Дисертації: "Biomass"

1

Smarž, Patrik. "Využití odpadní biomasy pro výrobu elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221204.

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Diploma thesis, in its introduction, describes the expression biomass and the ways of its production from various sources, focused particularly on waste biomass In the following part it deals with the description of its origin and the advantages of its usage. It describes the usage of biomass in the world as well as in the Slovak Republic. It also looks into the possibilities of processing of biomass and the following use at heat and electricity production. In its last part this work describes, on particular examples, the usage of biomass in electricity and heat production, from businesses with high power to its usage in houses.

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2

Gavilà, Terrades Llorenç. "Different biomass conversion strategies for valuable chemical production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457135.

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Com a alternativa a la producció química a partir fonts petroquímiques, la conversió de biomassa en productes químics valuosos és un camp actualment en desenvolupament. En aquest camp, una àmplia gamma d'enfocaments és fa servir. En aquesta tesi es presenten tres diferents noves estratègies per a la conversió de biomassa: i) producció de sucres fermentables (glucosa) a partir de: cel•lulosa, polpa produïda amb líquid iònic commutable i biomassa. Els sucres obtinguts es sotmeten a una fermentació microbiana; ii) desenvolupar una nova estratègia integrada per a produir un producte químic de valor afegit (5-acetoximetilfurfural) a partir de lignocelulosa, utilitzant acetat de cel•lulosa com a material de partida en lloc de cel•lulosa i aprofitant la solubilitat augmentada d'acetat de cel•lulosa; iii) millorar un producte químic de valor afegit tal com furfural cap a un producte final com el 1,5-pentanodienol per mitjà d'una reacció en cascada usant per primera vegada un catalitzador metàl•lic no noble. Per mitjà de la metodologia descrita, es produeix, respectivament, àcid làctic (amb ús estès com a precursor bioplàstic), 5-acetoximetilfurfural (un component estratègic amb una àmplia gamma de potencials conversions a productes químics valuosos) i 1,5-pentanodienol (1 producte final amb moltes aplicacions com resina o precursor bioplàstic).
Como alternativa a la producción química a partir fuentes petroquímicas, la conversión de biomasa en productos químicos valiosos es un campo actualmente en desarrollo. En este campo, una amplia gama de enfoques es usada. En esta tesis se presentan tres diferentes nuevas estrategias para la conversión de biomasa: i) producción de azúcares fermentables (glucosa) a partir de: celulosa, pulpa producida con líquido iónico conmutable y biomasa. Los azúcares obtenidos se someten entonces a ensayo para la fermentación microbiana; ii) desarrollar una nueva estrategia integrada para producir un producto químico de valor añadido (5-acetoximetilfurfural) a partir de lignocelulosa, utilizando acetato de celulosa como material de partida en lugar de celulosa y aprovechando la solubilidad aumentada de acetato de celulosa; iii) mejorar un producto químico de valor añadido tal como furfural en un producto final como el 1,5-pentanodienol por medio de una reacción en cascada usando por primera vez un catalizador metálico no noble. Por medio de la metodología descrita, se produce, respectivamente, ácido láctico (con uso extendido como precursor bioplástico), 5-acetoximetilfurfural (un componente estratégico con una amplia gama de potenciales conversiones a productos químicos valiosos) y 1,5-pentanodienol (un producto final con muchas aplicaciones como resina o precursor bioplástico).
As an alternative to chemical production from petrochemical sources, biomass conversion into valuable chemicals is a field in current development. In this field, a broad range of approaches is targeted. In this thesis, three new different strategies for the whole picture of biomass conversion are presented i) producing fermentable sugars (glucose) from: cellulose, pulp produced with switchable ionic liquid, and biomass. The obtained sugars are then tested for microbial fermentation; ii) developing a new integrated strategy to produce a valuable building block (5-acetoxymethylfurfural) from lignocellulose, using cellulose acetate as starting material rather than cellulose and taking benefit of cellulose acetate enhanced solubility; and iii) upgrading a building block such as furfural to an end product like 1,5-pentanedienol by means of cascade reaction using for the first time a non-noble metal catalyst. By means of the described methodology, is produced, respectively, lactic acid (with extended use as bioplastic precursor), 5-acetoxymethylfurfural (a strategic building block with a wide range of potential conversions to valuable chemicals), and 1,5-pentanedienol (an end product with a lot of applications as a resin or bioplastic precursor).

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3

Ptáček, Pavel. "Teplotní pole v tuhém palivu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417431.

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The diploma thesis deals with a temperature field in a solid fuel during the combustion process. At the beginning of this thesis, research of available literature was conducted to obtain information about the composition of wood, properties affecting the combustion process, and the basics of heat transfer. Afterward, the temperature profiles of the samples were recorded during the measurement in the observation furnace. The temperature profiles of samples of six different sizes which were made of spruce and beech wood were subsequently evaluated and compared. Based on experimentally obtained data, a mathematical model was created in the OpenModellica software. Finally, the results of the mathematical model were compared with experimentally obtained data and appropriate conclusions were deduced.

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4

Křivák, Petr. "Návrh roštového kotle s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování slámy z pšenice,žita a ječmene." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231257.

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The aim of the thesis is the design of the steam grate boilers of 40 t/h for straw burning. The required parameters are generated steam temperature 420 ° C and a pressure of 5.5 MPa. The specified fuel is cereal straw with a calorific value of 9.5 MJ/kg. The calculation is made from the stoichiometric calculation of elemental analysis, to calculate the individual dimensions and heating surfaces of the boiler.

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5

Němec, Radim. "Roštový kotel s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování slámy z pšenice,žita a ječmene,20t/h." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230887.

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The aim of this thesis is to propose a grate steam boiler for combustion of straw from wheat, rye and barley output of 20 t / h The calculation is performed by stoichiometric calculation of elemental analysis to calculate the dimensions of a boiler heating surfaces. Default superheated steam can be used mainly for electricity generation.

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6

Pang, Cheng Heng. "The characterisation of biomass and biomass/coal blends." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.588061.

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A series of detailed studies have been performed to further understand the characteristics of biomass for solid fuel combustion purposes. The characterisation work was carried out in three separate (but interrelated) parts studying each of the different forms/stages of biomass during combustion i.e. original raw biomass, biomass char and biomass ash, respectively. These findings were examined and correlated to see if predictions about combustion behaviour could be made. The effects of blending biomass and coal on milling performance and ash behaviour were also investigated to show the relevance of co-milling and co-firing. The lignocellulosic components, i.e. lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are the key constituents of plants cell wall, and hence form the major part of biomass. The contributions of these components on biomass behaviour were explored by analysing a matrix of samples with varying lignocellulosic compositions including; a base suite of 11 biomass samples with different lignocellulose contents; samples pre-treated chemically to alter their compositions; pseudo biomass samples synthesised by mixing commercially obtained lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in different weight percentages. All raw samples, both treated and untreated, as well as their corresponding char samples prepared via the fast heating drop tube furnace and slow heating muffle furnace, were analysed to determine their respective thermal properties, structural characteristics, grindability, etc. Ash samples were characterised using the sinter strength test and the newly developed PAnG (Picture Analysis and Graphing) advanced ash fusion test. The former was originally devised for coal ash characterisation whilst the latter was designed to accommodate the large variability in fuels. The PAnG test incorporates dilatometry and sinter strength test by means of image analysis. It is believed that lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose play a significant role in determining the characteristics of biomass. Results have shown that the data of raw biomass, biomass char and biomass ash correlate well with that of lignocellulosic composition. The major components of biomass, particularly cellulose and/or lignin, reflect the various behaviours of biomass in different ways, and hence can be used as a potential predictive tool. Depending on the original unblended fuel, the blending of biomass and coal at different weight percentages can have favourable effects on fuel properties.

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7

Ching, Diego. "Upgrading of biomass: alternative ways for biomass treatment." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149373.

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As the world population and wealth increases it is necessary to look for sustainable alternatives to guarantee modern living standards. With depleting resources and the threat of global warming, biomass is emerging as a promising alternative to lay the basis for a bio-based sustainable economy. New biomass upgrading trends lead to the concept of biorefinery, where a large array of chemicals, fuels and energy can be produced, maximizing the value of biomass. The aim of the present work is to find industrial biorefinery processes developed to produce chemicals and fuels but that at the same time yield considerable amounts of combustible by-products that can be employed as a fuel in Vattenfall´s power plants. This paper is focused on lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock. A comprehensive review of existing technologies at different maturity levels to upgrade biomass is done. The review covers biomass pretreatment operations, thermochemical, chemical and biochemical processes. It starts by describing simple unitary operations that are used to build complex biorefinery systems. A selection of some of the possible biorefinery schemes is briefly described. After listing and describing different biomass upgrading processes, three process were selected for further analysis. Two biorefinery processes with different maturity levels were selected: the Biofine process and Lignocellulosic Ethanol. A process to produce a solid fuel, Hydrothermal Carbonization, was selected as well. The process selection was done according to Vattenfall´s interests. The three processes selected were further analyzed performing a mass and energy balance. To achieve these tasks, a model of the processes using Microsoft Excel was done. The estimation of the product yields and energy usage was done assuming woodchips as a feedstock. Sensitive operating conditions where the energy usage can be improved are identified. After the mass and energy balance an economical evaluation by means of OPEX and CAPEX calculations was done to determine the profitability of the processes. Opportunities for each process are identified and conditions to achieve or improve the profitability of the processes were pinpointed. The biorefinery concept is an emerging technology and as any new technology there are obstacles that need to be surpassed for being introduced into the market. A discussion on these issues was made as they will drive R&D efforts, industrial development and policies in the upcoming years. The importance of innovation in technology through R&D and market push policy measures was analyzed as it plays a fundamental role in the industrial dynamics of emerging technologies. Synergies and cooperation between the pulp and paper, forest, petrochemical and energy industries should be seek to tackle the challenges these technologies present and endorse a sustainable bio-based economy.

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8

Huéscar, Medina Clara. "Explosion safety of biomass and torrefied biomass powders." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8460/.

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The use of pulverised biomass for electrical power generation is of growing importance in the UK as a route to low carbon electricity. It can be used in existing power stations co-fired with coal or 100% biomass firing. However, this use of biomass has led to several major biomass storage or burner feed explosions in recent years. There is minimal information in the open literature on the explosion risks of pulverised biomass, as the fibrous nature of pulverised biomass results in it blocking the injection system of the standard ISO 1 m3 and 20 L spheres. New injection systems for fibrous biomass developed and calibrated for the ISO 1 m3 spherical explosion vessel were used in this research. In addition to the explosion safety data, the experimental methods enabled the measurement of the turbulent spherical flame speed, from which the fundamental laminar burning velocity of the pulverised biomass could be determined, this data is relevant to practical burner design and flame stability. In dust explosion research the dust concentration has always been reported as g/m3 and not converted to equivalence ratio, Ø. An important feature of the present work was the presentation of the flame propagation properties as a function of equivalence ratio, Ø. This enabled comparison to be made with equivalent burner operating conditions and gas explosions data. A feature of dust explosions was found, that has rarely been reported elsewhere, and this was that around 50% of the dust that was injected was left as a debris in the vessel after an explosion test. This debris was vacuumed out of the vessel, collected, weighed and analysed. The debris was composed of ash from the biomass that did burn, completely unreacted biomass and partially pyrolysed particles. The mass of the debris was deducted from the mass injected and the actual Ø that the flame propagated through was determined. Torrefaction is a process involving heating the biomass in an inert atmosphere at about 200°C-300°C, which breaks up the biomass fibres and makes it easier to handle and pulverise. The present work presents the first measurements of the explosion and flame propagation properties of these new biomass materials. The results are compared with the raw biomass from which the torrefied material was derived. Research was undertaken on the explosion and flame propagation characteristics of a range of raw biomass, torrefied biomass, coal and mixtures of biomass with coal. Fuel characteristics (chemical composition, particle morphology, size distribution) were compared in order to assess the most influential parameters on the reactivity of torrefied and raw biomass. The experimental evidence suggests that pulverised biomass flame propagation occurred in the gas phase, leaving no char residue, indicating that for the biomass that participated in the flame propagation all the mass was burned. Evidence suggested that coal and torrefied biomass flames did result in enhanced char in the debris and that surface reactions through the diffusion of oxygen were part of the flame propagation process. For minimum explosion concentration measurements the Hartmann tube explosion technique was modified to work repeatably for fibrous biomass and to determine flame speeds. This enabled the most reactive mixture to be determined. The MEC of biomass and torrefied biomass were found to be leaner (Ø=0.2-0.3) than for coal or gaseous hydrocarbons. This supports the conclusion that for the Hartmann equipment all the mass injected must burn, as if only part burned the MEC would be richer. The current methods for determining the MEC in the ISO 1 m3 and 20 L sphere were shown to be invalid as they were based on the injected concentration of dust, with no account taken of the fact that most of it did not burn, so the actual concentration at the lean limit was unknown. More work is required on the reliable determination of MEC. Torrefied biomass was found to be more reactive than the raw biomass due to the presence of finer particles in the torrefied biomass samples and not due to the material being inherently more reactive. Torrefied, raw biomass and coal samples were found to have KSt values ranging from 60 to 150 barm/s and the maximum explosion pressure ranged between 8 and 9 bar. The mixtures that gave these peak reactivities and pressures was around Ø = 2 – 3, quite different from the peak reactivity of gases at Ø=1.05. The reason for peak reactivity occurring at richer mixtures was addressed as part of the research. Biomass and coal were found to have a similar range of reactivity and peak pressures. Synergistic effects in the reactivity of biomass/coal mixtures were observed with certain fuels and blend ratios. TGA analysis gave indication of such synergistic effects which are likely to occur due to interaction of the fuels during the devolatilisation step. However, no synergistic effects were detected for a mixture containing 50% torrefied biomass.

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9

Oguri, Guilherme [UNESP]. "Correlação entre biomassa e nutrientes de galhos e folhas em um plantio adensado de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90512.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este estudo teve com objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa e correlacionar com os nutrientes de galhos e folhas que poderão ser exportados através da colheita mecanizada, bem como o poder calorífico dos galhos em função de diferentes espaçamentos e adubações em um plantio de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis de curta rotação. O plantio da área em estudo ocorreu em dezembro de 2008, totalizando 5,8 ha. A área total foi dividida em cinco espaçamentos utilizando três diferentes doses de adubação. Nas idades de 18 meses, 24 meses e 30 meses após o plantio, foi realizado um inventário coletando informações de diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) para escolha das árvores-amostra com o intuito de obter dados sobre a biomassa de galhos e folhas, assim como o poder calorífico dos galhos e nutrientes nas folhas e nos galhos. Amostras de galhos e folhas foram coletadas e pesadas no campo e levadas para estufa para posterior cálculo de biomassa seca por unidade de área. Os nutrientes em estudo foram os macronutrientes, nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio e; os micronutrientes, boro e zinco. Para o cálculo do poder calorífico superior (PCS) utilizou-se uma bomba calorimétrica seguindo a norma NBR 8633. Todos os resultados foram analisados pela análise de variância e, posteriormente, teste de Tukey. Concluiu-se que a biomassa de galhos e folhas aumentou de acordo com o nível de adubação e, também que aumentando a dose de fertilizantes, maior será a exportação de nutrientes nas folhas e nos galhos
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomass production and correlate with branches and leaves nutrients content that will be exported by mechanical harvesting, as well as the calorific value of branches as a function of spacements with three levels of fertilization in an Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla short rotation forest. The forest was planted in December 2008 in a total of 5,8 ha. At 18 months, 24 months and 30 months after planting we collected information about diameter to choose the sample-trees in order to obtain branches and leaves biomass data, as well as the branches and leaves nutrients content and calorific value of branches. Leaves and branches samples were collected and weighted on the field and taken at greenhouse to calculate dry biomass. The macronutrients - N, P and K – and the micronutrients – B and Z – were studied. The gross calorific value was calculated using a calorimeter according to NBR 8633. All results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. It was concluded that branches and leaves biomass increases at the same way the fertilizer level increases and also we noted that increasing the fertilizer amount, larger will be branches and leaves export nutrients.

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Scalet, Verônica. "Caracterização e confecção de briquetes de casca de liquri (Syagrus coronata (Mart) Becc.) para produção de energia." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8330.

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The Licuri bark is a potential source of biomass for energy production. This study aims at making briquettes and the physicochemical characterization of Licuri bark aiming to expand its use as fuel. The material was collected in Great Cauldron - BA and briquettes were made with five different compositions: 100% Licuri bark (T1), 75% Licuri bark + 25% sugar cane straw (T2), 50% Licuri bark + 50% sugar cane straw (T3), 25% Licuri bark + 75% sugar cane straw (T4) and finally 100% sugar cane straw (T5). The briquettes were measured to obtain the value of its expansion and density, passed through drumming test and was made mechanical test on the tensile strength by diametrical compression. Also were made the following analyzes to Licuri bark: moisture content, density, particle size, ash and volatile content, fixed carbon, high heat value, extraction with hot water and cyclohexane / ethanol, lignin and thermogravimetry analysis. Statistical analyzes were made when appropriate (ANOVA and Tukey's test). The expansion of briquettes stabilized after 24 hours of its confection, about the expansion in height, there was no significant difference between treatments, as for the expansion in diameter treatments with the highest percentage of Licuri bark (T1 and T2) showed the lowest expansion. Finally, for the mechanical test the T1 and T2 differed from the other treatments with larger maximum force (34.09 and 34.64 kgf respectively). The moisture content observed was 11.15% ± 1.31, suitable for energy use. The gross calorific value (4652 Kcal.Kg-1 ± 18), the ash content (3.90% + 1.42) and lignin content (36.86 ± 2.6%) of the observed material are high when compared to other biomass. Therefore, the use of Licuri in order to produce energy can be very important for families living of their extraction, because it has favorable characteristics for such use. Moreover, the production of briquettes may optimize the transport process and the burning of the material.
A casca de Licuri é uma potencial fonte de biomassa para a produção de energia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a confecção de briquetes e a caracterização físicoquímica da casca de Licuri visando à ampliação de seu uso como combustível. O material foi coletado em Caldeirão Grande – BA e foram confeccionados briquetes com cinco formulações distintas: 100% casca de Licuri (T1), 75% casca de Licuri + 25% palha de cana-de-açúcar (T2), 50% casca de Licuri + 50% palha de cana-de-açúcar (T3), 25% casca de Licuri + 75% palha de cana-de-açúcar (T4) e por fim 100% palha de cana-de-açúcar (T5). Os briquetes foram medidos para obtenção do valor da sua expansão e densidade, passaram pelo teste de tamboramento e realizou-se ensaio mecânico quanto à resistência a tração por compressão diametral. Além disso foram realizadas as seguintes análises para a casca de Licuri: teor de umidade, densidade, granulometria, teor de cinzas e teor de voláteis, carbono fixo, poder calorífico superior, extrações por água quente e por ciclohexano/etanol, teor de lignina e análise termogravimétria. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas quando pertinente (ANOVA e Teste de Tukey). A expansão dos briquetes estabilizou após 24h de sua confecção, quanto a expansão em altura, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, já para a expansão em diâmetro os tratamentos com maior porcentagem de casca de Licuri (T1 e T2) apresentaram a menor expansão. Para o ensaio mecânico os tratamentos T1 e T2 diferenciaram-se dos demais tratamentos apresentando maior força máxima (34,09 e 34,64 Kgf respectivamente). O poder calorífico superior (4652 Kcal.Kg-1 ± 18), o teor de cinzas (3,90% + 1,42) e o teor de lignina (36,86% ± 2,6) do material são elevados quando comparados a outras biomassas. Com os resultados, a casca de Licuri mostrou-se potencialmente interessante para a produção de energia. Assim, o uso do Licuri com a finalidade de se produzir energia pode ser de grande importância para as famílias que vivem de sua extração, pois o mesmo possui características favoraveis para tal uso. Além disso, a confecção de briquetes pode otimizar o processo de transporte e queima do material.

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Toscan, Andréia. "Estratégias de pré-tratamento para fracionamento e recuperação dos componentes majoritários de biomassas lignocelulósicas para uso em biorrefinarias." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4017.

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12

Boloy, Ronney Arismel Mancebo [UNESP]. "Simulação computacional de gaseificação de madeira de pequeno prte empregando um gaseificador downdraft." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99819.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Na atualidade, estão sendo desenvolvidas diversas tecnologia que aproveitam os recursos renováveis com a finalidade de gerar energia e diminuir emissão de poluentes ao meio ambiente. Entre essas tecnologia podemos citar a gaseificação, composta de métodos de conversão da biomassa em um gás combustível pobre. Nese caso, a biomassa deve ser gaseificada e condicionada para produzir gás de síntese que pode acionar um motor de combustão interna (MCI). A utilização do processo de gaseificação integrado a um MCI é uma opção atraente para emprego em comunidades isoladas, visto que oferece a possibilidade de obter calor por recuperação (água quente) e energia elétrica no conjunto motor/gerador de forma independente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar tecnicamente, economicamente e ecologicamente um gaseificador de biomassa tipo downdraft, integrado a um sistema de geração de energia em pequeno porte, através do desenvolvimento de um software na plataforma Delphi. O estudo permite conhecer através do balanço de energia, os parâmetros energéticos envolvidos em cada volume de controle considerado no estudo (Gaseificador, Trocador de Calor, Motor de Combustão Interna). A análise econômica considera todos os custos fixos e variáveis envolvidos para a geração de eletricidade no conjunto motor/gerador de 5 kWe acionado por gás de síntese e os investimentos capitais em cada equipamento do sistema (gaseificador, conjunto motor/gerador e trocador de calor). Os cálculos permitem determinar os custos de geração de gás de síntese, água quente e eletricidade, e também a receita anual esperada. A análise ecológica consideraos fatores de emissões obtidos pela combustão do gás de síntese no MCI. Estes fatores foram comparados considerando a combustão da gasolina, do diesel e do biodiesel, permitindo analisar se o sistema de gaseificação de biomassa integrado a um MCI é ecologicamente viável.
Nowadays, as result new systems in more efficient technological versions have beem developed for minimize pollutant emissions as wood gasification. Biomass gasification consisting of conversion methods of the biomass into poor fuel gas (syngas), in this case a syngas is used in internal combustion engine (ICE) for electrical produce. The use of biomass gasification associated into ICE makes the systems attractive for used in isolated communities because allows to independently. The aim of this work is made software to allow technical, economical and ecological studies of a owndraft gasifier integratedinto ICE. The technical study allows know alls parameters involve in which considered volume control (Gasifier, Heat Exchager, ICE). The economical study allows know eletricity cost production, syngas cost production, hot water cost production and expected annual saving considering alls fix cost involve to electrical generation in ICE. The ecological study depends on the environmental impact caused by CO2 SO2 NOx and particulate material (PM) emissions. The emissions factors obtained from syngas burn in internal combustion engines is compare to emissions factors obtained from gasoline burn, biodiesel, natural gas burn and diesel burn, allowing analyze ecological feasibility of gasifier/ice system.

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13

Terrazas, Werner Damião Morhy [UNESP]. "Fatores que influenciam a produção de biomassa e glicerol quinase pela levedura recombinante Pichia pastoris." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101417.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 terrazas_wdm_dr_arafcf_parcial.pdf: 48029 bytes, checksum: cf95252f8151f14699804fc2932ff015 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-06-27T19:00:46Z: terrazas_wdm_dr_arafcf_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-06-27T19:02:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 terrazas_wdm_dr_arafcf.pdf: 414848 bytes, checksum: 5ac66324b77e55b12cd32a9f3b9954e6 (MD5)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
No presente trabalho, inicialmente foi feito um estudo da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (RSM) que tem sido adotada com muita freqüência na otimização com várias aplicações na biotecnologia. Foi feita uma revisão na literatura científica dos conhecimentos existente, onde se priorizou as bases teóricas da RSM que consiste em: trabalho preliminar, onde são determinados as variáveis independentes e seus níveis; seleção do projeto experimental com a previsão e verificação da validade da equação do modelo e, representação gráfica da equação do modelo e determinação das condições ótimas de operação. Em seguida a RSM foi aplicada na otimização de biomassa pela levedura recombinante Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris que é uma levedura metilotrófica, geneticamente manipulada para expressar proteínas heterólogas que são de grande valor biotecnologico na pesquisa básica e em usos industriais na produção de grande variedade de proteínas heterólogas. Glicerol quinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.30) é uma enzima chave no metabolismo do glicerol e catalisa glicerol para glicerol-3- fosfato na biossíntese de fosfolípidos. Nessa etapa foi conduzido um estudo para determinar um meio otimizado para a produção de biomassa máxima pela recombinante Pichia pastoris com cultivo em frascos agitados usando 2,31% (p/v) de glicerol como fonte de carbono. A otimização foi realizada por metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM). Em experimentos preliminares, realizados seguindo um planejamento Plackett-Burman, o conteúdo de glicerol (Gli) e tempo de crescimento (t) foram selecionados como os fatores mais importantes na produção de biomassa. Assim, os ensaios subsequentes foram realizados para a otimização da produção de biomassa, seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacionado...
In this study, was initially used to study the response surface methodology (RSM) has been adopted frequently in optimization with many applications in biotechnology. A review of scientific literature on existing knowledge, which prioritized the theoretical foundations of RSM consisting of: preliminary work, where they are certain independent variables and their levels; project selection with the prediction and experimental verification of the validity of equation model and graphical representation of the model equation and determination of optimal operating conditions. RSM was then applied to the optimization of biomass by recombinant yeast Pichia pastoris in GK4 clone obtained from a previous selection of four clones from a cloning process of genetically modified yeast. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast that has been genetically engineered to express heterologous proteins that are prized for basic research and industrial biotechnology purposes in the production of wide variety of heterologous proteins. Glycerol kinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.30) is a key enzyme in glycerol metabolism and catalyzes glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate in the biosynthesis of phospholipids. The present study was undertaken to determine an optimized medium for the maximal biomass production of recombinant Pichia pastoris in shaker cultures using 2.31% (w/v) glycerol as the carbon source. Optimization was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). In preliminary experiments, performed following a Plackett-Burman design, glycerol content (Gly) and growth time (t) were selected as the most important factors on biomass production. Therefore, subsequent experiments were carried out for optimization biomass production, following a central composite rotatable design as a function of Gly and time. Gly showed to have a significant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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14

Bernal, Bernal Andres Felipe 1985. "Estudos em geração termelétrica avançada a partir de bagaço de cana utilizando gaseificadores de leito fluidizado borbulhante." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265940.

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Orientador: Marcio Luiz de Souza-Santos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Novos desenvolvimentos da estratégia no conceito Fuel- Slurry Integrated Gasifier / Gas Turbine (FSIG / GT) para geração de potência termoelétrica aplicada ao caso de Bagaço de Cana de Açúcar (Sugar Cane Bagasse - SCB) são apresentados. O processo FSIG / GT permite a alimentação de combustível para uma unidade de potência baseada na gaseificação utilizando bombas de lama disponíveis no mercado, evitando, assim, os típicos sistemas de silos sequenciais, também conhecidos como sistemas de alimentação em cascata. Adicionalmente, dispensa a necessidade de oxigênio puro, algumas vezes misturado com hidrocarbonetos, para promover a ignição das partículas na suspensão injetada. A suspensão de combustível é preparada com uma alta concentração de sólido na lama e bombeada para um secador, do qual as partículas sólidas são injetadas ao gaseificador. Como ambos os equipamentos operam sob pressões semelhantes, válvulas rotativas simples e parafusos de Arquimedes podem efetuar da alimentação nesta segunda etapa. O gás é submetido a uma operação de limpeza de partículas bem como a uma redução da concentração de compostos alcalinos dentro dos limites aceitáveis para injeções em turbinas a gás convencionais. A atual fase do desenvolvimento para tal processo inclui o fluxo mássico de gás injetado e o diâmetro como variáveis de otimização do secador e gaseificador de leito fluidizado. Estas melhorias permitem uma eficiência global de geração de potência que traspassa o alcançado por outras estratégias, tais como os ciclos Rankine baseados em turbinas convencionais de alta pressão de vapor, processos BIG / GT, ou ciclos combinados usando caldeiras de câmara pressurizada
Abstract: Further developments of the strategy of the Fuel-Slurry Integrated Gasifier/Gas Turbine (FSIG/GT) concept for thermoelectric power generation applied to the case of Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB) are presented. The FSIG/GT process allows fuel feeding to a power unit based on gasification using commercially available slurry pumps, thus avoiding the usual sequential lock-hoppers, also known as cascade feeding systems. It also dispenses with the need of pure oxygen, sometimes combined with hydrocarbons, to promote ignition of particles in the injected slurry. The fuel slurry is prepared to high dry-solid content and pumped into a dryer, from which the solid particles are fed into the gasifier. Since both equipment operate under similar pressures, simple rotary valves and Archimedes¿ screws might carry the secondary feeding. The gas is cleaned to bring the particle content and size as well alkaline concentration within the acceptable limits for injections into standard gas turbines. The present phase of development for such process includes the fluidized bed dryer and gasifier mass flow inlet gas and diameter as variables for optimizations. That allowed improvements on the overall power generation efficiency that surpasses the achieved by other strategies such as conventional Rankine based high-pressure steam turbines, BIG/GT process, or combined cycles using pressurized-chamber boilers
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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15

Gilbert, Paul Jonathan. "Innovative biomass technologies." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489083.

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An small-scale CHP system has been proposed coupling a single-staged gasification unit with a suitably matched energy recovery device, utilising biomass pellets. Biomass pelletisation is an established industry in Northern Europe however there is no standardisation governing the quality of the pellets produced. The first objective investigated the pressure pelletisation of switchgrass for five types of material preparation. The effects of pelletisation pressure and temperature on the quality of pellets were evaluated in terms of density, strength and durability.

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16

Mustarichie, Resmi. "Chemicals from biomass." Thesis, Mustarichie, Resmi (1986) Chemicals from biomass. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51172/.

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Agricultural and forest residues as well as urban waste derived from forest products contain significant amounts of cellulose which could be converted into ethanol, a liquid fuel. To realize this potential it is necessary to hydrolyze the cellulose-bearing materials to sugars. The present state of knowledge of the biomass conversion and structure and its hydrolysis was reviewed. A detailed study of the gaseous hydrogen chloride hydrolysis was made to examine the possibility of producing ethanol from biomass with a simple process. Such information using jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), pine (Pinus radiata), and wheat (Triticum vulgare var. Egret) straw as typical substrates provided worthwile data relating to Australian conditions and led to a better understanding of biomass hydrolysis. Under optimum conditions a sugar yield of 92% of theoretical was achieved from whole biomass without pretreatment. A model was developed to describe the hydrogen chloride-wood reaction process which consists of three consecutive major steps: (a) precooling involving adsorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride, (b) the main hydrolysis, and (c) completion of the reaction by posthydrolysis. Conditions and associated problems of each temperature controlled step were fully investigated. Thermodynamic calculations concerning heating temperature and mass balance calculations were The made. effect of pretreatments on the hydrolysis was studied. Infrared spectroscopic as well as electron microscopic methods were used to understand the process. Biomass analysis was fully studied with the result that considerable improvements were made in the procedures for analyzing cellulose. hemicellulose, and lignin and for analyzing the hydrolysis and degradation products from those polysaccharides. It is proposed, for example, that saturated hydrogen chloride replace the usual 72 % sulphuric acid in the standard cellulose analysis procedure.

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17

Deng, Changya. "Rapid Pyrolysis of Biomass, Biomass Components and Biomass Derived Products in a Drop-tube Furnace at High Temperature." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/83830.

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This thesis focuses on soot formation during biomass rapid pyrolysis at high temperature (1300 °C). A new method has been developed for collection of size-segregated soot samples. The experimental program systematically covers the effect of feeding rate on soot formation, characteristics of soot formed, properties of inorganic species in soot, soot formation during rapid pyrolysis of biomass components and biomass-derived products (bio-oil and biochar).

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18

Terrazas, Werner Damião Morhy. "Fatores que influenciam a produção de biomassa e glicerol quinase pela levedura recombinante Pichia pastoris /." Araraquara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101417.

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Orientador: Edwil Aparecida de Lucca Gattás
Banca: Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues Pietro
Banca: Maristela de Freitas Sanches Peres
Banca: Rubens Monti
Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona
Resumo: No presente trabalho, inicialmente foi feito um estudo da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (RSM) que tem sido adotada com muita freqüência na otimização com várias aplicações na biotecnologia. Foi feita uma revisão na literatura científica dos conhecimentos existente, onde se priorizou as bases teóricas da RSM que consiste em: trabalho preliminar, onde são determinados as variáveis independentes e seus níveis; seleção do projeto experimental com a previsão e verificação da validade da equação do modelo e, representação gráfica da equação do modelo e determinação das condições ótimas de operação. Em seguida a RSM foi aplicada na otimização de biomassa pela levedura recombinante Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris que é uma levedura metilotrófica, geneticamente manipulada para expressar proteínas heterólogas que são de grande valor biotecnologico na pesquisa básica e em usos industriais na produção de grande variedade de proteínas heterólogas. Glicerol quinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.30) é uma enzima chave no metabolismo do glicerol e catalisa glicerol para glicerol-3- fosfato na biossíntese de fosfolípidos. Nessa etapa foi conduzido um estudo para determinar um meio otimizado para a produção de biomassa máxima pela recombinante Pichia pastoris com cultivo em frascos agitados usando 2,31% (p/v) de glicerol como fonte de carbono. A otimização foi realizada por metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM). Em experimentos preliminares, realizados seguindo um planejamento Plackett-Burman, o conteúdo de glicerol (Gli) e tempo de crescimento (t) foram selecionados como os fatores mais importantes na produção de biomassa. Assim, os ensaios subsequentes foram realizados para a otimização da produção de biomassa, seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacionado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this study, was initially used to study the response surface methodology (RSM) has been adopted frequently in optimization with many applications in biotechnology. A review of scientific literature on existing knowledge, which prioritized the theoretical foundations of RSM consisting of: preliminary work, where they are certain independent variables and their levels; project selection with the prediction and experimental verification of the validity of equation model and graphical representation of the model equation and determination of optimal operating conditions. RSM was then applied to the optimization of biomass by recombinant yeast Pichia pastoris in GK4 clone obtained from a previous selection of four clones from a cloning process of genetically modified yeast. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast that has been genetically engineered to express heterologous proteins that are prized for basic research and industrial biotechnology purposes in the production of wide variety of heterologous proteins. Glycerol kinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.30) is a key enzyme in glycerol metabolism and catalyzes glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate in the biosynthesis of phospholipids. The present study was undertaken to determine an optimized medium for the maximal biomass production of recombinant Pichia pastoris in shaker cultures using 2.31% (w/v) glycerol as the carbon source. Optimization was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). In preliminary experiments, performed following a Plackett-Burman design, glycerol content (Gly) and growth time (t) were selected as the most important factors on biomass production. Therefore, subsequent experiments were carried out for optimization biomass production, following a central composite rotatable design as a function of Gly and time. Gly showed to have a significant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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19

Boloy, Ronney Arismel Mancebo. "Simulação computacional de gaseificação de madeira de pequeno prte empregando um gaseificador downdraft /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99819.

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Orientador: Julio Santana Antunes
Co orientador: José Luz Silveira
Banca: Celso Eduardo Tuna
Banca: José Rui Camargo
Resumo: Na atualidade, estão sendo desenvolvidas diversas tecnologia que aproveitam os recursos renováveis com a finalidade de gerar energia e diminuir emissão de poluentes ao meio ambiente. Entre essas tecnologia podemos citar a gaseificação, composta de métodos de conversão da biomassa em um gás combustível pobre. Nese caso, a biomassa deve ser gaseificada e condicionada para produzir gás de síntese que pode acionar um motor de combustão interna (MCI). A utilização do processo de gaseificação integrado a um MCI é uma opção atraente para emprego em comunidades isoladas, visto que oferece a possibilidade de obter calor por recuperação (água quente) e energia elétrica no conjunto motor/gerador de forma independente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar tecnicamente, economicamente e ecologicamente um gaseificador de biomassa tipo downdraft, integrado a um sistema de geração de energia em pequeno porte, através do desenvolvimento de um software na plataforma Delphi. O estudo permite conhecer através do balanço de energia, os parâmetros energéticos envolvidos em cada volume de controle considerado no estudo (Gaseificador, Trocador de Calor, Motor de Combustão Interna). A análise econômica considera todos os custos fixos e variáveis envolvidos para a geração de eletricidade no conjunto motor/gerador de 5 kWe acionado por gás de síntese e os investimentos capitais em cada equipamento do sistema (gaseificador, conjunto motor/gerador e trocador de calor). Os cálculos permitem determinar os custos de geração de gás de síntese, água quente e eletricidade, e também a receita anual esperada. A análise ecológica consideraos fatores de emissões obtidos pela combustão do gás de síntese no MCI. Estes fatores foram comparados considerando a combustão da gasolina, do diesel e do biodiesel, permitindo analisar se o sistema de gaseificação de biomassa integrado a um MCI é ecologicamente viável.
Abstract: Nowadays, as result new systems in more efficient technological versions have beem developed for minimize pollutant emissions as wood gasification. Biomass gasification consisting of conversion methods of the biomass into poor fuel gas (syngas), in this case a syngas is used in internal combustion engine (ICE) for electrical produce. The use of biomass gasification associated into ICE makes the systems attractive for used in isolated communities because allows to independently. The aim of this work is made software to allow technical, economical and ecological studies of a owndraft gasifier integratedinto ICE. The technical study allows know alls parameters involve in which considered volume control (Gasifier, Heat Exchager, ICE). The economical study allows know eletricity cost production, syngas cost production, hot water cost production and expected annual saving considering alls fix cost involve to electrical generation in ICE. The ecological study depends on the environmental impact caused by CO2 SO2 NOx and particulate material (PM) emissions. The emissions factors obtained from syngas burn in internal combustion engines is compare to emissions factors obtained from gasoline burn, biodiesel, natural gas burn and diesel burn, allowing analyze ecological feasibility of gasifier/ice system.
Mestre

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20

Maia, Amanda Alves Domingos. "A biomassa Capsicum spp. como fonte de bioenergia e adsorção de metais /." Sorocaba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149893.

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Orientador: Leandro Cardoso de Morais
Banca: Clovis Augusto Ribeiro
Banca: Renata Fracacio Francisco
Banca: Fabio Minoru Yamaji
Banca: Manuel Enrique G Guandique
Resumo: O Brasil se encontra entre os países de maior produção agrícola do mundo. Diante desse fato, o país tem se tornado alvo de pesquisadores no que diz respeito à reutilização de resíduos provenientes de atividades agroindustriais. Esses resíduos são considerados biomassas com grande potencial para a produção de uma energia limpa, bem como, biocombustíveis que podem ser utilizados sem agredir o meio ambiente. Além disso, essas biomassas também podem ser utilizadas em tratamento de águas e efluentes, agindo como adsorvedores de poluentes que não são, necessariamente, removidos por meio do tratamento convencional. Diante disso, o estudo dessas biomassas tem sido de extrema importância para o país, visando descobrir o potencial de biomassas alternativas que são capazes de promover o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. O trabalho objetivou o estudo da biomassa Capsicum spp., visando a obtenção de um produto rentável e ambientalmente favorável. A biomassa e o resíduo sólido da pirólise foram submetidos a diversos testes de caracterização e identificação analítica, como análise elementar, análise imediata, rendimento gravimétrico (RG), análise térmica (AT), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difração de Raios-X (DRX), poder calorífico superior (PCS) e inferior (PCI) e testes de adsorção. As análises térmicas mostraram que a decomposição da biomassa e seus biocarvões variaram entre 150°C e 500°C, as etapas de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brazil is among the countries with the highest agricultural production in the world and the country has become the target of researchers with regard to the reuse of waste from agroindustrial activities. These wastes are also called biomass with great potential for bioenergy production, as well as biofuels that can be used without harming the environment. In addition, such biomass can also be used in water and effluent treatment, acting as adsorbents for pollutants which are not necessarily removed by conventional treatment. Therefore, the study of these biomass has been extremely important for the country, aiming to discover the potential of alternative biomass that are capable of promoting the development of new technologies. The study aimed to study the biomass Capsicum spp., in order to obtain a profitable and environmentally favorable product. The biomass and the solid residue of the pyrolysis were subjected to several tests of characterization and analytical identification, such as ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, gravimetric yield and gravimetric yield factor, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Higher Heating Values (HHV), Lower Heating Values (LHV) and adsorption tests. Thermal analyzes showed that biomass and biochar decomposition varied between 150 ° C and 500 ° C, the dehydration stages reached a maximum of 150 ° C. At about 600 ° C there was the formation of carbo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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21

Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da. "Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163719.

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O Pampa é um bioma do tipo savana exclusivo da região Neotropical, situado na porção sul da América do Sul, cobrindo a Argentina, o Uruguai e o Brasil. O clima é quente temperado e úmido, com temperaturas anuais que variam de 0° C no inverno e mais de 24° C no verão. Os grandes distúrbios no Pampa se iniciaram a cerca de 300 anos com a chegada da colonização Europeia na região e o advento da agricultura, silvicultura, manejo sem controle pelo fogo e a criação de gado, leiteiro e de corte. Apesar de contribuir para a falta de heterogeneidade vegetal e perda na diversidade de fauna, a pecuária ainda é extensivamente indicada como manejo sustentável do Pampa. Com pesquisas e trabalhos por vezes mais focados no aumento da produtividade do rebanho que na manutenção da biodiversidade, a conservação do Pampa vem sendo negligenciada. O monitoramento de diferentes metodologias de pastejo, tradicional, em mosaico e exclusão total do gado, se faz necessário para um maior entendimento de como a diversidade de plantas e animais se comportam nestes sistemas. Para isso, são necessários bons modelos ecológicos para testes de hipóteses e diferentes manejos, o que sustenta a utilização de aranhas para estes estudos. Aranhas são rápidas colonizadoras, ótimas dispersoras, predadoras generalistas, além de estarem estritamente relacionadas à estrutura vegetal. Suscetíveis a impactos bióticos e abióticos, aranhas são ótimas medidoras de qualidade ambiental e, sendo de fácil amostragem, podem ser envolvidas em estudos sobre diversidade de espécies e indivíduos. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado na APA do Ibirapuitã, na Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Seis parcelas, de um hectare cada, foram distribuídas em pares em três fazendas. Cada par é constituído de uma parcela com pastejo, demarcadas apenas por estacas, onde o gado tem livre acesso, e uma parcela sem pastejo, cercadas desde Agosto de 2012 onde o pastejo do gado foi excluído por completo. A principal expectativa principal é que a abundancia, riqueza, biomassa e composição de aranhas serão diferentes quando áreas com e sem pastejo são comparadas forem comparados. As amostragens foram realizadas com o uso de armadilhas de queda do tipo “Pitfall traps” nas primaveras de 2011, 2012 e 2013, e sazonalmente no outono (maio), inverno (setembro) e primavera (novembro) de 2015 e verão (fevereiro) de 2016 para a captura de aranhas de hábito epígeo. Para análises estatísticas, Testes T, ANOVA e ANOSIM foram realizadas. Linyphiidae e Lycosidae foram as famílias mais abundantes e ricas em todas as coletas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos em 2011, 2012 e 2013 não demonstraram diferença significativa na fauna de aranhas, abundância e riqueza quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparadas. Contudo, os resultados apresentaram valores maiores nas áreas com pastejo quando comparando com áreas sem pastejo. Em 2015/2016 a abundância e a riqueza de aranhas também não foram significativamente diferentes nos dados coletados, contudo, os valores brutos também apresentaram maiores abundância e riqueza em áreas com pastejo do que nas sem pastejo. Analisando-se as estações como um todo, juntando áreas com e sem pastejo, o verão foi a estação com mais riqueza geral. Contudo, analisando as áreas com e sem pastejo separadamente, o inverno foi a estação mais rica e abundante em cada uma destas áreas. Apesar dos resultados anteriores, as espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferença significativa em suas abundancias em cada estação do ano quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparados. A biomassa das aranhas não foi significativamente diferente para todos os anos entre áreas com e sem pastejo, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Entretanto, espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferenças significativas em sua biomassa sazonalmente nos anos de 2015 e 2016, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Áreas com e sem pastejo ainda se mantém similares mesmo após quase quatro anos de exclusão do gado em termos de abundância total de aranhas. Apenas aranhas mais abundantes demonstram diferença entre áreas com e sem pastejo em termos de abundância e biomassa.
Pampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.

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22

Kincl, Karel. "Potential of Biomass and Biogas Energy Projects in the Czech Republic." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73156.

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The aim of my Master Thesis is to provide the reader a holistic picture about the current situation on the renewable energy market, specifically in the area of biomass energy. Firstly, the complex research, which had been conducted by the European Union, Czech government and individual research groups, was examined to make a comprehensive overview about the Czech energy mix of renewable sources. Secondly, the biomass energy fundamentals were elaborated in more details to provide the reader solid insights into the biomass origins, methods of energy conversion as well as its current market circumstances. Next, the financing structure of biomass energy projects together with SWOT analysis on biomass was conducted based on the personal work experience from the Department of Renewable Energy Financing at xxxxxxxxxx bank and the available analytical materials. Consequently, the recommendations for potential biomass investors were concisely described together with the market prediction and possible outlook that was suggested based on the previous analysis.

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23

Almeida, Leonardo Ferreira Pedroso de. "Pelletização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar: estudo das propriedades do produto e rendimento do processo." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1448.

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Анотація:

As propriedades de pellets de biomassa utilizados como combustíveis são essenciais para o desempenho em processos termoquímicos, tais como combustão, gaseificação e pirólise. Estas propriedades podem afetar aspectos relacionados ao transporte, estocagem, manuseio, conversão de energia, emissões de gases no meio ambiente, bem como variáveis a serem controladas durante o processo de pelletização, influenciando diretamente o consumo de energia e os custos para a sua produção. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo realizado em uma indústria brasileira de produção de pellets de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para determinação das principais propriedades do produto final e das variáveis do processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar, dentro do processo de pelletização, as principais propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas da matéria prima e do produto final, bem como conhecer os fluxos de massa, o consumo de energia e os custos envolvidos em cada etapa do processo. Como primeira parte dos resultados, concluiu-se que as propriedades de pellets de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar analisadas, tais como diâmetro, comprimento, umidade, densidade, durabilidade, quantidade de finos, poder calorífico, elementos químicos e teor de cinzas, não estão em total conformidade com outros trabalhos científicos realizados e com normas internacionais de comercialização e de qualidade de pellets de biomassa. Em segundo lugar, pôde-se conhecer a taxa de consumo de matéria prima e de produção de pellets, o consumo de energia e os custos envolvidos em cada etapa do processo de produção como secagem, moagem e pelletização. Por fim, foi encontrada uma função matemática em que o consumo de energia e os custos de produção crescem de maneira exponencial com a variação de umidade da matéria prima.
Properties of pellets used as biomass fuels are essential to the performance of thermochemical processes, such as combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. These properties can affect aspects related to transportation, storage, handling, power conversion, emissions into the environment as well as variables to be controlled during the pelletizing process, directly influencing the energy consumption and production cost. This paper presents a study in a Brazilian industry of sugarcane bagasse pellets in order to determine the main properties of pellets and process variables. The objective of this work is to characterize within the pelletizing process the main physical, chemical and mechanical properties on the raw material and final product, as well as knowing the mass flows, energy consumption and cost involved in each step of the process and its variations. As the first part of the results, it was conclude that the properties of the sugarcane bagasse pellets analyzed as diameter, length, moisture, density, durability, amount of fine, calorific value, chemical elements and ash content are not full compliance with other scientific work and international marketing standards and quality pellets biomass. Secondly, one can know the rate of material consumption and production of pellets, energy consumption and costs for each step of the production process as drying, grinding and pelletizing. Finally, a mathematical function in which the power consumption and production costs grow exponentially with the variation of moisture of the raw material entry was found.

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24

Ben, Haoxi. "Thermal conversion of biomass and biomass components to biofuels and bio-chemicals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51738.

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This thesis examined the conversions of biomass and biomass components to petrochemicals and total aliphatic gasoline like products. There are three major projects of the thesis. Since biomass is very complicated, to understand the thermal decomposition pathways of biomass, the pyrolytic behaviors of various biomass components including lignin and cellulose under different reaction were investigated in the first phase. Due to complexity and limited volatility, the thermal decomposition products from biomass bring insurmountable obstacles to the traditional analysis methods such as GC-MS, UV and FT-IR. Therefore, precise characterization of the whole portion of thermal decomposition products has significant impacts on providing insight into the pyrolysis pathways and evaluating the upgrading processes. Various NMR methods to characterize different functional groups presented in liquid and solid pyrolysis products by 1H, 13C, 31P, 2D-HSQC and solid state 13C-NMR were introduced in the second phase. Nevertheless, the major drawback towards commercialization of pyrolysis oils are their challenging properties including poor volatility, high oxygen content, molecular weight, acidity and viscosity, corrosiveness and cold flow problems. In situ upgrading the properties of pyrolysis oils during thermal conversion process by employing zeolites has been discussed in the third phase. The further hydrogenation of pyrolysis oils to total aliphatic gasoline like products by heterogeneous catalysis in “green medium” – water has also been examined in the third project.

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25

Lim, Chun Hsion. "Biomass supply chain optimization : consideration of underutilised biomass via element targeting approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38870/.

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Achieving a sustainable process system is one of the main focuses in research and development throughout the world. Development in renewable resources is at the peak to replace and reduce the usage of fossil fuel in chemical and energy production. Bio-resources have shown great potential to accomplish a sustainable system, especially bio-waste which also known as biomass, to avoid interruption of food supplement within the supply chain network. However, worldwide implementation of biomass-based process technology is yet to be feasible due to high logistic cost, complexity of biomass properties, fluctuation of biomass availability, and relatively low conversion rate in biomass conversion technologies. Unique regional biomass system further creates research gaps as researches are conducted independently to only focus on specific biomass species available within the region. This raises issue of underutilisation of biomass where biomasses value are not used in the full potential, or ignorance of certain species of biomass (such as food waste, fruit shells and energy crop) in research development. This thesis specifically evaluated the current issues in biomass supply chain network management to enhance the feasibility of biomass industry implementation. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the biomass supply chain network management by integrating underutilised biomasses into existing biomass process plant (built) without major modification on the current process technologies such as equipment redesign or modifications. Underutilised biomasses are referring to those species that yet to have well-developed application (pilot plant scale) or potential biomasses that were ignored in a regional area due to issues such as low availability. This thesis discusses in detail on the relevant previous research works and supporting materials toward the introduction of novel philosophy, element targeting approach, which suggested selection of biomass feedstock via element characteristics instead of biomass species to consider underutilised biomasses into the system. Upon verification of the approach based on literature data and experimental work, element targeting approach is integrated into biomass supply chain optimisation model. The proposed mathematical models enable consideration of underutilised biomasses, and demonstration case studies results have shown promising improvement over the conventional approaches and its capability to handle fluctuation issues in biomass availability.

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26

Paudel, Basu. "Experimental Study on Fluidization of Biomass, Inert Particles, and Biomass/Sand Mixtures." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84265/.

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Fluidization of biomass particles is an important process in the gasification, pyrolysis and combustion in order to extract energy from biomass. Studies on the fluidization of biomass particles (corn cob and walnut shell), inert particles (sand, glass bead, and alumina), which are added to facilitate fluidization of biomass, and biomass/sand mixture were performed. Experiments were carried out in a 14.5 cm internal diameter cold flow fluidization bed to determine minimum fluidization velocities with air as fluidizing medium. On the of basis of experimental data from both present work and those found in the literature, new correlations were developed to predict minimum fluidization velocity for inert particles as well as biomass particles. It was found that the proposed correlations satisfactorily predict minimum fluidization velocities and was in well agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, effect of weight percentage of biomass in the biomass/sand mixtures was studied. The weight fraction of biomass particles in the mixture was chosen in the range of 0 ~ 100 wt. %. The results show that minimum fluidization velocity of the mixtures increases with an increase in biomass content. Using the present experimental data, a new correlation was developed in terms of mass ratio for predicting values of minimum fluidization velocity of these mixtures. However, the validity of the proposed correlation should be further studied by conducting more experiments using the biomass/sand mixtures of different particle size, shape, and density.

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27

Alexander, Sarah. "Novel biomass conversion routes : ammonia from biomass, and marine macroalgae for energy." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/20810/.

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This thesis presents a techno-economic investigation of the generation of electricity from marine macroalgae (seaweed) in the UK (Part 1), and the production of anhydrous ammonia from synthesis gas (syngas) generated from biomass gasification (Part 2). In Part 1, the study covers the costs from macroalgae production to the generation of electricity via a CHP system. Seven scenarios, which varied the scale and production technique, were investigated to determine the most suitable scale of operation for the UK. Anaerobic digestion was established as the most suitable technology for macroalgae conversion to CHP, based on a number of criteria. All performance and cost data have been taken from published literature. None of the scenarios assessed would be economically viable under present conditions, although the use of large-scale electricity generation has more potential than small-scale localised production. Part 2 covers the costs from the delivery of the wood chip feedstock to the production of ammonia. Four cases, which varied the gasification process used and the scale of production, were investigated to determine the most suitable scale of operation for the UK. Two gasification processes were considered, these were O2-enriched air entrained flow gasification and Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed. All performance and cost data have been taken from published literature, unless otherwise stated. Large-scale (1,200 tpd) ammonia production using O2-enriched air entrained flow gasification was determined as the most suitable system, producing the lowest ammonia-selling price, which was competitive to fossil fuels. Large-scale (1,200 tpd) combined natural gas/biomass syngas ammonia production also generated ammonia at a price competitive to fossil fuels.

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28

Garba, Mohammed Umar. "Prediction of ash deposition for biomass combustion and coal/biomass co-combustion." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4373/.

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In this thesis, a model that couples a reduced alkali kinetic mechanism for alkali sulphate formation during biomass combustion with an ash deposition model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques has been presented. Starting with a detailed gas-phase kinetic mechanism for the alkali chemistry, a systematic reduction procedure has been performed using a sensitivity analysis to reduce the reaction mechanism to a level that can be implemented into a CFD calculation. An ash deposition model that takes into consideration the ash-sticking probability and the condensation of potassium salts has been developed. The reduced mechanism and the deposition model developed are implemented into a CFD model to predict ash depositions in a 10 MWth biomass grate furnace. Also, a CFD model to predict the deposition rates for the co-combustion of coal with biomass has been developed. This deposition model is based on the combined sticking probabilities of the ash particle viscosity and the melting behaviour of the ash particles. A Numerical Slagging Index (NSI) is also employed to estimate the degree of the sintering of the deposits. Experimental data from the Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) at Imperial College, London, have been used to validate the models. The predicted results from both the ash deposition models agreed with the experimental measurements, and the NSI has successfully ranked the investigated coal-biomass mixtures according to their degree of sintering.

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29

Faxälv, Olle, and Olof Nyström. "Biomass Briquettes in Malawi." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9087.

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In Malawi 2.5 % of the forest disappears each year. The use of firewood and charcoal, deriving from forest resources,

accounts for about 99 % of the household energy demand in Malawi and is a cause to the deforestation. The Government of

Malawi recently launched a programme called Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources Programme (PAESP) with the aim

to reduce the use of firewood and charcoal. One of the fuels included in the programme is the biomass briquette. The aim

with this study is to evaluate the viability of biomass briquettes as a sustainable alternative energy source to firewood and

charcoal for households in Malawi.

Research for the study was carried out during three months in Malawi. Visits were made to a number of briquette

production sites to study the manufacturing methods and to collect briquette samples. The briquettes were tested using

various methods and then compared with results for firewood and charcoal.

At the moment various production methods are used in Malawi, with a high difference in technical complexity and cost.

Machines produced from wood using very basic mechanics can apply similar pressure as more advanced metal pressers.

They also seem to be better suited than those made of metal, in terms of price and availability.

The majority of the briquette producers in Malawi use waste paper as base material. Although the paper briquettes are good,

other raw materials will be needed if the production is supposed to be significantly increased.

The briquettes burn well using the most common stoves in Malawi, including the commonly used charcoal stove. While

firewood is cheaper to use than other available fuels, the briquettes seem to be able to compete with the fuel costs for

charcoal.

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30

Saeed, Muhammad Azam. "Pulverised biomass flame propagation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15264/.

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A resource analysis for Pakistan has demonstrated that abundant crop residues offer a viable, and environmental-friendly alternative to currently inadequate, oil-based power generation. Similarly, in many countries there is legislative pressure and incentives to replace coal with biomass, in electricity production. Efficient and safe exploitation of such biofuels requires data on flame propagation rates and explosibility characteristics. Crop residues (bagasse, rice husk, wheat-straw, corn-cob and peanut-shell) and different raw and thermally treated woods were tested using the modified Hartmann tube and the modified 1 m3 explosion vessel. The modified Hartmann tube was operated for varying ignition delays using a digital timer. A hemispherical disperser with drilled pipe was calibrated for the testing of fibrous and coarse size biomass mixtures. Thermogravimetric analysis data from these materials enabled the application of two different models for the determination of volatile release kinetics. Biomass samples were found to have lower activation energies with higher volatile release rates at low temperatures, compared to coals. Despite their higher ash content, pulverised crop-residues showed leaner minimum explosible concentrations (0.2-0.5 equivalence-ratio) than woods (0.3-0.7) - depending on particle size. Biomass samples were more sensitive to explosion than coal, resulting in flame propagation in coarse-size-range fractions (300-500-μm) that was not experienced with coals. Maximum explosion pressures of near 9 barg were measured for the fine size fraction (less than 63-μm) samples, with no less than 7 barg for coarse size fraction (less than 1 mm). Milling of thermally treated biomass samples resulted in higher fines fraction than untreated biomass, for the same sieve size and this was considered as one of the reasons of the higher reactivity (higher flame speed and higher deflagration index of these samples). The detailed data from this work are usable in the design of safe and efficient combustion systems for power generation from crop residues and other biomass fuels.

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31

Irshad, Aysha. "Gasification burning of biomass." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18965/.

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Анотація:

Biomass combustion for heat applications uses two stage combustion with a gasification first stage followed by oxidation of the gases in a second stage combustion, where most of the heat release occurs. These type of combustion system are gasification or log boilers. However, there has been little study of the optimisation of the gasification stage for biomass applications and this was the objective of this research. The cone calorimeter was used in its controlled atmosphere configuration. A 180oC gas sample line was used to sample the raw gases from the rich burning gasification zone and transfer them via a heated pump and filter to the heated Gasmet FTIR, which was calibrated for 60 species. Hydrogen was computed from the CO measurements. The test facility was also operated on nitrogen in order to measure the composition of the gases evolved under heating with no combustion. were H2O, CO2, CO, formic acid, xylene, trimethylbenzene, acetic acid, formaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, furfural, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and propanol were the major gases with other hydrocarbons. The energy in the devolatilised gases from the heated biomass in nitrogen was determined from the gas composition and flow rate and a very high conversion of energy from solid biomass into gaseous products was demonstration for a range of biomass. The Chemical Equilibrium and Applications (CEA) software was used to predict the adiabatic equilibrium gas composition as a function of equivalence ratio for the range of biomass compositions. The predicted optimum equivalence ratios for the maximum yield of CO was in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The experimental optimum equivalence ratio for pine was 2.7. The total energy in the gases from the gasification zone showed a thermal efficiency of 80%. Major components were H2O, CO2, CO with hydrocarbons benzene, acetylene, ethylene and naphthalene.

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32

Hahn, John J. "Hydrogen production from biomass." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4387.

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Анотація:

Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 1, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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33

Hoang, Tri. "Energy-saving biomass stove." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190358.

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Анотація:

This paper introduces an energy-saving biomass stove. The principle of energy-saving biomass stove is gasification. It is a chemical process, transforms solid fuel into a gas mixture, called (CO + H2 + CH4) gas. Emission lines in the stove chimneys typically remain high temperatures around 900 to 1200C. The composition of the flue gas consists of combustion products of rice husk which are mainly CO2, CO, N2. A little volatile in the rice husk, which could not burn completely, residual oxygen and dust will fly in airflow. The amount of dust in the outlet gas is a combination of unburnt amount of impurity and firewood, usually occupied impurity rate of 1 % by weight of dry husk. Outlet dust of rice husk furnace has a normal size from 500μm to 0.1 micron and a particle concentration ranges from 200-500 mg/m3. Gas emissions is created when using energy-saving stove and they will be used as the main raw material in combustion process Therefore the CO2 emission into the environment when using the stove will be reduced up to 95% of a commonly used stove
Bài báo giới thiệu một bếp tiết kiệm dùng năng lượng sinh khối. Bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng thực hiện nguyên lý khí hóa sinh khối. Đó là một quá trình hóa học, chuyển hóa các loại nhiên liệu dạng rắn thành một dạng hỗn hợp khí đốt, gọi là khí Gas (CO + H2 + CH4). Dòng khí thải ra ở ống khói của bếp thông thường có nhiệt độ vẫn còn cao khoảng 900 ~ 1200C. Thành phần của khói thải bao gồm các sản phẩm cháy của trấu, chủ yếu là các khí CO2, CO, N2, một ít các chất bốc trong trấu không kịp cháy hết, oxy dư và tro bụi bay theo dòng khí. Lượng bụi tro có trong khói thải chính là một phần của lượng không cháy hết và lượng tạp chất không cháy có trong củi, lượng tạp chất này thường chiếm tỷ lệ 1% trọng lượng trấu khô.Bụi trong khói thải lò đốt trấu thông thường có kích thước hạt từ 500μm tới 0,1μm, nồng độ dao động trong khoảng từ 200-500 mg/m3. Lượng khí thải được sinh ra khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng, sẽ được dùng làm nguyên liệu đốt cháy chính của quá trình đó. Do đó lượng khí CO2 thải ra môi trường khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm sẽ được giảm xuống 95 % so với sử dụng bếp thường

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34

Ishchenko, Natalia, and Alexandr Kosarev. "Biomass: advantages and disadvantages." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8301.

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The term "biomass" can describe many different fuel types from such sources as trees; construction, wood, and agricultural wastes; fuel crops; sewage sludge; and manure. Agricultural wastes include materials such as cornhusks, rice hulls, peanut shells, grass clippings, and leaves. Trees and fuel crops (i.e., crops specifically grown for electricity production) can be replaced on a short time scale. Agricultural wastes, sewage sludge, and manure are organic wastes that will continue to be produced by society. For these reasons, biomass is considered a renewable resource. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8301

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35

Peacocke, George V. C. "Ablative pyrolysis of biomass." Thesis, Aston University, 1994. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9764/.

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The primary objectives of this work were to design, construct, test and operate a novel ablative pyrolysis reactor and product recovery system. Other key objectives included the development of an ablative pyrolysis reactor design methodology, mathematical modelling of the ablation process and measurement of empirical ablation rate data at 500°C. The constructed reactor utilised a rotating blade approach to achieve particle ablation in a 258mm internal diameter reactor. By fulfilling the key requirements of high relative motion and high contact pressure, pine wood particles of maximum size 6.35 mm were successfully ablated. Sixteen experiments were carried out: five initial commissioning experiments were used to test the rotating blade concept and to solve char separation problems. Mass balances were obtained for the other eleven experiments with good closures. Based on ablatively pyrolysed dry wood, a maximum organic liquid yield of 65.9 wt% was achieved with corresponding yields of 12.4 wt% char, 11.5 wt% water and 9.2 wt% non-condensable gas. Reactor throughputs of 2 kg/h dry ablated wood were achieved at 600°C. The theoretical ablative pyrolysis reactor design methodology was simplified and improved based upon empirical data derived from wood rod ablation experiments. Yields of chemicals were qualitatively similar to those of other fast pyrolysis processes. The product recovery system, comprising hot char removal, liquids collection in two ice-cooled condensers followed by gas filtration and drying, gave good mass balance closures. The most significant problem was char separation and removal from the reactor. This was solved by using a nitrogen blow line. In general, the reactor and product collection systems performed well. Future development of the reactor would involve modification of the reactor feed tube to allow the reactor residence time to be reduced and testing of the rotating blade approach with different blade angles, configurations and numbers of blades. (DX185,666)

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36

Milligan, Jimmy B. "Downdraft gasification of biomass." Thesis, Aston University, 1994. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9695/.

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The objectives of this research were to investigate the parameters affecting the gasification process within downdraft gasifiers using biomass feedstocks. In addition to investigations with an open-core gasifier, a novel open-topped throated gasifier was designed and used. A sampling system was designed and installed to determine the water, tar and particular content of the raw product gas. This permitted evaluation of the effects of process parameters and reactor design on tar and particular production, although a large variation was found for the particulate measurements due to the capture of large particles. For both gasifiers, the gasification process was studied in order to identify and compare the mechanisms controlling the position and shape of the reaction zones. The stability of the reaction zone was found to be governed by the superficial gas velocity within the reactor. A superficial gas velocity below 0.2 Nms-1 resulted in a rising reaction zone in both gasifiers. Turndown is achieved when the rate of char production by flaming pyrolysis equals the rate of char gasification over a range of throughputs. A turndown ratio of 2:1 was achieved for the hybrid-throated gasifier, compared to 1.3:1 for the open-core. It is hypothesized that pyrolysis is a surface area phenomenon, and that in the hybrid gasifier the pyrolysis front can expand to form a dome-shape. The rate of char gasification is believed to increase as the depth of the gasification zone increases. Vibration of the open-core reactor bed decreased the bed pressure drop, reduced the voidage, aided solids flow and gave a minor improvement in the product gas energy content. Insulation improved the performance of both reactors by reducing heat losses resulting in a reduced air to feed ratio requirement. The hybrid gasifier gave a higher energy conversion efficiency, a higher product gas heating value, and a lower tar content than the open-core gasifier due to efficient gas mixing in a high temperature tar cracking region below the throat and reduced heat losses.

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37

Aleksic, Snezana. "Butanol Production from Biomass." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1242762960.

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38

Newbolt, Gary S. "Modelling of biomass milling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51739/.

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Strategies to combat climate change focus on every industry and has led to government policies to reduce electricity generation through coal combustion. Switching to biomass provides an opportunity to use infrastructure constructed for coal combustion with carbon neutral fuels; however, the process of grinding biomass pellets as fuel in pulverised fuel combustion is not well known. 1% of energy generated at a power plant is utilised to achieve the required size for the fuel. Improvements in the understanding of biomass pellet milling could lead to optimisation of operating conditions and minimisation of energy consumption. The process could aid generators determine appropriate fuels and costs for each; this represents a potential opportunity to elongate the life of current power stations, which is more cost effective than construction of new biomass specific plants. This research has developed a population balance equation (PBE) model simulation to predict the output of biomass pellet grinding for Lopulco E1.6 mill and a Retsch PM100 planetary ball mill; this has never been published in literature. It has proven it can predict the output particle size distribution of a Lopulco E1.6 mill, a scale model of an industrial mill, for biomass pellet PSD’s. It has shown that the simulation parameters can be based on axial and flexure deformation testing results, and that it can predict the PSD to within an average 88% accuracy against blind test. A novel technique in evaluating a PSD has been achieved using an overlapping coefficient, a measure better suited to PSD analysis than conventional model validation techniques. The PBE simulation has also shown that back calculating parameters can separate mill and material contributions when utilising a popularly used selection function and a breakage function developed in this research based on the Rosin-Rammler equation. This has been shown for the Lopulco mill and a lab scale planetary ball mill for axial and flexure deformation tests respectively. The research shows that emphasis should be placed on understanding classifier dynamics due to unexpected behaviour in the Lopulco mill experiments. Further conclusions show that energy consumption can be related to axial deformation energy that can be explained by the action of a Lopulco mill’s application of compressive force on and the orientation of pellets against the rollers.

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39

Becek, Kazimierz. "Biomass Representation in Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry Data Sets." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-62707.

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This work makes an attempt to explain the origin, features and potential applications of the elevation bias of the synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) datasets over areas covered by vegetation. The rapid development of radar-based remote sensing methods, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and InSAR, has provided an alternative to the photogrammetry and LiDAR for determining the third dimension of topographic surfaces. The InSAR method has proved to be so effective and productive that it allowed, within eleven days of the space shuttle mission, for acquisition of data to develop a three-dimensional model of almost the entire land surface of our planet. This mission is known as the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Scientists across the geosciences were able to access the great benefits of uniformity, high resolution and the most precise digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth like never before for their a wide variety of scientific and practical inquiries. Unfortunately, InSAR elevations misrepresent the surface of the Earth in places where there is substantial vegetation cover. This is a systematic error of unknown, yet limited (by the vertical extension of vegetation) magnitude. Up to now, only a limited number of attempts to model this error source have been made. However, none offer a robust remedy, but rather partial or case-based solutions. More work in this area of research is needed as the number of airborne and space-based InSAR elevation models has been steadily increasing over the last few years, despite strong competition from LiDAR and optical methods. From another perspective, however, this elevation bias, termed here as the “biomass impenetrability”, creates a great opportunity to learn about the biomass. This may be achieved due to the fact that the impenetrability can be considered a collective response to a few factors originating in 3D space that encompass the outermost boundaries of vegetation. The biomass, presence in InSAR datasets or simply the biomass impenetrability, is the focus of this research. The report, presented in a sequence of sections, gradually introduces terminology, physical and mathematical fundamentals commonly used in describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves, including the Maxwell equations. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and InSAR as active remote sensing methods are summarised. In subsequent steps, the major InSAR data sources and data acquisition systems, past and present, are outlined. Various examples of the InSAR datasets, including the SRTM C- and X-band elevation products and INTERMAP Inc. IFSAR digital terrain/surface models (DTM/DSM), representing diverse test sites in the world are used to demonstrate the presence and/or magnitude of the biomass impenetrability in the context of different types of vegetation – usually forest. Also, results of investigations carried out by selected researchers on the elevation bias in InSAR datasets and their attempts at mathematical modelling are reviewed. In recent years, a few researchers have suggested that the magnitude of the biomass impenetrability is linked to gaps in the vegetation cover. Based on these hints, a mathematical model of the tree and the forest has been developed. Three types of gaps were identified; gaps in the landscape-scale forest areas (Type 1), e.g. forest fire scares and logging areas; a gap between three trees forming a triangle (Type 2), e.g. depending on the shape of tree crowns; and gaps within a tree itself (Type 3). Experiments have demonstrated that Type 1 gaps follow the power-law density distribution function. One of the most useful features of the power-law distributed phenomena is their scale-independent property. This property was also used to model Type 3 gaps (within the tree crown) by assuming that these gaps follow the same distribution as the Type 1 gaps. A hypothesis was formulated regarding the penetration depth of the radar waves within the canopy. It claims that the depth of penetration is simply related to the quantisation level of the radar backscattered signal. A higher level of bits per pixels allows for capturing weaker signals arriving from the lower levels of the tree crown. Assuming certain generic and simplified shapes of tree crowns including cone, paraboloid, sphere and spherical cap, it was possible to model analytically Type 2 gaps. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to investigate relationships between the impenetrability and various configurations of a modelled forest. One of the most important findings is that impenetrability is largely explainable by the gaps between trees. A much less important role is played by the penetrability into the crown cover. Another important finding is that the impenetrability strongly correlates with the vegetation density. Using this feature, a method for vegetation density mapping called the mean maximum impenetrability (MMI) method is proposed. Unlike the traditional methods of forest inventories, the MMI method allows for a much more realistic inventory of vegetation cover, because it is able to capture an in situ or current situation on the ground, but not for areas that are nominally classified as a “forest-to-be”. The MMI method also allows for the mapping of landscape variation in the forest or vegetation density, which is a novel and exciting feature of the new 3D remote sensing (3DRS) technique. Besides the inventory-type applications, the MMI method can be used as a forest change detection method. For maximum effectiveness of the MMI method, an object-based change detection approach is preferred. A minimum requirement for the MMI method is a time-lapsed reference dataset in the form, for example, of an existing forest map of the area of interest, or a vegetation density map prepared using InSAR datasets. Preliminary tests aimed at finding a degree of correlation between the impenetrability and other types of passive and active remote sensing data sources, including TerraSAR-X, NDVI and PALSAR, proved that the method most sensitive to vegetation density was the Japanese PALSAR - L-band SAR system. Unfortunately, PALSAR backscattered signals become very noisy for impenetrability below 15 m. This means that PALSAR has severe limitations for low loadings of the biomass per unit area. The proposed applications of the InSAR data will remain indispensable wherever cloud cover obscures the sky in a persistent manner, which makes suitable optical data acquisition extremely time-consuming or nearly impossible. A limitation of the MMI method is due to the fact that the impenetrability is calculated using a reference DTM, which must be available beforehand. In many countries around the world, appropriate quality DTMs are still unavailable. A possible solution to this obstacle is to use a DEM that was derived using P-band InSAR elevations or LiDAR. It must be noted, however, that in many cases, two InSAR datasets separated by time of the same area are sufficient for forest change detection or similar applications.

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40

Martin, Brandon Ray. "Pyrolysis and ignition behavior of coal, cattle biomass, and coal/cattle biomass blends." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1148.

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41

Ware, Anne E. "APPLICATION OF PYROLYSIS-GC/MS TO THE STUDY OF BIOMASS AND BIOMASS CONSTITUENTS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/26.

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Fast pyrolysis, the rapid thermal decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen, is a process that can be used to convert biomass into liquid fuels and chemicals. When performed at the micro-scale, pyrolysis is useful for characterizing biomass structure, as well as determining the pyrolysis products that can be generated from specific biomass feedstocks. Indeed, microscale pyrolysis coupled with on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors by GC/MS, so-called pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS), is a technique that can be used to characterize the structure and composition of the various components of lignocellulosic and microalgal biomass based on their pyrolysate distributions. Pyrolysates produced also provide insight into the range of products that can be expected when biomass feedstocks are subjected to thermal decomposition processes. This dissertation focuses on the Py-GC/MS analysis of lignocellulosic biomass such as sorghum and Scenedesmus sp. microalgae, in addition to high-lignin feedstocks such as walnut shells, coconut shells, olive pits and peach pits. The differences in the pyrolysate distributions among these biomass types are correlated with differences in the structure and composition of the biopolymers, mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, present in the biomass. Py-GC/MS analysis of lignin extracted from endocarp feedstocks is also emphasized. In addition to biomass and extracted lignin, sinapyl (S) and coniferyl (G) alcohol have been analyzed by Py-GC/MS in order to understand the relationship between the corresponding pyrolysates and sinapyl/coniferyl ratios of lignin present in lignocellulosic biomass.

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42

Zhang, Zhanrong. "Renewable biomass resources : from waste biomass to novel applications via green chemical technologies." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8999/.

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Waste biomass as a resource represents an interesting opportunity that imbues the principles of green chemistry within the context of sustainability. Herein, potential routes for valorisation of currently low-value and/or underutilised biorenewable waste streams, namely: spruce wood chips; waste office paper; paper deinking residue (DIR), and; waste starch, using green chemical technologies are reported. Microwave-assisted low-temperature (<200 oC) pyrolysis was conducted on spruce wood chips, waste office paper and paper deinking residue (DIR) to afford three product lines: bio-oil (organic and aqueous phase); bio-char (microwave residue), and; gas. The application of the crude organic phase bio-oils as adhesives for aluminium to aluminium bonding was explored. Maximum tensile strengths, from approximately 2520 N (spruce wood chips) to 2300 N (waste paper) to 400 N (DIR), were observed. A synergistic and/or co-operative effect between various components of waste paper derived bio-oil on adhesive properties is postulated based on evaluation the results from liquid-liquid fractionation. This is the first reported application of bio-oils derived via low-temperature microwave processing for use as adhesives for metal-metal bonding. The first complete holistic characterization of low-temperature microwave-processed DIR is reported. The residue (78 wt.%) was characterized by solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR and XRD, showing it was free from organic matter and primarily comprises calcite and kaolinite. The DIR-derived bio-oil gave the lowest adhesion properties (400 N) compared to paper and wood-derived bio-oil. The incorporation of expanded high amylose corn starch (HACS) and its propionates, with differing degree of substitution (DS), into potentially biodegradable hot melt adhesives (HMAs) comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and glycerol was studied. The expansion process to form HMAs, surface area of HACS was increased from around 5 m2 g-1 to 176 m2 g-1, is beneficial towards Al adhesion (ca. 2.0 MPa) as compared to non-expanded HACS (ca. 1.1 MPa).

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43

Cieslinski, Juliana Esteves Fernandes [UNESP]. "Estudo da emissão e do controle dos gases e particulados provenientes da queima de biomassa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103729.

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Uma das fontes energéticas que fornecem utilidade, flexibilidade, limpeza e economia é a biomassa, como os resíduos da indústria madeireira (cavacos) e os resíduos agrícolas (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de arroz e casca de café). Entretanto, com a sua crescente oferta e utilização cresce também a preocupação das indústrias em investir no monitoramento e controle de suas emissões para a atmosfera, pois durante a queima de biomassa são emitidas, além dos gases de combustão, partículas finas conhecidas como particulados, as quais muito contribuem para o desencadeamento de sérios problemas de saúde ao homem, além dos danos ambientais. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou realizar o monitoramento das emissões de queima dos diferentes tipos de biomassa mencionados, além de realizar o controle dessas emissões com um lavador Venturi. Para o monitoramento dos particulados foi utilizado o monitor óptico DataRAM4 (modelo DR-4000) e para o monitoramento dos gases o Unigas3000+. Para o controle dos particulados e dos gases produzidos na queima foi utilizado um lavador Venturi horizontal retangular. Os resultados mostraram que a biomassa casca de café apresentou a maior concentração de particulados (485119 μg/m3) com diâmetros de partícula entre 0,0602 μm e 0,3502 μm, ou seja, partículas ultrafinas, as mais prejudiciais à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente, sendo que a maior eficiência de coleta de partículas pelo lavador Venturi ocorreu para a queima de casca de arroz (86,3%). As maiores emissões de CO e de NOx foram observadas, respectivamente, para a casca de café (3500 ppm) e para a casca de arroz (48 ppm), sendo que as eficiências de coleta destes gases pelo Venturi foram maiores para o cavaco de pinus(eficiência de coleta de CO de 97% e de NOx de 96%)
One of the alternative energy sources that provide utility, flexibility, cleanliness and economy is biomass, such as wood industry residues (chips) and agricultural residues (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, coffee husk, etc.). However, with its increasing availability and use is also growing concern of industries to invest in monitoring and control of emissions into the atmosphere, because during biomass burning are issued in addition to combustion gases, fine particles known as particulate, the which greatly contribute to the onset of serious health problems to humans, in addition to environmental damage. Therefore, this study aimed to carryout the monitoring of emissions from combustion of different biomass types mentioned, and perform control these emissions with a Venturi scrubber. For monitoring of particulate optical monitor Data RAM 4 (DR -4000 model) was used and for the monitoring of the gases Unigas3000 +. For the control of particulates and gases from burning was used a horizontal rectangular Venturi scrubber. The results showed a higher concentration of particulates issued by thecoffee husk(485119 μg/m3) with particle diameters of 0.0602 μm and 0.3502 μm (ultrafine particles), the more harmful to human health and the environment, and the greater efficiency of particle collection by Venturi scrubber occurred to burning rice husk (86.3 %). The higher emissions of CO and NOx were observed, respectively, for coffee husk (3500 ppm) and rice husk (48 ppm), and the collection efficiencies of these gases by Venturi was greater for type chip shavings Pinus (collection efficiency of 97% CO and NOx emissions by 96 %)

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Cieslinski, Juliana Esteves Fernandes. "Estudo da emissão e do controle dos gases e particulados provenientes da queima de biomassa /." Guaratinguetá, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103729.

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Orientador: Gustavo Ventorim
Coorientadora: Maria Angélica Martins Costa
Banca: Marcos Tadeu Tibúrcio Gonçalves
Banca: Manoel Cléber de Sampaio Alves
Banca: Celso Luiz da Silva
Banca: Turíbio Gomes Soares Neto
Resumo : Uma das fontes energéticas que fornecem utilidade, flexibilidade, limpeza e economia é a biomassa, como os resíduos da indústria madeireira (cavacos) e os resíduos agrícolas (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, casca de arroz e casca de café). Entretanto, com a sua crescente oferta e utilização cresce também a preocupação das indústrias em investir no monitoramento e controle de suas emissões para a atmosfera, pois durante a queima de biomassa são emitidas, além dos gases de combustão, partículas finas conhecidas como particulados, as quais muito contribuem para o desencadeamento de sérios problemas de saúde ao homem, além dos danos ambientais. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou realizar o monitoramento das emissões de queima dos diferentes tipos de biomassa mencionados, além de realizar o controle dessas emissões com um lavador Venturi. Para o monitoramento dos particulados foi utilizado o monitor óptico DataRAM4 (modelo DR-4000) e para o monitoramento dos gases o Unigas3000+. Para o controle dos particulados e dos gases produzidos na queima foi utilizado um lavador Venturi horizontal retangular. Os resultados mostraram que a biomassa casca de café apresentou a maior concentração de particulados (485119 μg/m3) com diâmetros de partícula entre 0,0602 μm e 0,3502 μm, ou seja, partículas ultrafinas, as mais prejudiciais à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente, sendo que a maior eficiência de coleta de partículas pelo lavador Venturi ocorreu para a queima de casca de arroz (86,3%). As maiores emissões de CO e de NOx foram observadas, respectivamente, para a casca de café (3500 ppm) e para a casca de arroz (48 ppm), sendo que as eficiências de coleta destes gases pelo Venturi foram maiores para o cavaco de pinus(eficiência de coleta de CO de 97% e de NOx de 96%)
Abstract: One of the alternative energy sources that provide utility, flexibility, cleanliness and economy is biomass, such as wood industry residues (chips) and agricultural residues (sugar cane bagasse, rice husk, coffee husk, etc.). However, with its increasing availability and use is also growing concern of industries to invest in monitoring and control of emissions into the atmosphere, because during biomass burning are issued in addition to combustion gases, fine particles known as particulate, the which greatly contribute to the onset of serious health problems to humans, in addition to environmental damage. Therefore, this study aimed to carryout the monitoring of emissions from combustion of different biomass types mentioned, and perform control these emissions with a Venturi scrubber. For monitoring of particulate optical monitor Data RAM 4 (DR -4000 model) was used and for the monitoring of the gases Unigas3000 +. For the control of particulates and gases from burning was used a horizontal rectangular Venturi scrubber. The results showed a higher concentration of particulates issued by thecoffee husk(485119 μg/m3) with particle diameters of 0.0602 μm and 0.3502 μm (ultrafine particles), the more harmful to human health and the environment, and the greater efficiency of particle collection by Venturi scrubber occurred to burning rice husk (86.3 %). The higher emissions of CO and NOx were observed, respectively, for coffee husk (3500 ppm) and rice husk (48 ppm), and the collection efficiencies of these gases by Venturi was greater for type chip shavings Pinus (collection efficiency of 97% CO and NOx emissions by 96 %)
Doutor

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45

Burger, Déborah Moreira. "Modelos alométricos para a estimativa da fitomassa de Mata Atlântica na Serra do Mar, SP\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-17072008-163652/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar modelos preditores para a fitomassa epigéa da mata atlântica, formação vegetal que cobre a Serra do Mar no estado de São Paulo. Em duas parcelas de 100m2, 82 árvores foram cortadas, ao nível do solo, e anotadas suas medidas de altura e diâmetro. As folhas foram separadas dos ramos para determinação do peso fresco da porção foliar e lenhosa. Amostras de cada fração foram secas em estufa a 80o C, até peso constante, para determinação do peso seco. As árvores foram distribuídas em duas amostras aleatórias, sendo uma utilizada para o desenvolvimento das equações de regressão, e a outra para validá-las. Os modelos foram desenvolvidos através da análise de regressão linear simples e múltipla, tendo como variável dependente o peso seco (PS) e, como variáveis independentes a altura (h), o diâmetro (d) e o (d2h). A análise de validação foi feita através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, teste t-Sudent pareado e através do erro padrão da estimativa. As melhores equações para estimar o peso seco das árvores foram: lnPS = -4,1519 + 1,06068 ln d2h (r2=0,82; sy/x= 0,42; ricc=0,92); lnPS = -6,7171 + 1,30308 ln d2h (r2=0,88; sy/x= 0,44; ricc=0,93) e lnPS = -6,80067 + 3,77738 ln d (r2=0,92; sy/x =0,37; ricc=0,87).
The purpose of this study was develop and validate equations to estimative the aboveground phytomass of the Atlantic Forest, at the Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Southeast Brazil. In two available plots of 100m2, 82 trees were cut down at ground level. From each tree height and diameter was determined. Leaves and woody material were separated in order to determine their fresh weights in field conditions. Samples of each fraction were oven dried at 80o C to constant weight to determine their dry weight. The trees data were divided into two random samples. One sample was used for the development of the regression equations, and the validation was done using other one. The models were developed using single and multiple linear regression analysis, where the dependent variable was the dry mass and the independent variables were height (h), diameter (d) and d2h. The validation was done using Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t-Student test and standard error of estimation. The best equations to estimate aboveground phytomass were: lnPS = -4,1519 + 1,06068 ln d2 h (r2=0,82; sy/x= 0,42; ricc=0,92); lnPS = -6,7171 + 1,30308 ln d2h (r2=0,88; sy/x= 0,44; ricc=0,93) and lnPS = -6,80067 + 3,77738 ln d (r2=0,92; sy/x =0,37; ricc=0,87).

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46

Funnicelli, Michelli Inácio Gonçalves. "Explorando uma comunidade bacteriana isolada de uma pilha de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e seu potencial funcional na degradação de biomassa lignocelulósica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153188.

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RESUMO- Os biocombustíveis são uma alternativa atraente para a substituição de combustíveis fósseis que impulsionaram o interesse global na conversão de biomassa lignocelulósica. Diversos trabalhos são realizados para otimização das etapas para produção de etanol de segunda geração em termos de custo global para o processo. A demanda pela busca de enzimas específicas utilizadas em processos industriais tem impulsionado a prospecção de novas enzimas microbianas com capacidade de desconstruir biomassa vegetal. Dentre elas, as enzimas do grupo das carboidrases são as principais atuantes envolvidas no processo de conversão de biomassa. Diante disso, foi realizada a caracterização de uma comunidade microbiana denominada CB10b, que tem potencialidade em degradar a biomassa. Os estudos foram realizados a partir do sequenciamento total do DNA obtido da comunidade e da prospecção de genes úteis nos processos de conversão de biomassa vegetal. Foram isoladas 6 bactérias pertencentes aos respectivos gêneros: Chitinophaga (que apresentou atividade enzimática em carboximetilcelulose), Pandoraea e Labrys, identificado pelas análises do gene 16S rRNA e da região espaçadora intergênica (ITS) entre os genes 16S-23S rRNA. Por meio das análises dos genes foi possível identificar 16.340 ORFs, sendo anotadas 624 ORFs associadas ao banco de dados do CAZy, distribuídas entre as classes glicosil hidrolases (GHs) com 37,98% (237 ORFs); glicosil transferases (GTs) com 21,63% (135 ORFs); polissacarídeo liases (PLs) com 3,18% (20 ORFs); carboidrato esterases (CEs) com 17,00% (106 ORFs); atividades auxiliares (AAs) com 4,81% (30 ORFs) e módulos de ligação a carboidratos (CBMs) com 15,38% (96 ORFs). Adicionalmente foi possível recuperar através da análise do metagenoma, o genoma parcial de uma bactéria do gênero Pandoraea. Deste modo, o estudo com a comunidade bacteriana CB10b apresentou genes envolvidos a degradação de biomassa lignocelulósica.
ABSTRACT- Biofuels are an attractive alternative for replacing fossil fuels, bringing the world`s attention to the conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass. Multiple works are currently being done with to optimize the steps in second-generation ethanol production, seeking to reduce the global costs in this process. Demand for specific microbial enzymes is driving the prospection of novel ones able to degrade plant biomass. Among those, carbohydrases are the protagonists in these processes. In this context, we characterized a microbial community called CB10b and tested it`s potential to degrade biomass. We performed studies on this community by total DNA sequencing followed by prospecting genes related to conversion of plant biomass. Six bacteria were isolated, belonging to the genera: Chitinophaga, who presented enzymatic activity on for carboxymethyl cellulose; Pandoraea and Labrys, identified through 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene analysis. Some 16,340 ORFs were identified, of which 624 were associated with CAZy database, 37.98% (237 ORFs) classified as glycosyl hydrolases (GHs); 21.63% (135 ORFs) as glycosyltransferases (GTs); 17.00% (106 ORFs) were carbohydrate esterases (CEs); 15.38% (96 ORFs) as carbohydrate-binding modules; 4.81% (30 ORFs) as auxiliary activities (AAs) and 3.18% (20 ORFs) as polysaccharide lyase. In addition, it was possible to recover by metagenome analysis the partial genome of a bacterium of the genus Pandoraea. Thus, the study with the bacterial community CB10b presented genes involved the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.

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Beluomini, Maísa Azevedo [UNESP]. "Detecção eletroquímica de ácidos urônicos presentes no bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando eletrodo modificado com nanopartículas de cobre em técnica de HPLC." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108481.

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Os ácidos urônicos, D-galacturônico e D-glucurônico são encontrados em materiais lignocelulósicos e podem ser utilizados na indústria de alimentos e química. Estão presentes na estrutura fibrosa do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e não são oxidados eletroquimicamente em eletrodos de carbono vítreo. Para isto foi desenvolvido um detector modificado com nanopartículas de cobre através da eletrodeposição potenciostática. Os ácidos D-galacturônico e D-glucurônico se oxidam de modo irreversível em potenciais de 0,45 e 0,48 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectivamente em voltametria cíclica. Outras técnicas voltamétricas tais como voltametria de pulso diferencial e voltametria de onda quadrada também foram estuda e o limite de deteção foi na ordem de 10-5 mol L-1 e a sensibilidade amperométrica na ordem de 104 μA mol L-1. O eletrodo desenvolvido foi utilizado em cromatografia com detecção amperométrica pulsada em célula wall-jet. Uma coluna de troca aniônica Carbo Pac Pa10 foi utilizada para separação dos ácidos urônicos em condições isocráticas, em fase móvel contendo 0,1 mol L-1 de NaOH com 0,280 mol L-1 de CH3COO-Na+ , potencial de detecção de 0,45 V vs Pd e fluxo de 1,0 mL min-1. A separação dos ácidos foi realizada em menos de 15 min. O limite de deteção ficou entre 5,8x10-7 e 7,3x10-7 mol L-1 e a sensibilidade amperométrica foi de 3,6±1,8 x106 μA mol L-1 e de 1,9±1,0x106 μA mol L-1 para os ácidos D-galacturônico e D-glucurônicos, respectivamente. O método foi aplicado em amostras reais de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar hidrolisado e a quantidade encontrada nesta amostra foi de 15,8±0,5 g/kg de ácido D-galacturônico e 12,5±0,5 g/kg para o ácido D-glucurônico. Os resultados demonstram que o método proposto pode ser utilizado para a detecção desses ácidos sem a necessidade de derivatização com as vantagens de ter menos interferentes, mantendo adequadas precisão e exatidão.
Uronic acid, D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic are found in lignocellulosic materials and can be used in the food industry and chemical industry. They are present in the fibrous structure of the sugarcane bagasse and are not oxidized at glassy carbon electrodes. For this we developed a detector modified with copper nanoparticles by potentiostatic electrodeposition. D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic irreversibly oxidize at potentials of 0.45 and 0.48 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively in cyclic voltammetry. Other voltammetric techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were also studied and the detection limit was in the order of 10-5 mol L-1 and amperometric sensitivity in the order of 10-4 mol L-1. The developed electrode was used in chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection in wall-jet cell. An anion exchange column, Carbo Pac PA10, was used for separation of uronic acids in isocratic conditions, mobile phase containing 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH and 0.28 mol L-1 CH3COO-Na+, the detection potential of 0.45 V vs. Pd and flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The separation of the acids was complete within 15 min. The detection limit was between 5.8x10-7 and 7.3x10-7 mol L-1, the amperometric sensitivity was 3.6 ± 1.8x106 and 1.9 ±1,0 x 106 mol L-1 to D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic, respectively. The method was applied to real samples of 300 mg of hydrolyzate bagasse. The value found in this sample was 15.8±0.5 g/kg of D-galacturonic acid and 12.5±0.5 g/kg to D-glucuronic acid. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to detect these acids without the need for derivatization with the advantage of having fewer interfering, considerable accuracy.

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Veiga, João Paulo Soto. "Caracterização de resíduos de colheita da mandioca (Maninhot esculenta CRANTZ) e avaliação do potencial de co-geração de energia no processo de produção de etanol." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264695.

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Orientador: Waldir Antonio Bizzo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Este trabalho caracterizou os resíduos de campo da cultura de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para sua utilização energética através de análises de produtividade em campo, umidade em campo, análise elementar e análise imediata, análise de extrativos, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina, poder calorífico, análise dos componentes das cinzas e análise termogravimétrica, para três diferentes variedades de mandioca (IAC-90; IAC-14; Clone 48/98) colhidas em três diferentes períodos após o plantio (12, 18 e 24 meses). Além disso, foi elaborado um fluxograma do processo de produção de etanol de raízes de mandioca e a energia fornecida pelos resíduos de campo foi comparada à energia necessária para o suprimento da fase industrial. Foi então calculada a produção de energia elétrica excedente de um ciclo de co-geração de energia térmica e elétrica. Os resíduos analisados provêm da um plantio comercial situado na cidade de Echaporã-SP e foram divididos em três partes distintas da planta: cepa, ramos grossos e ramos finos. Cada amostra foi cominuída com a finalidade de homogeneizá-la para realização das análises. Os resíduos de mandioca apresentaram-se com os parâmetros tecnológicos análogos aos de biomassas analisadas anteriormente por outros autores, pressupondo baixo ponto de fusibilidade das cinzas e possibilidade de depósitos e incrustações nos equipamentos de combustão, baseando-se na análise dos componentes das cinzas. O ciclo térmico proposto gera vapor a 45 bar e 460ºC, com extração a 2,5 bar e 127ºC para suprir a energia térmica do processo. Foi selecionada a variedade IAC 14 com colheita em 12 meses por apresentar os melhores resultados. Obtiveram-se os montantes de 451 kg de resíduo (b.s.) para cada Mg de raiz (b.u.) os quais geram 1.387 kg de vapor total, destes, 735 são extraídos para o processo. A energia elétrica obtida com estes resíduos é de 871,6 MJ dos quais são utilizados 148,5 MJ para a autossuficiência da usina, disponibilizando-se 723,2 MJ à comercialização na rede distribuída por tonelada de mandioca processada. Para uma usina com produção de 600.000 l por dia de etanol 95,6°GL pode ser produzido um excedente de 2.097 GJ por dia (equivalente a 24 MW de potência elétrica)
Abstract: This study characterized the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) waste field for their energy use through analysis of field productivity and moisture, elemental and proximate analysis, analysis of extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, low and high heat values , ash components and thermogravimetric analysis, for three different cassava varieties (IAC-90, IAC- 14, Clone 48/98) harvested in three different periods after planting (12, 18 and 24 months). In addition, we designed an ethanol process flowchart of producing ethanol from cassava roots and the energy provided by waste field was compared to the energy needed to supply the industrial phase. It was also calculated the co-generation power cycle surplus of thermal and electrical energy. Analyzed residues came from a commercial plantation located in the city of Echaporã-SP and were divided into three distinct parts of the plant, cepa, thick branches and thin branches. Each sample was comminuted in order to homogenize it for analyzes. The cassava residue showed technological parameters similar to previously biomasses analyzed by other authors, assuming low point of ash fusion and possibility of deposits and incrustations on the combustion equipment, based on analysis of the components of the ash. The thermal cycle proposed generates steam at 45 bar and 460 º C, with extraction at 2.5 bar and 127 ° C to supply heat energy in the process. IAC 14 variety with harvest in 12 months was selected by presenting the best results. Were obtained 451 kg of residue (b.s.) for each root Mg (b.u.) which generate 1,387 kg of, and them, 735kg of steam are extracted for the process. The electrical energy obtained with these residues is 871.6 MJ of which are used 148.5 MJ for plant self-sufficiency, providing 723.2 MJ to marketing network distributed per ton of cassava roots processed. For a plant with production of 600,000 liters per day of ethanol 96.6 ° GL it's produced a surplus of 2,170 GJ per day (equivalent at 25 MW of electric energy)
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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49

Villacampa, Marion. "Carbon sequestration: mathematical model of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-12122016-113919/.

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The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world\'s biodiversity hotspots and probably one of the most highly threatened tropical forests. Understanding the forest, the carbon sequestration and develop a valid representation of the longterm dynamics of natural tropical forest are essential. Building a local forest growth model including anthropogenic activities will lead us to a better understanding in order to take sustainable actions. In the first part of the thesis a model of the floristic and ecological interaction in plant communities in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, Brazil is built. The model is a multi-species model which contains nine functionally different species, each depicting a component of the canopy layer that it can reach and a shade tolerance. In a second part, the thesis explores the impact of different patterns of non forest areas due to human colonization on the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The long-term structure, the dynamics and the carbon sequestration of the forest is then analyzed. The results suggest that an offshore inland colonization minimizes ecological impact on the forest composition and on the quantity of carbon stored in the forest biomass. Finally this project aims to understand the forest regeneration under different scenarios. The thesis determines how long it takes for the forest to recover after a clear out, and what are the impacts of external seed input playing during the regeneration of the forest. The proposed model gives satisfactory results and can be use as a decision support tool in order to take sustainable actions.
A Mata Atlântica é um dos 34 hotspots mundiais e provavelmente uma das florestas tropicais mais ameaçadas. Entender o sequestro do carbono e construir uma representação válida da dinâmica a longo prazo da floresta é primordial. Restaurar um ecossistema implica conhecer a complexidade dos fenômenos que se desenvolvem nestas formações, compreender os processos que levam à estruturação e manutenção destes ecossistemas ao longo do tempo e, finalmente, utilizar estas informações para a implantação de projetos de restauração. O objetivo desse projeto é buscar conhecimento sobre o crescimento da Mata Atlântica em meio ao comportamento antropogênico extrativista, buscando ações rumo à sustentabilidade e sua importância no processo de sequestro e estocagem de carbono. Desenvolver um modelo de crescimento da floresta adaptado ao local de estudo, que toma em consideração as atividades humanas, nos ajudará a determinar ações rumo à sua sustentabilidade. Na primeira parte da tese, é desenvolvido um modelo matemático que gera um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias não lineares. As características do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, no estado de São Paulo, são incluídas nesse modelo, que representa várias espécies de árvores agrupadas em nove grupos em função de sua altura máxima e de seu comportamento em relação à sombra. Em seguida, a tese trata do impacto de várias dinâmica da floresta e na estrutura e no sequestro de carbono. Os resultados mostram que o modelo offshore inland minimiza o impacto do desmatamento em termos de quantidade de biomassa perdida ou do impacto na biodiversidade. No final, com o objetivo de restaurar a Mata Atlântica, vários cenários de regeneração são abordados/considerados. O modelo determina em quantos anos a floresta estará restaurada e mostra a importância da contribuição externa de sementes. O desempenho desse modelo traz bons resultados em comparação com outros estudos, e pode ajudar a tomar decisões para a concretização de um futuro sustentável.

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Silva, Francisco Raimundo da. "Avaliação da eficiência de blendas de biocarvão com lodo de decantação de Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) na adsorção de soluções de azul de metileno /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153230.

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Orientador: Clóvis Augusto Ribeiro
Banca: Arnaldo Sarti
Banca: José Fernando de Andrade
Resumo: O Brasil é um país rico em diversas biomassas, como resíduo de cana de açúcar, bagaço de laranja, entre outros. Uma fonte de biomassa são os resíduos de poda de árvores, o qual toda cidade possui. Para garantir a saúde pública, o tratamento de água para o abastecimento de uma cidade é fundamental. Nas ETAs, estações de tratamento de água, o processo de tratamento gera um resíduo, o lodo, cuja destinação é precária e muitas vezes inadequada. De acordo com a Lei Federal Brasileira No 12.305/2010, Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, deve haver aproveitamento de resíduos de forma economicamente viável e ambientalmente correta dos resíduos sólidos e disposição apropriada quando não possível tal aproveitamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir um biocarvão da união destes dois resíduos, de forma a propor possível substituição do carvão antracitoso, utilizados nas ETAs. Desta forma foram coletadas amostras de serragem de poda de árvores e lodo de ETA. Estes materiais foram com- binados (blendas) nas proporções 10 % a 80 % em massa de lodo (LD) por massa de poda (BM) e submetidos à pirólise sob baixa temperatura (torrefação)(260 ◦C). Todas as amostras foram submetidas à análise termogravimétrica e através da estabilidade térmica em meio aquoso, e peletização, o biocarvão BB20 (20% de LD e 80% de BM) apresentou os melhores resultados e foi selecionado dentre as misturas. Foram efetua- das caracterizações por AI, FTIR, densidade, MEV, EDS, análise elementar, isotermas d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Brazil is a country rich in several biomasses, such as sugarcane residue, orange bagasse, among others. A source of biomass is pruning waste of trees, which every city has. To ensure public health, the water treatment for supplying a city is crucial. In the WTPs, water treatment plants, the treatment process generates a residue, the sludge, whose destination is precarious and often inadequate. According to the Brazilian Federal law number 2010/12.305, National Solid Waste Policy, should use of waste in an economically viable and environmentally sound way of solid waste and appropriate disposal where such use is not possible. Thus, the objective of this work was to produce a biochar of the union of these two residues, in order to propose possible substitution of the anthracyte coal, used in the WTPs. In this way, samples of sawing of trees pruning and WTP sludge was collected. These materials were combined (blends) in the proportions 10% to 80% by mass of sludge (LD) per mass of pruning sawdust (BM) and subjected to pyrolysis at low temperature (torrefaction) (260 C). All samples were submitted to thermogravimetric analysis and thermal stability in aqueous medium, and pelletizing, BB20 (20% of LD and 80% BM) showed the best results and was selected of the blends. Characterizations were performed by AI, FTIR, density, SEM, EDS, elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, porosity by mercury intrusion and adsorption tests with methylene blue. The density was of 0.3 g cm−... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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