Дисертації з теми "Biomass recovery"
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Vanneste-Ibarcq, Clément. "Study of biomass powders in the context of thermal recovery processes." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0019/document.
Повний текст джерелаSome power generation processes require the biomass to be finely ground, such as biomass gasification in entrained flow reactors. However, fine biomass powders are cohesive and present flow issues. This thesis aims to study the biomass powder flowability in the context of the entrained flow gasification process. Biomass powders are characterized both at laboratory scale and pilot scale. Characterization at lab scale consisted of rotating drum measurements, shear tests and density measurements. First, a correlation is found between the cohesion (derived from shear tests), the powder density and the avalanche angle (derived from the rotating drum measurements). Thus, parameters difficult to get such as the cohesion can be obtained with easy to perform measurements. Then, the influence of moisture content on wood powder flowability has been assessed. No significant effect of the water content is found below 15 wt% (wet basis). Below 15%, as water is adsorbed in the biomass structure, the particles swell without being linked by liquid bridges. A wet granulation method is proposed. Biomass waste binders are added to the powder to form granules around 1 mm. The spherical shape lowers the interlocking phenomenon. The low size dispersity of the grains decreases the number of contact points between particles. An improvement of the flowability at lab scale is observed. An energetic study of the granulation process is proposed, showing the energy consumption can be as low as 12% of the biomass Lowest Heating Value. Thus, the process is potentially economically profitable. Finally, characterization at pilot scale is performed with a device mimicking the injection in an entrained flow reactor. The results show the essential roles in the injection step of both the spherical shape and the narrow size distribution of the particles. The positive effect of torrefaction and granulation on the flowability is highlighted
Aulakh, Jaspreet Gallagher Thomas Vincent. "Implementing residue chippers on harvesting operation for biomass recovery." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/Aulakh_Jaspreet_37.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPena, Jenny Juliana. "Study of chars prepared from biomass wastes : material and energy recovery." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IMTA0104.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of the thesis is to study the valorization of chars prepared from biomass wastes. In this context of energy transition, the selected biomasses are the buckwheat and millet husks since they are barely studied until now. In addition these wastes are produced locally, contribute to the developement of the circular economy and to not compromise a known value chain. In this word, material recovery is approcached through the reuse of these residues in syngaz and biogas cleaning processus in order to remove key pollutants such as tars and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Energy balances form the prodution fo these chars have been established and energy efficiency indicators have been calculated. The chars were produced at 500 °C and then characterized by chemical and physical analysis. In order to provide them porous properties necessary for fixed-bed gas cleaning applications, activations were carried out at 850 °C with CO₂ or steam. Buckwheat husks turn out to be a fairly conventional biomass and the particularity of millet husks is to have high levels of silicon. If pyrolysis chars have shown a low efficiency in the purification of gases, activation opens up new potential for them, especially for materials from buckwheat husks, which are similar to activated carbons. When activated with steam these chars show interesting efficiency for the purification of syngas and they conserve their calorific value (LHV) which makes it possible to consider an energy recovery through gasification. Results from this study also show that depending on the nature of biomass and type of activation, the material valorization and energy recovery are sometimes incompatible
Ekpo, Ugochinyere Ngozi. "The potential for recovery of nutrients from biomass by hydrothermal processing." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13521/.
Повний текст джерелаJohansson, Wilhelm. "Modeling of Wet Scrubber with Heat Recovery in Biomass Combustion Plants." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95585.
Повний текст джерелаFisher, Michael Bryan. "Development and study of dissolved gas flotation for biomass recovery after anaerobic treatment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366265.
Повний текст джерелаMachado, Peter. "Feasibility of extracting solanesol from tobacco biomass as a byproduct following protein recovery." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8551.
Повний текст джерелаThesis research directed by: Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Simpson, Jessica R. "Effect of Cell Wall Destruction on Anaerobic Digestion of Algal Biomass." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2433.
Повний текст джерелаNyein, Chan. "Biomass Recovery of Swidden Fallow Forests in the Mountains of Myanmar and Lao PDR." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215659.
Повний текст джерела0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第19833号
地博第189号
新制||地||66(附属図書館)
32869
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 古澤 拓郎, 教授 神﨑 護
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Risén, Emma. "Sustainability Aspects of Bioenergy and Nutrient Recovery from Marine Biomass : Baltic Sea case studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156377.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20141126
Zhang, Yue. "Biosorption for heavy metal removal and recovery from dilute solutions by immobilized nonviable biomass." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423377.
Повний текст джерелаDonaj, Pawel. "Conversion of biomass and waste using highly preheated agents for materials and energy recovery." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34253.
Повний текст джерелаQC 20110607
Hall, Jennifer M. "Manipulation of N mineralisation/immobilisation dynamics to investigate poor fertiliser recovery in improved grass pasture on ombrotrophic peat." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU068793.
Повний текст джерелаGaur, Sarthak. "Development and evaluation of an effective process for the recovery of oil and detoxification of meal from jatropha curcas." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Gaur_09007dcc806c289e.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 31, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-56).
Zhou, Long. "Microwave-assisted treatments of biomass : lignin isolation from lignocellulose and natural products recovery from bilberry presscake." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22152/.
Повний текст джерелаMatindi, Robert Kariuki. "Development of bioenergy systems and models for optimised recovery and delivery of biomass to biorefinery operations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130761/2/Robert_Kariuki_Matindi_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHäggström, Gustav. "Experimental studies of ash transformation processes in thermochemical conversion of P-rich biomass and sludge." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-78593.
Повний текст джерелаPapalexandrou, Tryfon. "Integrated Energy Recovery Scenarios of Biomass Residues in the Non-interconnected Island of Crete : A Pre-Feasibility Study in Greece." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174024.
Повний текст джерелаOmetto, Francesco. "Microalgae to energy : biomass recovery and pre-treatments optimisation for biogas production integrated with wastewater nutrients removal." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8403.
Повний текст джерелаAntunes, Ana Paula Martins. "Removal and recovery of gold and platinum from aqueous solutions utilising the non-viable biomass Asolla filiculoides." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003726.
Повний текст джерелаGodawitharana, Sampath, and Rohitha Rajaratne. "Technical and Financial Viability of Utilizing Waste Heat for Chilled Water Production and Biomass for Heating Applications in Hospitality Industry." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101392.
Повний текст джерелаSerutla, Bokhabane Tlotliso Violet. "Potential for energy recovery and its economic evaluation from a municipal solid wastes landfill in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2463.
Повний текст джерелаLandfill gases, principally methane, CH4 are produced from the decomposition of the municipal solid wastes deposited on landfill sites. These gases can be captured and converted into usable energy or electricity which will assist in addressing energy needs of South Africa. Its capture also reduces the problems associated with greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to estimate gases that can be produced from the Bellville landfill site in Cape Town. The landfill gas capacity was estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. The IPCC model showed that 48 447m3/year of landfill gas capacity was determined only in 2013. The LFGTE process plant is designed in a manner of purifying landfill gas, which at the end methane gets up being the only gas combusted. As a matter of fact 14 544kg/year of gases which consists mainly methane gets combusted. The average energy that can be produced based on the generated landfill gas capacity (methane gas) is 1,004MWh/year. This translates to R1. 05million per year at Eskom’s current tariff of R2.86 /kWh) including sales from CO2 which is a by-product from the designed process plant. A LFGTE process plant has been developed from the gathered information on landfill gas capacity and the amount of energy that can be generated from the gas. In order, to start-up this project the total fixed capital costs of this project required amounted up to R2.5 million. On the other hand, the project made a profit amounted to R3.9million, the Net profit summed up to R1. 3million and the payback time of Landfill Gas ToEnergy (LFGTE) project is 4years.The break-even of the project is on second year of the plant’s operation. The maximum profit that this project can generate is around R1. 1million. The life span of the plant is nine years. Aspen plus indicated that about 87% of pure methane was separated from CO2 and H2S for combustion at theabsorption gas outletstream. I would suggest this project to be done because it is profitable when by-products such as CO2 sales add to the project’s revenues.
Oliveira, Jéssica Alves de. "Estabelecimento de bananeira (Musa sp.) em solo degradado /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154511.
Повний текст джерелаResumo: O solo degradado em estudo originou-se pela retirada da sua camada superficial, que compreende a vegetação, a matéria orgânica, os nutrientes e os microrganismos, cujos processos são essenciais para o solo ser considerado produtivo. Sua recuperação é importante para manter o equilíbrio da biodiversidade de flora e fauna e protege-lo contra a erosão, entre outros fatores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o condicionamento do subsolo pela adição de cinza de biomassa de cana-de-açúcar, da inoculação de fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA – Glomus clarum) e da inoculação de fungos e de bactéria solubilizadores de fosfato, buscando uma técnica para a recuperação de solos degradados. A bananeira (Musa sp. cv. Mysore) foi utilizada como planta indicadora para as modificações que ocorreram no solo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3 + 2, com 4 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 12 tratamentos, com 4 repetições (bloco). O primeiro fator foi com e sem inoculação de FMA, o segundo foi com e sem adição de cinza proveniente da queima do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, o terceiro foi com e sem inoculação de fungos e de bactéria solubilizadores de fosfato, e dois tratamentos adicionais, área conservada de Cerrado (SCRC) e área degradada sem intervenção (ADSI). Após 67 e 274 dias do plantio foram avaliados os atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo na camada de 0,0 a 0,10 m, além da altura, do diâmetro, do índice relativo de clorofila e do P t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The degraded soil under study originated by the removal of the superficial layer, which includes vegetation, organic matter, nutrients and microorganisms, whose processes are essential for the soil to be considered productive. Its recovery is important to maintain the balance of biodiversity of flora and fauna and protect it against erosion, among other factors. The objective of this work was the subsoil conditioning by the addition of sugarcane biomass ash, the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF - Glomus clarum) and the inoculation of fungi and bacteria phosphate solubilizers, searching for a technique for recovery of degraded soils. The banana plants (Musa sp. cv. Mysore) was used as an indicator plant for the changes that occurred in the soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with a 2 x 2 x 3 +2 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates per treatment, in a total of 12 treatments, with 4 replicates (block). The first factor was with and without AMF inoculation, the second was with and without ash added from the burning of sugarcane bagasse, the third was with and without inoculation of fungi and bacteria phosphate solubilizers and two controls area, Cerrado conservation area (CCAR) and degraded area without intervention (DAWI). After 67 and 274 days of planting, the soil chemical and microbiological attributes were evaluated in the 0.0 to 0.10 m layer, as well as the height, diameter, relative chlorophyll index, and total leaf P. The a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Daragon, Guillaume. "Etude des voies de valorisation de la vinasse par combustion en mélange avec des biomasses." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH7972.
Повний текст джерелаImportant amounts of organic effluents, also called wastewaters or byproducts, are produced whatever the type of industry which is considered. Nowadays, the wastewaters management and treatment are strictly controlled since the physical properties and the chemical composition of these byproducts disallow the direct reject through natural media. However, the presence of some specific compounds confers to effluents new advantages and opens the door to several applications (such as soil fertilization, cattle feed, methanization, co-composting, etc.). Carbon being the main component of every fuel, the thermal valorization of these organic effluents by combustion in a standard biomass boiler seems to be possible. The study of this recovery method and its feasibility are the subjects of the thesis here. Due to their liquid state, effluents alone cannot be considered as fuels compared to standard biomass (woodchips, straw, etc.). Therefore research works are focused on study and characterization of biomasses as impregnation base, then formulation of fuels impregnated with an industrial organic effluent. Indeed, the adsorptive and absorptive properties of biomasses are well-known in the literature. A parametric study at laboratory scale was carried out in order to quantify the impregnation capacity of different types of biomass regarding the effluent. The main goal was also to highlight the parameters which influence the impregnation in order to modeling the phenomenon. Then impregnation and combustion tests were performed at pilot scale using a biomass boiler of 40 kW to ensure the conformity of impregnated fuels in terms of stack emissions. This part of the work was conducted with the perspective of preparing the process scale-up for a potential industrial utilization
Zaebst, Thomas Winter. "Recovery status of a cypress (Taxodium distichum)-water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) wetland seven years after harvest disturbance." Thesis, This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222008-063023/.
Повний текст джерелаScherer, Daniel [Verfasser], and P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Nick. "Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted protein recovery from microalgae biomass for food and feed applications / Daniel Scherer ; Betreuer: P. Nick." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199459437/34.
Повний текст джерелаElsayed, Sherif [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Sauer. "Gasification of algal biomass in supercritical water with the potential of energy and nutrients recovery / Sherif Elsayed ; Betreuer: J. Sauer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200471172/34.
Повний текст джерелаElsayed, Sherif H. N. [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Sauer. "Gasification of algal biomass in supercritical water with the potential of energy and nutrients recovery / Sherif Elsayed ; Betreuer: J. Sauer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200471172/34.
Повний текст джерелаMeyer, Joseph Freeman. "Recovery boiler superheater corrosion - solubility of metal oxides in molten salt." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47742.
Повний текст джерелаMamede, Mauricio Cuba dos Santos 1983. "Avaliação econômica e ambiental do aproveitamento energético de resíduos sólidos no Brasil." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265334.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T03:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mamede_MauricioCubadosSantos_M.pdf: 2829646 bytes, checksum: d25947395cd77eda7c39cdaf8fe0b8b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Considerando-se a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento da gestão de resíduo sólido municipal (RSM) e seus efeitos no ambiente natural e sobre a viabilidade econômica, este trabalho procurou contribuir analisando diferentes rotas de aproveitamento energético de RSM no contexto brasileiro. Foram utilizadas as características de geração de RSM de 81 municípios brasileiros, com vistas à comparação de dois cenários distintos: cenário Combustível, com a combinação das tecnologias de digestão anaeróbia (D.A.) - com foco na produção de combustível veicular - e combustível derivado de resíduo (CDR), para utilização industrial; e cenário Eletricidade, com a aplicação das tecnologias de D.A. - com foco no uso do biogás em motor estacionário - e incineração, com geração elétrica em ciclo Rankine. Na avaliação econômica, realizou-se fluxo de caixa com entradas e saídas financeiras para a obtenção dos indicadores valor presente líquido (VPL) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Ao final realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade, variando custos e receitas considerados, composição do RSM, além de analisar a tarifa de tratamento necessária para zerar o VPL de cada tecnologia. Na análise ambiental foi utilizada a avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) para consolidar os inventários dos cenários, considerando-se uso de materiais, energia, além das emissões durante a construção e operação das unidades, com posterior avaliação do impacto do ciclo de vida (AICV) pelo software SIMAPRO, no método CML 2, para sete categorias de impacto (acidificação, aquecimento global, eutrofização, depleção abiótica, depleção da camada de ozônio, toxicidade, e oxidação fotoquímica). Os resultados majoritariamente indicaram melhores desempenhos econômico e ambiental do cenário Combustível. Há vantagens econômicas e ambientais na comercialização do biogás veicular para frota automotiva à produção de eletricidade a partir do mesmo, apesar de maior necessidade de investimento e maior complexidade tecnológica. As emissões do composto orgânico e do uso de combustíveis auxiliares perfazem as maiores cargas ambientais desta tecnologia. A incineração permite diminuir significativamente o volume do RSM, entretanto é a tecnologia mais cara das analisadas e colabora significativamente com a toxicidade humana pela emissão de metais pesados. Os investimentos na planta de CDR são muito menores, entretanto há a produção significativa de rejeitos que necessitam ser gerenciados, implicando em maiores custos e emissões de transporte e disposição destes. Ainda, incertezas de comercialização do CDR podem comprometer a viabilidade do cenário. Ademais, a análise indicou significativa sensibilidade em relação às variações na composição do RSM, principalmente com relação à fração reciclável, a qual influencia diretamente o poder calorífico inferior (PCI) do CDR e incineração, e portanto as receitas obtidas. Menores taxas de adesão da população ao programa de coleta seletiva implicam em maior fluxo de materiais incinerados e de CDR, sendo a última beneficiada economicamente, devido ao maior PCI. Com exceção do CDR, as demais tecnologias necessitam de maiores tarifas de tratamento para sua viabilidade econômica comparado à atividade de aterro sanitário, que é relativamente baixa comparada à praticada em países europeus. O deslocamento de combustíveis traz maior benefício comparado ao deslocamento da matriz elétrica nacional, que é majoritariamente hidrelétrica
Abstract: Considering the necessity to deepen the knowledge about municipal solid waste (MSW) management and its effects on the natural environmental and economic performance, this work assessed different alternatives of energy recovery from MSW in Brazil. The characteristics of MSW generated in 81 Brazilian municipalities were used for the comparison of two different scenarios: Fuel scenario, with combined use of anaerobic digestion (A.D.) - focused on the production of biomethane - and refuse derived fuel (RDF), for industrial utilization; and Electricity scenario, with the employment of A.D. - focused on biogas use in stationary engines - and incineration, with electricity generation through the Rankine cycle. For the economic assessment, a cash flow analysis was carried out to evaluate the feasibility indicators net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Sensitivity analyses were performed varying costs and revenues, MSW composition, besides the analysis of the break even gate fee for achieving a zero NPV for each technology. For the environmental analysis, the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique was employed to consolidate the inventory of each scenario, accounting for the use of materials, energy, and the emissions during the construction and operation of the plants. The life cycle impact assessment, modeled in SIMAPRO, was based on the CML 2 method considering seven impact categories (acidification, global warming, eutrophication, abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, toxicity, and photochemical oxidation). For the majority of the municipalities, the Fuel scenario showed better economic and environmental performance. The commercialization of biogas as vehicle fuel has economic and environmental advantages over the production of electricity, despite the higher investments and technology complexity. The emissions from the organic compost and the use of auxiliary fuels are the main environmental burdens related to this technology. The incineration has the advantage of significantly reduce the volume of MSW, but it is the most expensive technology analyzed and contributes to human toxicity through the emissions of heavy metals. The required investments in the RDF plant are much smaller, although it produces significant amounts of rejects that need to be managed, implying in higher costs and emissions due to transportation and final disposal. Moreover, the uncertainty in commercializing RDF could affect the economic performance of the scenario. Furthermore, the analysis indicated significant sensitivity with respect to waste composition, mainly recyclables fraction, which has direct effects on the low calorific value (LCV) of RDF and incineration fuel, therefore affecting the revenues. Lower participation rates in the source separation program imply in grater fluxes of materials to be incinerated and production of RDF, with better economic performance for the RDF plant, because of the higher LCV. With the exception of RDF, the others technologies require higher gate fees, compared to landfill, in order to reach economic viability because of the lower fees for disposal in Brazil compared with European countries. Regarding the environmental analysis, the displacement of fuels leads to greater benefits when compared with the displacement of electricity, which is basically hydroelectricity
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
Seiler, Troy J. "Modeling carbon allocation, growth and recovery in scrub oaks experiencing aboveground disturbance." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5039.
Повний текст джерелаID: 029810098; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-73).
M.S.
Masters
Biology
Sciences
Win, Maung Aye. "Ecological Studies on Locally-managed Mangrove Forests in Taninthayi Region, Myanmar." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253396.
Повний текст джерелаBradfield, Frances Louise. "Examination of the thermal properties of municipal solid waste and the scalability of its pyrolysis." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86670.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Concerns surrounding the world’s current dependence on quickly depleting fossil fuels and their negative environmental impacts have brought about much research into renewable and sustainable energy sources. With population and economic growth not only is this dependence increasing but there is an increasing production of waste by society in general. With space becoming a premium commodity and environmental protection a necessity, landfilling of the majority of the world’s waste is no longer feasible. Thus, research is being carried out into waste-to-energy (WTE) processes and refuse derived fuels (RDF). This study focuses on thermochemical conversion, specifically pyrolysis of solid wastes as a means of energy product recovery. Before a specific waste stream can be used in WTE or RDF contexts its composition and degradation behaviour needs to be investigated. For this reason, a full physical characterisation of the municipal solid waste (MSW) from the Stellenbosch municipality was carried out. It was found that the composition of waste differs between areas within the municipality but the composition of the waste in general compares well with international data. It was found that six main components present in the recyclables stream; namely high and low density polyethylene (HD/LDPE), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), glossy paper, office paper and newspaper would be suitable for thermochemical conversion. The thermal properties and pyrolytic degradation of these six components were investigated by multi heating rate thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) from which kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre-exponential factor and kinetic rate constants) were calculated by a differential isoconversional method. The volatiles released during degradation were identified by way of online mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) yielding six individual kinetic schemes. In order to gauge to what extent milligram pyrolytic experimentation (TGA-MS) can be used to predict larger scale pyrolytic behaviour, runs were performed on one plastic (HDPE) and one paper (glossy paper) sample on a gram scale pyrolytic plant under both slow and vacuum conditions. It was found that, especially for high thermal conductivity samples, yields on gram scale experimentation can be accurately predicted on a milligram scale. Further, the compositions of slow pyrolysis oils from glossy paper, obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were compared to TGA-MS results as well as off gases captured from TGA runs by thermal desorption (TGA/TD-GC-MS). It was found that TGA-MS and TGA/TD-GC-MS can be used to predict the main functional groups in pyrolysis oil produced on a gram scale. Thus small scale experimentation can be used to determine the suitability of different waste components for pyrolytic conversion.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommer oor die wêreld se huidige afhanklikheid van fossielbrandstowwe en die negatiewe uitwerking op die omgewing het baie navorsing oor hernubare en volhoubare energie bronne meegebring. Bevolking en ekonomiese groei veroorsaak 'n toename in hierdie afhanklikheid en in die produksie van afval deur die samelewing. Daar is baie min onbenutte grond oop en die beskerming van die omgewing het noodsaaklik geword. Dus is storting van die meeste van die wêreld se afval nie meer ‘n aanvaarbare opsie nie. As gevolg daarvan word daar tans navorsing in afval-tot-energie (ATE) prosesse en afval afgeleide brandstowwe (AAB) gedoen. Hierdie studie fokus op die termochemiese omskakeling van afval, spesifiek pirolise, as 'n methode vir energie-produk hernuwing. Voordat 'n spesifieke afvalstroom gebruik kan word as 'n AAB moet die samestelling en afbrekings gedrag eers ondersoek word. Daarom is 'n volledige fisiese karakterisering van die munisipale afval (MA) van Stellenbosch munisipaliteit uitgevoer. Resultate het getoon dat daar ‘n verskil in die samestelling van afval tussen die gebiede binne die munisipaliteit is. Afgesien daarvan vergelyk die samestelling van die afval in die algemeen goed met internasionale data. Daar is gevind dat daar ses belangrike komponente teenwoordig is in die herwinbare stroom wat geskik sou wees vir termochemiese omskakeling, naamlik; hoë en lae digtheid poliëtileen (HD/LDPE), poli(etileen tereftelaat) (PET), glans, kantoor en koerant papier. Die termiese eienskappe en termiese afbreking van hierdie ses komponente is ondersoek deur middel van multi-verhittimgs tempo termogravimetriese analise (TGA) waaruit kinetiese parameters (aktiveringsenergie, pre-eksponensiële faktor en kinetiese snelheidskonstantes) deur 'n differensiële omskakelings metode bereken is. Die vlugtige komponente wat tydens die afbreking vrygestel is, is geïdentifiseer deur aanlyn-massaspektrometrie (TGA-MS) wat ses individuele kinetiese skemas verskaf. Om vas te stel tot watter mate milligram pirolitiese eksperimente (TGA-MS) gebruik kan word om op ‘n groter skaal die pirolitiese gedrag te kan voorspel, is eksperimentele lopies op een plastiek- (HDPE) en een papier (glans papier) monster op 'n laboratorium skaal pirolise opstelling onder stadige- en vakuum omstandighede uitgevoer. Daar is gevind dat, veral met hoë hitte geleiding komponente, die opbrengs op gram skaal eksperimente akkuraat voorspel kan word op ‘n milligram skaal. Verder was die samestelling van die stadige pirolise olies uit glans papier, wat verkry word deur gaschromatografie-massaspektrometrie (GC-MS), vergelyk met TGA-MS resultate sowel as af-gasse gevang van TGA lopies deur termiese desorpsie (TGA/TD-GC –MS). Daar is gevind dat TGA-MS en TGA/TD-GC-MS gebruik kan word om die belangrikste funksionele groepe in pirolise olie, wat op 'n gram skaal geproduseer word, te voorspel. Dus kan milligram eksperimente gebruik word om die geskiktheid van afval komponente vir pirolitiese omskakeling te bepaal.
Forchheim, Daniel [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Türk. "Optimisation of the reaction parameters in a batch reactor and a CSTR for the recovery of phenol from hydrothermal biomass liquefaction / Daniel Forchheim. Betreuer: M. Türk." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1056955856/34.
Повний текст джерелаTrischler, Johann. "Strategic raw material supply for the particleboard-producing industry in Europe : Problems and challenges." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53700.
Повний текст джерелаUrbano, Andrea Rose. "Long-term forest carbon storage and structural development as influenced by land-use history and reforestation approach." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/448.
Повний текст джерелаVasconcelos, Maria Cecília Alves de. "AVALIAÇÃO DOS INDICADORES QUÍMICOS E BIOLÓGICOS DE QUALIDADE DO SOLO DE CERRADO DEGRADADO APÓS O CULTIVO DE LEGUMINOSAS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2545.
Повний текст джерелаAmong the parameters used by the scientific community, the biomass evaluation is the most precise one in terms of presenting the biological components of the soil. Intending to evaluate the potential of the legumes Campo Grande Stylo, calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides) and pigeon pea regarding the recovery of damaged soil, sixteen plats of these legumes were planted in latin square form for later microbial biomass analysis. The microbial biomass was analyzed according to the Vance et. (1987) principles. No significant differences were found compared to the fallow, although circumstances like the lack of precipitation, the time of the year and the production of dry matter affected the microbial biomass development. The studied legumes that presented the largest microbial biomass production were the Campo Grande Stylo and the calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides), showing a trend of improvement compared to the fallow. Despite the stress factors, the microbial biomass showed a trend of improvement on the plats where the legumes were seeded, and it can be considered a prior parameter of agrisystem changes.
Dentre os parâmetros utilizados pela comunidade científica, o que apresenta maior sensibilidade na caracterização dos componentes biológicos do solo é a avaliação de biomassa microbiana (BMS). Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial das leguminosas Calopogônio, Estilosantes e feijão Guandu na recuperação dos solos degradados e na melhoria da biomassa microbiana, foi realizado o plantio das leguminosas e posterior análise da biomassa microbiana em dezesseis canteiros distribuídos em um quadrado latino. A biomassa microbiana foi analisada conforme os princípios de Vance et. (1987). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao pousio, porém fatores como a baixa pluviosidade, época de plantio e produção de massa seca influenciaram o desenvolvimento da BMS. As leguminosas estudadas que apresentaram maior produção de BMS foram o Estilosantes e o Calopogônio, evidenciando uma tendência de aumento em relação ao pousio. Mesmo com fatores de estresse, a biomassa microbiana nos canteiros com as leguminosas evidenciou um potencial de aumento, podendo ser considerado um parâmetro que antecede alterações no agrosistema.
Sanmiguel, Herrera Valentina. "A method to recover algal biomass using membrane technologies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52956.
Повний текст джерелаRecari, Ansa Javier. "Gasification of biomass and solid recovered fuels (SRFs) for the synthesis of liquid fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/450856.
Повний текст джерелаLa gasificación es una tecnología prometedora para el aprovechamiento energético de biomasa y residuos ya que permite convertir los combustibles sólidos en un gas de síntesis (syngas) con múltiples aplicaciones. Sin embargo, ciertas limitaciones todavía impiden la completa implementación de esta tecnología a escala industrial, en particular para la producción de combustibles líquidos a partir del proceso Fischer Tropsch (FT). Los principales inconvenientes están relacionados con la calidad del syngas, por ejemplo una baja relación H2/CO y la presencia de impurezas (tar y contaminantes menores), y dependen de la naturaleza del material y de las condiciones de operación del proceso de gasificación. Esta tesis se centra en la mejora de la calidad del syngas de gasificación de biomasa y combustibles sólidos recuperados (CSRs) para la producción de combustibles líquidos. El trabajo se divide en dos partes principales. La primera parte consiste en estudios experimentales de gasificación de biomasa y CSRs en un reactor de lecho fluidizado a escala de laboratorio para evaluar la influencia de las condiciones de operación (temperatura, materiales de lecho, agentes de gasificación, etc.) en el rendimiento del proceso y la composición del gas. Debido a que los CSRs contienen mayores cantidades de precursores de contaminantes que la biomasa, se ha desarrollado un método para determinar la concentración de HCl, H2S, HCN y NH3 en el syngas mediante potenciometría de ion selectivo. Además, se propone la aplicación de un pretratamiento térmico (torrefacción) a los materiales de gasificación como un método para mejorar las propiedades de los materiales y disminuir la emisión de contaminantes en el syngas. Por último, la segunda parte consiste en un estudio tecno-económico para estimar los costes de inversión y de operación de plantas de combustibles líquidos FT a partir de la gasificación de biomasa y residuos, partiendo de los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente.
Gasification is a promising technology for energy exploitation of biomass and waste, converting carbonaceous fuels into a synthesis gas (syngas) with multiple applications. However, technical obstacles hinder the full implementation of this technology at industrial scale, particularly for the production of liquid fuels through Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Those challenges are mainly related to the syngas quality, such as a low H2/CO ratio and the presence of impurities (tar and minor contaminants), strongly influenced by the nature of the feedstock and the operating conditions of the gasification process. This thesis focuses on the improvement of the syngas quality from gasification of biomass and solid recovered fuels (SRFs) aiming to produce liquid fuels. The present work is divided in two main blocks. The first block corresponds to biomass and SRFs gasification experiments in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor in order to study the influence of key operating conditions (temperature, bed materials, gasification agents, etc.) on the gasification performance and gas composition. Since SRF materials contain higher amounts of contaminants precursors than biomass, a method to assess the concentration of HCl, H2S, HCN and NH3 in the syngas by means of ion-selective potentiometry was developed. The application of a thermal pretreatment (torrefaction) to the gasification feedstocks is proposed as a way to upgrade the feedstock properties and abate the release of contaminants in the syngas. The second part of this work consists in a techno-economic analysis that estimates capital and production costs of FT liquid fuel plants based on biomass and waste gasification, using as input the experimental results.
Manninen, O. (Outi). "The resilience of understorey vegetation and soil to increasing nitrogen and disturbances in boreal forests and the subarctic ecosystem." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526211732.
Повний текст джерелаTiivistelmä Ilmaston muutos ja siitä aiheutuvan lämpenemisen vaikutus kasvillisuuteen ja maaperään on laajasti tunnustettu ilmiö. Lämpenemisen lisäksi pohjoisten alueiden aluskasvillisuuteen kohdistuu useita muutospaineita, kuten lisääntynyt typpipitoisuuden nousu ja kasvillisuutta muokkaavat häiriöt. Tässä tutkimuksessa mitattiin lisääntyneen typpipitoisuuden ja häiriöiden vaikutus kasvillisuuden biomassaan ja runsauteen sekä yhteisörakenteeseen, sekä kasvilajeihin, maaperään ja mikrobibiomassaan sitoutuneen typen ja hiilen määrään. Lisäksi tutkittiin yleisimpien varpukasvien (lehtensä pudottava mustikka, ikivihreät puolukka ja variksenmarja) siemenellistä lisääntymistä kokeellisen häiriön (kasvillisuuden tai maaperän poisto) jälkeen. Tutkimukset tehtiin boreaalisessa ja subarctisessa ekosysteemeissä sekä metsänrajaympäristössä Pohjois-Suomessa. Typpilannoitus ja häiriöt lisäsivät heinien määrää kasviyhteisöissä. Lisäksi typpilannoitus edisti heinien kasvullista palautumiskykyä häiriön jälkeen, joka johti kasvillisuuden homogenisoitumiseen ja kasviyhteisön uuteen tasapainotilaan. Häiriöt heikensivät ikivihreiden varpujen kasvullista palautumista häiriön jälkeen. Häiriö loi sopivia elinympäristöjä siementen itämiselle, mutta tutkittujen lajien siementen määrä rajoitti siemenellistä lisääntymistä. Typpilannoitus ei vaikuttanut mikrobibiomassaan, mutta häiriö vähensi mikrobibiomassaa boreaalisessa ekosysteemissä. Kuitenkin kasvien typen pitoisuudet lisääntyivät sekä lannoituksen että häiriön jälkeen ilman viitteitä typen sitoutumisesta mikrobibiomassaan. Tämä viittaa siihen, että kasvit käyttävät maaperän typen tehokkaasti häiriön jälkeiseen palautumiseen. Väitöskirjan mukaan typen lisääntyminen häiriöiden yhteydessä edistää heinien esiintymistä. Koska ikivihreiden varpujen siemenellinen lisääntyminen ei kompensoi häiriöstä kasvulliselle palautumiselle aiheutuvaa haittaa, ovat ikivihreät varvut erityisen herkkiä häiriöille. Aluskasvillisuus on vastustuskykyisempi ympäristön muutoksille boreaalisessa kuin subarktisessa ekosysteemissä, mikä korostaa pohjoisimpien alueiden herkkyyttä yhtäaikaisille ympäristön muutoksille. Maaperän olosuhteet ovat kasvillisuutta kestävämpiä ympäristön muutoksille
Nowak, Piotr [Verfasser], and Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Seifert. "Combustion of biomass and solid recovered fuels on the grate / Piotr Nowak ; Betreuer: Helmut Seifert." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205736999/34.
Повний текст джерелаColl, Montserrat Josep. "Avaluació dels esculls artificials i de les reserves marines com a eines de gestió dels recursos íctics litorals a les Illes Balears." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/113367.
Повний текст джерелаEsta tesis doctoral ha demostrado que los arrecifes artificiales (ARs) de Baleares presentaron una colonización del 74% de las especies en los primeros 17 meses de fondeo, si bien el substrato original del lugar determinó la velocidad de colonización. El principal efecto de los ARs ha sido el de concentrar peces de tamaño medio y grande, si bien se ha demostrado que este efecto no ha incrementado el riesgo de sobreexplotación en el área de influencia. Las reservas marinas de Baleares han servido para recuperar las poblaciones de especies de interés pesquero, tanto en las zonas de máxima protección como en zonas parcialmente protegidas. La determinación de la capacidad de carga en las zonas de máxima protección y el análisis de los factores ambientales que la determinan ha permitido evaluar el estado de conservación del litoral balear por lo que respecta a las especies de peces con interés pesquero
Sidou, Ney Barros de Avelino. "Adensamento do palhiço da cana-de-açucar utilizando helicoides conicos." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257005.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: O aumento da capacidade produtiva de energia elétrica por meios renováveis em curto prazo é fundamental para ao desenvolvimento de paises como o Brasil e o uso da fitomassa remanescente da cana-de-açúcar é uma opção viável e abundante em nosso país,entretanto, os métodos de recolhimento do palhiço não estão totalmente estabelecido havendo, então, a necessidade de novas propostas de métodos de recolhimento que atendam as necessidades qualitativas para o uso do palhiço como fonte energética. Uma unidade de testes foi construída para avaliar o comportamento mecânico do palhiço quando submetido ao princípio de adensamento por helicóides cônicos. Com esta unidade teste, foram realizados 16 ensaios combinando duas distâncias entre as helicóides, duas velocidades relativas, dois níveis de pressão de restrição e duas inclinações de taliscas. Os resultados experimentais mostraram relações entre pressão e densidade condizentes com a bibliografia. As pressões aplicadas na direção de carregamento mostraram relação exponencial de variação com as pressões registradas em direção perpendicular à mesma, atingindo valores máximos de 0,3 N.mm.-2. O princípio mecânico de adensamento por helicóides cônico mostrou-se eficaz para o adensamento do palhiço atingindo densidades aparentes entre 188,8 kg.m.-3 e 293,5 kg.m.-3. Os coeficientes de atrito determinados foram elevados, variando entre 3,7 e 1,16, e apresentaram uma tendência de queda com o aumento da pressão a qual o palhiço estava sendo submetido. Os valores experimentais de densidade, pressão normal e coeficientes de atrito gerados por uma talisca com comprimento de 200 mm foram alimentados ao modelo de simulação o qual a simulou valores de densidade para comprimentos de talisca longos o suficiente para atingir a densidade final desejada. Verificou-se que os valores da densidade final próximos de 200 kg.m-3 que puderam ser obtidos com adensadores de altura reduzida, com peso e complexidade construtiva inferiores aos das enfardadoras convencionais.
Abstract: This thesis aimed to show that agricultural producers could widen their role as consumers of agricultural lime - in Brazil, 70% of farmable soil is considered to be acid and require liming - and that such consumption would contribute to its sustainability, providing gains in the economic, social and environmental spheres. In addition, the use of agricultural lime is a practice considered important and should include family sized farms, currently on the margins of this market, considering that at the moment the greatest consumers of this corrective are the large and medium sized producers of soybean, corn, sugarcane, citrus products, coffee and cattle. In order to make such a strategy viable, both the potential supply and potential demand of this material were characterized. In Brazil, the productive park already installed consists of more than 300 companies, operating at an average of 57% of their total capacity, and there are reserves of calcareous rocks distributed throughout the Federation in satisfactory quantity and quality. Whilst the annual market potential for consumption of this material was estimated as 75 million tons, current consumption is only 17 million tons, corresponding to 22% of the real need of the Country's soils. The public and private policies developed up to the present time supporting the use of this material, were then analysed, and finally a group of actions were proposed, aiming at constructing a policy directed at the consumption of agricultural lime, with emphasis on family farms.
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
Silva, Graziela Har Minervini. "Efeito de diferentes intensidades de pastejo ao banco de sementes do solo em campos no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131883.
Повний текст джерелаGrassland ecosystems co-evolved with disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and these factors are important for emergence and maintenance of community features areas. After disturbances, the seeds that persist in the soil contribute to regeneration processes. However, increasing conversion of natural grasslands into areas of intensive use (agriculture and exotic tree plantations), as well as overgrazing make the study of the regeneration of grassland vegetation after these severe disturbances an important research topic. Our knowledge on the role of the soil seed bank (SSB) in grassland biomes in the southern hemisphere still is incipient. The majority of studies realized in South American grassland compared the SSB between grazed and abandoned areas, and few consider different intensities of grazing, despite clear effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation composition and structure. In view of this, in this study, the SSB was evaluated in a grassland experiment under different intensities of grazing in two seasons (spring and autumn), using the seedling emergence method. In spring, a survey of the established vegetation was conducted to evaluate the similarity with the SSB. In total, we found 103 species in the SSB and 162 in established vegetation. The SSB was mostly composed of ruderal species. Grass species dominant in aboveground vegetation were largely absent in the SSB. Significant differences regarding SSB richness and density were only found between the treatment with higher intensity of grazing and the others, and overall composition did not differ among treatments. In general, the similarity between the SSB and established vegetation was low. Our results indicate that the SSB has a limited role in the recovery of natural grassland vegetation after more severe disturbances. Apparently, the intensity of management does not have a very large impact on the SSB or on the similarity between SSB and established vegetation. Nevertheless, the SSB is important for storage the natural characteristics of environments, adding functions to the regeneration of the plant community.
Vonk, Gwendal. "Caractérisation de la gazéfication de combustibles solides de récupération (CSR) en vue d'optimiser leur utilsation dans une unité de cogénération par gazogène." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S075/document.
Повний текст джерелаGasification is a thermochemical conversion process converting solid fuel into synthetic gas (syngas), containing H2 and CO. Sorting waste to produce SRF aims to allow a better energy recovery of waste, while satisfying environmental regulations. This study focuses on energetic and environmental performances of the air gasification of SRF (wood, tire, plastics, sewage sludge) using downdraft fixed bed reactors at pilot and industrial scale. Analytical procedures allow quantification of syngas composition as well as pollutant contents (sulfur, nitrogen, tars, heavy metals) in gasification outlet streams, considering raw wood as a reference. SRF Wood gasification performances are identical to Raw Wood. However adding 20%w of SRF Tire, Plastics or Sewage Sludge to SRF Wood leads to a decrease in H2 and CO contents, balanced by an increase in light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2), resulting in a similar syngas calorific value, ranging between 4.9 and 5.4 MJ/Nm3. Gasification performances are slightly lower with SRF mixes, ranging between 35 and 49%, while reaching 48 to 52% for Raw Wood and SRF Wood. Compared to Wood, only nitrogen containing pollutants are in higher concentrations with SRF Wood. In the case of SRF mixes, tars, sulfur and nitrogen containing pollutants are in higher concentrations. Moreover, heavy metals contents are higher in fine particles than in chars, resulting in a particular post-treatment
Gaudêncio, Hiara Ruth da Silva Câmara. "Uso de cinza de olaria e composto orgânico de macrófita aquática na recuperação de solos degradados." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/541.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The intensification of human activity for economic purposes has caused environmental impacts increasingly significant, for example, the suppression of vegetation and as a result soil impoverishment. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate the use of pottery ash and organic macrophyte compound in the recovery of degraded soils. Thus, the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 5x5, being five doses of the compound of water hyacinth and five doses of ash with three replications, where the volume of soil corresponded to 2 dm³ and ash doses corresponded to 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10% of the volume of each vessel and the water hyacinth compound at 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%. After mixing the composition of soil, compound and gray equivalent to each treatment, these were placed in plastic vessels, incubated for 20 days and then held the transplanting of Jucá seedlings (Libidibia ferrea). On the occasion of collection, the plants were cut at ground level, dry in forced-air oven at 70° C to constant weight, weighed, crushed in a grinder to obtain the dry matter of shoot (MSPA) and they were subsequently mineralized by nitric digestion. In the extracts were determined the total content of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb. After removal of the plants, the soil in each vessel was air dried, homogenised and a sample was removed for performing analysis of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb. The addition of ash and compound doses contributed to the increase in pH, which consequently influenced the absorption of heavy metals by plants as well as in their growth
A intensificação da atividade humana para fins econômicos tem ocasionado impactos ambientais cada vez mais significativos, como por exemplo, a supressão vegetal e por consequência o empobrecimento do solo. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de cinza de olaria e composto orgânico de macrófita aquática na recuperação de solos degradados. Assim, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial 5x5, sendo cinco doses do composto de aguapé e cinco doses de cinza com três repetições, onde o volume de solo correspondeu a 2 dm³ e as doses de cinza corresponderam à 0, 1, 3, 5 e 10% do volume de cada vaso e às de composto de aguapé à 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30%. Após a mistura da composição solo, composto e cinza equivalente a cada tratamento, esta foi colocada em vasos plásticos, incubados 20 dias e em seguida realizado o transplantio das mudas de Jucá (Libidibia ferrea). Por ocasião da coleta, as mudas foram cortadas ao nível do solo, secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70°C até peso constante, pesadas, trituradas em moinho para obtenção da matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e posteriormente foram mineralizadas por digestão nítrica. Nos extratos foram determinados os teores totais de Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd e Pb. Após a retirada das mudas, o solo de cada vaso foi seco ao ar, homogeneizado e quantificado os teores de Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd e Pb. A adição das doses de cinza e o composto contribuíram para o aumento do pH, que consequentemente influenciou na absorção dos metais pesados pelas mudas, bem como no crescimento das mesmas
2017-01-16
Wang, Ming-Yung, and 王明勇. "Modeling and Optimization of Biomass Gasifier with Waste Heat Recovery via Thermoelectric Effect." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59832189449147112643.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
102
Based on fossil fuels in the world have limited, and usage keeps increase in the present there are quick to shorten its serviceable life. For this tendency, all countries are research and development in alternative energy sources, which includes wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, ocean currents, tides, and the biofuels of this article discussion. Due to the front mention different kinds of alternative energy development would require special equipment and need to spend a great deal of money, but solid biomass fuels fixed-bed gasifier would easy to assemble and construct. It can be promoted the application of biomass fuel of agriculture wastes in local rural area. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modeling applications of the biomass gasification process help to optimize the gasifier. This study aims to investigate the impact of several physical parameters on the behavior of gasification in a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier. To that end, the study presents a comparison of the results computed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model with the experimental results of biomass gasification. Therefore, different sets of simulations and experiments have been performed to examine the effects of initial moisture content, equivalence ratio, high heating value (HHV), and cold gas efficiency (CGE). At the optimum operation, the equivalence rate is 0.3, the HHV can reach 5.71 MJ/m3, and the produced hydrogen concentration is 26.53 vol%. For an initial moisture content of 11.18%, the measured CGE is 66.85%, which is within the range of 65.07% to 70.44%. In general, the initial moisture content of the rice husks is suggested in between 10% to 20%. Meanwhile FDS is also application on biomass gasifier venting duct temperature distribution for investigated searching the best position of the modules to enhance the system thermal efficiency. The electrical characteristic of TEG modules at temperature difference 140℃, the maximum voltage can reach 1.33V and 1.83V at 1Ω and 5Ω respectively, however the output power attain 1.37W is higher than cooling pump power waste 0.45W, and the TEG power per unit area can reach 857W/m2. The overall results indicate that the FDS model can effectively simulate and analyze gasification performance inside the gasifier, and the performance of an improved downdraft gasifier system (IDGS) is improved by higher cold gas efficiency.
Ferreira, Catarina Castro. "Phaeodactylum tricornutum biorefinery: a sustainable approach to valorize microalgae biomass towards biomolecules recovery." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/71957.
Повний текст джерелаMicroalgae superior ability to sustain harsh, stressing or limiting conditions is widely known, while being also a unique source of specific and valuable biocompounds. Microalgae extracts’ potential has been well recognized for their interesting functional and bioactive properties, showing specially interesting features for skin care products’ manufacturing mainly as thickening, water-binding and antioxidant agents. The expanding interest in addressing a more sustainable and eco-friendly product development results in a growing community searching for natural-based formulations. However, microalgae potential and usefulness are dependent on the extraction techniques applied. The selection of the preferential method presents a major impact on the final product quality, which should exceed costumer’s requests, while simultaneously offering an economically appealing process. Thus, this thesis aimed at acknowledging Phaeodactylum tricornutum potential, by ultimately providing important information for the formulation of an algae-based cosmeceutical product. The present work focused on achieving two different main fractions accountable for bioactive and technological functions, underlying P. tricornutum growth conditions impact and designing the extraction methodology, including ohmic heating (OH) as a potential alternative to conventional extraction processes. Firstly, an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) taking advantage of UV-C mutagenesis was performed in P. tricornutum cultures. Although the results did not allow a clear positive impact in global extracts’ antioxidant activity, it presented as a potentially useful tool to enhance lipidic extraction. In order to explore the OH-based and conventional extraction implications on the microalgae extracts properties, water and different ethanol/water mixtures were used as solvents, addressing a polarity spectrum. P. tricornutum functionality was evaluated by relating the extracts composition (assessed by intrinsic fluorescence analysis, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, FTIR and gel permeation chromatography) with their thermal, rheological and emulsifying behavior. Bioactive potential was analyzed by three different antioxidant activity measuring tests (FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) and a viability assay in normal and cancer cell lines. This diatom extracts showed promising technological and bioactive potential, with interesting gelling, emulsification and antioxidant capacities. Extracts showed different biochemical and performance profiles, depending on the solvent used. Generally, no significant effects were observed for OH application, having this process lower energy consumptions. In conclusion, the major goals of the present work were successfully accomplished, underlining P. tricornutum extracts potentiality not only for cosmeceutical industry, but also for functional foods development.
A grande capacidade das microalgas para subsistir à exposição a condições severas ou limitantes é amplamente conhecida, constituindo uma fonte singular de biocompostos específicos e de valor acrescentado. O potencial dos seus extratos, no que concerne às propriedades funcionais e bioativas, encontra-se bem estabelecido, com características interessantes para o cuidado da pele, enquanto agentes de consistência, hidratação e antioxidantes. O interesse crescente por metodologias mais sustentáveis culmina numa maior procura por formulações naturais. Todavia, o potencial e a utilidade das microalgas encontram-se dependentes das técnicas de extração aplicadas. A seleção do método de extração preferencial constitui um fator determinante para a qualidade do produto final, o qual deverá exceder os requisitos do consumidor, enquanto oferece um processo economicamente apelativo. Desta forma, esta tese objetivou evidenciar o potencial da microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, ao fornecer úteis informações para a formulação de um produto cosmecêutico natural. Procurou-se obter duas frações, responsáveis por funções bioativas e tecnológicas, explorando o impacto das condições de crescimento em culturas de P. tricornutum e estabelecendo uma metodologia de extração, que inclui o aquecimento óhmico (OH) como potencial alternativa aos processos de extração convencionais. Inicialmente, implementou-se uma evolução laboratorial adaptativa (ALE) acoplada à mutagénese por UV-C nas culturas de P. tricornutum. Apesar dos resultados não evidenciarem um claro impacto positivo na atividade antioxidante dos extratos, esta estratégia apresentou-se potencialmente útil no aumento da extração lipídica. Utilizou-se a água e diferentes misturas de etanol/água como solventes para explorar os efeitos da extração baseada em OH e convencional nas propriedades dos extratos, com objetivando-se um espetro de polaridade. A funcionalidade de P. tricornutum foi avaliada relacionando a composição dos extratos (estabelecida por fluorescência intrínseca, eletroforese SDS-PAGE, FTIR e cromatografia de permeação em gel) com o seu comportamento térmico, reológico e emulsificante. A triagem do seu potencial bioativo baseou-se em três ensaios de determinação de atividade antioxidante (FRAP, ABTS e DPPH) e num ensaio de viabilidade em linhas celulares normais e de cancro. Os extratos demonstraram potencial tecnológico e bioactivo, com interessantes capacidades de gelificação, emulsificação e antioxidante. O seu perfil bioquímico e de atuação foi dependente do solvente utilizado. Na generalidade, não se observaram efeitos significativos aquando da aplicação de OH. Em suma, os objetivos delineados foram cumpridos, reconhecendo-se o potencial dos extratos de P. tricornutum para a indústria cosmecêutica, bem como para o desenvolvimento de alimentos funcionais.
A presente dissertação inseriu-se no âmbito dos Projetos ALGAVALOR (Lisboa 2020, ALGARVE 2020, FEDER, COMPETE 2020, PT2020) e OH2O (FCT, COMPETE 2020, PT2020)
WU, QIU-YE, and 吳秋曄. "The recovery of heavy metals--Ag, Cu, Ni--from plating wastewaters by fungal biomass." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17344076485548182677.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Yen-Chi, and 王彥棋. "Autoclaving treatment of municipal solid waste for the recovery of biomass and its reutilization." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00752957131342061006.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
99
Autoclaving treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) for the recovery of organic fibre material (OFM) and its reutilization was investigated in this study. High-temperature and high-pressure saturated steam was used to hydrolyze the OFM of MSW, and break the long chain structure of hemicllulose and cellulose into small fragments. Meanwhile, the plastics were softened and shrunken into small lumps by the heating of steam. Therefore, autoclaving process can effectively reduce the volume of MSW. Besides, the heating value of autoclaved MSW (noted as AMSW) only decreased slightly. Thus the energy density of AMSW per volume increased. After autoclaving, the OFM can be easily separated from the AMSW by a vibratory screen according to the size diference between OFM, plastics and the other inorganic contents, obtaining the homogenous OFM. The autoclaving experiments were conducted at 135, 155 and 165 ℃ with various operating times of 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The results indicated that the energy of steam at 135 ℃ was not enough to reduce the volume of MSW sufficiently, while slightly decreased the heating value of AMSW, therefore reducing the energy density. At 155 ℃, the volume of MSW reduced significantly, so the energy density increased effectively. Comparing with 155 ℃, 165 ℃ did not further increase the energy density of AMSW. Hence, autoclaving at a higher temperature of 165 ℃ was not suitable because it consumed more energy without further improvement. In order to achieve an effective volume reduction, the operating time must be at least 60 minutes incorporation with rotational shredding at proper rotating speed, say, 7 rpm. The rotational shredding can provide a shear stress to break down the OFM into small size. Therefore, the suitable operating conditions of autocalving of MSW is 155 ℃, 60 minutes with 7 rpm rotation. The moisture content of the AMSW was 72 ~ 77%, while the proper moisture content of materials for screening is 50 ~ 60%. Thus, a decrease of the moisture content of AMSW before screening is required. After the dehydration using a centrifuge, the moisture content of dewatered AMSW (DAMSW) decreased to 56%, suitable for screening. About 46 wt.% of DAMSW, which is OFM can be separated from the DAMSW employing 1 cm x 1 cm sieve. The separated OFM obtained was further pelleted to reduce the volume, while increase the energy density. The proper moisture content of OFM for pelleting was found to be about 20 ~ 25 wt.%. The pelleted OFM with dry-basis heating value of 3,891 kcal kg-1 and density of 1,346 kg m-3 can be used as fuel for the combustion device, coal-fired boiler and co-firing cement furnace. Further torrefaction of the OFM obtained did not increase its energy density, suggesting no need of subsequent torrefaction. The information obtained is useful for the proper design and operation of autoclaving of MSW and the subsequent treatments for the better recovery and reutilization of the biomass of OFM from MSW.