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1
Klius, V. P., and N. A. Maslova. "THERMAL UTILIZATION OF BIRD MANURE FOR FERTILIZERS." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 4-6 (January 1, 2017): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2017.04-06.099-102.
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Frolov, Dmitrii, Anatoliy Kurochkin, and Maksim Potapov. "MANURE EXTRUSION FROM HIGH-MOISTURE POULTRY WASTE." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 6, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/44166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the research is the reduction of high-moisture poultry waste to a condition effective for high-quality manure extrusion. The idea of extrusion technology use for poultry waste is considered. Bird dropping is effective raw material to be used as organic fertilizer, containing elements necessary for plant nutrition. Before entering the soil, the waste requires processing. The working ability of a single-screw extruder is limited by moisture of the pro-cessed raw materials (15...30%). High-moisture poultry waste is poorly homogenized and does not provide an ef-fective porous structure of processed components at the exit from the extruder die. An effective design and techno-logical scheme of an extruder for wet poultry waste processing is proposed, involving mixing it with various fillers and drying it for extrusion to obtain a manure of the required quality. The main goal of the study is the limitation of liquid content in high-moisture poultry waste with fillers to a condition that ensures the production of effective organ-ic manure. The litter components or plant waste are selected as bulkier material. To ensure an effective work of the extruder in terms of its energy saving ability, the moisture content of the vegetative bulkier material should amount to 5...15%. Pre-grinding of bulkier material is to be provided for achieving the required particle size of the filler re-sulting in better moisture absorption. The development of the manure composition for energy saving technology was based on the selection of a effective ratio of the components to be mixed. As a result of the evaluation of the moisture content in mixture components, it was concluded that the bird dropping with litter is the least wet and can be processed using the proposed extruder without adding filler; bird dropping of young and adult birds are subject to extrusion, provided that they are mixed with vegetative bulkier material in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, respectively.
3
El-Dakar, Marco A., Remondah R. Ramzy, Martin Plath, and Hong Ji. "Evaluating the impact of bird manure vs. mammal manure on Hermetia illucens larvae." Journal of Cleaner Production 278 (January 2021): 123570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123570.
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Wiedemann, S. G., F. A. Phillips, T. A. Naylor, E. J. McGahan, O. B. Keane, B. R. Warren, and C. M. Murphy. "Nitrous oxide, ammonia and methane from Australian meat chicken houses measured under commercial operating conditions and with mitigation strategies applied." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia emissions are important environmental impacts from meat chicken houses. This study measured ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in two trials from paired, commercial meat chicken houses using standard (control) and mitigation strategies. In Trial 1, emissions from houses with standard litter depth of 47 mm (LD47) or increased litter depth of 67 mm (LD67) were compared. When standardised to a 42-day-old bird, emissions were 11.9 g NH3/bird, 0.30 g N2O/bird and 0.16 g CH4/bird from the LD47 and 11.7 g NH3/bird, 0.69 g N2O/bird and 0.12 g CH4/bird from the LD67. Emissions per kilogram of manure N were 0.14 and 0.11 for NH3-N, 0.003 and 0.005 N2O-N and CH4 conversion factors were 0.08% and 0.05%. Total direct and indirect GHG emissions reported in carbon dioxide equivalents were found to be higher in LD67 in response to the elevated direct N2O emissions. Trial 2 compared the impact of reduced crude protein (CP19.8) and a standard diet (CP21.3) developed using least-cost ration formulation, on emissions. Emissions per bird for the CP19.8 diet were 7.7 g NH3/bird, 0.39 g N2O/bird and 0.14 g CH4/bird, while emissions from birds fed the CP21.3 diet were 10.6 g NH3/bird, 0.42 g N2O/bird and 0.19 g CH4/bird. Significant differences were observed only in the NH3 results, where emissions were reduced by 27% for the low-CP diet. Because of the low emission levels, total mitigation potential from indirect GHG emissions was relatively small in Trial 2, corresponding to 11 t carbon dioxide equivalents/year per million birds.
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Sergeeva, Alexandra, and Gulshat Gasimova. "Prospects for application of organic fertilizer from bird litter." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the most effective way to dispose of bird droppings is to process it into organic fertilizer. The processed litter contains the basic micro and macro elements and amino acids in an easily accessible form for plants. Fertilizer from recycled litter is environmentally friendly and effective in neutralizing pathogenic microflora, larvae and helminth eggs, as well as weed seeds. In this work, we studied the modes of processing chicken manure at the Ark plant, the chemical composition of bird manure and organic fertilizer from it obtained in different ways. The effect of various doses of powder on seed germination, plant growth and development was assessed. It is shown that processing of bird droppings into powder increases the content of available macrocells for plants by two times, and also contributes to their longer preservation in organic fertilizer. The study indicates that pre-sowing soil treatment with powder in the optimal dose increases the germination rate of plants by 75 % compared with the control group.
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Sannikova, N., O. Shulepova, A. Bocharova, N. Kostomakhin, O. Ilyasov, and O. Kovaleva. "Natural reserves of diatomite are as a component of organomineral fertilizers based on chicken manure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032093.
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Abstract In Russia 45156.3 tons of waste were generated from agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming according to statistics for 2020. 1200 tons of manure are formed per day in Tyumen region. The volume of accumulation of such manure is 432,000 tons per year. But at the same time, manure is a source of greenhouse gases, their amount can be: CO2 – 21.5 million м3, methane – 12.9 million м3 per year. Due to its unique chemical and biological properties, diatomite is widely used in many areas of agriculture. It can be used as an excellent adsorbent, fertilizer, food additive for animals and birds, an environmentally friendly contact insecticide for pest control of grain, fruit and ornamental plants. To restore the lost fertility (0.6% per year (2032.2 hectares), it is necessary to carry out soil protection measures, as well as to add mineral and organic fertilizers to the soil (11.7 million tons of organic fertilizers annually for 15 years). The availability of a large amount of mineral resources and bird manure makes it possible for researchers to develop the composition and technologies to create organomineral fertilizers.
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Spiridonov, A. B., K. V. Anisimova, N. G. Glavatskikh, and O. B. Porobova. "Using the electrohydraulic impact method to obtain manure fertilizers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 949, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/949/1/012138.
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Abstract Currently, animal husbandry and poultry farming waste, cattle and pig manure, bird droppings are prohibited to be exported to the fields and used as fertilizer without pretreatment. The standard disinfection process is reduced to composting, which takes 3-12 months. A promising direction of intensification of animal waste processing is the creation of a specially formed pulsed high-voltage electric discharge inside the liquid volume. Under the influence of which the microbial flora – bacteria and fungi - intensively dies. Specialists of the SPA “Spiral” have developed a pilot plant for manure treatment. The test results showed that coliform and Enterobacteria, including dysentery bacillus, were completely destroyed after processing a sample of cattle manure by the EGI method.
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Chu, Lei, Yongcui Wang, Bin Huang, Jian Ma, and Xin Chen. "Dissipation Dynamics of Doxycycline and Gatifloxacin and Accumulation of Heavy Metals during Broiler Manure Aerobic Composting." Molecules 26, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, broilers were fed with heavy-metal-containing diets (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, As, Hg) at three rates (T1: 5 kg premix/ton feed, T2: 10 kg premix/ton feed and T3: 15 kg premix/ton feed) and Doxycycline (DOX) and Gatifloxacin (GAT) at low or high doses (T4: 31.2 mg DOX/bird/day and 78 mg GAT/bird/day, T5: 15.6 mg DOX/bird/day and 48 mg GAT/bird/day) to assess the accumulation of various heavy metals and the fate of two antibiotics in broiler manure after 35 days of aerobic composting. The results indicated that the two antibiotics changed quite differently during aerobic composting. About 14.96–15.84% of Doxycycline still remained at the end of composting, while Gatifloxacin was almost completely removed within 10 days of composting. The half-lives of Doxycycline were 13.75 and 15.86 days, while the half-lives of Gatifloxacin were only 1.32 and 1.38 days. Based on the Redundancy analysis (RDA), the concentration of antibiotics was significantly influenced by physico-chemical properties (mainly temperature and pH) throughout the composting process. Throughout the composting process, all heavy metal elements remained concentrated in organic fertilizer. In this study the Cr content reached 160.16 mg/kg, 223.98 mg/kg and 248.02 mg/kg with increasing premix feed rates, similar to Zn, which reached 258.2 mg/kg, 312.21 mg/kg and 333.68 mg/kg. Zn and Cr concentrations well exceeded the United States and the European soil requirements. This experiment showed that antibiotic residues and the accumulation of heavy metals may lead to soil contamination and pose a risk to the soil ecosystem.
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Knight, Reyna M., Xinjie Tong, Lingying Zhao, Roderick B. Manuzon, Matthew J. Darr, Albert J. Heber, and Ji-Qin Ni. "Particulate Matter Concentrations and Emission Rates at Two Retrofitted Manure-Belt Layer Houses." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 3 (2021): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14337.
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HighlightsAnnual average PM10 (daily) and PM2.5 (hourly) concentrations of 509 ±203 and 43.3 ±36.1 µg m-3, respectively.Significant seasonal and diurnal variations in PM concentrations; higher in colder seasons and during daytime.Annual average PM10 (daily) and PM2.5 (hourly) emission rates of 17.9 ±9.6 and 1.41 ±1.53 mg d-1 hen-1, respectively.Significant diurnal variations in PM emission rates but inconsistent seasonal variations; higher during daytime.Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) concentration and emission rate information is needed to assess air quality concerns and environmental impacts related to egg production. Many egg layer buildings were retrofitted from high-rise to manure-belt houses over the past few decades. However, no studies have reported these PM data for the retrofitted layer houses. In this study, concentrations and emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 were continuously monitored for 12 months at two commercial retrofitted manure-belt layer houses in the Midwestern U.S. The average daily mean PM10 and average hourly mean PM2.5 concentrations in the houses were 509 ±203 µg m-3 and 43.3 ±36.1 µg m-3, respectively. Significant seasonal and diurnal variations in PM concentrations were observed, with higher concentrations in colder seasons and during daytime. The average daily mean PM10 and average hourly mean PM2.5 emission rates from the two houses were 17.9 ±9.6 mg d-1 hen-1 and 1.41 ±1.53 mg d-1 hen-1, respectively. There were no consistent patterns in seasonal variations. Significant diurnal variations were also observed for PM emission rates, with higher PM emission rates observed during daytime. The PM concentrations were significantly correlated with ambient temperature, ventilation rate, bird age, egg production, daily mortality, and feed conversion ratio, while PM emission rates were significantly correlated with ambient temperature, bird age, bird mass, egg mass, and ventilation rate. Keywords: Diurnal variation, Dust, Egg production, PM, Poultry, Seasonal variation.
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Marques Tavares da Silva, Cláudio, and Rita de Cássia Lima Mazzuchelli. "CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO DE NEMATOIDES UTILIZANDO MINHOCAS." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 14, Especial (October 10, 2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2018.v14.nesp.000259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using Lumbricus rubellus to control Meloidogyne incognita in Lactuca sativa roots. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Soil Microbiology from the university Universidade do Oeste Paulista. We evaluated the worm species Lumbricus rubellus together with nematodes of the species Meloidogyne incognita and used fertilization with organic manure (cow and bird). For testing, we used Lactuca sativa, and the study was done using soil for growing vegetables in three-litter pots inside a greenhouse where relative humidity and temperature were monitored. After 45 days, the pots were removed and analysed. Analysis showed that, in comparison to the other situations analysed, the combination of bird manure with the worms resulted in a lower count of nematodes in the roots and better development of the plants. Therefore, there is a possibility these worms are effective in the biological control of nematodes.
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Gribut, E. A., M. A. Kulikova, T. A. Kolesnikova, O. A. Surzhko, and G. E. Merzlaya. "Research on the efficiency of soil melioration with modified organic fertilizer from pig manure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The most effective doses of the modified organic-mineral fertilizer (MOF), produced from non-contact pig manure in the conditions of the Rostov region for the purpose of soil reclamation, were determined. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the most effective dose of MOF based on non-contact pig manure. The dependence of the spring wheat yield on the use of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms fermented bird droppings and mineral fertilizers is determined. The equivalence of the effect of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms and fermented bird droppings, introduced in an equivalent dose, on plant biomass was established. When comparing the effects of different types of fertilizers, their toxicity was not established. The introduction of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms at a dose of 2 t / ha provided the highest biomass yield of 34-day-old plants of spring wheat of the “Zlata” variety, which reached 0.9 g/vessel and was 28.5% higher than the control value. A new organic mineral fertilizer with a pH of 8-10, with an organic content of up to 73% per dry weight, can be used for supporting the quality of liming and improving soil.
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Leinonen, Ilkka, and Ilias Kyriazakis. "How can we improve the environmental sustainability of poultry production?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The review presents results of recent life cycle assessment studies aiming to quantify and improve the environmental performance of UK poultry production systems, including broiler meat, egg and turkey meat production. Although poultry production has been found to be relatively environmentally friendly compared with the production of other livestock commodities, it still contributes to environmental impacts, such as global warming, eutrophication and acidification. Amongst different sub-processes, feed production and transport contributes about 70 % to the global warming potential of poultry systems, whereas manure management contributes about 40–60 % to their eutrophication potential and acidification potential, respectively. All these impacts can be reduced by improving the feed efficiency, either by changing the birds through genetic selection or by making the feed more digestible (e.g. by using additives such as enzymes). However, although genetic selection has the potential to reduce the resources needed for broiler production (including feed consumption), the changing need of certain feed ingredients, most notably protein sources as a result of changes in bird requirements may limit the benefits of this strategy. The use of alternative feed ingredients, such as locally grown protein crops and agricultural by-products, as a replacement of South American grown soya, can potentially also lead to improvements in several environmental impact categories, as long as such feeding strategies have no negative effect on bird performance. Other management options, such as improving poultry housing and new strategies for manure management have also the potential to further improve the environmental sustainability of the poultry industries in Europe.
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Chekaev, N. P., and A. A. Galiullin. "The effect and aftereffect of bird manure on the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem and productivity of agricultural crops." Agrarian science, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-355-1-102-105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of field studies of the effect of different doses of chicken manure on the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem and crop yields of the crop rotation link, carried out in the training and production center of the Penza State Agrarian University in 2017–2019. Studies have shown that the use of different doses of manure in direct action led to an increase in the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. In the aftereffect, in the second and third years, there is a decrease in their content to the level of the initial values. The pHsol indicator in direct action increased by 0.06–0.16 units. In the second and third years, a decrease in the pHsol was observed up to the level of the original values. The total increase in grain yield of cultivated crops in experiments from the direct action and aftereffect of the introduced doses of manure from 2 to 10 t/ha was 0.46–2.76 t/ha of grain units compared to control. The highest total productivity was at a manuredose of 10 t/ha. The payback of 1 ton of manure for three years of operation was 229.5– 309.5 kg/t. The highest payback was noted at doses from 4 to 8 t/ha.
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Grigorenko, S., and D. Milko. "Methods of experimental studies of the process of drying bird droppings in a drum dryer." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 10(109) (2019): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-10-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. Development of the program and methods of carrying out experimental studies of the process of drying avian manure to determine the structural-technological and energy parameters of drum dryer. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis and analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. Presents the application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, which will allow to evaluate the role of influential factors; to obtain a mathematical model of the drying process and to determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes of operation. Conclusions. The technique of experimental studies of the process of drying chicken manure using a drum dryer allows to create a process model with minimal cost. The necessary equipment and methods for processing the obtained experimental data are presented. The mathematical method of planning is given, the levels and intervals of variation of the current factors are determined. Keywords: dryer, drum, litter, research methodology, biofertilizer.
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Krysanova, K. O., Yu M. Faleeva, A. Yu Krylova, and V. M. Zaichenko. "Treatment of granulated organic manure based on bird droppings by hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction methods." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1556 (May 2020): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1556/1/012021.
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Sukharev, Yury I., Inna Yu Apalikova, and Vitaly O. Apalikov. "Disposal and disinfection of organic waste of poultry farms." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-6-34.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Huge amounts of litter for a number of reasons, accumulated near poultry farms, have become the object of close attention of environmental and Supervisory authorities. Almost all poultry farms of the Russian Federation were in a difficult environmental situation, as the accumulated bird droppings has become a serious source of environmental pollution, because for the disposal of such volumes of bird droppings poultry farms today do not have even the simplest sets of equipment. The emerging negative trend can lead in the very near future to an ecological disaster of farms with unpredictable negative consequences for the inhabitants of settlements, to the death of flora and fauna not only of poultry, but also of neighboring territories, it is quite possible the emergence of infectious and invasive diseases in humans, animals and birds. Chelyabinsk region is famous all over Russia for its livestock enterprises, one of the main directions of which is poultry farming. The region is one of the main suppliers of poultry products to the nearby regions of the country. With large-scale breeding of chickens, a large amount of food waste is formed, the leading of which is chicken manure. The paper presents nanotechnology reception processing of a chicken dung, based on experimental data, the destruction of the eggs of Giardia, opistorhoz, ascarids in the Indus-Tserovani stochastic resonance nanocluster current splashes, with the passage of the organic colloidal system between carbon and graphite electrodes. The paper presents a project of a semi-industrial installation for the disinfection of chicken manure, followed by its use as an effective collodic agricultural fertilizer without the use of heat treatment.
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Subbotina, Yu M. "MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCENOTIC UTILIZATION OF BIRD DROPPINGS BY NATURAL BIOCENOSES." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 3 (2020): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202003009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of waste disposal of poultry production is considered. The properties of bird droppings are analyzed, depending on the condition and feeding of the bird. The morphological composition of poultry manure is given, and the value of 1 ton of bird droppings to mineral fertilizer is compared. Bird droppings has a feature – a narrow ratio of carbon and nitrogen, that’s why the litter is mineralized much faster by the soil microflora. It is also emphasized that wrong storage of bird droppings leads to loss of nitrogen, which can reach 50%. Various technologies for disposing of droppings by microorganisms are considered, using the California worm and housefly larvae. Bioenergetic methods of litter utilization are analyzed in detail. The article comprehensively examines the processes of anaerobic fermentation of manure and the production of biogas-methane, notes the dependence of biogas formation on temperature, and emphasizes that mesophyll and psychophile bacteria participate in the formation of biogas. Then the biogas is used to generate electricity and heat the premises. In addition to thermo and mesophilic fermentation, the disposal of bird droppings using vermiculture and red housefly is considered. The positive aspects of these technologies are described, namely, the production of biohumus, which binds and neutralizes heavy metals, in the process of utilization, phytohormones are produced by microflora, being used in crop production, they accelerate the growth of plants by 4-6 times, help to resist diseases and pests of agricultural crops. The article notes the high effect of using the larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica L), which was thoroughly tested by the Federal Science Center of Animal Husbandry under the guidance of academician L.K. Ernst. The high efficiency of using fly larvae is emphasized, where scientists note that in addition to the membrane and intracellular mechanism of digestion, induced autolysis is added (joint digestion of food by the "host" and "victim" enzymes in the host's gastrointestinal tract). Specialists get chitin and chitosin of high quality from fly larvae. Derivatives of these compounds are used in the food, perfume, pharmaceutical, and medical industries, moreover, chitosin is the polymer of the future. It increases the resistance of animals to infectious diseases by 10-15 %.
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YENİYURT, CAN, STEFFEN OPPEL, SÜREYYA İSFENDİYAROĞLU, GÜLÇİN ÖZKINACI, ITRİ LEVENT ERKOL, and CHRISTOPHER G. R. BOWDEN. "Influence of feeding ecology on breeding success of a semi-wild population of the critically endangered Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in southern Turkey." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 4 (November 11, 2016): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000253.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummarySafeguarding threatened species in captivity is a promising management approach, but evaluating the performance of captive programmes is essential to assess reintroduction potential. The eastern population of the Northern Bald Ibis, Geronticus eremita, used to be a locally common migratory bird species, but catastrophic population declines throughout the past century have resulted in a single population in southern Turkey that forages freely during summer but only survives in captivity during winter. We examined whether breeding success of this semi-wild colony was comparable to breeding success of previous wild populations, and to what extent breeding success was influenced by supplementary feeding and wild foraging in habitats near the breeding station. Average productivity from 2009 to 2015 was 1.12 fledglings per nesting pair (range 0.96–1.19). In 2013 and 2014, there was no correlation between attendance at supplementary feeding events and productivity, and breeding birds attended on average only 35% of supplementary feeding events. Birds that were frequently observed at a local tree nursery raised fewer offspring, while birds observed more frequently in poldered cultivation, and in particular in mint crops or in fields covered with manure, raised on average more offspring. Foraging success was highest in meadows and cropland, particularly in mint crops and fields covered in manure, and lowest at the tree nursery. We speculate that selection of highly suitable wild foraging habitat such as mint crops or fields covered in manure allows the Northern Bald Ibis to raise more fledglings than exclusive reliance on supplementary food provided at the breeding station. Establishing a second breeding colony of this species in Turkey will therefore require a careful assessment of the suitability of wild foraging habitat in the vicinity of suitable nesting opportunities.
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Baranov, Viktor, and Ivan Nekhaev. "Impact of the bird-manure caused eutrophication on the abundance and diversity of chironomid larvae (Diptera; Chironomidae) in lakes of the Bolshoy Aynov Island (Russia, Barents Sea)." CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, no. 30 (June 7, 2017): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/cjcr.v0i30.2260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We report on the perceived impact of bird faeces as an agent of organic matter transfer on the density and species richness of the Chironomidae in the lakes of the Bolshoy Aynov island (Barents Sea, Northern Russia). In total we recorded 15 species of Chironomidae. Highest species richness and specimen numbers were recorded in Lake Severnoe, closest to the large bird colony.
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Zapevalov, M. V., V. V. Kachurin, and G. V. Redreev. "Simulation of the process for the high-temperature drying of bird manure with mixed heat exchange." Vestnik Omskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, no. 1 (2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.48136/2222-0364_2021_1_98.
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Gabitov, Ildar I., Denis F. Baltikov, and Samat Z. Insafutdinov. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY PLANT FOR WASTE RECYCLING AND ENERGY SUPPLY OF POULTRY FARMS." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 2, no. 143 (June 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2021-59-2-21-28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the actual problem of chicken manure disposal at poultry farms, which is an urgent issue for any poultry farm, due to the fact that poultry manure is a hazardous waste. The paper presents an alternative method for disposing of poultry manure and generating heat and electricity using a gas generator set. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in determining the possibility of using poultry manure as fuel in a gas-generating plant to reduce the cost of energy supply to poultry farms. (Materials and methods) Authors used research methods based on the application of standard methods, while the object of research was the energy supply of a poultry farm. The article presents the mathematical model for determining the parameters of a gas generator set. (Results and discussion) The article presents a developed technology for recycling poultry manure with simultaneous production of heat and electricity. The results of experimental studies of the operation of the gas generator set on bird droppings presented in the form of graphs. The characteristics of the operation of the gas generator set on poultry manure were determined, as well as the composition of the pyrolysis gas: CO – 25 percent, CO2 – 18, CH – 17 percent; the pyrolysis temperature was about 700-800 degrees Celsius. Taking into account the characteristics of poultry manure as fuel, an experimental sample of a gas generator set was constructed. (Conclusions) The developed technology for the disposal of poultry manure solves the environmental problem of poultry farms, reduces the economic costs of waste disposal. During recycling, additional energy is is directed to the needs of production.
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Yang, Xiao, Xiaojing Huo, Guoming Li, Joseph L. Purswell, George T. Tabler, Gary D. Chesser, Christopher L. Magee, and Yang Zhao. "Effects of Elevated Platform and Robotic Vehicle on Broiler Production, Welfare, and Housing Environment." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
HighlightsUsing an elevated platform with a manure catcher reduced litter moisture content and ammonia concentration.A robotic vehicle encouraged bird movement and use of the elevated platform.Using the elevated platform and robotic vehicle jointly improved broiler paw quality and plumage cleanliness.Abstract. Elevated platform (EP) and robotic vehicle (RV) are two emerging systems aiming to improve environment enrichment and bird activity in broiler housing systems. However, the impacts of these systems on broiler production, welfare, and housing environment have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of using EP and RV individually or jointly on broiler feed conversion ratio (FCR), litter moisture content (LMC), ammonia (NH3) concentration, gait score (GS), paw quality (PQ), plumage cleanliness (PC), and bird activity index (AI). Broilers were reared for eight-week production cycles. Four experimental rooms (54 birds room-1) were randomly assigned four treatments: EP only, RV only, EP and RV (EP+RV), and neither EP nor RV (Ctrl). Broiler GS, PQ, and PC were assessed following welfare protocols. Bird AI was determined through image processing. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that overall FCR values were 1.806 for EP, 1.804 for RV, 1.797 for EP+RV, and 1.791 for Ctrl. The normalized LMC values were 23.2% ±4.1% for EP, 32.8% ±4.1% for RV, 23.4% ±2.5% for EP+RV, and 35.7% ±7.0% for Ctrl over the eight-week production cycles. NH3 concentrations were 40% lower in the rooms with EP than in the rooms without EP at the end of the production cycle. Broilers had better PQ in the rooms with EP than in the rooms without EP. Broiler PC seemed better in the rooms with RV compared to those without RV. Operation of RV increased bird AI; however, the benefits in activity encouragement diminished as the broilers grew. The number of broilers on the EP was higher in the EP+RV rooms than in the EP rooms. It is concluded that using EP and RV together may improve broiler welfare and activity without compromising their production performance. Keywords: Behavior, Broiler, Elevated platform, Robotic vehicle, Welfare.
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Welch, Matt, and D. L. Creech. "Composted Poultry Litter as a Low-cost Media Amendment." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 912A—912. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.912a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The poultry industry is a $1 billion industry in Texas, with most production centered in eastern Texas. The nursery industry is a $600 million industry, with 25% of the producers located in eastern Texas. With hundreds of millions of birds produced each year, and each bird producing ≈2 lb of manure, waste disposal is a growing problem. Composted poultry litter was mixed with composted pine bark to create five media with varying percentages of poultry litter as a component: 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40%. A randomized complete-block design was used with poultry litter rates as main plots and plant species tested as subplots. Five species included: tomato, marigold, Cortaderia selloana, Asian jasmine, and Salvia leucantha. Prior to planting, all 1-gal containers were leached with 1000 ml of water, the leachate collected, and tested for conductivity. Plant growth measurements to be presented include plant height and dry weight. The results of media and leaf tissue nutrient analysis will be presented.
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Mowrer, Jake E., Paula Sedlacek, Jihyuk Kim, Casey Ritz, and Woo K. Kim. "Supplementation of nitrocompounds in broiler diets: Effects on bird performance, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen retention in broiler manure." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 51, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1092835.
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Bonney, Peter J., Sasidhar Malladi, Amos Ssematimba, Kaitlyn M. St. Charles, Emily Walz, Marie R. Culhane, David A. Halvorson, and Carol J. Cardona. "Simulated Flock-Level Shedding Characteristics of Turkeys in Ten Thousand Bird Houses Infected with H7 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Strains." Viruses 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 2509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the amount of virus shed at the flock level by birds infected with low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) over time can help inform the type and timing of activities performed in response to a confirmed LPAIV-positive premises. To this end, we developed a mathematical model which allows us to estimate viral shedding by 10,000 turkey toms raised in commercial turkey production in the United States, and infected by H7 LPAIV strains. We simulated the amount of virus shed orally and from the cloaca over time, as well as the amount of virus in manure. In addition, we simulated the threshold cycle value (Ct) of pooled oropharyngeal swabs from birds in the infected flock tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The simulation model predicted that little to no shedding would occur once the highest threshold of seroconversion was reached. Substantial amounts of virus in manure (median 1.5×108 and 5.8×109; 50% egg infectious dose) were predicted at the peak. Lastly, the model results suggested that higher Ct values, indicating less viral shedding, are more likely to be observed later in the infection process as the flock approaches recovery.
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Litsukov, S. D., and A. F. Glukhovchenko. "Productivity of corn for grain at different doses of fertilizers and methods of tillage." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2011-05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development and implementation of the most optimal agricultural technologies for cultivating crops will allow you to maximize the potential of plants and get high productivity with good quality products. Among the variety of organic fertilizers currently used, a special place is occupied by poultry manure with a high content of nutrients found in the compounds assimilated by plants. In terms of the South-Western part of Central Black earth region, were studied combined effect of methods of primary tillage, doses of poultry manure and compost, combines them in making nitrogen fertilizers and mineral fertilizers on soil agrochemical parameters and grain productivity of corn. The productivity when plowing was 5,79 t/ha in the control variant, with beardless plowing – 4,91 t/ha and with no deep tillage – 4,8 t/ha. Poultry manure and compost (20 t/ha) in its pure form has increased the productivity by 1,02 and 0,87 t/ha when tilling, by 0,82 and 0,89 t/ha when beardless plowing by 0,78 and 0,83 t/ha when no deep tillage relative to control. Additional input in these variants of nitrogen fertilizer led to increase of productivity of corn to 6,99 and of 7,23 t/ha when tilling, which was higher than poultry manure (20 t/ha) and bird compost (20 t/ha) by 0,18 and 0,57 t/ha, when beardless plowing to 5,79 and of 6,37 t/ha. In order to cultivate corn for grain in the South-Western part of the Central Black earth region, it is necessary to plow to a depth of 22-25 cm as the main soil tillage. As the main fertilizer for obtaining stable productivity of corn for grain with the preservation of soil fertility at a high level of profitability, it is necessary to apply poultry manure at a dose of 20 t/ha. In order to achieve higher productivity of corn, we recommend the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers in the dosage of poultry manure (20 t/ha + N 60) and poultry compost (20 t/ha + N 60).
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Prescott, J. F. "Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 1 (January 1991): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.1.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent isolations of Rhodococcus equi from cavitatory pulmonary disease in patients with AIDS have aroused interest among medical microbiologists in this unusual organism. Earlier isolations from humans had also been in immunosuppressed patients following hemolymphatic tumors or renal transplantation. This organism has been recognized for many years as a cause of a serious pyogranulomatous pneumonia of young foals and is occasionally isolated from granulomatous lesions in several other species, in some cases following immunosuppression. The last decade has seen many advances in understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and immunity to infection in foals. The particular susceptibility of the foal is not understood but can be explained in part by a combination of heavy challenge through the respiratory route coinciding with declining maternally derived antibody in the absence of fully competent foal cellular immune mechanisms. R. equi is largely a soil organism but is widespread in the feces of herbivores. Its growth in soil is considerably improved by simple nutrients it obtains from herbivore manure. About one-third of human patients who have developed R. equi infections had contact in some way with herbivores or their manure. Others may have acquired infection from contact with soil or wild bird manure. R. equi is an intracellular parasite, which explains the typical pyogranulomatous nature of R. equi infections, the predisposition to infection in human patients with defective cell-mediated immune mechanisms, and the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs that penetrate phagocytic cells.
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Luneva, Al'bina. "Screening of microorganisms which are able to accelerate the process of microbial transformation of bird droppings." Agrarian Bulletin of the 215, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-215-12-50-58.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The purpose of the research. Screening of collection strains of microorganisms with enzymatic properties to accelerate the processes of microbial biodegradation of bird droppings. Research methods. The proteolytic activity of the grown cultures was studied according to GOST 20264.2-88, the total microbial number in the chicken droppings (CFU/ml) was analyzed, and the ammonium nitrogen was determined. Research results. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the highest proteolytic activity was demonstrated by the strain Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171), which amounted to 74.6 units/g. When analyzing the effect of the studied collection strains on the decomposition processes of droppings, it was revealed that the largest number of microbial cells in bird droppings was achieved using Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171), which was 104 CFU/ml at the beginning of the researches, and was the maximum and amounted to 1011 CFU/ml by the 15th day. The content of ammonium nitrogen in droppings treated with this culture decreased from 340 mg/l from the beginning of the experiment to 174 (15th day) and 169 mg/l (20th day) and it was the best indicator. When selecting the dose and concentration of the strain-producer Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171) under introduction to bird droppings, it was found that to accelerate the process of biodegradation of bird droppings, the optimal dose for applying the studied culture is 4.0 % of organic waste mass with preliminary dilution by 2 times with water. At the same time, the optimal time of droppings keeping and the studied culture is 15 days. Scientific novelty. It was established for the first time that the treatment of chicken manure with the collection strain Pseudomonas putida 90 biovar A (171) accelerates the process of its microbial transformation.
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Schmidtmann, E. T., and D. D. Wilson. "Efficacy of Insect Suppression Treatments, Avian Influenza (Ai) Eradication Task Force, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1983-84." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Observations were conducted during Nov and Dec 1983 at 20 Al-infected poultry premises; 10 premises were high-rise houses (layer hens or pullets), 5 were broiler-breeder houses and 5 were shallow-pit houses (layer hens). Each house was treated with a regimen of 4 insecticidal applications to control insects in conjunction with the disinfection and cleanup of Al-quarantined poultry operations. The first treatment, a pyrethrin space spray, was applied within 24 h after depopulation of the flock. The second and third treatments were applied on the same day as the space spray or as soon as possible thereafter, and consisted of a 0.5% stirofos or 0.1% permethrin water-base spray to exterior building and ground surfaces around air vent fans, and a 0.5% stirofos water-base spray applied to manure under bird cages at 2 gal per 100 ft2. The fourth treatment, a 0.1% permethrin water-base spray to interior surfaces, was applied after approval for cleanup and disinfection, but before flock repopulation 30 days later. Treatments were applied by a commercial certified applicator consistent with label instructions. Insect populations were sampled on 2 occasions: 1) before application of space spray treatment and 2) after space spray and manure treatment but within 7 days following the pretreatment sample. Sampling procedures were as follows: In each high-rise house, the numbers of adult house flies and black garbage flies were counted on one side of 10 posts. Insects on and in manure down to a depth of 10-15 cm were talleyed by species and life stage (larvae or adult) at 10 sites on both sides of a central pathway; each sample site consisted of an area extending from the crest or middle of the manure bed to the center of the walkway and ca. 12 inches wide (ca. 3 ft2). Broiler-breeder houses were sampled by counting adult flies on 10 ceiling-support posts in the lower floor and by examining ca. 1 ft2 of litter at 10 sites around the base of posts, under feeders and at the base of walls. Shallow-pit houses were sampled by counting numbers of adult flies in an area of ca. 5-ft wide extending from the middle of the walkway to the top tier of cages. Insects on and in manure were sampled by the same procedure used in high-rise housing.
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Popov, V. N., O. S. Korneeva, O. Y. Iskusnykh, and A. Y. Iskusnykh. "Innovative ways to process poultry waste." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-194-200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper provides an overview of methods for processing and recycling chicken droppings. Poultry farms are a source of litter formation in an amount much larger than the main products. The litter contains up to 80% organic matter, many trace elements, all essential amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins, nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the Federal waste catalog, fresh chicken droppings belong to the 3rd hazard class. Fresh dung contains a significant amount of weed seeds, helminth eggs and pathogenic microorganisms. Dung is a source of toxic gases-ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide. Without recycling, manure becomes a source of environmental pollution. Disposal of chicken droppings is a difficult issue for many farms. Modern trends in the processing and use of poultry manure: 1) direct application to the soil without additional treatment, 2) Processing by passive and active composting, 3) Vermicomposting, 4) Processing with the help of housefly larvae, 5) Dehydration and drying (mechanical, thermal, vacuum), 6) Pyrolysis at t = 450-550 °C, 7) Plasma gasification, 8) thermal depolymerization Technology, 9) Direct combustion in steam and hot water boilers, 10) Microbiological conversion, 11) anaerobic digestion in Methane tanks with the formation of biogas, 12) Dung as a component of compound feed for cattle. The considered technologies of utilization of bird droppings do not fully contribute to the preservation of the environment and production. At the present stage, the industry needs an environmentally friendly and cost-effective biotechnology for processing manure, which makes it possible to turn organic waste into valuable raw materials for obtaining feed, fuels, fertilizers, and substrates for the chemical and microbiological industries. The future of waste management is in nature-like technologies, because in nature, all the necessary processing mechanisms are already in place.
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HONCHARUK, Inna, and Valeria VOVK. "CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS OF THE CATEGORY OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE, THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND PROSPECTS OF FURTHER USE FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 3 (53) (September 25, 2020): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2020-3-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the interpretation of the concept of «waste» in European and domestic regulatory documents and reveals the absence of an environmental component in the definitions, which today is an extremely important aspect of any kind of activity. Attention is paid to an important group of waste - agricultural waste, which simultaneously have the most negative impact on the environment and can be used as a secondary raw material to support the activities of other industries. Attention is paid to an important group of waste - agricultural waste, which simultaneously have the most negative impact on the environment and can be used as a secondary raw material to support the activities of other industries. A list of European and domestic regulatory documents that partially regulate various aspects of agricultural waste management is provided, and the lack of both in regulatory documents and among scientific approaches to determining the essence of agricultural waste is provided, in this regard, the author's understanding is presented of this category of waste. Also, a comparison was made between the classification of agricultural waste in accordance with the State Waste Classifier of Ukraine DK 005-96 with the classification of the corresponding waste group given in the European Waste Catalog. Analyzed the volumes of waste generation in Ukraine by type of economic activity in 2019. The structure of emissions from the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine has been studied and it is indicated that the largest environmental pollutants are animal waste (animal manure and bird droppings), but today there are ways of converting such waste into biofuels, namely biogas. The implementation of the process of processing animal waste (animal manure and bird droppings, which are by-products of production and which do not need to be grown additionally) into biogas, will provide not only the environmental component of waste management - reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also provide additional economic benefits. This study found that the processing of animal waste, with the formation of biogas, will partially solve environmental problems, as well as gain advantages in the form of decentralized production of renewable energy or fuel production for the formation of energy independence of the agricultural sector of Ukraine and the state as a whole.
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., Suwarno, and Komaruddin Idris. "Potential and Possibility of Direct Use of Guano as Fertilizer in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.9.1.37-43.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Guano is a material originally from sea bird or bat excrement. This material is an important source of P fertilizerduring nineteenth century and the early part of twentieth century. The development of artificial fertilizers and the depletion of guano deposits in Peru caused guano negligibled from world fertilizers trading. Recently, guano appeared in fertilizers trading and sciencetific publications again due to the development of organic farming and increasing the price of energy sources for fertilizer manufacture. Based on its origin, guano is classified into sea bird and bat guanos; and based on its composition guano is grouped into nitrogenous dan phosphatic guanos. Moreover, guano deposits are divided into two types: cave guano and insular guano deposits. The main component of guano is N, P, and Ca elements, and the additional elements are K, Mg, and S. Both nitrogenous and phosphatic guanos are important organic fertilizers because the N content of nitrogenous guano and the P content of phosphatic guano are far higher than those of manure, agricultural waste, or muniCipal waste. In Indonesia guano deposits are widely distributed in Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusatenggara, and Irian Jaya. The most deposits are cave guano deposits which contain thousands to hundred thousands tons of guano.Consequently, it is highly potential to develop direct use of guano in our country. Futhermore, results of experiments indicated that phosphatic guano has high possibility to be used directly as P fertilizer.
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Tong, Xinjie, Lingying Zhao, Roderick B. Manuzon, Matthew J. Darr, Reyna M. Knight, Chaoyuan Wang, Albert J. Heber, and Ji Qin Ni. "Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions at Two Commercial Manure-Belt Layer Houses with Mixed Tunnel and Cross Ventilation." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 2073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14634.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
HighlightsAnnual average NH3 concentrations in two retrofitted manure-belt layer houses were 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv.Seasonal and diurnal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations (higher in colder seasons and early morning).Annual average NH3 emission rates from the two layer houses were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1.No consistent pattern was found for either seasonal or diurnal variations in NH3 emission rates.Abstract. Ammonia emission measurements at poultry houses are necessary to assess air quality and emission factors associated with poultry operations, but no data have been reported for manure-belt layer houses retrofitted from high-rise layer houses. Two commercial retrofitted manure-belt layer houses (both 121.9 m long, 19.5 m wide, and 7.7 m high; 170,000 bird nominal capacity each) in Ohio with mixed usage of tunnel and cross ventilation systems were continuously monitored for one year. The daily averages of the exhaust NH3 concentrations varied from 0.03 to 17.7 ppmv in house 1 and 0.37 to 14.4 ppmv in house 2 with annual means (±SD) of 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv, respectively. The NH3 emission factors based on the full year of data for houses 1 and 2 were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1 (12.5 ±10.1 and 15.2 ±10.6 kg d-1 house-1 or 24.9 ±20.0 and 31.1 ±23.4 g d-1 AU-1), respectively. Seasonal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. Within a day, NH3 concentrations were highest from 4:00 to 8:00 and lowest from 16:00 to 20:00. No consistent pattern was observed for seasonal or diurnal variations of NH3 emission rates. Higher NH3 concentrations and emissions were observed at the east and west exhaust air streams of the houses compared to the north and south exhaust air streams due to the unique configuration of the ventilation systems. NH3 emission was correlated with exhaust absolute humidity, hen caloric intake, feed consumption, and protein percentage of feed. Keywords: Ammonia emission factor, Diurnal variation, High-rise, Retrofitted poultry house, Seasonal variation, Spatial variation.
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Yemelyanenko, O., M. Chornozub, A. Yemelyanenko, and V. Koziy. "Modern aspects of contact dermatitis in industrial poultry farming." Naukovij vìsnik veterinarnoï medicini, no. 2 (168) (December 9, 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-4902-2021-168-2-193-202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contact dermatitis is a lesion of the skin of broilers, which leads to a decrease in the quality of the carcass by 15-30 %. It is described as brown-black erosions and ulcers that occur on the breast (breast blisters, BB), hock burns (HB) and on the skin of the central pulp of the foot (food pad dermatitis, FPD). The most commonly affected is the pulp of the foot, followed by the hocks and chest. There are a number of factors that lead to crumb dermatitis. These include: the density of planting birds; type of troughs and the order of their use; feeding; the level of temperature and humidity in the room; type of litter, its quality and quantity; intestinal health. Birds are kept at a density of 8 individuals/m2 suffered less from dermatitis than those kept at a density of 13 individuals/m2 . Moreover, the harmful effects of high density were particularly pronounced at 18 individuals/m2 . The prevalence and severity of this pathology in broilers increases at later stages of fattening. Pododermatitis spread to several layers of skin. The condition of the crumbs worsened when the bird reached slaughter age with up to 64 % of the carcasses affected. In this case, lesions of the hocks and chest were rare. Wet litter (> 30 % moisture) is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of contact dermatitis in broiler and turkey housing systems. This state of litter is most often registered in the winter-spring and autumn seasons. The quality of the litter, especially taking into account its humidity, has been identified as an important issue of well-being, which has a great negative impact on the condition of feathers, limb health and the frequency of contact dermatitis. Litter temperature is also important. With its growth, the degree of contact dermatitis increases. The reason for the increase in litter temperature is the increase in planting density and the accumulation of more manure, which enhances bacterial fermentation. With wet litter, bird feathers become wet or contaminated with litter, feces and dirt. It loses its protective properties. The level of bird welfare is declining sharply. Diagnosis of contact dermatitis in poultry is based on characteristic clinical signs. These are lameness, impaired mobility and discoloration of the skin, which often develops into an ulcer. The lesions are clearly separated from the intact tissue and often appear as ulcers surrounded by a deep hemorrhagic shaft. Contact dermatitis can develop in less than a week. Characteristic signs at the beginning of the disease are swelling, redness and increase in local temperature, thickening of the skin. Deep ulcers usually lead to abscesses in the underlying tissues and structures. Often the affected area is covered with crusts. If large ulcers develop, they can cause pain, slow growth, obstruct gait, and open bacteria to underlying tissues. Key words: broilers, contact dermatitis, dermatitis of the central pulp of the finger, dermatitis in the area of the hocks, dermatitis in the chest.
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Wood, C. Wesley, Maribeth C. Duqueza, and Brenda H. Wood. "Evaluation of Nitrogen Bioavailability Predictors for Poultry Wastes." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (July 8, 2010): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long-term land application of manure, litter, and dead-bird compost generated during poultry (Gallus, gallus) production may oversupply nitrogen (N) and result in nitrate (NO3-N) contamination of groundwater. A barrier to judicious use of poultry waste as a fertilizer is the absence of management tools for prediction of waste-derived N released during the plant growing season. This study was conducted to establish an N extraction method for poultry wastes as a predictor of soil N release owing to land application of poultry waste. We correlated N released from 87 different poultry wastes in a 60-day incubation with seven bioavailability predictors. Bioavailability predictors included autoclave-calcium chloride (CaCl2) extraction, bicarbonate extraction, Walkley-Black (acid dichromate) digestion, acid permanganate digestion, pepsin digestion, protein extraction, and barium hydroxide extractable glucose. Results indicate that acid permanganate digestion (r=0.77) has the highest potential for predicting N mineralized from poultry wastes followed by sodium bicarbonate extraction (r=0.51). However, the relationships are not strong enough to indicate that these methods would be useful in a practical, predictive sense.
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Chernysh, Yelizaveta, Vladimir Shtepa, Igor Roy, Viktoriia Chubur, Polina Skvortsova, Anastasia Ivlieva, and Dmitry Danilov. "The potential of organic waste as a substrate for anaerobic digestion in Ukraine: trend definitions." Environmental Problems 6, no. 3 (2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.03.135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is devoted to the analysis and prospects of using different types of organic waste to achieve environmental goals. Due to the unique climate and natural resources, Ukraine has significant potential for biomass, the processing of which should solve urgent problems with the disposal of waste, as well as the production of alternative energy sources and biofertilizers. The preferred substrates for anaerobic digestion in Ukraine, considering the technological feasibility, availability, and volume are animal manure (cattle, pigs), bird droppings, plant residues, industrial sludge, common sludges. After analyzing the statistics for 2015-2019, the groups of dominant wastes were identified, and with the help of the built-in function "TREND," the forecast of the waste potential with an organic component for 2021-2026 was constructed. Examining the obtained indicators for different types of waste, the reasons for the tendency of decrease or increase in their formation in the next five years were revealed. The direction of enhancing the sustainability of bioenergy, achieving environmental goals through the bioprocessing of organic waste associated with the ecological safety of production processes were discussed.
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Chernysh, Yelizaveta, Vladimir Shtepa, Igor Roy, Viktoriia Chubur, Polina Skvortsova, Anastasia Ivlieva, and Dmitry Danilov. "The potential of organic waste as a substrate for anaerobic digestion in Ukraine: trend definitions." Environmental Problems 6, no. 3 (2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.03.135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is devoted to the analysis and prospects of using different types of organic waste to achieve environmental goals. Due to the unique climate and natural resources, Ukraine has significant potential for biomass, the processing of which should solve urgent problems with the disposal of waste, as well as the production of alternative energy sources and biofertilizers. The preferred substrates for anaerobic digestion in Ukraine, considering the technological feasibility, availability, and volume are animal manure (cattle, pigs), bird droppings, plant residues, industrial sludge, common sludges. After analyzing the statistics for 2015-2019, the groups of dominant wastes were identified, and with the help of the built-in function "TREND," the forecast of the waste potential with an organic component for 2021-2026 was constructed. Examining the obtained indicators for different types of waste, the reasons for the tendency of decrease or increase in their formation in the next five years were revealed. The direction of enhancing the sustainability of bioenergy, achieving environmental goals through the bioprocessing of organic waste associated with the ecological safety of production processes were discussed.
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Sheppard, S. C., S. Bittman, and J. Tait. "Monthly NH3 emissions from poultry in 12 Ecoregions of Canada." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Management of ammonia (NH3) is a multi faceted issue for farmers. It is simultaneously a toxicant that can affect farm worker and animal health, a volatile plant nutrient that is expensive to replace if lost, and a potential contributor to environmental degradation. The environmental implications have important spatial and temporal dimensions, beyond the farm. This paper describes a model developed to estimate NH3 emissions from poultry (broiler, layer and turkey) production in 2780 mapping units across Canada on a monthly time scale. It includes estimates of daily emission peaks within critical months. The results will contribute to estimates of haze and atmospheric aerosol production, as well as contributions to other potential impacts such as eutrophication of sensitive ecosystems. The model is based on a detailed survey of farm practices. Emissions vary strongly throughout the year, and in many regions there are peak emissions in early spring and late fall, associated with landspreading of manure. There are also markedly different nitrogen excretion rates among regions, and these and bird populations are the key factors controlling emissions. On average, 22% of excreted uric acid or ammoniacal N is emitted from barns, 2% from storage and 26% from landspreading, resulting in a total loss of 50%. Key words: Ammonia, PM2.5, acid rain, nitrogen
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Nikitin, Ye B., T. I. Uryumtseva, B. A. Sharov, and O. A. Slatvinskaya. "Development of a technology for producing organic fertilizers based on catalytic processes." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 84, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-4/92-99.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the development of a technology for obtaining organic fertilizers from poultry waste based on biocatalytic processes. Currently, many poultry farms have become sources of environmental pollution, thereby causing serious environmental problems and economic and social damage. The problem of reliable protection of the natural environment from pollution by bird droppings is currently relevant. In the area of operation of large poultry farms, air pollution by microorganisms, dust, foul-smelling organic compounds, which are decomposition products of organic waste, as well as nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon oxides, is possible. Bird droppings contain acids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, heavy metals. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium changes dramatically depending on the quantity and quality of the feed. Humic substances isolated from brown coal have a sufficiently high sorption activity and are used as cheap sorbents for solving a number of environmental problems in industry. These studies are aimed at minimizing the main disadvantage of the anaerobic digestion process, the low reaction rate, which leads to the need to create large-volume bioreactors. On the basis of the research carried out, a technology has been developed for obtaining organic fertilizers from poultry waste by the method of anaerobic fermentation of chicken manure with humidity at a temperature of 27 °C - 50 °C with the addition of sodium humate. The resulting fertilizer is intended for use in agricultural production, horticulture, floriculture, forestry, municipalities, in household plots in order to increase the yield and quality of crop production. For the developed technology, an application has been submitted for obtaining a Patent for the invention of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Method for producing organic fertilizers» (priority No. 2021-22818, dated July 13, 2021). The invention allows to significantly reduce the time of fermentation, to enrich the product with organic and mineral products contained in sodium humate, to convert the salts of heavy metals into an insoluble state, to improve the environmental friendliness of the method.
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Díaz, Mario, Anna Ramos, and Elena D. Concepción. "Changing urban bird diversity: how to manage adaptively our closest relation with wildlife." Ecosistemas 31, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7818/ecos.2354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We human beings are becoming urban citizens. More and more people spend their lives in urban environments, so that the conservation and improvement of urban biodiversity is an increasingly hot topic. On the one hand, as cities grow bigger and more populated they can become more hostile for some birds, but cities can also be safer than the surrounding rural environment for others. On the other hand, factors affecting negatively or positively wild birds may also influence human’s health, either directly (e.g. pollution) or indirectly (enjoying wildlife diversity could contribute to improve our wellbeing). We review current state of knowledge on factors determining the abundance, diversity and health of urban birds, and derive methods for diagnosing what factors are acting in each particular case. Diagnoses are essential to design effective and efficient ways to manage urban bird diversity and improve it adaptively. We also address whether factors affecting birds could affect citizenship directly, so that urban birds can be used as indicators for healthy urban environments. Investigating and improving urban bird life can also improve human wellbeing through people’s involvement on citizen science programs. Monitoring approaches taken by both authorities and NGOs are still too general and badly designed, but collaboration among scientist, volunteers and authorities will contribute to make them effective. Improving citizen involvement will in turn contribute to improve urban bird diversity, closing a win-win loop for both people and wildlife wellbeing.
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Díaz, Mario, Anna Ramos, and Elena D. Concepción. "Changing urban bird diversity: how to manage adaptively our closest relation with wildlife." Ecosistemas 31, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7818/ecos.2354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We human beings are becoming urban citizens. More and more people spend their lives in urban environments, so that the conservation and improvement of urban biodiversity is an increasingly hot topic. On the one hand, as cities grow bigger and more populated they can become more hostile for some birds, but cities can also be safer than the surrounding rural environment for others. On the other hand, factors affecting negatively or positively wild birds may also influence human’s health, either directly (e.g. pollution) or indirectly (enjoying wildlife diversity could contribute to improve our wellbeing). We review current state of knowledge on factors determining the abundance, diversity and health of urban birds, and derive methods for diagnosing what factors are acting in each particular case. Diagnoses are essential to design effective and efficient ways to manage urban bird diversity and improve it adaptively. We also address whether factors affecting birds could affect citizenship directly, so that urban birds can be used as indicators for healthy urban environments. Investigating and improving urban bird life can also improve human wellbeing through people’s involvement on citizen science programs. Monitoring approaches taken by both authorities and NGOs are still too general and badly designed, but collaboration among scientist, volunteers and authorities will contribute to make them effective. Improving citizen involvement will in turn contribute to improve urban bird diversity, closing a win-win loop for both people and wildlife wellbeing.
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Kondrakov, O. V., and I. V. Kondrakov. "Perspectives of using renewable power sources in Tambov region for maintaining energy security." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1634-2020-4-561-572.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors of the article examine the possibilities of using alternative energy in Tambov region. Natural resources are the main power sources for both production process and human activity. Since hydrocarbon energy sources are not inexhaustible scientists all over the world are searching for new technologies for exploiting renewable power sources. The authors have studied the basic tendencies of Russia energy policy concerning the use of renewable power sources. According to “Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030” the share of renewable power sources will be increased and local fuel resources will be used in the regions. It is essential to define the opportunities and perspectives of using renewable power sources in Tambov region. The research involves analysis of actinometric and meteorological data in Tambov region. To ground the perspective of using solar energy based power sources the authors estimated the following updating criteria: total solar radiation, daylight hours, average monthly daylight irradiance, average annual and average monthly wind speed. The necessity of using alternative energy in Tambov region is explained by the pace of development of agricultural sector of economy. As a result there is a lot of agricultural waste (straw, grass, manure, sunflower husk, corn stalks, potato tops, bird droppings) which is the main source for bioenergy. To show the benefit of the measures taken the authors have conducted the SWOT-analysis of perspective use of renewable power sources in Tambov region.The study conducted demonstrates the expediency of using renewable power sources to solve the tasks of environmental and energy security
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James, P. J., C. Krawec, N. A. Schellhorn, P. C. Glatz, and P. M. Pepper. "Species composition and dispersal of nuisance flies breeding on egg farms in southern Australia." Animal Production Science 57, no. 1 (2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The vectorial and dispersal capacities of flies make them a biosecurity and food safety risk on egg farms. The design of optimal control and biosecurity programs requires knowledge of species composition and patterns of abundance of the fly populations present. Although there have been many studies of flies breeding on egg farms in other countries there is little information available in Australia. We monitored numbers and species of flies breeding on cage egg farms in southern Australia and used mass marking with fluorescent resin dye to assess the dispersal of the major species from one of the farms. The main peak in fly numbers occurred in spring and early summer and was comprised predominantly of little house flies (Fannia canicularis). Significant numbers of false stable flies (Muscina stabulans) were trapped near accumulated manure, but relatively low numbers were present in bird housing areas. House flies (Musca domestica) were found in only low numbers or were absent at most times of the year. In the dispersal studies, 85% of marked F. canicularis and 67% of marked M. stabulans were trapped within 255 m of the layer sheds. The greatest distance from the farm at which marked F. canicularis flies were captured was 739 m for traps and 1.25 km for tapes whereas M. stabulans flies were trapped at all distances including in the most distant trap nearly 2 km from the farm. Modelling of trap catches by distance predicted maximum dispersal distances of 1.6 km for F. canicularis and 2.4 km for M. stabulans.
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Dili, Ramces M., Ruthra Mae B. Kalaw, Anne Dominique L. Miguel, and Gloria M. Ting. "Analysis of Environmental Impact and Waste Management of Egg Poultry Industry in the Philippines: A Case of San Jose, Batangas." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The poultry industry produces a lot of waste, and environmental issues grow as the egg industry expands. Poultry owners in the Philippines, notably in San Jose, Batangas, face numerous waste management concerns. This study examined these issues as well as their environmental safety policies. San Jose, in Batangas province, is renowned as "The Egg Basket of the Philippines" for its large-scale egg production. This study collected data using qualitative descriptive analysis. The poultry farms in the municipality were about 376 as of 2021, but with no definite total number of poultry owners. Interviews with the municipal agriculturist and ten poultry owners was utilized. The study revealed substantial waste management difficulties such as manure disposal, water and air pollution, odor disturbance and insects, weather conditions, and virus outbreaks (bird flu). The study's concerning SDGs were 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Waste disposal over the past decades still poses a threat to the environment. The local government adopted poultry ordinances/resolutions: Resolution 164 of 2008, Resolution 341 of 2016, and Resolution 348 of 2016/Ordinance 007 series of 2016. These policies and initiatives were concluded to be environmentally friendly, but most poultry owners lack awareness of the said policies. Awareness is vital for better policy responses, and the municipality needs to develop its information dissemination. It is essential to improve waste management policies and farm monitoring methods. The local government should implement concrete socioeconomic and environmental programs to empower residents and poultry owners, especially the younger generation, and improve the municipality's knowledge of waste management techniques.
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Stepanova, Anna M., Nadezhda P. Tarabukina, Marfa P. Scryabina, Mikhail P. Neustroev, and Svetlana I. Parnikova. "Litter feed additive as source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 466–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2019-14-4-466-480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Feed additive was derived from poultry manure by microbiological synthesis. After a 10-day feeding poultry with probiotic strains of bacteria B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5, the litter does not contain potential enteropathogens and can be used as a raw material for feed additive. Based on the results of microbiological and biochemical studies the technology of feed additive (powder) with the use of extrusion was developed. Extrusion at a temperature of up to 120 °C for 5-6 seconds provides presence of beneficial bacteria and significantly high content of essential amino acids. According to the results of biochemical studies, litter feed additive contains 18 free amino acids. The total concentration of free amino acids in the feed additive (powder) is 406.3 mg/kg, which is 1.7 times higher than that in the litter without fermentation and extrusion. The experiments have shown that inclusion of 3.3% feed additive in the diet does not have negative effect on physiological state, viability and productivity of laying hens. Survival of birds in both groups was 100%. Additive application in the experimental group of chickens revealed absence of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms and microscopic fungi, presence of bifidobacteria and spore-forming aerobic Bacillus bacteria in powder, as well as predominance of beneficial micro flora and lack of potential enteropathogens (compared to control). It allows to conclude that feed additive obtained by microbiological synthesis from bird droppings possess probiotic properties. The results of biochemical study of egg production indicate that the use of food additives (to 3.3% of the basic diet) for laying hens significantly increases content of major micro and macro-elements in eggs, compared to the control. Therefore, the use of feed additive-powder (up to 3.3% of the basic diet) does not reduce egg quality. Thus, based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that the litter obtained from laying hens, after application of probiotic ‘Nord-Bakt’, further fermentation with strains Bacillus subtilis TNP-3 and Bacillus subtilis TNP-5, followed by extrusion can be used as a feed additive as a source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria.
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ALOYSIUS, SCOTT LI MENG, DING LI YONG, JESSICA G. LEE, and ANUJ JAIN. "Flying into extinction: Understanding the role of Singapore’s international parrot trade in growing domestic demand." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270919000182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummarySouth-East Asia’s bird trade is of global conservation concern as it has massively depleted wild populations of many species. Parrots (Order Psittaciformes) are especially vulnerable because they are the most heavily traded group of birds globally under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) appendices. Singapore’s involvement in the global pet bird trade as a transhipment hub is well documented, particularly for parrots. Yet, much less is known about the links between its domestic and international trade. We attempt to quantify this relationship by comparing bird trade data on the CITES database with past market surveys of pet shops, complemented with semi-structured interviews with 30 parrot owners in Singapore. We report a decline in total imports and exports of CITES-listed birds in Singapore from 2005 to 2016, consistent with global trends after the European Union trade ban on wild bird imports. However, parrots continue to make up the majority of total imports; and there was a yearly increase in the percentage of parrot imports out of total imports. In addition, we report a difference in imports and exports of 54,207 CITES I, II and III listed birds into Singapore i.e. birds imported but not re-exported. A substantial proportion of these birds were possibly channelled into the domestic pet trade or used as breeding stock. Interviews with parrot owners confirmed the growing demand and popularity of parrots and particularly of larger species. We conclude that the domestic demand for parrots may have been previously underestimated, and make recommendations to manage Singapore’s international and domestic pet bird trade such as implementing a licensing and records system to track the movement of birds.
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Tofanelli, Mauro B. D., Gabriel L. de Jesus, and Ricardo S. A. Silva. "Short Communication. Organic fertilization for the improvement of production and quality of ripe figs." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 20, no. 1 (March 2022): e09SC01-e09SC01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022201-18418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim of study: The use of natural inputs in farming practices and the consumption of in natura products have been on the rise. Natural crop fertilizing sources gains force when the intent lies in crop by way of an ecologically correct agricultural system. To this end, this paper targeted assessing the use of cattle (CM) and bird manure (BM) in organic fertilization of fig culture in organic handling, and its effect on the production of ripe figs. Area of study: Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Material and methods: In 2011, an experimental fig orchard was established using the ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ cultivar. The experimental outline adopted was in randomized blocks, with 3 repetitions and 7 treatments comprised of: the control and 6 types of fertilization using CM and/or BM. Harvests were performed in 2016 and 2017. The characteristics evaluated were mean weight, length and diameter of individual fruits, mean weight and number of fruits per tree, total soluble solids content, total titratable acidity and pH. Main results: Organic fertilization with 5 L of CM per fig tree promoted the best results in all biometric variables as compared to the plants that were not fertilized. Considering quality, only 5 L of CM or 1.25 L of BM provided equal total titratable acidity in comparison with control. Plants fertilized with 2.5 L of CM produced figs with higher maturation index against plants fertilized with 5 L of CM or 1.25 L of BM. Research highlights: Considering the fig tree productivity and quality of ripe figs, organic fertilization with CM and BM promoted good characteristics.
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Lindell, Catherine, Melissa Hannay, and Benjamin Hawes. "Bird Management in Blueberries and Grapes." Agronomy 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8120295.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bird damage to fruit is a long-standing challenge for growers that imposes significant costs because of yield losses and grower efforts to manage birds. We measured bird damage in ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry fields and Pinot noir vineyards in 2012–2014 in Michigan to investigate how year, grower, and forest cover influenced the proportions of bird damage. We tested whether inflatable tubemen (2013–2014) and a methyl anthranilate spray (2015) reduced bird damage in blueberries, and tested the deterrent effect of inflatable tubemen in grapes (2014). Years when crop yield was lower tended to have a higher damage percentage; for blueberries, bird damage was highest in 2012, and in grapes, damage was highest in 2012 and 2014. Neither blueberry fields nor vineyards with inflatable tubemen showed significantly reduced bird damage, although the blueberry fields showed a non-significant trend toward lower damage in the tubemen blocks. Blueberry field halves treated with the methyl anthranilate spray had equivalent bird damage to untreated halves. Our results correspond to previous work showing that percent bird damage varies by year, which was likely because bird consumption of fruit is relatively constant over time, while fruit yield varies. Fruit growers should expect a higher proportion of bird damage in low-fruit contexts, such as low-yield years, and prepare to invest more in bird management at those times. Investigating patterns of bird damage and testing deterrent strategies remain challenges. Bird activity is spatially and temporally variable, and birds’ mobility necessitates tests at large scales.
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Veenendaal, E. M., O. Kolle, P. A. Leffelaar, A. P. Schrier-Uijl, J. Van Huissteden, J. Van Walsem, F. Möller, and F. Berendse. "CO<sub>2</sub> exchange and carbon balance in two grassland sites on eutrophic drained peat soils." Biogeosciences 4, no. 6 (November 21, 2007): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1027-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In this study we investigated the role of intensive and extensive dairy farm practices on CO2 exchange and the carbon balance of peatlands by means of eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Year long EC measurements were made in two adjacent farm sites on peat soil in the western part of the Netherlands. One site (Stein) is a new meadow bird reserve and is managed predominantly by mowing in June and August. The second site (Oukoop) is an intensive dairy farm. Maximum photosynthetic uptake of the grass sward (range 2 to 34 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) showed a close and similar linear relationship with Leaf Area Index (LAI; range 1 to 5) except in maturing hay meadows, where maximum photosynthetic uptake did not increase further. Apparent quantum yield varied between 0.02 and 0.08 (mean 0.045) μmol CO2 μmol−1 photons at both sites and was significantly correlated with LAI during the growth season. Ecosystem Respiration at 10°C (R10) calculated from the year round data set was 3.35 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 at Stein and 3.69 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 at Oukoop. Both sites were a source of carbon in winter and a sink during summer with net ecosystem exchange varying between 50 to 100 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 in winter to below −400 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 in summer. Periodically, both sites became a source after mowing. Net annual ecosystem exchange (NEE) for Stein was −5.7 g C m−2 a−1 and for Oukoop 133.9 g C m−2 a−1. When biomass removal, manure applications and estimates of methane emissions ware taken into account, both eutrophic peat meadows are a strong source for C around 420 g C m−2 a−1.
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Stadnik, Mykola, Andrii Shtuts, and Oleksandr Pylypenko. "LEVEL OF ENERGY SUPPLY OF ANIMAL FARMS FROM USING BIOGAS." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 1(112) (March 23, 2021): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2021-1-12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ukraine has untapped potential for the production of own energy from renewable sources - processing of livestock waste (animal manure and bird droppings) with the formation of biogas, which can then be used to produce electricity, heat or fuel - analogues of natural gas (methane) (in particular, for own needs of farms). Currently in Ukraine, the generation of large amounts of waste on industrial farms is an environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Recycling livestock waste to generate biogas will partially solve environmental problems, as well as benefit from decentralized renewable energy production or fuel production. The role of renewable energy sources in energy production is constantly growing and now the issue of increasing the share of renewable sources in the energy balance of each country is relevant. In the supply of primary energy, the share of renewable energy accounts for 13% worldwide. Of these, biomass accounts for 10%, or 258 million tons per year, ie in the world biomass provides the largest share of energy supply from renewable sources. Domestic agricultural enterprises are significant consumers of fuel and energy resources, so they face the objective need to use alternative energy sources, including biofuels and the introduction of innovative energy-saving technologies. Biogas production is an efficient and attractive investment technology, due to the presence of significant raw material potential, favorable climatic and other. However, the level of introduction of this type of energy in the agro-industrial complex is insufficient, which is due to a number of issues, including insufficient level of practical recommendations for choosing power generators, their number, modes of operation taking into account daily energy consumption schedule, load and optimal efficiency. installations while providing autonomous power supply of the enterprise. This paper determines the level of energy supply of livestock farms through the use of biogas plants as a source of energy used for livestock waste.