Статті в журналах: "BIOTIC ELICITORS"

1

Zhuk, I. V., O. P. Dmitriev, G. M. Lysova, and L. O. Kucherova. "The influence of kojic acid and donor NO on Triticum aestivum L. under biotic stress." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 25 (August 30, 2019): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v25.1166.

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Aim. The usage of biotic elicitors for elicitation of defense responses may induce plant disease resistance and prevent increased environmental pollution by pesticides. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) is a signal molecule for photosynthetic status and for stomatal movements, and systemic acquired resistance to pathogens in plants proposed to be dependent on H2O2. It is shown in our previous research that biotic elicitors influence on H2O2 content in plants. Kojic acid inhibits tyrosinase activity in melanin synthesis. In plant-pathogen interaction melanin plays role for filaments growth of fungal agent. The aim of research was to analyze in field trials effect of kojic acid with additional donor NO treatment of winter wheat under biotic stress. Methods. Content of endogenous H2O2 was measured in kojic acid and NO donor treated wheat plants (cv. Legenda Myronivska) during different ontogenesis phases. The extent of morphometric parameters and yield structure were analyzed. Results. The data obtained suggest that kojic acid and donor NO decreased the HP content in wheat leaves and increased the grain number and yield. Conclusions. Kojic acid with donor NO is effective combination and could be used as biotic elicitor. Keywords: winter wheat, kojic acid, NO, biotic elicitors, induced resistance, Triticum aestivum L., Septoria tritici Rob.et Desm.

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2

Moerschbacher, B., K. H. Kogel, U. Noll, and H. J. Reisener. "An Elicitor of the Hypersensitive Lignification Response in Wheat Leaves Isolated from the Rust Fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici I. Partial Purification and Characterization." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1986): 830–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-9-1006.

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Several biotic and abiotic clicitors of the hypersensitive reaction in wheat leaves are described. The elicitors induce enhanced activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase with subsequent lignification, visible as a yellow autofluorescence. The deposited material stains positively with phloroglucinol. DEAE-dextran, epoxystearic acid and chitosan are strong elicitors, while the glucans tested have no activity.A biotic elicitor (genuine Pgt-elicitor) was isolated from the germ tube walls of uredospores of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. The high molecular weight, water soluble elicitor is heat stable and unaffected by mild acid and mild alkaline treatments. It seems to be a glycoprotein with the carbohydrate moiety bearing the active residues, as indicated by periodate sensitivity and protease stability. The carbohydrate moiety consists mainly of glucose with some galactose and mannose.Upon ultrafiltration and gel chromatography elicitor activity was associated with fractions of molecular weight of more than 100 kD.When injected into the intercellular space of primary wheat leaves, the elicitor induces lignification, preceded by an increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity.

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3

Linh, Nguyễn Thị Nhật, Hoàng Thanh Tùng, Nguyễn Hoàng Lộc, and Dương Tấn Nhựt. "The effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on biomass and saponin production of secondary root cultivated in shake flasks Panax vietnamensis adventitious root." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/2/12345.

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Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. is an endemic ginseng of Vietnam which has highly nutraceutical, medicinal and comercial values. Many its special saponins provide resistance to stress, disease and exhaustion. In this study, the biotic elicitors (yeast extract and chitosan) at concentrations from 50 – 200 mg/l and abiotic elicitors (jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid) at concentrations from 50 – 200 µl/l were used to evaluate the possibility of increasing secondary root’s biomass and saponin in Panax vietnamensis adventitious root cultures. This cultures were maintained on Innova 2100 shaker shaker plantform at a speed of 100 rpm, and its modified MS medium (NH4+/NO3-: 7.19/18.5 mM/mM) were supplemented with 7 mg/l IBA, 0.5 mg/l BA and 3% sucrose. Results after 56 days of cultured showed that most elicitors significantly reduced dry biomass of secondary roots as compared to control (exception the addition of 50 – 100 mg/l yeast extract or 50 µl/l salicylic acid). However, all elicitors increased saponin-accumulation, and abiotic elicitor is more effective saponin-accumulation than those biotic elicitors. Jasmonic acid obviously gave the best results; with total amount of 3 saponins at 150 µl/l, Rg1 at 100 µl/l, Rb1 at 50 µl/l and MR2 at 200 µl/l and Rg1 (3.22%), significantly higher than other concentration of elicitor. However, for accumulating saponins and developing secondary root, 150 mg/l YE is the most real effective in all elicitors (0.88 mg).

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Saini, Ramesh K., Muthu K. Akithadevi, Parvatam Giridhar, and Gokare A. Ravishankar. "Augmentation of major isoflavones in Glycine max L. through the elicitor-mediated approach." Acta Botanica Croatica 72, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-012-0023-7.

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Abstract - Isoflavone content in soybean seeds was enhanced by the elicitor-mediated approach under field conditions through the floral application of abiotic elicitors-salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and biotic elicitors-Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oligosporus. Among isoflavones, daidzein and glycitein were found to be highly responsive to elicitors, with an increase of 53.7% and 78.7%, respectively as compared to control. Highest total isoflavone content (1276.4 mg g-1 of seeds) was observed upon the administration of 0.1 mMsalicylic acid, which is 92.7% higher than in control. This study would be valuable for augmentation of the isoflavone content in soybean seeds in field grown plants for better nutraceutical potential.

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5

Hardiyanti, Citra, Khairullinas Khairullinas, Jeky Sasemar Lumban, Titania Tjandrawati Nugroho, and Yuana Nurulita. "Microbial Growth as Determinant of Antibiotic Production with Biotic Elicitors Stimulation." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.3.89-95.

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An antibiotic-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) issue open the role of researchers to continue to search for natural potential as a source of new antimicrobials. One of the potential fungi isolates that can produce antimicrobial active compounds from Indonesian tropical peat soils is Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34. In this study, the production of antimicrobial compounds from local isolates was carried out by batch fermentation method in liquid media with the addition of biotic elicitors to increase the extraction activity and yield. This study aims to optimize the results based on the time the elicitor is added. Staphylococcus aureus was used as a biotic elicitor, which was added on days 2, 3, and 4 in the production of antibiotics by fermentation incubation of 6-14 days. The antibiotic production media was extracted with ethyl acetate and evaporated. The antimicrobial test was carried out by the disk diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis using three crude extract contents (19; 38; and 57 µg/disc). Amoxicillin® was used as a positive control (10 µL/disc). The results showed that the addition of S. aureus biotic elicitor extended the log phase growth of the fungus Penicillium sp. LBKURCC34. The optimum condition of production was obtained by adding initiator treatment on the 3rd day for 14 days incubation with the highest yield and could inhibit the growth of all pathogenic microbes.

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6

Zhuk, I. V., A. P. Dmitriev, Ju V. Shylina, G. M. Lysova, and L. O. Kucherova. "The estimation of organic acids effectiveness as biotic elicitors via changes of endogenous peroxid content." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1266.

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Aim. The usage of biotic elicitors for elicitation of defense responses may induce plant disease resistance and prevent increased environmental pollution by pesticides. Hydrogen peroxide is a well-known signal molecule for photosynthetic status and for stomatal movements, and systemic acquired resistance to pathogens in plants proposed to be dependent on H2O2. The aim of research was to analyze in field trials the effect of oxalic, ferulic and kojic acid on H2O2 content and winter wheat resistance against Septoria tritici. Methods. Content of endogenous H2O2 was measured in elicitor treated and inoculated by S. tritici wheat plants (cv. Oberig) during different ontogenesis phases. The extent of disease development, morphometric parameters and yield structure were analyzed. Results. It is shown that the lowest level of hydrogen peroxide in leaves at the necrotrophic stage of pathogen infection was after oxalic acid treatment, and the highest – after koijc acid influence. Conclusions. The data obtained suggest that elicitors induced defense responses in winter wheat against S. tritici and hydrogen peroxide content is an important and valuable parameter. Keywords: biotic elicitors, hydrogen peroxide, induced resistance, Triticum aestivum L., Septoria tritici Rob et Desm.

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7

Sák, Martin, Ivana Dokupilová, Šarlota Kaňuková, Michaela Mrkvová, Daniel Mihálik, Pavol Hauptvogel, and Ján Kraic. "Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors of Stilbenes Production in Vitis vinifera L. Cell Culture." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030490.

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The in vitro cell cultures derived from the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have been used for the production of stilbenes treated with different biotic and abiotic elicitors. The red-grape cultivar Váh has been elicited by natural cellulose from Trichoderma viride, the cell wall homogenate from Fusarium oxysporum and synthetic jasmonates. The sodium-orthovanadate, known as an inhibitor of hypersensitive necrotic response in treated plant cells able to enhance production and release of secondary metabolite into the cultivation medium, was used as an abiotic elicitor. Growth of cells and the content of phenolic compounds trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, δ-viniferin, and ɛ-viniferin, were analyzed in grapevine cells treated by individual elicitors. The highest accumulation of analyzed individual stilbenes, except of trans-piceid has been observed after treatment with the cell wall homogenate from F. oxysporum. Maximum production of trans-resveratrol, δ- and ɛ-viniferins was triggered by treatment with cellulase from T. viride. The accumulation of trans-piceid in cell cultures elicited by this cellulase revealed exactly the opposite effect, with almost three times higher production of trans-resveratrol than that of trans-piceid. This study suggested that both used fungal elicitors can enhance production more effectively than commonly used jasmonates.

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8

Mubeen, Bismillah, Ammarah Hasnain, Wang Jie, Hanxian Zheng, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Shahril Efzueni Rozali, Rabia Rasool, et al. "Enhanced Production of Active Photosynthetic and Biochemical Molecules in Silybum marianum L. Using Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hydroponic Culture." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041716.

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Elicitors are stressors that activate secondary pathways that lead to the increased production of bioactive molecules in plants. Different elicitors including the fungus Aspergillus niger (0.2 g/L), methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 100 µM/L), and silver nanoparticles (1 µg/L) were added, individually and in combination, in a hydroponic medium. The application of these elicitors in hydroponic culture significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total phenolic contents. The treatment with MeJA (methyl jasmonate) (100 µM/L) and the co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) (100 µM/L + 1 µg/L) exhibited the highest chlorophyll a (29 µg g−1 FW) and chlorophyll b (33.6 µg g−1 FW) contents, respectively. The elicitor MeJA (100 µM/L) gave a substantial rise in chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll contents. Likewise, a significant rise in carotenoid contents (9 µg/g FW) was also observed when subjected to meJA (100 µM/L). For the phenolic content, the treatment with meJA (100 µM/L) proved to be very effective. Nevertheless, the highest production (431 µg/g FW) was observed when treated with AgNPs (1 µg/L). The treatments with various elicitors in this study had a significant effect on flavonoid and lignin content. The highest concentration of flavonoids and lignin was observed when MeJA (100 mM) was used as an elicitor, following a 72-h treatment period. Hence, for different plant metabolites, the treatment with meJA (100 µM/L) and a co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (100 µM/L + 1 µg/L) under prolonged exposure times of 120–144 h proved to be the most promising in the accretion of valuable bioactive molecules. The study opens new insights into the use of these elicitors, individually or in combination, by using different concentrations and compositions.

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9

Deshmukh, V., J. Deshpande, and M. Wani. "Elicitation based enhancement of solasodine production in in-vitro cultures of different Solanum species." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 2 (March 13, 2023): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/2/mrn-4011.

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Aim: To study the enhancement of solasodine content using elicitors such as NaCl, pectin, salicylic acid and yeast extract in cell suspension cultures of Solanum incanum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum surattense and Solanum villosum. Methodology: In-vitro callus induction from leaf explants was carried out on MS media supplemented with auxin, 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.0 mg l-1). MS liquid medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (2.0 mg l-1) and varied concentrations of different elicitors were used for cell suspension culture. Results: The elicitor NaCl (150 mM) indicated maximum increment in solasodine production in three Solanum species studied. Salicylic acid with 75 μM resulted in considerable elevation in solasodine content in Solanum spp. Response to elicitation by pectin was high at different concentrations for different species of Solanum. Biotic elicitor yeast extract at 3.0 g l-1 concentration considerably increased solasodine production in S. nigrum and S. villosum. Solanum villosum exhibited best results in terms of solasodine concentration enhancement in response to pectin and yeast extract elicitors whereas Solanum incanum responded best to pectin followed by NaCl. Interpretation: The current results indicated that NaCl, pectin, salicylic acid and yeast extract can be effectively applied as influential elicitors for the enhancing the production of solasodine in cell suspension culture of different Solanum species. Key words: Callus, Cell suspension culture, Elicitors, Solanum, Solasodine, Steroidal alkaloids

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10

Kanthaliya, Bhanupriya, Abhishek Joshi, Jaya Arora, Mashael Daghash Alqahtani, and Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah. "Effect of Biotic Elicitors on the Growth, Antioxidant Activity and Metabolites Accumulation in In Vitro Propagated Shoots of Pueraria tuberosa." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061300.

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Pueraria tuberosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, alkaloids, and phytosterols, which make it valuable to the pharmaceutical and food industries. Elicitor compounds trigger the defense mechanisms in plants and are widely used to increase the yield of bioactive molecules in in vitro cultures. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of biotic elicitors such as yeast extract (YE), pectin (PEC), and alginate (ALG) on growth, antioxidant activity, and metabolite accumulation in in vitro propagated shoots of P. tuberosa. The elicitors applied to shoot cultures of P. tuberosa significantly increased biomass (shoot number, fresh weight, and dry weight), and metabolites such as protein, carbohydrates, chlorophyll, total phenol (TP), and total flavonoid (TF) contents, as well as antioxidant activity compared to untreated control. Biomass, TP, and TF contents, as well as antioxidant activity, were most significant in cultures treated with 100 mg/L PEC. In contrast, chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrate increased most in cultures treated with 200 mg/L ALG. Application of 100 mg/L of PEC led to the accumulation of high amounts of isoflavonoids including puerarin (220.69 μg/g), daidzin (2935.55 μg/g), genistin (5612 μg/g), daidzein (479.81 μg/g), and biochanin-A (111.511 μg/g) as analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total isoflavonoids content of 100 mg/L PEC treated shoots was obtained as 9359.56 μg/g, 1.68-fold higher than in vitro propagated shoots without elicitors (5573.13 μg/g) and 2.77-fold higher than shoots of the mother plant (3380.17 μg/g). The elicitor concentrations were optimized as 200 mg/L YE, 100 mg/L PEC, and 200 mg/L ALG. Overall, this study showed that the application of different biotic elicitors resulted in better growth, antioxidant activity, and accumulation of metabolites in P. tuberosa, which could lead to obtaining phytopharmaceutical advantages in the future.

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11

Ávila-Juárez, Luciano, and Herminio Miranda-Rodríguez. "Variations in Bioactive Content in Different Tomato Trusses due to Elicitor Effects." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2736070.

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The tomato fruit is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, the levels of which can vary over time in response to biotic and abiotic factors, including the application of elicitors. We investigated the effects of foliar spray of methyl jasmonate (MeJ), salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on tomato plants every 15 days until the end of cultivation. We measured the levels of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and physiological parameters in three distinct trusses. With the exception of plant length, the elicitors had no effects on physiological parameters, whereas they did have an effect on lycopene content, bioactive compound levels, and antioxidant activity in the three sampled trusses. A strong correlation between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was found for the elicitors, particularly MeJ. Our results indicate that certain bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activities vary not only between trusses but also based on the specific elicitor used.

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12

Miller, R. H., A. A. Berryman, and C. A. Ryant. "Biotic elicitors of defense reactions in lodgepole pine." Phytochemistry 25, no. 3 (January 1986): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(86)88008-6.

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13

Moerschbacher, B., B. Heck, K. H. Kogel, O. Obst, and H. J. Reisener. "An Elicitor of the Hypersensitive Lignification Response in Wheat Leaves Isolated from the Rust Fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici II. Induction of Enzymes Correlated with the Biosynthesis of Lignin." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1986): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-9-1007.

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The genuine biotic elicitor from germ tube walls of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt-elicitor) induces lignification, preceded by an increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, when injected into the intercellular space of primary wheat leaves. This increase in PAL activity is accompanied by an increase in other enzyme activities of the general phenylpropanoid pathway and the specific pathway of lignin biosynthesis: 4-coumarate :CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (PO).Total extractable activities of 4CL, CAD and PO do not differ significantly in resistant and susceptible near isogenic wheat lines, whereas the dose response curve of induced PAL activity shows significantly higher values in the resistant isoline. This difference is not observed after injection of other biotic and abiotic elicitors of the lignification response.Although total induced PO activities 24 h after elicitor treatment are equal in both isolines, the PO isoenzyme pattern of resistant plants differs markedly from that of susceptible plants. The patterns of PO isoenzymes in the compatible and incompatible interaction 48 h after inoculation with Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici also show differences, which closely resemble those seen after injection of the Pgt-elicitor. The patterns observed after injection of an artificial biotic elicitor clearly differ from those of the natural interaction.

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14

Alcalde, Miguel Angel, Edgar Perez-Matas, Ainoa Escrich, Rosa M. Cusido, Javier Palazon, and Mercedes Bonfill. "Biotic Elicitors in Adventitious and Hairy Root Cultures: A Review from 2010 to 2022." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165253.

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One of the aims of plant in vitro culture is to produce secondary plant metabolites using plant cells and organ cultures, such as cell suspensions, adventitious, and hairy roots (among others). In cases where the biosynthesis of a compound in the plant is restricted to a specific organ, unorganized systems, such as plant cell cultures, are sometimes unsuitable for biosynthesis. Then, its production is based on the establishment of organ cultures such as roots or aerial shoots. To increase the production in these biotechnological systems, elicitors have been used for years as a useful tool since they activate secondary biosynthetic pathways that control the flow of carbon to obtain different plant compounds. One important biotechnological system for the production of plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals is root culture. Plant roots have a very active metabolism and can biosynthesize a large number of secondary compounds in an exclusive way. Some of these compounds, such as tropane alkaloids, ajmalicine, ginsenosides, etc., can also be biosynthesized in undifferentiated systems, such as cell cultures. In some cases, cell differentiation and organ formation is necessary to produce the bioactive compounds. This review analyses the biotic elicitors most frequently used in adventitious and hairy root cultures from 2010 to 2022, focusing on the plant species, the target secondary metabolite, the elicitor and its concentration, and the yield/productivity of the target compounds obtained. With this overview, it may be easier to work with elicitors in in vitro root cultures and help understand why some are more effective than others.

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15

Selim, Mohamed E., Magdy E. Mahdy, Mervat E. Sorial, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, and Richard A. Sikora. "Biological and chemical dependent systemic resistance and their significance for the control of root-knot nematodes." Nematology 16, no. 8 (2014): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002818.

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Inducing host plant-based systemic resistance is one of the modes of action involved in tri-trophic interactions between host plants, pests and mutualistic microorganisms. Two different types of systemic resistance – systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) – were found to be functional against pathogens and plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma harzianum isolate T10 and insecticidal active neem powder (NP) to induce systemic resistance in tomato against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was compared with salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) as standard elicitors for SAR and ISR, respectively. Results showed that, when the biotic and abiotic elicitors were applied to the inducer side of a split root plant system, a significant reduction in nematode infection was observed on the responder side. Physiological changes in the tomato plant due to the induction of SAR or ISA by these biotic and abiotic elicitors were further investigated using HPLC. Results demonstrated that T10 significantly increased the accumulation of different metabolites in the shoot of the tomato over the NP, JA and SA elicitors. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that several metabolic, physical and biochemical changes occurred in the shoots of the treated plants with both the biotic and abiotic elicitors. The percentage of membrane leakage (Ml) at nematode-infected tomato roots was significantly high, but the differences in percentage leakage were not significant in other treatments compared to the non-infested control. The best results were recorded with SA, T10 and NP, which gave the lowest MI% compared to the infested plants.

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Mihálik, Daniel, Richard Hančinský, Šarlota Kaňuková, Michaela Mrkvová, and Ján Kraic. "Elicitation of Hyoscyamine Production in Datura stramonium L. Plants Using Tobamoviruses." Plants 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233319.

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Datura stramonium L. produces tropane alkaloids, and the hyoscyamine is dominant among them. Hyoscyamine is produced by hairy root cultures in vitro derived from native plants or plants with the genetically modified biosynthetic pathway for hyoscyamine. A common procedure is extraction from cultivated plants. Elicitors for increased production can be used in both cases. Live viruses are not well known for use as elicitors, therefore, D. stramonium plants grown in soil were artificially infected with the tobamoviruses Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Differences in the content of hyoscyamine were between capsules and roots of infected and non-infected plants. Elicitation increased content of hyoscyamine in capsules 1.23–2.34 times, compared to the control. The most effective viruses were PMMoV and ToMV (isolate PV143), which increased content to above 19 mg/g of fresh weight of a capsule. The effect of each virus elicitor was expressed also in hyoscyamine content in roots. Elicited plants contained 5.41–16.54 times more hyoscyamine in roots compared to non-elicited plants. The most effective elicitor was ToMV SL-1, which raised production above 20 mg/g fresh weight of roots. It has been shown that tobamoviruses can be used as biotic elicitors.

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Mu, Hong-mei, Ren Wang, Xiao-dan Li, Yu-mei Jiang, Chun-yan Wang, Jun-ping Quan, Feng Peng, and Bing Xia. "Effect of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors on Growth and Alkaloid Accumulation of Lycoris chinensis Seedlings." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 64, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2009): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2009-7-813.

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Three-month-old seedlings of Lycoris chinensis were treated with biotic and abiotic elicitors: yeast elicitor (YE), methyl jasmonate (MJ), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside as NO donator (NO). We have shown that the addition of MJ and NO promotes the accumulation of galanthamine in these seedlings. The effect of these elicitors on the growth of the seedlings, as well as on the amount of the alkaloids accumulated in the seedlings was studied. The results showed that, in general, high doses of MJ and SA had a negative effect on the growth of the seedlings, while appropriate doses of NO and YE had a positive effect on the growth of the seedlings. It was remarkable that the addition of MJ, NO, and YE can promote galanthamine accumulation in seedlings. The accumulation was higher in treatments at higher concentrations of NO (100 μM), where the release of galanthamine was 1.72-fold higher than that of the control at the 10th day of culture. The highest values of lycorine were obtained in seedlings treated with YE at a concentration of 0.01 g/l and by the 10th day of culture; the level was 1.38 times of the control.

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Junairiah, Junairiah, Ni’matuzahroh Ni’matuzahroh, Lilis Sulistyorini, and Nabilah Istighfari Zuraidassanaaz. "Effect of Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors on Callus and Suspension from Piper Betle L. Var. Nigra." Syntax Idea 5, no. 4 (April 23, 2023): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v5i4.2170.

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Piper betle L. var. Nigra (black betel) contains secondary metabolites and has biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, etc. To increase the production of secondary metabolites, an alternative method is needed, namely cell suspension culture. This study aims to determine the effect of abiotic and biotic elicitor on callus biomass produced from cell suspension culture. Leaf explants were grown on Murasige and Skoog (MS) medium with the addition of growth regulator 2.4-D 0.5 mg/L and BAP 2.0 mg/L with abiotic elicitors CuSO4, ZnSO4, HgCl2 and CoCl2 with a concentration of 0.5; 1.0 and 2.5 mg/L. The biotic elicitor used was Aspergillus niger with a concentration of 0.025%; 0.050% and 0.1%. The cultures were incubated for 8 weeks. 0.5 g callus was subcultured on 25 mL cell suspension medium. The suspension culture was shaken at 110 rpm. In this suspension culture, the callus was incubated for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of age callus on suspension medium was harvested and weighed the fresh and dry weight. The results showed that the highest average dry weight was found in the treatment with abiotic elicitor CuSO4 0.5 mg/L at 0.088 g.

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Zhuk, I. V., A. P. Dmitriev, G. M. Lisova, and L. O. Kucherova. "The combination of NO donor and ferulic acid effect on the elicitation of Triticum aestivum tolerance against Septoria tritici." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (September 9, 2018): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.955.

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Aim. The aim is to research the ability of enhancing ferulic acid effect as a biotic elicitor to induce tolerance of winter wheat plants against Septoria tritici Rob et Desm. leaf blotch infection by addition donor of NO signal molecule. Methods. Content of endogenous H2O2 was measured in wheat leaves (cv. Oberig myronivskij and Svytanok myronivskij). The extent of disease development, morphometric parameters and yield structure were analyzed. Results. It is shown that combination of treatment by ferulic acid with NO donor reduced the disease symptoms on 1–2 points. The level of endogenous hydrogen peroxide increased on 27 % in cv. Svytanok myronivskij. Conclusions. The data obtained suggest that combination of ferulic acid with donor NO could be used as more effective combination than biotic elicitor. They decreased the degree of lesions in leaf area caused by Septoria tritici Rob et Desm. leaf blotch infection and stimulated the growth of wheat plants. The analyze of biochemical mechanisms revealed that system resistance of wheat plants is induced via activation of antioxidant protection. Keywords: ferulic acid, NO, biotic elicitors, induced resistance, Triticum aestivum L., Septoria tritici Rob et Desm.

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Urdová, J., M. Rexová, P. Mučaji, and A. Balažová. "Elicitation – a tool to improve secondary metabolites production in Melissa Officinalis L. Suspension cultures / Elicitácia ako nástroj na zlepšenie produkcie sekundárnych metabolitov v suspenzných kultúrach Melissa Officinalis L." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 62, s9 (June 1, 2015): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afpuc-2015-0012.

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Abstract Our recent study is focussed on the investigation of the influence of biotic (Botrytis cinerea, methyl jasmonate) and abiotic (cadmium and cobalt chloride) elicitors on Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) suspension cultures production properties. The plant material was treated with different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (10 and 100 μmol.l−1), with a phytopathogenic fungus hydrolyzate (Botrytis cinerea, 1 and 2 ml with glucose equivalent 24 μg.ml−1), cadmium and cobalt (II) chloride (both at concentrations 100 μmol.l−1 and 1 μmol.l−1). Elicited suspension cultures were harvested after 24, 48 and 72 h of elicitor treatment. The elicitation effect was evaluated based on hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content expressed as rosmarinic acid in dose- and time-dependent manners. The Botrytis cinerea hydrolyzate exhibited the best effect on Melissa officinalis L. suspension cultures production properties among biotic elicitors (glucose equivalent 24 mg.ml−1, 1 ml, after 72 h of treatment). The hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content increased in triplicate compared to non-elicited samples. Methyl jasmonate affected the suspension cultures production properties moderately at concentration 10 μmol.l−1. Chlorides salts of cobalt and cadmium stimulated phenolic compounds production effectively at concentrations 100 μmol.l−1. The presence of cobalt and cadmium ions in suspension cultures growth media increased the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content twofold and quadruple, respectively.

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Akiyama, Kohki, Kazuyoshi Kawazu, and Akio Kobayashi. "Partially N-Deacetylated Chitin Elicitor Induces Antimicrobial Flavonoids in Pea Epicotyls." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1994): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-11-1217.

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Pisatin elicitors including fragments of chitosan and partially N-deacetylated chitins (DACs) strongly induced (+)-α,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxydihydrochalcone, (-)-4′,7-dihydroxyflavanone, and 4,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxychalcone in Pisum sativum. These three flavonoids with moderate or weak antimicrobial activities were effectively induced by the treatment of pea with either the biotic elicitors or an abiotic elicitor CuCl2. The examination of chitosan derivatives with different molecular size and different N-acetylation for the flavonoidinducing activity in pea epicotyl assay revealed that the structural features required for the flavonoids induction were different from those required for (+)-pisatin induction. (+)-2- Hydroxypisatin, a possible intermediate in pisatin degradation pathway, which has been isolated from pea seedlings treated with the abiotic elicitor or infected by fungi was not induced by the chitosaccharides in pea epicotyl assay. These findings suggest that pea plants could distinguish invading pathogens by the difference of structural features of chitosaccharides derived from chitin, a major constituent of fungal cell walls. Thereby, the plant could accumulate antimicrobial compounds responsible for the chemical defense against invading pathogens.

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Perkovskaya, G. Y., A. M. Bader, and A. P. Dmitriev. "Induction of disease resistance in onion by Biotic elicitors." Biopolymers and Cell 7, no. 4 (July 20, 1991): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0002e7.

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Walters, Dale, David Walsh, Adrian Newton, and Gary Lyon. "Induced Resistance for Plant Disease Control: Maximizing the Efficacy of Resistance Elicitors." Phytopathology® 95, no. 12 (December 2005): 1368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1368.

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Plants can be induced to develop enhanced resistance to pathogen infection by treatment with a variety of abiotic and biotic inducers. Biotic inducers include infection by necrotizing pathogens and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and treatment with nonpathogens or cell wall fragments. Abiotic inducers include chemicals which act at various points in the signaling pathways involved in disease resistance, as well as water stress, heat shock, and pH stress. Resistance induced by these agents (resistance elicitors) is broad spectrum and long lasting, but rarely provides complete control of infection, with many resistance elicitors providing between 20 and 85% disease control. There also are many reports of resistance elicitors providing no significant disease control. In the field, expression of induced resistance is likely to be influenced by the environment, genotype, and crop nutrition. Unfortunately, little information is available on the influence of these factors on expression of induced resistance. In order to maximize the efficacy of resistance elicitors, a greater understanding of these interactions is required. It also will be important to determine how induced resistance can best fit into disease control strategies because they are not, and should not be, deployed simply as “safe fungicides”. This, in turn, will require information on the interaction of resistance elicitors with crop management practices such as appropriate-dose fungicide use.

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Walters, Dale R., and Linda Paterson. "Parents lend a helping hand to their offspring in plant defence." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (June 13, 2012): 871–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0416.

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Plants under attack by pathogens and pests can mount a range of inducible defences, encompassing both chemical and structural changes. Although few reports exist, it appears that plants responding to pathogen or herbivore attack, or chemical defence elicitors, may produce progeny that are better able to defend themselves against attack, compared with progeny from unthreatened or untreated plants. To date, all research on transgenerational effects of biotic stress has been conducted on dicotyledenous plants. We examined the possibility that resistance induced by application of chemical defence elicitors to the monocot plant barley, could be passed on to the progeny. Plants were treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) or saccharin, and grain harvested at maturity. Germination was unaffected in seed collected from plants treated with saccharin, while germination was reduced significantly in seed collected from ASM-treated plants. The subsequent growth of the seedlings was not significantly different in any of the treatments. However, plants from parents treated with both ASM or saccharin exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to infection by Rhynchosporium commune, despite not being treated with elicitor themselves. These data hint at the possibility of producing disease-resistant plants by exposing parent plants to chemical elicitors.

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Gong, Di, Yang Bi, Yongcai Li, Yi Wang, Dov Prusky, and Noam Alkan. "Preharvest Elicitors Spray Improves Antioxidant Activity, Alleviates Chilling Injury, and Maintains Quality in Harvested Fruit." Horticulturae 8, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121208.

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Antioxidant activity is an important feature for evaluating fruit quality and tolerance to biotic or abiotic stresses. Moreover, antioxidant activity is involved in chilling injury (CI) response and postharvest quality in fruit. Chemical elicitors can induce systemic acquired resistance in fruit against pathogens, which could partially replace synthetic fungicides. Recently, researchers have found that preharvest sprays with chemical elicitors can improve antioxidant activity, reduce CI, and maintain quality in harvested fruit. In this review, we summarize that preharvest elicitors spray improve antioxidant activity in harvested fruit by promoting antioxidant components biosynthesis as well as antioxidant ability in vitro. Moreover, preharvest elicitors spray alleviates CI in fruit by regulation of membrane lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In addition, preharvest elicitors spray maintains fruit quality by modulation of respiration and ethylene release. Finally, this review points out the issues existing and proposes an outlook on preharvest elicitors spray to maintain postharvest fruit quality.

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Salifu, Rafia, Chunxia Chen, Faisal Eudes Sam, and Yumei Jiang. "Application of Elicitors in Grapevine Defense: Impact on Volatile Compounds." Horticulturae 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050451.

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Elicitors as alternatives to agrochemicals are widely used as a sustainable farming practice. The use of elicitors in viticulture to control disease and improve phenolic compounds is widely recognized in this field. Concurrently, they also affect other secondary metabolites, such as aroma compounds. Grape and wine aroma compounds are an important quality factor that reflects nutritional information and influences consumer preference. However, the effects of elicitors on aroma compounds are diverse, as different grape varieties respond differently to treatments. Among the numerous commercialized elicitors, some have proven very effective in improving the quality of grapes and the resulting wines. This review summarizes some of the elicitors commonly used in grapevines for protection against biotic and abiotic stresses and their impact on the quality of volatile compounds. The work is intended to serve as a reference for growers for the sustainable development of high-quality grapes.

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Baenas, Nieves, Cristina García-Viguera, and Diego A. Moreno. "Biotic Elicitors Effectively Increase the Glucosinolates Content in Brassicaceae Sprouts." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 8 (February 11, 2014): 1881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf404876z.

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Paulin, J. P., R. Chartier, M. Tharaud, C. Heintz, V. Karniewicz, and M. N. Brisset. "Induction of resistance to fire blight in apple (Erwinia amylovora)." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S126—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10335-pps.

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Apple genotypes show different levels of resistance to fire blight caused by the bacterium E. amylovora. This resistance is considered to be polygenic, thus relying on a number of defense mechanisms. On the assumption that in susceptible genotypes these defenses may be present but not activated during the infection process, we attempted their induction by various abiotic and biotic elicitors. Two kinds of experiments were performed in the greenhouse and in the orchard: i) evaluation after controlled inoculation of the level of protection conferred to the plant by each elicitor and ii) investigation of various defense responses potentially involved in the protection. Results showed that some elicitors provided a level of overall protection of about 50% in the orchard while higher levels may be obtained on seedlings in the greenhouse. The comparison of some defense responses in protected and unprotected treated plants showed that i) elicitation of defense is not necessarily associated with control of fire blight and that ii) some responses at least may be associated with the observed protection.

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Wasule, D. L., Y. V. Ingle, P. R. Shingote, and R. M. Shinde. "Jasmonic Acid Mediated Management of Necrotrophic Pathogen Alternaria Leaf Spot in Soybean." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 14, May, 5 (May 22, 2023): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3271.

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The Field trial was conducted during Kharif season for two consecutive years (July–October 2017 and 2018) at three different locations namely; Amravati, Yavatmal and Katol under Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth., Akola, Maharashtra, India. The nine treatments were designed in randomized block design replicated thrice to determine the potential use of an elicitor for Alternaria leaf spot management compared with standard fungicide. The treatments include two foliar sprays of either abiotic elicitors alone namely Salicylic acid (SA) @ 100 ppm, Benzoic acid @ 100 ppm, Humic acid @ 1%, Jasmonic acid @ 100 ppm, Potassium nitrate (KNO3) @ 1% or biotic elicitors Trichoderma viride @ 1%, Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 1% alone or recommended fungicide Propiconazole 0.1% alone at crop flower initiation stage and at 60 days after sowing. Field trials results shows the Propiconazole 0.1% significantly superior in management of disease upto 44.72 % followed by Jasmonic acid @ 100 ppm in controlling the disease upto 40.01 % and was found at par with propiconazole 0.1% in respect to percent disease index, percent disease control and seed yield. Highest percent disease index and least percent disease control and yield recorded in control. Elicitor Jasmonic acids induce protective, therapeutic treatments reduced the severity of disease advocated suppressing necrotrophs pathogen Alternaria alternata, the eco–friendly alternatives to fungicides.

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Sreedhar, R. V., K. Roohie, P. Maya, L. Venkatachalam, and N. Bhagyalakshmi. "Biotic elicitors enhance flavour compounds during accelerated curing of vanilla beans." Food Chemistry 112, no. 2 (January 2009): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.108.

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Iula, Giusy, Begoña Miras-Moreno, Youssef Rouphael, Luigi Lucini, and Marco Trevisan. "The Complex Metabolomics Crosstalk Triggered by Four Molecular Elicitors in Tomato." Plants 11, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050678.

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The elicitation of plant secondary metabolism may offer interesting opportunities in the framework of sustainable approaches in plant science and in terms of their ability to prime resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The broad metabolic reprogramming triggered by different molecular elicitors, namely salicylate (SA), polyamines (PAs), and chitosan, was comprehensively investigated using a metabolomics approach and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as the model crop. Six different treatments were compared: a negative control (no treatments), a second negative control treated with 1 M acetic acid (the reference for chitosan, since chitosan was solubilized in acetic acid), and four molecular elicitors, 1 mM 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH, a positive control), 10 mg/mL chitosan, 0.01 mM SA, and a 0.1 mM PA (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine). All treatments determined a slight increase in biomass, in particular following PA treatment. A broad reprogramming of secondary metabolism could be observed, including membrane lipid remodeling, phenylpropanoid antioxidants, and phytohormone crosstalk. Overall, our results suggest that PAs, SA, and BTH shared a systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-related response, whereas chitosan induced a more distinct induced systemic resistance (ISR)-like jasmonate-related response. These results pave the way towards the possible use of elicitors as a sustainable tool in plant science and agriculture by increasing crop resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors without detrimental effects on plant biomass.

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Abdul Malik, Nurul Azmina, Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar, and Kalaivani Nadarajah. "Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030963.

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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.

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kanth, Surya, Ven katesh, N. S. Pankaja, N. Umashankar Kumar, J. Mahadeva, and G. Sugeetha. "Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Inducing Resistance against Cowpea Rust." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 3573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.428.

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AL-TAWAHA, A. M., P. SEGUIN, D. L. SMITH, and C. BEAULIEU. "Biotic elicitors as a means of increasing isoflavone concentration of soybean seeds." Annals of Applied Biology 146, no. 3 (April 2005): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.040106.x.

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Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, A., R. Arun Kumar, Muneeb M. Musthafa, Davindran Rajandram, and Faiz M. M. T. Marikar. "Biotic and abiotic stress roles in drugs production through in vitro approaches in plants – a review." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (June 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.02.017.

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Abstract. Plant metabolic engineering is a modern discipline that promises to create opportunities in pharmaceutical industries to produce and biomedicine. Over the long period natural and synthetic plant hormones have had tremendous implications in callus/cell culture /suspension/ for secondary metabolites production (SMs). Generally, SMs plays a vital fundamental role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic attacks to which it may be subjected. This review article focused on the relationship between various factors related to the drug production. In medicinal plants, in vitro studies, based on biotic factors such as fungal/endo-phytic fungal elicitors/microbe-derived exogenous elicitor yeast extract (YE) were cross checked with the abiotic six factor groups, including auxins and cytokinins, gamma radiation, lights, temperature, carbon sources, photoperiods, precursor chemicals and plant metabolic enzymes. Moreover, key enzymes and gene networks can serve as a resource to selected potential targets for specific SMs production. This is the first review to describe the light factors needed for the SM production, which has favorable role for SMs. We envisage that the researcher can design how to modulate the stress factors in terms of drug improvement from medicinal plants.

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Alsoufi, Abdulwadood Shakir Mahmood, Cezary Pączkowski, Marek Długosz, and Anna Szakiel. "Influence of Selected Abiotic Factors on Triterpenoid Biosynthesis and Saponin Secretion in Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) in Vitro Hairy Root Cultures." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 10, 2019): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162907.

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The aim of the study was the evaluation of the efficiency of selected abiotic elicitors, i.e., silver and cadmium ions, ultrasound, and UV-C irradiation, in the stimulation of triterpenoid biosynthesis, accumulation, and saponin secretion in Calendula officinalis hairy root cultures. Apart from the possible enhancement of triterpenoid production, the relationship between primary and secondary metabolism (represented respectively by sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes), modifications of the sterol compositional profile, and fluctuations in the total triterpenoid content were monitored in the performed experiments. The main phenomenon observed as a response to heavy metal treatment was the stimulation (up to 12-fold) of the secretion of saponins, accompanied by significant changes in sterol composition. Ultrasound stimulated the secretion of saponins (up to 11-fold); however, it exerted diverse influences on the triterpenoid content in hairy root tissue (stimulating or decreasing) depending on the duration of the exposure to the elicitor. UV-C radiation caused a slight increase in the content of both sterols and saponins in hairy root tissue, and stimulated saponin secretion up to 8.5-fold. The expected symptoms of the competition between the biosynthetic pathways of sterols and pentacyclic triterpenoids were less evident in reactions to abiotic stressors than those reported previously for biotic elicitors.

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Cataldo, Eleonora, Maddalena Fucile, and Giovan Battista Mattii. "Biostimulants in Viticulture: A Sustainable Approach against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020162.

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Climate change and disproportionate anthropogenic interventions, such as the excess of phytopharmaceutical products and continuous soil tillage, are jeopardizing viticulture by subjecting plants to continuous abiotic stress. One of the main physiological repercussions of abiotic stress is represented by the unbalanced redox homeostasis due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to a state of oxidative stress (detrimental to grape quality). To these are added the direct and indirect damages caused by pathogens (biotic stresses). In light of this scenario, it is inevitable that sustainable techniques and sensitivity approaches for environmental and human health have to be applied in viticulture. Sustainable viticulture can only be made with the aid of sustainable products. Biostimulant (PB) applications (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard have become interesting maneuvers for counteracting vine diseases and improving grape quality. These also represent a partial alternative to soil fertilization by improving nutrient absorption and avoiding its leaching into the groundwater. Their role as elicitors has important repercussions in the stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway by triggering the activation of several enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and peroxidase (with the accumulation of phenolic compounds). The present review paper summarizes the PBs’ implications in viticulture, gathering historical, functional, and applicative information. This work aims to highlight the innumerable beneficial effects on vines brought by these products. It also serves to spur the scientific community to a greater contribution in investigating the response mechanisms of the plant to positive inductions.

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Gupta, Ruchi, and Deepak Jain. "TRANSFORMING PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF PTC AND ELICITOR TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 01 (February 10, 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213107.

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Plant tissue culture is an in-vitro culture technique for the production of plant cells. It is a very good, attractive and cost effective technique for the production of secondary metabolites. Plants produce counter response against the environmental threats like bacteria, virus, fungi, insects etc. and some physically harsh environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature, exposure to ultra violet radiation. Plants produce responses against the signals obtained through sensors, receptors and defense responses which are stabilized against these stresses. These trigger responses elucidate the production of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins and tannins) which are useful for the survival, persistence and competitiveness of the plant. These secondary metabolites are useful in various areas such as food additive, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals and therapeutic industries. The present review discusses about the types of biotic (physical, chemical and hormonal elicitors) and abiotic elicitors (lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, protein, complex composition and oregano extract). These elicitors are used for enhancing the yield of secondary metabolites in the medicinal plants which are useful in various area of research and are also useful in different industries.

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Luo, Shuitian, Xiao Zhang, Jinfei Wang, Chunyang Jiao, Yingying Chen, and Yingbai Shen. "Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 2 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16318.

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In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.

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Melo, Alberto S. de, Yuri L. Melo, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Pedro R. A. Viégas, Rener L. de S. Ferraz, and Hans R. Gheyi. "Water restriction in cowpea plants [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]: Metabolic changes and tolerance induction." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 3 (March 2022): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n3p190-197.

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ABSTRACT Global climate change tends to intensify water unavailability, especially in semi-arid regions, directly impacting agricultural production. Cowpea is one of the crops with great socio-economic importance in the Brazilian semi-arid region, cultivated mainly under rainfed farming and considered moderately tolerant to water restriction. This species has physiological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation to these stress factors, but there is still no clear vision of how these responses can not only allow survival, but also ensure yield advances in the field. Besides acclimation mechanisms, the exogenous application of abiotic (salicylic acid, silicon, proline, methionine, and potassium nitrate) and biotic (rhizobacteria) elicitors is promising in mitigating the effects of water restriction. The present literature review discusses the acclimation mechanisms of cowpea and some cultivation techniques, especially the application of elicitors, which can contribute to maintaining crop yield under different water scenarios. The application of elicitors is an alternative way to increase the sustainability of production in rainfed farming in semi-arid regions. However, the use of eliciting substances in cowpea still needs to be carefully explored, given the difficulties caused by genotypic and edaphoclimatic variability under field conditions.

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Goodwin, Paul H., and Madison A. Best. "Ginsenosides and Biotic Stress Responses of Ginseng." Plants 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051091.

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Ginsenosides are saponins that possess a sugar moiety attached to a hydrophobic aglycone triterpenoid. They have been widely studied for their various medicinal benefits, such as their neuroprotective and anti-cancer activities, but their role in the biology of ginseng plants has been much less widely documented. In the wild, ginsengs are slow-growing perennials with roots that can survive for approximately 30 years; thus, they need to defend themselves against many potential biotic stresses over many decades. Biotic stresses would be a major natural selection pressure and may at least partially explain why ginseng roots expend considerable resources in order to accumulate relatively large amounts of ginsenosides. Ginsenosides may provide ginseng with antimicrobial activity against pathogens, antifeedant activity against insects and other herbivores, and allelopathic activity against other plants. In addition, the interaction of ginseng with pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and their elicitors may trigger increases in different root ginsenosides and associated gene expression, although some pathogens may be able to suppress this behavior. While not covered in this review, ginsenosides also have roles in ginseng development and abiotic stress tolerance. This review shows that there is considerable evidence supporting ginsenosides as important elements of ginseng’s defense against a variety of biotic stresses.

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Yuliani, Farida, Widyatmani Sih Dewi, Ahmad Yunus, and Usman Siswanto. "The Study of Artemisinin Content in Callus Artemisia annua L. Cultures Elicited with Endophytic Fungi Aspergillus sp." Molekul 13, no. 2 (December 8, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2018.13.2.459.

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Artemisinin, is a sesquiterpene lactone which is originally extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. Artemisinin is a very effective antimalarial agent, however it is produced in very low amounts in plants. Chemical synthesis of artemisinin is complicated and not economically feasible. Researchers often use elicitation methods to increase artemisinin content in a laboratory scale with biotic or abiotic elicitor. This study examined the effect of elicitation using endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp on artemisinin content of callus A. annua cultures. Observations were made on its growth, texture and color, chlorophyll content and dry weight. Fungi were isolated from the stem tissue of A. annua and callus were grown on Murashige and Skoog medium. After 3 weeks of incubation, callus treated with four different elicitors concentration (0, 2, 4, 6 mg/mL). There were significant alterations on callus culture in terms of growth, texture, color and chlorophyll content after elicitation. The results clearly demonstrated that the endophytic fungal elicitor Aspergillus sp could increase artemisinin content but did not affect the callus dry weight of A. annua. The treatment of 4 mg/mL elicitor produced the highest artemisinin content, that increased 7.6 times compared to the control, from 0.0036% to 0.0275%.

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Costa, Sandro Pinheiro da, Raphaela Aparecida Schuenck-Rodrigues, Verônica da Silva Cardoso, Simone Sacramento Valverde, Alane Beatriz Vermelho, and Eduardo Ricci-Júnior. "Actividad antimicrobiana de hongos endofíticos aislados de Brugmansia suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 14 (October 27, 2021): e113101421646. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i14.21646.

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Natural products produced from endophyte fungi have a broad spectrum of biological activity and can be grouped into several categories. Antimicrobials constitute an important group of therapeutic agents, which can be produced and obtained from living organisms. The main objective of this study is to investigate the endophytic fungi and the leaves of Brugmansia suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl as elicitors, aiming at the production of bioactive substances with antimicrobial properties. The extracts were prepared from 19 fungi isolated from the leaves of B. suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl, used as a biotic elicitor. The extracts were obtained by fermentation in a submerged medium with the addition of leaves from its dry leaves, and the antimicrobial activity of its extracts was evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The results showed that 57% of the endophytic fungi showed antimicrobial activity after fermentation with the elicitor. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity was increased compared to control cultures. The leaves of B. suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl presented bioactives that stimulated the production of a substance with antimicrobial activity by endophytic fungi, the study of such compounds showed promise to clarify the application potential of these bioactives.

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Pereira, Paulo Sérgio, Fábio Kiss Ticli, Suzelei de Castro França, Camila Moniz de Souza Breves, and Miriam Verginia Lourenço. "Enhanced triterpene production in Tabernaemontana catharinensis cell suspension cultures in response to biotic elicitors." Química Nova 30, no. 8 (2007): 1849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422007000800010.

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45

Park, In Sil, Hyo Jung Kim, Yeon-Shin Jeong, Woo-Keun Kim, and Jong-Sang Kim. "Differential abilities of Korean soybean varieties to biosynthesize glyceollins by biotic and abiotic elicitors." Food Science and Biotechnology 26, no. 1 (February 2017): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0034-1.

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46

Jaisi, Amit, and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant. "Increased production of plumbagin in Plumbago indica root cultures by biotic and abiotic elicitors." Biotechnology Letters 38, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-1969-z.

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47

Boué, S. M., F. F. Shih, B. Y. Shih, K. W. Daigle, C. H. Carter-Wientjes, and T. E. Cleveland. "Effect of Biotic Elicitors on Enrichment of Antioxidant Properties and Induced Isoflavones in Soybean." Journal of Food Science 73, no. 4 (May 2008): H43—H49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00707.x.

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48

Darwesh, Hadeer Yahia, and Aisha Abdullah Alayafi. "In virto Propagation Response of Rosmarinus officinalis L. to Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors on Phenolic Content and Photosynthetic Pigments." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p301.

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Micropropagation protocol was modified to evaluate the best procedure to induce multiple shoots from Rosmarinus officinalis L. sterilized seedlings obtained from seeds which vitality is always very low. Aseptic shoots (1-1.5 cm) were cultured on full strength Murashige and Skoog medium modified with several growth regulators (abiotic elicitors): Benzyladenine (BA), Kinetin (Kin) and coconut water (biotic elicitors). Data was indicated that BA at the concentration of 3 mg/L encouraged shoot multiplication. The highest number of leaves and plant length also was obtained with medium modified with 3 mg/L BA and coconut milk at 5 ml/L. All treatments were significantly different from the control. Total phenolics content, anthocyanins, chlorophylls were extracted and spectrophotometrically determined as secondary products. Data was concluded the highest content of phenolic 10.45 (mg/g) and chlorophyll b 0.67 (mg/g) when BA was 3.0 mg/L. Whereas chlorophyll a reached to 0.64 mg/g in presence of 5.0 mg/L BA and 5.0 ml/L coconut milk. Anthocyanin scored high level when BA was 3.0 mg/L combined with 5.0 ml/L coconut milk.

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Schieferle, Sebastian, Beeke Tappe, Pamela Korte, Martin J. Mueller, and Susanne Berger. "Pathogens and Elicitors Induce Local and Systemic Changes in Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Roots and in Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090920.

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Interaction of plants with the environment affects lipid metabolism. Changes in the pattern of phospholipids have been reported in response to abiotic stress, particularly accumulation of triacylglycerols, but less is known about the alteration of lipid metabolism in response to biotic stress and leaves have been more intensively studied than roots. This work investigates the levels of lipids in roots as well as leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to pathogens and elicitor molecules by UPLC-TOF-MS. Triacylglycerol levels increased in roots and systemically in leaves upon treatment of roots with the fungus Verticillium longisporum. Upon spray infection of leaves with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, triacylglycerols accumulated locally in leaves but not in roots. Treatment of roots with a bacterial lipopolysaccharide elicitor induced a strong triacylglycerol accumulation in roots and leaves. Induction of the expression of the bacterial effector AVRRPM1 resulted in a dramatic increase of triacylglycerol levels in leaves, indicating that elicitor molecules are sufficient to induce accumulation of triacylglycerols. These results give insight into local and systemic changes to lipid metabolism in roots and leaves in response to biotic stresses.

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Wang, He, Jingjing Li, Qian Yang, Lan Wang, Jing Wang, Yaxin Zhang, Yanjing Guo, et al. "Natural 2-Amino-3-Methylhexanoic Acid as Plant Elicitor Inducing Resistance against Temperature Stress and Pathogen Attack." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 5715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105715.

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2-Amino-3-methylhexanoic acid (AMHA) was synthetized as a non-natural amino acid more than 70 years ago; however, its possible function as an inducer of plant resistance has not been reported. Plant resistance inducers, also known as plant elicitors, are becoming a novel and important development direction in crop protection and pest management. We found that free AMHA accumulated in the mycelia but not in fermentation broths of four fungal species, Magnaporthe oryzae and three Alternaria spp. We unequivocally confirmed that AMHA is a naturally occurring endogenous (2S, 3S)-α-amino acid, based on isolation, purification and structural analyses. Further experiments demonstrated that AMHA has potent activity-enhancing resistance against extreme temperature stresses in several plant species. It is also highly active against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases by inducing plant resistance. AMHA pretreatment strongly protected wheat against powdery mildew, Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and tobacco against Tomato spotted wilt virus. AMHA exhibits a great potential to become a unique natural elicitor protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses.

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