée dans cette thèse. Pour cette simulation numérique, un modèle de fusion de l’aluminium de surface est adapté et optimisé. Il a aussi été observé dans la littérature une localisation particulière des dégradations par court-circuit. Afin de considérer cette localisation, un modèle multi-échelle est réalisé avec une homogénéisation de la structure de grille de la cellule et une homogénéisation unidimensionnelle de la génération de chaleur de la cellule. Ce modèle est constitué d’une partie microscopique, la cellule, et d’une partie macroscopique, la puce. Ces travaux mettent en place de nouveaux outils pour la modélisation et la simulation de composants de puissance pendant un court-circuit
Power electronics is experiencing significant growth. Many reliability issues arise from replacing silicon with silicon carbide, particularly concerning the component’s resistance to short circuits. Currently, there are models predicting the remaining lifespan under normal component usage, but none of them address the scenario of a short circuit. However, with lifespans typically around twenty years, the modification of remaining lifespan following a short circuit is a crucial consideration for optimizing preventive or corrective maintenance.The numerical simulation of a short circuit in a power module would allow deducing the damage to the module and the corrections needed for predicting the remaining lifespan. This innovative approach faced various technological challenges and modelling issues. Firstly, as two finite element software (ANSYS Mechanicaland Sentaurus TCAD) were used, which do not naturally communicate with each other, a gateway had to be established to facilitate this connection. An electro-thermo-mechanical modelling of a 1.2 kV 15 A SiC MOSFET cell is presented in this thesis. For this numerical simulation, a surface aluminium melting model is adapted and optimized. Literature has also indicated a specific localization of short-circuit-induced degradations. To consider this localization, a multi-scale model is created, involving homogenization of the cell’s gate structure and one dimensional homogenization of the cell’s heat generation. This model comprises a microscopic part, the cell, and a macroscopic part, the chip. These efforts establish new tools for the modelling and simulation of power components during a short circuit

Abstract Software startups are central nowadays and considered primary drivers of economy and innovation. Lean and agile approaches are suggested for software startups to continuously build and validate the product. Thereby, they need to balance between the speed to deliver product and the quality of the product. It further urges startups to continuously monitor the versatile information, adjust their directions, and keep the bird’s-eye view. However, the preliminary literature review highlights that software startups, especially at the early stages, are not even aware of the need for information monitoring. This research project aims to identify how software startups decide what information needs to be monitored. The research plan proposes to utilize multiple case-study and surveys as data collection methods while grounded theory and factor analysis as data analysis procedures. Overall, both qualitative and quantitative research methods are expected to be implemented. The prospective research results encompass a framework to decide what information needs to be continuously monitored.

The measurement of Total Plasma Proteins (TPP) in poultry contributes to the diagnosis of diseases such as liver failure, hemorrhages, malnutrition, anemia and infectious processes. Ramphastos spp. popularly known as toucans are birds commonly received at the Wild Animal Rehabilitation Center (CRAS) of the University of Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP). The objective of this work was to evaluate the PPT dosage by refractometry in 10 birds of the genus Ramphastos spp. received at UNIVAP's CRAS. Data were obtained from reports from the CRAS Clinical Analysis Laboratory (LabCRAS) and came from 16 samples. Dosage was performed using two refractometers, a manual Contec® model RZ-126 ATC and a digital Reichert® model 04232-0511 in whole blood collected with EDTAK2 anticoagulant, performed in triplicate. The data were organized using the Microsoft Office Excel® program and subsequently submitted to statistical treatment using the SISVAR software version 5.6. The analysis of the interaction between the means revealed the highest dosage in Ramphastos vitellinus with 5.95 g/dL (manual) and 9.4 g/dL (digital), followed by Ramphastos dicolorus with 5.62 g/dL (manual) and 8.0 g/dL (digital) and Ramphastos toco with 5.14 g/dL (manual) and 7.84 g/dL (digital). PPT dosage proved to be important due to the scarcity of reference values in Ramphastos spp. available in the literature. In addition, the manual method proved to be more effective. However, further studies are needed regarding the evaluation of PPT in Ramphastos spp. as well as its comparison with different analytes such as serum albumin, which represents 40 to 50% of total plasma protein in birds (normal levels range from 0.8 to 2.0 g/dL) and is synthesized in the liver. Albumin binds and transports anions, cations, fatty acids, hormones, consequently, hypoalbuminemia also affects the concentrations of these compounds.

we are almost halfway through the book and this part on design ecology, and I have yet to talk about design, no less software engineering. Is this some kind of shaggy dog story? The kind in which the hero climbs mountains in search of the meaning of life only to have the wise man tell him it is, “The wet bird flies at night.” I hope not. Here is the basic thesis of the book. Computers offer unprecedented power in creating new tools (equipment), but to achieve their potential we must reconstruct how they are used (i.e., shift the paradigm). The first half of the book concerns the foundations upon which we may reconstruct a new software engineering. In the middle of this century, of course, there would be no question as to what that foundation should be: science. But, as I have been trying to show, science and our institutions are in a period of fundamental change. For example, consider what Prigogine, winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize for chemistry, has to say. . . . The classical ... view of science was to regard the world as an “object,” to try to describe the physical world as if it were being seen from the outside as an object of analysis to which we do not belong... The deterministic laws of physics, which were at one point the only acceptable laws, today seem like gross simplifications, nearly a caricature of evolution. . . . Even in physics, as in sociology, only various possible “scenarios” can be predicted. But it is for this very reason that we are participating in a fascinating adventure in which, in the words of Niels Bohr, we are “both spectators and actors.” (1980, pp. xv, xvii) . . . Thus, in only four decades we have moved from physicalism, which sought to impose a physics model on psychology, to a questioning of the very nature of physics itself. As Holland, a physicist, describes our present situation, “we are in a period of transition between two great world views—the universal machine of the classicists and the new holistic universe whose details we are only beginning to glimpse.

A methodology to predict the capacity of a nuclear submarine hull to act as a protective container and energy absorber under impact by an another underwater structure is needed. Principia Marine, company of Research in Shipbuilding (formerly IRCN, Institut de Recherche en Construction Navale), is responding to this need by developing an underwater impact crash prediction methodology based upon LS-DYNA3D software. Several physical phenomena with their own characteristic times follow one another at the time of the shock. So different but complementary tasks to develop this methodology were worked individually. This paper deals with contribution to this ongoing program that breaks up into two objectives. The first goal aims to highlight the effect of water on the structural deformation at the time of the collision between a nuclear submarine and a tanker ram bow, which is generally plane. The two-dimensional modelling of this collision uses an Eulerian formulation for the fluid and a Lagrangian formulation for the structure. The fluid-structure interaction is treated by an Euler/Lagrange penalty coupling. This method of coupling, which makes it possible to transmit the efforts in pressure of the Eulerian grid to the Lagrangian grid and conversely, is relatively a recent algorithmic development. It was successfully used in many scientific and industrial applications: the modelling of the attack of birds on the fuselage of a Jet for the Boeing Corporation, the underwater explosion shaking the oil platforms, and airbag simulation… The requirements of modelling for this algorithm are increasingly pointed. Thus, the second objective of this paper is to compare the results in pressures and velocities near the bulb for two cases, in the first one, the bulb is modelled by a slip boundary condition, in the second one, the bulb is a rigid Lagrangian structure, which involves the use of the Euler/Lagrange penalty coupling.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the publication rate of papers presented at the Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium (BBCS) and trends associated with publication over that time frame. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study evaluating scientific papers presented at the BBCS between 2012 and 2017. All the abstracts presented at the event within this time frame were recorded. Next, a search for papers was made using online databases (BIREME/ LILACS and MEDLINE/PubMed) and in the curricula of the authors on the Lattes platform. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software program. Significance level was defined as p<0.05 for the entire statistical analysis. Results: Overall, 543 abstracts of papers presented at the BBCS between 2012 and 2017 were included. Of these, 112 (20.6%) had been published in an indexed journal, mostly in English (67.0%), in journals with an impact factor of 2.0–3.0 (42.1%), and ≥1 year after presentation at the event (75.9%). The factors associated with publication were: study conducted in a public institution (p=0.01), oral or commented poster presentation (p>0.001), and study concerning rehabilitation following breast cancer (p=0.04). The publication rate of papers varied to a minimum extent over the period (p=0.07). Conversely, the impact factor of the publications increased significantly between 2012 and 2017 (p=0.04). Conclusions: The publication rate of papers presented at the BBCS is low and remains consistent over the study period despite academic incentives and substantial awards. Studies conducted in public educational institutions, presented in the form of an oral presentation and addressing rehabilitation after breast cancer, were associated with the highest publication rate.

This examination by utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing procedures to planning highlights of Al-Kut city, Iraq from 2004 to 2014, in order to classify developments that has occurred between these periods. The using of satellite image (Quick bird satellite) with depending on remote detecting and GIS to identify Land Use/Land Cover change which is defined as the amount of the distinct information and current change data that can incite continuously touchable bits of information into basic strategies, including land spread and land use changes. The process of defining the Changes related to LULC properties called change detection and it’s referenced to Geo-registered high resolution. It is useful in many applications such as identification of land use changes, the amount of deforestation, urban extension, and other cumulative changes through spatial and historical analysis techniques. The dependable method briefly by data acquisition (satellite image with resolution 0.60 m) and geo-referenced with GCPs to produce a thematic map of feature classified and making the statistical analyzing.ARC map software help us to make this easy by depending on entering two types of data, first one is satellite image and second one is ground control points. This study shows a development in built-up land and expansion from 2004 to 2014, however in the city, land decreasing, which is due to the development and growth in it. Finally, the result shows the decreasing in waterbodies and waste land area with noticed increasing of using land. These progressions are mainly happening with uncontrolled urban growth.

We analyze the presentation software Prezi as an evocative object and a talkative technology that engages users in diverse web-based learning situations. Prezi claims to offer an alternative to a much ridiculed PowerPoint, and Prezi's rhetorical options indeed privilege storytelling and metaphors through spatial organization, movement, and visuals. Still, we argue that many educational prezis in psychology fall short of such aims, relying on bullet points in a decorated, quasi slide-based document. The Prezi company, together with dedicated commercial and professional users, create a talkative and plurivocal technology, with a flow of tutorials and showcased presentations. Nonetheless, we propose that these voices leave important aspects uncovered for educational users, and we argue that the Prezi team should redefine its author guidance strategy. The paper is structured as follows: we first discuss the significance of presentation tools for learning. We then go on to investigate what is Prezi and how we encounter it. We analyze several types of messages from and about Prezi, and we discuss how it is currently used. We conclude the paper by highlighting the main findings and reflecting on implications for research on digital rhetoric. Prezi is designed as an evocative technology: it explicitly aims to encourage certain ways of dealing with knowledge, organizing information in space, through movement and storylines. Its templates bring to the fore metaphors as a persuasive device; the most acclaimed prezis, highlighted through contests and various informal rankings, illustrate the presentation principle of a journey through a visual landscape, using movement to create surprise and perplexity by zooming in, and to achieve clarification by zooming out to the bird's-eye view. Prezi is also a verbose and multivocal tool: commercial and technical interests fuel a flow of messages and conversations about how to design prezis, aiming for 'stunning' presentations, for clarity and creativity. Prezi users have much to learn from 'tips and tricks' presentations and from illustrations in showcased prezis. Nonetheless, many prezis composed for classroom use, among those published on the Prezi platform, do not make full use of the tool's capabilities and do not really follow its invitations to storytelling, metaphorical argumentation and spatial reasoning. We have observed this shortcoming in the case of prezis about psychological conditions such as depression, bipolar disorders, and delusions: although such conditions can be greatly clarified through analogies and storytelling, the bullet list of symptoms and causes remains a dominant rhetorical device in prezi frames. Visuals are used mostly for decoration, and movements do not have other rhetorical use besides the creation of attention-grabbing transitions. We propose that part of this limitation derives from the business focus of Prezi, including its clarifying-and-encouraging voices. There are relatively few showcased prezis that deal with the clarification of scientific concepts, and there is no special focus on science throughout the corpus of prezi tutorials. Users could also benefit from comments on specific prezis, explaining how they do what they do: teachers and students may well appreciate the persuasive power of a stunning prezi without having the vocabulary to describe and then reflect on its rhetorical choices. This requires redefining the Prezi tutorial approach through an intersection between the currently disparate endeavors of 'tips and tricks' advice versus showcasing prominent, creative prezis.

Composite structures in an aircraft are susceptible to impact damage, which can occur during manufacture, service or maintenance. Recent studies show that impacts with ground support equipment are the major cause of in-service damage to composite structures in an aircraft. Other sources of impact include collision with birds, runway stones or ballistic impacts. These impacts can produce various types of damage, including fiber breakage, matrix cracking, delamination, and interfacial debonding. The results of such damage can have detrimental effects on the overall structural performance and safety. A comprehensive structural health monitoring (SHM) system provides a means to significantly reduce life-cycle costs of aerospace vehicles by providing accurate diagnostics and prognostics of structural damage to reduce unnecessary inspections and support vehicle life extension. The main objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to detect and identify the damage sources and their severity in composite laminates subjected to low velocity impact using wave propagation methods. When damage occurs in a material due to mechanical load or impact, an acoustic wave emits and propagates through the material. The material chosen for this work is a 12″ long and 12″ wide, +/− 60 degree braided composite. Two edges of the plate were fixed by clamping the plate between two steel bars and secured by bolts spaced 1″ apart, while the other two edges were free, as shown in Figure 1. In order to characterize the wave propagation and damage process, two resonant type AE sensors and four accelerometers were mounted on the specimen. The specimen was then tapped lightly with a hand-held acoustic impact hammer at several different chosen locations, and stress wave signals were monitored using a commercial dynamic signal process system which contains software capable of detecting impact source location. The impact force was kept to a minimum initially such that no damage occurred in the specimen. After this initial test, the specimens were subjected to low velocity impact using drop weight impact machine with 0.5 inch spherical indenter. The impact force was increased by a number of times until substantial damage observed while monitoring signals generated from the specimen. After each incremental impact, both acoustic hammer tapping test and nondestructive inspection such as ultrasonic C-scan and/or X-ray radiography were carried out to delineate the damage source and severity. Figure 2 is an example of C-Scan of the composite plate after a series of impacts with various drop heights. Recorded signals were analyzed to determine the origin of the source and its severity. The impact hammer produced both an extensional wave and a flexural wave in these composite plate specimens. Because of dispersive characteristics of the flexural wave, the first arrival time of the extensional wave was used for source location algorithm. Besides the source location, discussion will be given on parameters such as amplitude, energy, frequency, number of events related with impact force, and damage size in detail. As an example, Figure 3 is a plot of the measured damage size as a function of the dead-weight drop height for tests conducted on various panels. As expected, the size of the damage increases with amount of drop height (or impact energy). Thus, based on C-scan measurements, critical threshold impact height of approximately 5″ is identified for “any measurable” damage to occur. The corresponding magnitude of the impact energy is ∼ 108 in-lb. On the other hand, the critical threshold for any visual damage to be detected is approximately 502 in-lb for the laminate material investigated. In summary, a methodology has been developed for estimating the damage severity from the amplitude of the signal received. The approach entails constructing design curves relating the size of the damage to impact energy, and establishing relationships between impact energy and the magnitude of the signal. These relationships can then be used to predict the estimated size of the damage based on the amplitude of the arriving signal. A critical threshold impact energy has been identified below which “no measurable” damage occurs. Three regions of damage growth, namely, a decreasing rate with magnitude of impact energy. A constant damage growth rate characterizes the steady-state region, while damage size increases almost exponentially with impact energy in the tertiary region potentially leading to catastrophic failure.

With the popularity and spread of social media, more and more social software is helping to bring people closer to each other [1]. It is increasingly easy for adolescents to get other people's updates from social media, including celebrities, internet celebrities and peers [2]. Also adolescence is a time when the brain undergoes many structural and functional changes, so it is likely that the part of the social brain responsible for regulating imitation is still maturing throughout adolescence, which may lead to more pronounced imitative behaviour [3]. In addition, adolescents gain popularity, status and attractiveness through imitation of their idols or among their peers [4]. Therefore, making good use of the prevalent behaviours that social media has created in society has the potential to provide better behavioural interventions for the adolescent population [5], helping to shape better behavioural habits in adolescents, improving the current trend of younger disease and potentially reducing the likelihood of preventable health problems.The aim of this study was to analyse how popular behavioural mimicry among adolescents can be used to promote the activation of their health behaviours. We asked two questions: 1. the extent to which imitation behaviours activate adolescents' health behaviours; 2. measuring the impact of knowledge, skills and beliefs involved in the activation of behavioural imitation on adolescents' health maintenance and disease prevention.A questionnaire was used to enumerate the population groups that have the greatest influence on adolescents as the test sample in this study. 100 participants took part in the questionnaire, including 50 participants from mainland China and 50 participants from Hong Kong, whose mean age was 16 ± 3 years. After administering the questionnaire, 50 of these participants, who were randomly and equally divided into 10 groups of 5 participants each, were surveyed using the Activation Inventory (PAM) to measure the current level of knowledge, skills and beliefs involved in the activation of the adolescent population to maintain health and prevent disease, and then measured again using the PAM 30 and 60 days after the adolescents were exposed to the imitated subjects.The adolescent group itself was not highly aware of healthy behaviours and the effectiveness of positive health behaviour imitation in changing health behaviours and outcomes was somewhat proven when they were exposed to positive health behaviours of imitators for 30 days. However, 60 days after participants were exposed to imitations of healthy behaviours, although the imitations were still effective in maintaining healthy behaviours, the 60-day activation of healthy behaviours produced some decline compared to the first 30 days of outcomes. Therefore, in the future, more research should be conducted on the preferences and needs of adolescent groups to identify the social factors and groups that best trigger imitation among adolescents, and to promote positive health behaviours among adolescents by developing mobile applications that are more in line with adolescents' expectations to trigger trends, create widespread social discussion and be present in their daily conversations.References1.Moira Burke and Robert E. Kraut. 2014. Growing closer on facebook: changes in tie strength through social network site use. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 4187–4196. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.25570942.C. Longobardi, M. Settanni, M.A. Fabris, D. Marengo, Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents, Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 113, 2020, 104955,ISSN 0190-7409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104955.3.Cook, J., Bird, G. Social attitudes differentially modulate imitation in adolescents and adults. Exp Brain Res 211, 601–612 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2584-4.4.Raviv, A., Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A. et al. Adolescent idolization of pop singers: Causes, expressions, and reliance. J Youth Adolescence 25, 631–650 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537358.5.Korda H, Itani Z. Harnessing Social Media for Health Promotion and Behavior Change. Health Promotion Practice. 2013;14(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839911405850.

The rapid urban development in the Hurghada area since the 1980s has dramatically enhanced the potential impact of human activities. To inventory and monitor this urban development effectively, remote sensing provides a viable source of data from which updated land cover information can be extracted efficiently and cheaply. In this study, data from three satellite datasets, Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), acquired during 1987, 2000 and 2005, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada's urban expansion. Five change detection techniques were tested to detect areas of change. The techniques considered were image differencing, image ratioing, image overlay, multidate principal component analysis (PCA) and post-classification comparison. The post-classification comparison was found to be the most accurate procedure and produced three land use/land cover (LULC) maps of the years 1987, 2000 and 2005 with overall accuracies of 87.8%, 88.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The urban expansion analysis revealed that the built-up area has expanded by 40 km2 in 18 years (1987–2005). In addition, 4.5 km2 of landfill/sedimentation was added to the sea as a result of the coastal urban development and tourist activities. The booming coastal tourism and population pressure were considered to be the main factors driving this expansion, and some natural and artificial constraints constrained the physical shape of the city. The expansion is represented by urban fringe development, linear, infill and isolated models. Topography, lithology and structures were also analysed as possible factors that influenced the expansion. The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Hurghada's urban expansion is the cornerstone for formulating a view about the future urban uses and for making the best use of the limited resources that are available [1]. A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1987 and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of 2000 were used to examine changes in land use/land cover (LULC) around Hurghada, Egypt, and changes in the composition of coral reefs offshore. Prior to coral reef bottom type classification, the radiance values were transformed to depth invariant bottom indices to reduce the effect of the water column. Subsequently, a multi component change detection procedure was applied to these indices to define changes. Preliminary results showed significant changes in LULC during the period 1987–2000 as well as changes in coral reef composition. Direct impacts along the coastline were clearly shown, but it was more difficult to link offshore changes in coral reef composition to indirect impacts of the changing LULC. Further research is needed to explore the effects of the different image processing steps, and to discover possible links between indirect impacts of LULC changes and changes in the coral reef composition [2]. Knowledge and detecting impacts of human activities on the coastal ecosystem is an essential management requirement and also very important for future and proper planning of coastal areas. Moreover, documentation of these impacts can help in increasing public awareness about side effects of unsustainable practices. Analysis of multidate remote sensing data can be used as an effective tool in environmental impact assessment (EIA). Being synoptic and frequent in coverage, multidate data from Landsat and other satellites provide a reference record and bird’s eye viewing to the environmental situation of the coastal ecosystem and the associated habitats. Furthermore, integration of satellite data with field observations and background information can help in decision if a certain activity has caused deterioration to a specific habitat or not. The present paper is an attempt to utilize remote sensing data for assessment impacts of some human activities on the major sensitive habitats of the north western Egyptian Red Sea coastal zone, definitely between Ras Gemsha and Safaga. Through multidate change analysis of Landsat data (TM & ETM+ sensors), it was possible to depict some of the human infringements in the area and to provide, in some cases, exclusive evidences for the damaging effect of some developmental activities [3]. The coastline of Hurghada has experienced considerable environmental stress from tourist and residential recreational activities. Uncontrolled tourist development has already caused substantial damage to inshore reefs and imbalance in the hydrodynamic pattern of the coastal sediments. The objective of this paper is to investigate environmental changes using multitemporal, multispectral satellite data to identify changes at Hurghada caused by anthropogenic influences. Major detected changes include resort beaches, protection structures and landfill areas; these changes are mainly due to human intervention. Two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1984 and 1997 are used for this analysis. The landfill areas formed during this period are calculated at about 2.15 Km2 . Whilst landfill creates new inexpensive land and improves access to the sea for tourists, it is the cause of environmental problems. In addition, land-use/land-cover and beach changes are determined over the 13-year period [4]. The Red Sea coastal zone is characterized by its sensitive, fragile, unique natural resources and habitats. In the Hurghada coastal region, major changes in the tourism industry have taken place in the last few decades. The detection of environmental changes, in a selected site of the Red Sea coastal zone, will be helpful to protect and develop this coastal environment. A methodology for separating natural and man-made changes in satellite images was developed. It was based on the following assumptions: (1) slow changes, which occur within the range of the class reflectance, represent a natural change rather than an anthropogenic one; (2) natural changes tend to be in the same land-use/land-cover class in each date, i.e. slow changes in the reflectance, not leading to changes in the type of land-use/land-cover class from the master image to the destination one; and (3) rapid changes in the reflectance of the Earth's objects are usually related to anthropogenic activities. This technique is used to identify and assess changes along the coast of Hurghada and Ras Abu Soma, the Red Sea. Results indicate serious human impacts and the necessity for control measures and monitoring. Recommendations are presented [5]. The rapid urban development of the Hurghada area began in early 1980 to build villages and huge tourist resorts and this has continued urban development and subsequent land filling and dredging of the shoreline and the destruction of coral so far. These coastal developments have led to an increase in shoreline land filling and dredging. Despite all the environmental laws of the organization to reduce infringement on the shoreline, the abuses are still ongoing. Change detection analysis using remote sensing is a very good tool to monitor the changes condition in urban development and shoreline. Four sensors was used in this study, three of them are, Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Landsat 1 MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and the another one is SPOT XS 4 (Originally Système Probatoire de l’Observation de la Terre), acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada’s urban expansion and shoreline changes. After the images have been geometrically, radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected using ENVI 5.0 software, the digital number was transformed to the reflectance values and the images were ready to change detection process with the integration of geographic information system using Arc GIS 10 software. The results show that changes during the 39 years of the shoreline is 6.29 km2, (5.65 km2 accretion and 0.64 km2 erosion) and urban development is 16.47 km2 the road network is the 8.738 km2.

The rapid urban development in the Hurghada area since the 1980s has dramatically enhanced the potential impact of human activities. To inventory and monitor this urban development effectively, remote sensing provides a viable source of data from which updated land cover information can be extracted efficiently and cheaply. In this study, data from three satellite datasets, Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and Terra/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), acquired during 1987, 2000 and 2005, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada's urban expansion. Five change detection techniques were tested to detect areas of change. The techniques considered were image differencing, image ratioing, image overlay, multidate principal component analysis (PCA) and post-classification comparison. The post-classification comparison was found to be the most accurate procedure and produced three land use/land cover (LULC) maps of the years 1987, 2000 and 2005 with overall accuracies of 87.8%, 88.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The urban expansion analysis revealed that the built-up area has expanded by 40 km2 in 18 years (1987–2005). In addition, 4.5 km2 of landfill/sedimentation was added to the sea as a result of the coastal urban development and tourist activities. The booming coastal tourism and population pressure were considered to be the main factors driving this expansion, and some natural and artificial constraints constrained the physical shape of the city. The expansion is represented by urban fringe development, linear, infill and isolated models. Topography, lithology and structures were also analysed as possible factors that influenced the expansion. The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Hurghada's urban expansion is the cornerstone for formulating a view about the future urban uses and for making the best use of the limited resources that are available [1]. A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1987 and a Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image of 2000 were used to examine changes in land use/land cover (LULC) around Hurghada, Egypt, and changes in the composition of coral reefs offshore. Prior to coral reef bottom type classification, the radiance values were transformed to depth invariant bottom indices to reduce the effect of the water column. Subsequently, a multi component change detection procedure was applied to these indices to define changes. Preliminary results showed significant changes in LULC during the period 1987–2000 as well as changes in coral reef composition. Direct impacts along the coastline were clearly shown, but it was more difficult to link offshore changes in coral reef composition to indirect impacts of the changing LULC. Further research is needed to explore the effects of the different image processing steps, and to discover possible links between indirect impacts of LULC changes and changes in the coral reef composition [2]. Knowledge and detecting impacts of human activities on the coastal ecosystem is an essential management requirement and also very important for future and proper planning of coastal areas. Moreover, documentation of these impacts can help in increasing public awareness about side effects of unsustainable practices. Analysis of multidate remote sensing data can be used as an effective tool in environmental impact assessment (EIA). Being synoptic and frequent in coverage, multidate data from Landsat and other satellites provide a reference record and bird’s eye viewing to the environmental situation of the coastal ecosystem and the associated habitats. Furthermore, integration of satellite data with field observations and background information can help in decision if a certain activity has caused deterioration to a specific habitat or not. The present paper is an attempt to utilize remote sensing data for assessment impacts of some human activities on the major sensitive habitats of the north western Egyptian Red Sea coastal zone, definitely between Ras Gemsha and Safaga. Through multidate change analysis of Landsat data (TM & ETM+ sensors), it was possible to depict some of the human infringements in the area and to provide, in some cases, exclusive evidences for the damaging effect of some developmental activities [3]. The coastline of Hurghada has experienced considerable environmental stress from tourist and residential recreational activities. Uncontrolled tourist development has already caused substantial damage to inshore reefs and imbalance in the hydrodynamic pattern of the coastal sediments. The objective of this paper is to investigate environmental changes using multitemporal, multispectral satellite data to identify changes at Hurghada caused by anthropogenic influences. Major detected changes include resort beaches, protection structures and landfill areas; these changes are mainly due to human intervention. Two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1984 and 1997 are used for this analysis. The landfill areas formed during this period are calculated at about 2.15 Km2 . Whilst landfill creates new inexpensive land and improves access to the sea for tourists, it is the cause of environmental problems. In addition, land-use/land-cover and beach changes are determined over the 13-year period [4]. The Red Sea coastal zone is characterized by its sensitive, fragile, unique natural resources and habitats. In the Hurghada coastal region, major changes in the tourism industry have taken place in the last few decades. The detection of environmental changes, in a selected site of the Red Sea coastal zone, will be helpful to protect and develop this coastal environment. A methodology for separating natural and man-made changes in satellite images was developed. It was based on the following assumptions: (1) slow changes, which occur within the range of the class reflectance, represent a natural change rather than an anthropogenic one; (2) natural changes tend to be in the same land-use/land-cover class in each date, i.e. slow changes in the reflectance, not leading to changes in the type of land-use/land-cover class from the master image to the destination one; and (3) rapid changes in the reflectance of the Earth's objects are usually related to anthropogenic activities. This technique is used to identify and assess changes along the coast of Hurghada and Ras Abu Soma, the Red Sea. Results indicate serious human impacts and the necessity for control measures and monitoring. Recommendations are presented [5]. The rapid urban development of the Hurghada area began in early 1980 to build villages and huge tourist resorts and this has continued urban development and subsequent land filling and dredging of the shoreline and the destruction of coral so far. These coastal developments have led to an increase in shoreline land filling and dredging. Despite all the environmental laws of the organization to reduce infringement on the shoreline, the abuses are still ongoing. Change detection analysis using remote sensing is a very good tool to monitor the changes condition in urban development and shoreline. Four sensors was used in this study, three of them are, Landsat Multispectral Scanner (Landsat 1 MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat 5 TM), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (Landsat 7 ETM+) and the another one is SPOT XS 4 (Originally Système Probatoire de l’Observation de la Terre), acquired during 1972, 1984, 1992, 2004 and 2011, respectively, were used to detect and evaluate Hurghada’s urban expansion and shoreline changes. After the images have been geometrically, radio-metrically and atmospherically corrected using ENVI 5.0 software, the digital number was transformed to the reflectance values and the images were ready to change detection process with the integration of geographic information system using Arc GIS 10 software. The results show that changes during the 39 years of the shoreline is 6.29 km2, (5.65 km2 accretion and 0.64 km2 erosion) and urban development is 16.47 km2 the road network is the 8.738 km2.