Статті в журналах: "Biomaterials for orthopedic applications"

1

Allizond, Valeria, Sara Comini, Anna Maria Cuffini, and Giuliana Banche. "Current Knowledge on Biomaterials for Orthopedic Applications Modified to Reduce Bacterial Adhesive Ability." Antibiotics 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040529.

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A significant challenge in orthopedics is the design of biomaterial devices that are able to perform biological functions by substituting or repairing various tissues and controlling bone repair when required. This review presents an overview of the current state of our recent research into biomaterial modifications to reduce bacterial adhesive ability, compared with previous reviews and excellent research papers, but it is not intended to be exhaustive. In particular, we investigated biomaterials for replacement, such as metallic materials (titanium and titanium alloys) and polymers (ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene), and biomaterials for regeneration, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) and calcium phosphates as composites. Biomaterials have been designed, developed, and characterized to define surface/bulk features; they have also been subjected to bacterial adhesion assays to verify their potential capability to counteract infections. The addition of metal ions (e.g., silver), natural antimicrobial compounds (e.g., essential oils), or antioxidant agents (e.g., vitamin E) to different biomaterials conferred strong antibacterial properties and anti-adhesive features, improving their capability to counteract prosthetic joint infections and biofilm formation, which are important issues in orthopedic surgery. The complexity of biological materials is still far from being reached by materials science through the development of sophisticated biomaterials. However, close interdisciplinary work by materials scientists, engineers, microbiologists, chemists, physicists, and orthopedic surgeons is indeed necessary to modify the structures of biomaterials in order to achieve implant integration and tissue regeneration while avoiding microbial contamination.

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Cao, Jian, Zhongxing Liu, Limin Zhang, Jinlong Li, Haiming Wang, and Xiuhui Li. "Advance of Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications in Orthopedics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668209.

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Electroconductive hydrogels (EHs) are promising composite biomaterials of hydrogels and conductive electroactive polymers, incorporating bionic physicochemical properties of hydrogels and conductivity, electrochemistry, and electrical stimulation (ES) responsiveness of conductive electroactive polymers. The biomedical domain has increasingly seen EHs’ application to imitating the biological and electrical properties of human tissues, acclaimed as one of the most effective biomaterials. Bone’s complex bioelectrochemical properties and the corresponding stem cell differentiation affected by electrical signal elevate EHs’ application value in repairing and treating bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Noteworthily, the latest orthopedic biological applications require broader information of EHs. Except for presenting the classification and synthesis of EHs, this review recapitulates the advance of EHs application to orthopedics in the past five years and discusses the pertinent development tendency and challenge, aiming to provide a reference for EHs application direction and prospect in orthopedic therapy.

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Balasundaram, Ganesan, and Thomas J. Webster. "Nanotechnology and biomaterials for orthopedic medical applications." Nanomedicine 1, no. 2 (August 2006): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.1.2.169.

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Aoki, Kaoru, Nobuhide Ogihara, Manabu Tanaka, Hisao Haniu, and Naoto Saito. "Carbon nanotube-based biomaterials for orthopaedic applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 40 (2020): 9227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01440k.

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Aggarwal, Divyanshu, Vinod Kumar, and Siddharth Sharma. "Drug-loaded biomaterials for orthopedic applications: A review." Journal of Controlled Release 344 (April 2022): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.029.

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Zaokari, Younis, Alicia Persaud, and Amr Ibrahim. "Biomaterials for Adhesion in Orthopedic Applications: A Review." Engineered Regeneration 1 (2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2020.07.002.

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7

Zaman, Hainol Akbar, Safian Sharif, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, and Anisah Kamarudin. "Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Implant Applications: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.19.

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Stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are classified under the metallic biomaterials whereby various surgical implants, prosthesis and medical devices are manufactured to replace missing body parts which may be lost through accident, trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Among these materials, cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are the common cobalt base alloy used for orthopedic implants due their excellence properties which include high corrosion resistance, high strength, high hardness, high creep resistance, biocompatibility and greater wear resistance. This paper summarises the various aspects and characteristic of metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for medical applications especially for orthopedic implant. These include material properties, biocompatibility, advantages and limitations for medical implants applications.

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Mödinger, Yvonne, Graciosa Teixeira, Cornelia Neidlinger-Wilke, and Anita Ignatius. "Role of the Complement System in the Response to Orthopedic Biomaterials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 3367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113367.

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Various synthetic biomaterials are used to replace lost or damaged bone tissue that, more or less successfully, osseointegrate into the bone environment. Almost all biomaterials used in orthopedic medicine activate the host-immune system to a certain degree. The complement system, which is a crucial arm of innate immunity, is rapidly activated by an implanted foreign material into the human body, and it is intensely studied regarding blood-contacting medical devices. In contrast, much less is known regarding the role of the complement system in response to implanted bone biomaterials. However, given the increasing knowledge of the complement regulation of bone homeostasis, regeneration, and inflammation, complement involvement in the immune response following biomaterial implantation into bone appears very likely. Moreover, bone cells can produce complement factors and are target cells of activated complement. Therefore, new bone formation or bone resorption around the implant area might be greatly influenced by the complement system. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on biomaterial-mediated complement activation, with a focus on materials primarily used in orthopedic medicine. In addition, methods to modify the interactions between the complement system and bone biomaterials are discussed, which might favor osseointegration and improve the functionality of the device.

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9

R, Nagalakshmi, M. Kalpana, and M. Jeyakanthan. "Development of Hydroxyapatite Coating on Titanium Alloy for Orthopedic Applications." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 18647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18647ecst.

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Biomaterials are synthetic materials that are utilized to restore or replace damaged or diseased human body parts, allowing them to regain their original form and function to improve the quality and longevity of human life. Titanium and its alloys have long been employed in biomedical applications due to its remarkable features, such as good biocompatibility, resistance to bodily fluid effects, tremendous tensile strength, flexibility, and high corrosion resistance. Titanium and its alloys have a unique combination of strength and biocompatibility that makes them suitable for medical or recreational purposes. If these materials are used as bio-implant, it releases toxic ions like aluminium and vanadium in the body fluid environment after implantation. [1-3] To overcome the problem, Ti6Al4V alloy was coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp), which provides better bioactivity, osteocompatibility, and antibacterial activity. This layer prevents the further passing of ions from the biomaterial and improves the tissue growth on the bone. The present work is to synthesize HAp from snail shells using a simple wet precipitation method.[4] The waste material of snail shells can be utilized for the development of the HAp, which was non-toxic, eco-friendly, and also to improve bioactivity and biocompatibility of the biomaterials. The prepared HAp was coated on the Ti6Al4V alloy by using the electro-deposition method.[5] Thermal analysis of obtained CaO powder was investigated by TG–DTA analysis. The coated alloy was characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TG-DTA, FESEM, EDAX, AFM, and antibacterial activity.

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10

Barros, Joana, Fernando Jorge Monteiro, and Maria Pia Ferraz. "Bioengineering Approaches to Fight against Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 11658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911658.

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One of the most serious complications following the implantation of orthopedic biomaterials is the development of infection. Orthopedic implant-related infections do not only entail clinical problems and patient suffering, but also cause a burden on healthcare care systems. Additionally, the ageing of the world population, in particular in developed countries, has led to an increase in the population above 60 years. This is a significantly vulnerable population segment insofar as biomaterials use is concerned. Implanted materials are highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal colonization and the consequent infection. These microorganisms are often opportunistic, taking advantage of the weakening of the body defenses at the implant surface–tissue interface to attach to tissues or implant surfaces, instigating biofilm formation and subsequent development of infection. The establishment of biofilm leads to tissue destruction, systemic dissemination of the pathogen, and dysfunction of the implant/bone joint, leading to implant failure. Moreover, the contaminated implant can be a reservoir for infection of the surrounding tissue where microorganisms are protected. Therefore, the biofilm increases the pathogenesis of infection since that structure offers protection against host defenses and antimicrobial therapies. Additionally, the rapid emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics prompted the development of new alternative approaches to prevent and control implant-related infections. Several concepts and approaches have been developed to obtain biomaterials endowed with anti-infective properties. In this review, several anti-infective strategies based on biomaterial engineering are described and discussed in terms of design and fabrication, mechanisms of action, benefits, and drawbacks for preventing and treating orthopaedic biomaterials-related infections.

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11

Lutton, Phil, and Besim Ben-Nissan. "The Status of Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: Part II -Bioceramics in Orthopedic and Dental Applications." Materials Technology 12, no. 3-4 (January 1997): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10667857.1997.11752739.

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12

Gide, Kunal Manoj, Sabrina Islam, and Z. Shaghayegh Bagheri. "Polymer-Based Materials Built with Additive Manufacturing Methods for Orthopedic Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090262.

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Over the last few decades, polymers and their composites have shown a lot of promises in providing more viable alternatives to surgical procedures that require scaffolds and implants. With the advancement in biomaterial technologies, it is possible to overcome the limitations of current methods, including auto-transplantation, xeno-transplantation, and the implantation of artificial mechanical organs used to treat musculoskeletal conditions. The risks associated with these methods include complications, secondary injuries, and limited sources of donors. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has the potential to resolve some of these limitations. It can be used for the fabrication of tailored tissue-engineering scaffolds, and implants, repairing tissue defects in situ with cells, or even printing tissues and organs directly. In addition to perfectly matching the patient’s damaged tissue, printed biomaterials can have engineered microstructures and cellular arrangements to promote cell growth and differentiation. As a result, such biomaterials allow the desired tissue repair to be achieved, and could eventually alleviate the shortage of organ donors. As such, this paper provides an overview of different 3D-printed polymers and their composites for orthopedic applications reported in the literature since 2010. For the benefit of the readers, general information regarding the material, the type of manufacturing method, and the biomechanical tests are also reported.

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13

Campoccia, Davide, Lucio Montanaro, Stefano Ravaioli, Valentina Mariani, Giulia Bottau, Andrea De Donno, and Carla Renata Arciola. "Antibacterial Activity on Orthopedic Clinical Isolates and Cytotoxicity of the Antimicrobial Peptide Dadapin-1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010779.

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In orthopedic surgery, biomaterial-associated infections represent a complication of serious concern. Most promising strategies to prevent these infections currently rely on the use of anti-infective biomaterials. Desirably, in anti-infective biomaterials, the antibacterial properties should be achieved by doping, grafting, or coating the material surfaces with molecules that are alternative to conventional antibiotics and exhibit a potent and highly specific activity against bacteria, without altering the biocompatibility. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the most interesting candidate molecules for this biomaterial functionalization. Here, the potential expressed by the recently discovered peptide Dadapin-1 was explored by assaying its MIC, MBIC and MBC on clinical strains of relevant bacterial species isolated from orthopedic infections and by assessing its cytotoxicity on the human osteoblast-like MG63 cells. When appropriately tested in diluted Mueller Hinton Broth II (MHB II), Dadapin-1 exhibited significant antibacterial properties. MIC values were in the range of 3.1–6.2 µM for the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus warneri, and 12.4–24.9 µM for the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, the peptide was found non-cytotoxic, with an IC50 exceeding the highest concentration tested of 179 µM. Overall, Dadapin-1 expresses considerable potential for future application in the production of anti-infective biomaterials.

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Molnár, Ivan, Ladislav Morovič, Daynier Rolando Delgado Sobrino, Šimon Lecký, and Dávid Michal. "Medical Applications of Biomaterials: The Case of Design and Manufacture of Orthopedic Corsets Made of Polylactic Acid by Additive Manufacturing." Materials Science Forum 952 (April 2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.952.223.

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At present, biomaterials are used in several sectors of medicine such as implant manufacturing, tissue engineering, orthopedic and prosthetic aids, drug delivery systems and many others. The use of biomaterials is increasingly related to the additive manufacturing (AM) of various medical devices and aids. Biomaterials and their use in medicine are important not only in terms of their biocompatibility and direct effect on the human organism, but also in terms of their biodegradability, processability and non-toxicity to the environment either during their production or during their processing after use. Bioplastics of the type Polylactic acid (PLA) appears to be a suitable biomaterials for use in a variety of medical applications in conjunction with an AM process. For this reason, this article discusses 1) description and use of biomaterials in medical applications 2) AM and biomaterials 3) key properties and uses of PLA bioplastics in medicine and 4) the specific AM of an orthopedic corset made of PLA and its benefits.

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Im, Yeon Min, Dong Woo Khang, and Tae Hyun Nam. "Nanostructured Titanium Biomaterials: Understanding and Applications." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2053.

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Nanostructured implant materials are considered as promising future biomaterials. Specifically, titanium based nanomaterial is the mostly used implant materials in orthopedic, dental and vascular surgeries. Due to the advantage of nanoscale features, treatment with nano porous and nano bump surface features have shown enhanced biocompatibilities, such as adhesion, proliferation and differentiation for bone and vascular cells. In addition, nanotoxicity issue with immune cells (macrophages) is currently paramount interest for determining subsequent tissue cellular response on implanted biomaterials. In this review, we demonstrated altered cellular interaction of bone, vascular cells on nanostructured titanium based alloys/materials through systematic controlling of nanoscale surface features, such as porosity and nanobumps. All this knowledge will be beneficial for both understanding and designing nanostructured biomaterials for increasing biocompatibility, thus, all these endeavors will lead increment of functionality of biomaterials and will eventually prolong the life time of implanted biomaterials.

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Sort, Jordi. "Special Feature: Permanent and Long-Term Biodegradable Biomaterials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 12874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412874.

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Bălţatu, Mădălina Simona, Petrică Vizureanu, Mircea Horia Tierean, Mirabela Georgiana Minciună, and Dragoş Cristian Achiţei. "Ti-Mo Alloys Used in Medical Applications." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.105.

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Metallic biomaterials are used in various applications of the most important medical fields (orthopedic, dental and cardiovascular). The main metallic biomaterials are stainless steels, Co-based alloys and Ti-based alloys. Recently, titanium alloys are getting much attention for biomaterials because these types of materials have very good mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance and an excellent biocompatibility. The paper contains important information about titanium alloys used for biomedical applications, which are considered the most widely. It is very important to understand the microstructural evolution and property-microstructure relationship in implant alloys. In the present paper, authors present a short literature review on general aspects of promising biocompatible binary Ti-Mo alloys compared with CoCr and stainless steel alloys, as an alternative of the known metallic biomaterials. This alloys show superior mechanical compatibility and very good biocompatibility. The aim of this review is to highlight the mechanical properties for several types of biomaterials, their application in medical field, especially the Ti-Mo group.

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Babaie, Elham, and Sarit B. Bhaduri. "Fabrication Aspects of Porous Biomaterials in Orthopedic Applications: A Review." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 4, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00615.

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Lu, Wenhsuan, Conglei Li, Jian Wu, Zhongshi Ma, Yadong Zhang, Tianyi Xin, Xiaomo Liu, and Si Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of a Polyetherketoneketone/Hydroxyapatite Hybrid for Dental Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040220.

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Here, we developed a new synthetic method for the production of a new class of polymeric inorganic hybrid biomaterial that has potential for dental implant applications and, in general, other orthopedic applications owing to its excellent mechanical properties and biomechanical compatibility. The new hybrid biomaterial is a composite consisting of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). This hybrid material boasts several unique features, including its high HA loading (up to 50 wt%), which is close to that of natural human bone; the homogeneous HA distribution in the PEKK matrix without phase separation; and the fact that the addition of HA has no effect on the molecular weight of PEKK. Nanoindentation analysis was used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composite, and its nano/microstructure variations were investigated through a structural model developed here. Through nanoindentation technology, the newly developed PEKK/HA hybrid biomaterial has an indentation modulus of 12.1 ± 2.5 GPa and a hardness of 0.42 ± 0.09 GPa, which are comparable with those of human bone. Overall, the new PEKK/HA biomaterial exhibits excellent biomechanical compatibility and shows great promise for application to dental and orthopedic devices.

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Ødegaard, Kristin S., Jan Torgersen, and Christer W. Elverum. "Structural and Biomedical Properties of Common Additively Manufactured Biomaterials: A Concise Review." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121677.

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Biomaterials are in high demand due to the increasing geriatric population and a high prevalence of cardiovascular and orthopedic disorders. The combination of additive manufacturing (AM) and biomaterials is promising, especially towards patient-specific applications. With AM, unique and complex structures can be manufactured. Furthermore, the direct link to computer-aided design and digital scans allows for a direct replicable product. However, the appropriate selection of biomaterials and corresponding AM methods can be challenging but is a key factor for success. This article provides a concise material selection guide for the AM biomedical field. After providing a general description of biomaterial classes—biotolerant, bioinert, bioactive, and biodegradable—we give an overview of common ceramic, polymeric, and metallic biomaterials that can be produced by AM and review their biomedical and mechanical properties. As the field of load-bearing metallic implants experiences rapid growth, we dedicate a large portion of this review to this field and portray interesting future research directions. This article provides a general overview of the field, but it also provides possibilities for deepening the knowledge in specific aspects as it comprises comprehensive tables including materials, applications, AM techniques, and references.

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Baltatu, Madalina Simona, Catalin Andrei Tugui, Manuela Cristina Perju, Marcelin Benchea, Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Petrica Vizureanu. "Biocompatible Titanium Alloys used in Medical Applications." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7114.

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At global level, there is a continuing concern for the research and development of alloys for medical and biomedical applications. Metallic biomaterials are used in various applications of the most important medical fields like orthopedic, dental and cardiovascular. The main metallic biomaterials used in human body are stainless steels, Co-based alloys and Ti-based alloys. Titanium and its alloys are of greater interest in medical applications because they exhibit characteristics required for implant materials, namely, good mechanical properties (less elasticity modulus than stainless steel or CoCr alloys, fatigue strength, high corrosion resistance), high biocompatibility. The aim of this review is to describe and compare the main characteristics (mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility) for latest research of nontoxic Ti alloys biomaterials used for medical field.

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di Giacomo, Viviana, Amelia Cataldi, and Silvia Sancilio. "Biological Factors, Metals, and Biomaterials Regulating Osteogenesis through Autophagy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082789.

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Bone loss raises great concern in numerous situations, such as ageing and many diseases and in both orthopedic and dentistry fields of application, with an extensive impact on health care. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and the determinants that can regulate osteogenesis and ensure bone balance. Autophagy is a well conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which is known to be highly active during differentiation and development. This review provides a revision of the literature on all the exogen factors that can modulate osteogenesis through autophagy regulation. Metal ion exposition, mechanical stimuli, and biological factors, including hormones, nutrients, and metabolic conditions, were taken into consideration for their ability to tune osteogenic differentiation through autophagy. In addition, an exhaustive overview of biomaterials, both for orthopedic and dentistry applications, enhancing osteogenesis by modulation of the autophagic process is provided as well. Already investigated conditions regulating bone regeneration via autophagy need to be better understood for finely tailoring innovative therapeutic treatments and designing novel biomaterials.

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Richard, Caroline. "Innovative Surface Treatments of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1570.

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Biomedical engineering is an advanced technology based on an extremely complex development of advanced biomaterials. Since the first Consensus Conference in Chester (UK) on Definitions in Biomaterials of the European Society for Biomaterials, in 1986, biomaterial was defined as ‘a bioinert or bioactive material used in a material advice, intended to interact with biological systems, restore functions of natural living tissues and organism in the body’. In this way, passive metallic materials (as titanium alloys), a broad spectrum of bioceramics, even biopolymers and all combinations of these biomaterials are used for numerous medical devices owing to their high biocompatibility. For example, titanium alloys can be employed for the femoral stems in the total hip joint replacement (trh) or for dental applications. Among the different clinical aims of an implant, a high osseointegration is required and crucial. In order to prevent the alloys from the aggressive body environment, surface modification of implants are employed to render them protection from both wear, corrosion and even tribocorrosion. In addition to the surface treatments, new implant materials are also being fabricated with biocompatible alloying elements to reduce the toxic effects of the alloying elements. These presentation describes the methodologies that could be adapted to overcome some of the factors leading to implant failure. It gives a panorama and shows that the different processes can increase noticeably the performance of the alloy as orthopedic and dental implant. It also gives prospects for the development of new possible ways for enhancing the biosecurity of such material.

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Lijnev, Artiom, Jeevithan Elango, Vicente M. Gómez-López, Carlos Pérez-Albacete Martínez, José Manuel Granero Marín, and José Eduardo Maté Sánchez De Val. "Antibacterial and Proliferative Effects of NaOH-Coated Titanium, Zirconia, and Ceramic-Reinforced PEEK Dental Composites on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010098.

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Several metallic and polymer-based implants have been fabricated for orthopedic applications. For instance, titanium (Ti), zirconia (Zr), and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) are employed due to their excellent biocompatibility properties. Hence, the present study aimed to compare the functional and biological properties of these three biomaterials with surface modification. For this purpose, Ti, Zr, and ceramic-reinforced PEEK (CrPEEK) were coated with NaOH and tested for the biological response. Our results showed that the surface modification of these biomaterials significantly improved the water contact, protein adhesion, and bioactivity compared with uncoated samples. Among the NaOH-coated biomaterials, Ti and CrPEEK showed higher protein absorption than Zr. However, the mineral binding ability was higher in CrPEEK than in the other two biomaterials. Although the coating improved the functional properties, NaOH coating did not influence the antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus in these biomaterials. Similar to the antibacterial effects, the NaOH coating did not contribute any significant changes in cell proliferation and cell loading, and CrPEEK showed better biocompatibility among the biomaterials. Therefore, this study concluded that the surface modification of biomaterials could potentially improve the functional properties but not the antibacterial and biocompatibility, and CrPEEK could be an alternative material to Ti and Zr with desirable qualities in orthopedic applications.

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Pesenti, Hector, Matteo Leoni, Antonella Motta, and Paolo Scardi. "Fossils as Candidate Material for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 25, no. 5 (January 20, 2010): 445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328209358630.

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Al-Shalawi, Faisal Dakhelallah, Azmah Hanim Mohamed Ariff, Dong-Won Jung, Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin, Collin Looi Seng Kim, Dermot Brabazon, and Maha Obaid Al-Osaimi. "Biomaterials as Implants in the Orthopedic Field for Regenerative Medicine: Metal versus Synthetic Polymers." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122601.

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Patients suffering bone fractures in different parts of the body require implants that will enable similar function to that of the natural bone that they are replacing. Joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis) also require surgical intervention with implants such as hip and knee joint replacement. Biomaterial implants are utilized to fix fractures or replace parts of the body. For the majority of these implant cases, either metal or polymer biomaterials are chosen in order to have a similar functional capacity to the original bone material. The biomaterials that are employed most often for implants of bone fracture are metals such as stainless steel and titanium, and polymers such as polyethene and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This review compared metallic and synthetic polymer implant biomaterials that can be employed to secure load-bearing bone fractures due to their ability to withstand the mechanical stresses and strains of the body, with a focus on their classification, properties, and application.

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Gelli, Rita, and Francesca Ridi. "An Overview of Magnesium-Phosphate-Based Cements as Bone Repair Materials." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14080424.

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In the search for effective biomaterials for bone repair, magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are nowadays gaining importance as bone void fillers thanks to their many attractive features that overcome some of the limitations of the well-investigated calcium-phosphate-based cements. The goal of this review was to highlight the main properties and applications of MPCs in the orthopedic field, focusing on the different types of formulations that have been described in the literature, their main features, and the in vivo and in vitro response towards them. The presented results will be useful to showcase the potential of MPCs in the orthopedic field and will suggest novel strategies to further boost their clinical application.

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Jackson, Nicolette, Michel Assad, Derick Vollmer, James Stanley, and Madeleine Chagnon. "Histopathological Evaluation of Orthopedic Medical Devices: The State-of-the-art in Animal Models, Imaging, and Histomorphometry Techniques." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318821083.

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Orthopedic medical devices are continuously evolving for the latest clinical indications in craniomaxillofacial, spine, trauma, joint arthroplasty, sports medicine, and soft tissue regeneration fields, with a variety of materials from new metallic alloys and ceramics to composite polymers, bioresorbables, or surface-treated implants. There is great need for qualified medical device pathologists to evaluate these next generation biomaterials, with improved biocompatibility and bioactivity for orthopedic applications, and a broad range of knowledge is required to stay abreast of this ever-changing field. Orthopedic implants require specialized imaging and processing techniques to fully evaluate the bone-implant interface, and the pathologist plays an important role in determining the proper combination of histologic processing and staining for quality slide production based on research and development trials and validation. Additionally, histomorphometry is an essential part of the analysis to quantify tissue integration and residual biomaterials. In this article, an overview of orthopedic implants and animal models, as well as pertinent insights for tissue collection, imaging, processing, and slide generation will be provided with a special focus on histopathology and histomorphometry evaluation.

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Lutton, Phil, and Besim Ben-Nissan. "The Status of Biomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: Part I – Materials." Materials Technology 12, no. 2 (January 1997): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10667857.1997.11752728.

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Chen, Chang Jun, and Min Zhang. "Fabrication Methods of Porous Tantalum Metal Implants for Use as Biomaterials." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2063.

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Porous tantalum; biomaterials; bone ingrowth; laser cladding; Abstract. Porous tantalum, a new low modulus metal with a characteristic appearance similar to cancellous/trabecular bone, is currently available for use in several orthopedic applications (hip and knee arthroplasty, spine surgery, and bone graft substitute). The open-cell structure of repeating dodecahedrons is produced via carbon vapor deposition/infiltration of commercially pure tantalum onto a vitreous carbon scaffolding. This transition metal maintains several interesting biomaterial properties, including: a high volumetric porosity (70-80%), low modulus of elasticity (3MPa), and high frictional characteristics. Tantalum has excellent biocompatibility and is safe to use in vivo as evidenced by its historical and current use in pacemaker electrodes, cranioplasty plates and as radiopaque markers. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of porous tantalum stems from its ability to form a self-passivating surface oxide layer. This surface layer leads to the formation of a bone-like apatite coating in vivo and affords excellent bone and fibrous in-growth properties allowing for rapid and substantial bone and soft tissue attachment. Tantalum-chondrocyte composites have yielded successful early results in vitro and may afford an option for joint resurfacing in the future. The development of porous tantalum is in its early stages of evolution and the following represents a review of its biomaterial properties and fabrication methods for applications as implant biomaterials.

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Camargo, Nelson H. A., Priscila F. Franczak, Enori Gemelli, Bruna Ditzel da Costa, and Aury Nunes de Moraes. "Characterization of Three Calcium Phosphate Microporous Granulated Bioceramics." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.687.

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The calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics, and hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biphasic compositions, in the granular form of microporous biomaterials, are research themes and present potential biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bone and tooth structure and in orthopedic applications. This is associated with microstructural characteristics of biocompatibility and bioactivity and osteoconductivity properties that these biomaterials offer when appliedin vivoor in simulated environment. Another differential point of these biomaterials is the solubilization capacity that they present when applied in the biological environment. These compositions of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite matrix and/or β-tricalcium phosphate) allow for the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions for the biological environment, which are absorbed and promote the formation of new bone tissue. These materials are also promising in applications in the field of traumatology as in the repair of traumatized bone tissue and drugs controlled release and bone structure treatments. The favorable results of these biomaterials as bone reconstruction matrix and drugs controlled release are associated with crystallographic characteristics, morphology, surface and solubility that these biomaterials present when in contact with body fluids. This work aimed to describe three types of calcium phosphate microporous granulated biomaterials. The biomaterials used were provided by the Biomaterials Group from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC and are: hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic composition 60% hydroxyapatite/40% β-tricalcium phosphate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy technique (SEM) was used for carrying out the morphological characterization and microstructure studies of granulated biomaterials. The X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) served for characterization of crystalline phases. Arthur Method was used for determining open porosity and hydrostatic density of biomaterials. The BET technique served to support determination of the surface area of microporous granulated biomaterials. The results are encouraging and show that these biomaterials present promising morphological characteristics and microporous microstructure as wettability and capillarity. These characteristics may contribute to biomaterial osteointegration by new tissue, bone formation and mineralization process.

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Suo, Na, Rui Yang, Xiao-Dan Zhang, Wei Wang, and Ti Wei. "Application of Nano-Biomaterials Scaffold in Postoperative Nursing Care of Orthopedic Fractures." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2022.3077.

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This article detects the drug-carrying capacity of the new chitosan/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite multilayer composite scaffold and analyzes its efficacy in postoperative care of orthopedic fractures. The article uses animal experiments for comparative analysis. All animals undergo fracture model establishment. One group uses nano three-dimensional scaffold materials loaded with antibiotics, one group is pure nano three-dimensional scaffold materials, and the last group is without any implantation treatment. Finally, it was found that the fracture recovery of the three groups of animals was different. In particular, all the antibiotic-loaded nano three-dimensional scaffold material group indicators are better than the other two groups. For this reason, we conclude that the new chitosan/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite multilayer composite scaffold has a strong drug-carrying capacity. The stent is worthy of clinical promotion and use in orthopedics.

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Heimann, Robert B. "Silicon Nitride, a Close to Ideal Ceramic Material for Medical Application." Ceramics 4, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020016.

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This topical review describes the salient results of recent research on silicon nitride, a ceramic material with unique properties. The outcome of this ongoing research strongly encourages the use of monolithic silicon nitride and coatings as contemporary and future biomaterial for a variety of medical applications. Crystallographic structure, the synthesis and processing of monolithic structures and coatings, as well as examples of their medical applications that relate to spinal, orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts and scaffolds, platforms for intelligent synthetic neural circuits, antibacterial and antiviral particles and coatings, optical biosensors, and nano-photonic waveguides for sophisticated medical diagnostic devices are all covered in the research reviewed herein. The examples provided convincingly show that silicon nitride is destined to become a leader to replace titanium and other entrenched biomaterials in many fields of medicine.

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Barbosa, Luzinete Pereira, Lucio Salgado, N. Filho Karsokas, and Márcia Kazumi Nagamine. "Characterization of HDH Titanium Powder for Biomaterial Applications." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.188.

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Several materials have been used as surgical implants since the 16th century. Materials can be implanted in the human body; however, the choice of the appropriate material is based on the required mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties. Until now two classes of metals namely stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys became known as materials for implant applications. They were considered suitable for surgical implant procedures but many researchers and surgeons were not completely satisfied with their performance. The main problem of the modern science is to find a material that perfectly restores tissues damaged after accidents or diseases. The trend of the current research in orthopedic prosthesis is based on the development of titanium alloys composed of non-toxic elements with low modulus of elasticity. Powder metallurgy techniques have beenused to produce controlled porous structures such as the porous coating applied for dental and orthopedic surgical implants which allows bone tissue grown within the implant surface, improving fixation. The development of porous metallic biomaterials associated with their biomedical applications is an important research area. To obtain a good one implant successful therapy the composition, size, form and topography of the alloys are extremely important.

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Amukarimi, Shukufe, and Masoud Mozafari. "Biodegradable Magnesium Biomaterials—Road to the Clinic." Bioengineering 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9030107.

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In recent decades, we have witnessed radical changes in the use of permanent biomaterials. The intrinsic ability of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys to degrade without releasing toxic degradation products has led to a vast range of applications in the biomedical field, including cardiovascular stents, musculoskeletal, and orthopedic applications. With the use of biodegradable Mg biomaterials, patients would not suffer second surgery and surgical pain anymore. Be that as it may, the main drawbacks of these biomaterials are the high corrosion rate and unexpected degradation in physiological environments. Since biodegradable Mg-based implants are expected to show controllable degradation and match the requirements of specific applications, various techniques, such as designing a magnesium alloy and modifying the surface characteristics, are employed to tailor the degradation rate. In this paper, some fundamentals and particular aspects of magnesium degradation in physiological environments are summarized, and approaches to control the degradation behavior of Mg-based biomaterials are presented.

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36

Xie, Zelong, Ming Gao, Anderson O. Lobo, and Thomas J. Webster. "3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering for Medical Applications: The Classic and the Hybrid." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081717.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as one of the most popular recent additive manufacturing processes, has shown strong potential for the fabrication of biostructures in the field of tissue engineering, most notably for bones, orthopedic tissues, and associated organs. Desirable biological, structural, and mechanical properties can be achieved for 3D-printed constructs with a proper selection of biomaterials and compatible bioprinting methods, possibly even while combining additive and conventional manufacturing (AM and CM) procedures. However, challenges remain in the need for improved printing resolution (especially at the nanometer level), speed, and biomaterial compatibilities, and a broader range of suitable 3D-printed materials. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the development of 3D bioprinting techniques, particularly new hybrid 3D bioprinting technologies for combining the strengths of both AM and CM, along with a comprehensive set of material selection principles, promising medical applications, and limitations and future prospects.

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Aswathy C, Jenson Samraj J, and Gurusamy Annadurai. "Development of n-HA/CS-GM biomimetic nanocomposite for biomedical applications." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v13i1.15.

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Nowadays, effective treatment and management of malignant osteomyelitis remain an alarming clinical challenge causing the creation of antimicrobial biomaterials for orthopedic surgeons. The has revived attention in creating antimicrobial biomaterials for orthopedics. The collaboration of nanotechnology and engineered biomaterials will probably provide perception for developing novel and hybrid composites. Because of improved control of the interaction between nanoparticles and polymers, nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) incorporated nanocomposite would provide versatility in designing specific properties. As a result, the study describes the ethanolic extraction of Guar gum from native Cassia fistula seeds, as well as the development of (n-HA), Chitosan (CS), and Guar gum (GM) nanocomposite via the Co-precipitation method. The nanocomposites were characterized based on their physicochemical and morphological properties, such as XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The nanocomposites were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) ATCC25923 and anticancer activity against MG 63 (osteosarcoma) cancer cell line MTT assay. The antibacterial result confirms that the n-HA/CS-GM hybrid nanocomposites exhibit excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and average inhibition zones of the different content samples against S. aureus were 15.75 mm for n-HA/CS and 19.75 mm for n-HA/CS-GM hybrid microspheres, respectively. The cytotoxicity result showed that the average OD of cells treated with 7.8 to 1000 µg/mL concentration of n-HA/CS composite varied from 0.479 to 0.297 parallel to 88.70% to 55% cell viability, and the OD of n-HA/CS-GM composite varied from 0.447 to 0.273 corresponding 82.77% to 50.55% cell viability for 7.8µg/mL concentration up to 1000µg/mL.

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Bal, B. S., and M. N. Rahaman. "Orthopedic applications of silicon nitride ceramics." Acta Biomaterialia 8, no. 8 (August 2012): 2889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.031.

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Nabiyouni, Maryam, Theresa Brückner, Huan Zhou, Uwe Gbureck, and Sarit B. Bhaduri. "Magnesium-based bioceramics in orthopedic applications." Acta Biomaterialia 66 (January 2018): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.033.

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Turco, Gianluca, Davide Porrelli, Eleonora Marsich, Federica Vecchies, Teresa Lombardi, Claudio Stacchi, and Roberto Di Lenarda. "Three-Dimensional Bone Substitutes for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Biological and Structural Characterization." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 9, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb9040062.

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Background: Bone substitutes, either from human (autografts and allografts) or animal (xenografts) sources, suffer from inherent drawbacks including limited availability or potential infectivity to name a few. In the last decade, synthetic biomaterials have emerged as a valid alternative for biomedical applications in the field of orthopedic and maxillofacial surgery. In particular, phosphate-based bone substitution materials have exhibited a high biocompatibility due to their chemical similitude with natural hydroxyapatite. Besides the nature of the biomaterial, its porous and interconnected architecture is essential for a correct osseointegration. This performance could be predicted with an extensive characterization of the biomaterial in vitro. Methods: In this study, we compared the biological, chemical, and structural features of four different commercially available bone substitutes derived from an animal or a synthetic source. To this end, µ-CT and SEM were used to describe the biomaterials structure. Both FTIR and EDS analyses were carried out to provide a chemical characterization. The results obtained by these techniques were correlated with cell adhesion and proliferation of the osteosarcoma MG-63 human cell line cultured in vitro. Results: The findings reported in this paper indicate a significant influence of both the nature and the structure of the biomaterials in cell adhesion and proliferation, which ultimately could affect the clinical performance of the biomaterials. Conclusions: The four commercially available bone substitutes investigated in this work significantly differed in terms of structural features, which ultimately influenced in vitro cell proliferation and may so affect the clinical performance of the biomaterials.

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Mariappan, N. "Current trends in Nanotechnology applications in surgical specialties and orthopedic surgery." Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 1095–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1739.

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Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale. It has extensive range of applications in various branches of science including molecular biology, Health and medicine, materials, electronics, transportation, drugs and drug delivery, chemical sensing, space exploration, energy, environment, sensors, diagnostics, microfabrication, organic chemistry and biomaterials. Nanotechnology involves innovations in drug delivery,fabric design, reactivity and strength of material and molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology applications are spread over almost all surgical specialties and have revolutionized treatment of various medical and surgical conditions. Clinically relevant applications of nanotechnology in surgical specialties include development of surgical instruments, suture materials, imaging, targeted drug therapy, visualization methods and wound healing techniques. Management of burn wounds and scar is an important application of nanotechnology.Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic conditions are crucial aspects of technology for functional recovery of patients. Improvement in standard of patient care,clinical trials, research, and development of medical equipments for safe use are improved with nanotechnology. They have a potential for long-term good results in a variety of surgical specialties including orthopedic surgery in the years to come.

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Rattan, Pankaj Vikas, T. S. Sidhu, and Manoj Mittal. "An Overview of Hydroxyapatite Coated Titanium Implants." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2012.1.2.2490.

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Hydroxyapatite [(HA), Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2] is the main mineral component of bone and teeth. It has favorable osteoconductive and bioactive properties that is necessary for the early bone formation and fixation. HA being identified as the major mineral constituent of hard tissue, plays a vital role in orthopedic applications. One of its major applications is as a covering material for titanium and other metals used in implants. Main metallic biomaterials are stainless steel; Co based alloys, titanium and its alloys. Amongst the metallic biomaterials titanium and its alloys are getting much attention for use as biomaterials due to their excellent specific strength, corrosion resistance and above all good biocompatibility. Pure titanium and Ti-6AL-4V are still the most widely used biomaterials for biomedical applications among the titanium alloys. This article briefly reviews the hydroxyapatite coated titanium implants and its effects on the performance of the implants.

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Pall, Emoke, and Alexandra Roman. "Lactoferrin Functionalized Biomaterials: Tools for Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080522.

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Tissue engineering is one of the most important biotechnologies in the biomedical field. It requires the application of the principles of scientific engineering in order to design and build natural or synthetic biomaterials feasible for the maintenance of tissues and organs. Depending on the specific applications, the selection of the proper material remains a significant clinical concern. Implant-associated infection is one of the most severe complications in orthopedic implant surgeries. The treatment of these infections is difficult because the surface of the implant serves not only as a substrate for the formation of the biofilm, but also for the selection of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, a promising new approach for prevention of implant-related infection involves development of new implantable, non-antibiotic-based biomaterials. This review provides a brief overview of antimicrobial peptide-based biomaterials—especially those coated with lactoferrin.

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Hamdaoui, Soria, Ambroise Lambert, Hafit Khireddine, Rémy Agniel, Annelise Cousture, Régis Coulon, Olivier Gallet, Séverine Alfonsi, and Mathilde Hindié. "An efficient and inexpensive method for functionalizing metallic biomaterials used in orthopedic applications." Colloid and Interface Science Communications 37 (July 2020): 100282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2020.100282.

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Bărbînţă, Andreea Carmen, Romeo Chelariu, Marcelin Benchea, Carmen Iulia Crimu, Sorin Iacob Strugaru, and Corneliu Munteanu. "A Comparative Analysis of New Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta Orthopedic Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.259.

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Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys represent a new generation of biomaterials with possible applications in the orthopedic field, being developed in order to eliminate the negative aspects of the current orthopedic biomaterials, which consist mainly in a low biocompatibility with human tissues and high values of modulus of elasticity compared to the human bone. This paper presents a comparative study of new titanium alloys, corresponding to the Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta system: Ti-21Nb-6Zr-15Ta and Ti-25Nb-10Zr-8Ta, which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microindentation. The both alloys are classified as near-β alloys. The addition of alloying elements such as Ta, Nb and Zr represents a good solution for lowering modulus of elasticity, which is an important factor for reducing bone resorption and therefore for preventing implant failure.

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Albulescu, Radu, Adrian-Claudiu Popa, Ana-Maria Enciu, Lucian Albulescu, Maria Dudau, Ionela Daniela Popescu, Simona Mihai, et al. "Comprehensive In Vitro Testing of Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics with Orthopedic and Dentistry Applications." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2019): 3704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223704.

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Recently, a large spectrum of biomaterials emerged, with emphasis on various pure, blended, or doped calcium phosphates (CaPs). Although basic cytocompatibility testing protocols are referred by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993 (parts 1–22), rigorous in vitro testing using cutting-edge technologies should be carried out in order to fully understand the behavior of various biomaterials (whether in bulk or low-dimensional object form) and to better gauge their outcome when implanted. In this review, current molecular techniques are assessed for the in-depth characterization of angiogenic potential, osteogenic capability, and the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation properties of CaPs and their cation- and/or anion-substituted derivatives. Using such techniques, mechanisms of action of these compounds can be deciphered, highlighting the signaling pathway activation, cross-talk, and modulation by microRNA expression, which in turn can safely pave the road toward a better filtering of the truly functional, application-ready innovative therapeutic bioceramic-based solutions.

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Crimu, Carmen, Sergiu Stanciu, Diana Pitul Cristea, Sergiu Ciprian Focșăneanu, Corneliu Munteanu, and Kamel Earar. "Microbiological Testing of Biodegradable MgCa Alloys for Use in Orthopedic Implants." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.195.

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Implants based on titanium alloys, stainless steel and cobalt –chromium have been the primary biomaterials used for load bearing applications and they have been remarkably successful throughout time, but on the long term, there appear a series of inconveniences regarding these metallic implants. Thus, there have been cases of aseptic osteolysis around the implant, with pain and high degree of loosening of the prosthesis which constitutes a limitation of the long term benefits of metallic implants. Therefore, researchers have found new materials for implants, more competitive and efficient. These are materials that are biocompatible and biodegradable. These constitute a novel class of bioactive biomaterials which are expected to support the healing process of a diseased tissue and to degrade thereafter. Magnesium alloys attracted great attention as a new kind of degradable biomaterial. Mg is an essential mineral for human metabolism and its deficiency has been linked to various pathological conditions. The main advantages of Mg alloys are its superior mechanical and biocorrosive properties and its biocompatibility. Mg is a very light-weight metal with a lower density than that of biocompatible Ti alloys, which is closer to that of the human bone. In the present paper we shall focus on presenting some biological testing studies of several Mg alloys from the system Mg-Ca, with different percentages of Ca. Three methods have been use for this: determining the ph at different sample incubation times in culture environment; citotoxicity tests made in vitro which: evaluate the contact toxicity by putting the samples in the buckets of cellular culture plates; evaluate the cellular proliferation at the surface of the tested materials by fluorescence microscopy and deflection microscopy; evaluation of toxicity by testing the effect of the extraction liquid resulting from the incubation of the material with testing cell specific culture environment.

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Oriňaková, Renáta, Radka Gorejová, Martina Petráková, Ján Macko, Miriam Kupková, Monika Hrubovčáková, and Iveta Maskaľová. "Combined Effect of Phosphate and Polymer Coating on Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility of Iron Foams." Powder Metallurgy Progress 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2021-0005.

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Abstract The use of resorbable metallic biomaterials for temporary implants has increased dramatically in the last decade. Degradable biomaterials are desirable in some specific pediatric, orthopedic, and cardiovascular applications, in which they may overcome the disadvantages of permanent devices. The three main biodegradable metals: Mg, Fe, and Zn, are intensively studied as temporary orthopedic implant materials. Among them, iron, and iron-based alloys, have received attention as promising materials for the temporary replacement of bones, especially for applications where strong mechanical support during the bone healing process is required. The addition of a low amount of phosphorus can improve the mechanical properties of such materials without the risk of retarding the corrosion rate or affecting cell proliferation. The main goal of this work was to study the combined effect of phosphating and polymer coating of open-cell iron foams on their cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Obtained results indicated the positive influence of the PEG coating layer and phosphorus addition on material cytocompatibility. Moreover, the combination of these procedures led to the inhibition of hemolysis, platelet adhesion, and thrombus formation.

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Kadhim, Tamara R., Jawad K. Oleiwi, and Qahtan A. Hamad. "Improving the Biological Properties of UHMWPE Biocomposite for Orthopedic Applications." International Journal of Biomaterials 2023 (January 12, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4219841.

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Bone plates are essential for bone fracture healing because they modify the biomechanical microenvironment at the fracture site to provide the necessary mechanical fixation for fracture fragments. The objective of this study was to determine cell availability, antibacterial activity, and wettability through a contact angle test. However, biocomposites that involve UHMWPE reinforced with n-HA and n-TiO2 particles at different fractions (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%) and 5% from carbon and Kevlar fibers were fabricated by hot pressing technique. In vitro studies revealed good cell viability on the surface of the hybrid biocomposite even after 72 hr. The UHMEPE nanocomposite reinforced with carbon showed better cell attachment for fibroblasts than other UHMWPE nanocomposite materials reinforced with Kevlar fiber. The results of the contact angle measurements indicated that the incorporation of nanoparticles and the fiber reinforcement increased the wettability due to the hydrophilic character of nanobiocomposite, and also (UHMWPE-4.5% wt. TiO2–CF) biocomposite was the best wettability (∼48% as compared to neat UHMWPE). Antibacterial experiments involving Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, confirm excellent bactericidal property for (UHMWPE-4.5% wt. TiO2–CF) biocomposite. Thermal analysis of the produced nanocomposites revealed that they had higher melting and crystallinity temperatures than pure UHMWPE.

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Attawia, Mohamed A., Kathryn E. Uhrich, Edward Botchwey, Miranda Fan, Robert Langer, and Cato T. Laurencin. "Cytotoxicity testing of poly(anhydride-co-imides) for orthopedic applications." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29, no. 10 (October 1995): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820291010.

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