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Kons, Kalvis, Boško Blagojević, Blas Mola-Yudego, Robert Prinz, Johanna Routa, Biljana Kulisic, Bruno Gagnon, and Dan Bergström. "Industrial End-Users’ Preferred Characteristics for Wood Biomass Feedstocks." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103721.
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The use of sustainably sourced biomass is an important tool for mitigating the effects of climate change; but biomass is far from being a homogeneous resource. The aim of this study was to examine the decision-making process of industrial end-users considering biomass procurement. An online, two-part survey generated responses from 27 experienced professionals, representing a portfolio of facilities varying in size, technology, and biomass types, across Australia, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. A PAPRIKA conjoint analysis approach was used to analyze the data so that the attributes that influenced procurement decisions could be weighted and ranked. The results provided an insight into end-users’ views on factors including facility location, size, and biomass storage, handling, and procurement for different wood-based industrial services. The most important decision-making attribute appeared to be the type of biomass assortment, at individual, national, and aggregated levels. Of seven sub-categories of biomass assortments, sawdust (35%) was the most preferred type followed by stem wood chips (20%) and energy wood (15%). We concluded that, from the end-user’s perspective, a pre-defined biomass assortment is the most important factor when deciding on feedstock procurement at a bioenergy facility. These results help us better understand end-users’ perceptions of biomass properties in relation to their conversion processes and supply preferences and can inform product development and the securement of new niches in alternative business environments by existing and future biohubs.
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Woo, Heesung, Mauricio Acuna, Martin Moroni, Mohammad Taskhiri, and Paul Turner. "Optimizing the Location of Biomass Energy Facilities by Integrating Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." Forests 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100585.
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Internationally forest biomass is considered to be a valuable renewable energy feedstock. However, utilization of forest harvesting residues is challenging because they are highly varied, generally of low quality and usually widely distributed across timber harvesting sites. Factors related to the collection, processing and transport impose constraints on the economic viability of residue utilization operations and impact their supply from dispersed feedstock locations. To optimize decision-making about suitable locations for biomass energy plants intending to use forest residues, it is essential to factor in these supply chain considerations. This study conducted in Tasmania, Australia presents an investigation into the integration of Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information systems (GIS) to identify optimal locations for prospective biomass power plants. The amount of forest harvesting biomass residues was estimated based on a non-industrial private native resource model in Tasmania (NIPNF). The integration of MCA and a GIS model, including a supply chain cost analysis, allowed the identification and analysis of optimal candidate locations that balanced economic, environmental, and social criteria within the biomass supply. The study results confirm that resource availability, land use and supply chain cost data can be integrated and mapped using GIS to facilitate the determination of different sustainable criteria weightings, and to ultimately generate optimal candidate locations for biomass energy plants. It is anticipated that this paper will make a contribution to current scientific knowledge by presenting innovative approaches for the sustainable utilization of forest harvest residues as a resource for the generation of bioenergy in Tasmania.
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Monteiro, Eliseu, and Sérgio Ferreira. "Biomass Waste for Energy Production." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165943.
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Environmental problems associated with global energy supply systems and the increasing amount of global solid waste production are triggering a shift towards a greater reliance on biomass waste. Waste-to-energy systems have become important for industries and scientists because of the increasing interest in energy production from waste, due to improved efficiency and cost-effective solutions. The shift to biomass is also essential for industries to use their own waste to produce their own energy, which is in line with circular economy concepts. This Special Issue “Biomass Wastes for Energy Production” of Energies comprises ten (10) papers, including one review article, that represent the latest advances of waste-to-energy technologies and contribute to the rethinking of global energy supply systems. The Guest Editor also highlights other relevant topics that fall beyond the coverage of the published articles.
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Ratho, Bhuvnesh. "Biomass Extraction of Energy Transformation." Journal of Advanced Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems 07, no. 1&2 (May 13, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.1401.202001.
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The focus of this is to make available clean energy, where there is a need for electricity production or energy infrastructure. An anaerobic digester contains an oxygen free environment that allows microorganisms to break down the organic material to harvest biogas (methane). Once the biogas is formed it can be used for different applications to aid the developing world. There are already millions of biogas plants in operation throughout the world. In Germany and other industrialized countries, power generation is the main purpose of biogas plants; conversion of biogas to electricity has become a standard technology. Biomass can become a reliable and renewable local energy source to replace conventional fossil fuels in local industries and to reduce reliance on overloaded electricity grids. The concept presented is to use manure from farms to produce methane gas using anaerobic digestion.
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Cooper, D., G. Olsen, and J. Bartle. "Capture of agricultural surplus water determines the productivity and scale of new low-rainfall woody crop industries." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04152.
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This paper presents a conceptual model for estimating the maximum scale of biomass processing industry that may be supported by woody crops grown in the medium and low rainfall agricultural regions of southern Australia. The model integrates paddock scale economics, water capture by woody crops, conversion of water to woody biomass, and estimation of suitable area. It enables estimates to be made of the maximum scale of implementation of commercial woody crops in various climatic regions, and the maximum amount of woody biomass that could be produced commercially within an economic transport distance of a processing facility. To demonstrate the utility of the model, potential biomass supply is estimated for 2 Western Australian wheatbelt towns, Merredin and Narrogin. These estimates are compared with the feedstock requirements of a range of different processing industries. This paper demonstrates that the rate of converting water to biomass and water capture biomass price are key determinants of the potential scale of biomass crops and processing industries in the southern Australian wheat and wool belts and hence the potential contribution of woody crops to dryland salinity management.
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Vanghele, Nicoleta Alexandra, Andreea Matache, Mariana Mădălina Stanciu, and Dumitru Bogdan Mihalache. "Revaluation of bamboo as biomass." E3S Web of Conferences 286 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128602001.
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Bamboo is a grassy plant that grows rapidly, is also a renewable natural resource and with a high yield. There are many applications and uses of bamboo, which led to its planting around the world. Among the industries in which bamboo has by now experienced extensive exploitation, we can remember the textile, construction, furniture ; even food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries. Biomass is the plant material that is used as a renewable energy resource. This is achieved others by cultivating plants specially used for energy production or by using resistors from small industrial sectors. The current paper highlights the potential for the recovery of bamboo as biomass, both in terms of the fact that bamboo is a plant that is believed to be an inexhaustible resource, but also for the wide amount of rest from its multiple uses.
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Wu, Hongwei, Qiang Fu, Rick Giles, and John Bartle. "Production of Mallee Biomass in Western Australia: Energy Balance Analysis†." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 1 (January 2008): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef7002969.
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Edwards, John. "Future Directions for Rural Australia." Children Australia 16, no. 04 (1991): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720001258x.
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The following is an edited interview with Simon Crean, Minister for Primary Industries and Energy, conducted by John Edwards, Executive Director, National Children’s Bureau of Australia on December 5, 1991.
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Van Holsbeeck, Sam, Mark Brown, Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava, and Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan. "A Review on the Potential of Forest Biomass for Bioenergy in Australia." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051147.
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The use of forest biomass for bioenergy in Australia represents only 1% of total energy production but is being recognized for having the potential to deliver low-cost and low-emission, renewable energy solutions. This review addresses the potential of forest biomass for bioenergy production in Australia relative to the amount of biomass energy measures available for production, harvest and transport, conversion, distribution and emission. Thirty-Five Australian studies on forest biomass for bioenergy are reviewed and categorized under five hierarchical terms delimiting the level of assessment on the biomass potential. Most of these studies assess the amount of biomass at a production level using measures such as the allometric volume equation and form factor assumptions linked to forest inventory data or applied in-field weighing of samples to predict the theoretical potential of forest biomass across an area or region. However, when estimating the potential of forest biomass for bioenergy production, it is essential to consider the entire supply chain that includes many limitations and reductions on the recovery of the forest biomass from production in the field to distribution to the network. This review reiterated definitions for theoretical, available, technological, economic and environmental biomass potential and identified missing links between them in the Australian literature. There is a need for further research on the forest biomass potential to explore lower cost and lowest net emission solutions as a replacement to fossil resources for energy production in Australia but methods the could provide promising solutions are available and can be applied to address this gap.
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Dhanushkodi, Saravanan, Vincent H. Wilson, and Kumarasamy Sudhakar. "Life Cycle Cost of Solar Biomass Hybrid Dryer Systems for Cashew Drying of Nuts in India." Environmental and Climate Technologies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2015-0003.
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Abstract Cashew nut farming in India is mostly carried out in small and marginal holdings. Energy consumption in the small scale cashew nut processing industry is very high and is mainly due to the high energy consumption of the drying process. The drying operation provides a lot of scope for energy saving and substitutions of other renewable energy sources. Renewable energy-based drying systems with loading capacity of 40 kg were proposed for application in small scale cashew nut processing industries. The main objective of this work is to perform economic feasibility of substituting solar, biomass and hybrid dryer in place of conventional steam drying for cashew drying. Four economic indicators were used to assess the feasibility of three renewable based drying technologies. The payback time was 1.58 yr. for solar, 1.32 for biomass and 1.99 for the hybrid drying system, whereas as the cost-benefit estimates were 5.23 for solar, 4.15 for biomass and 3.32 for the hybrid system. It was found that it is of paramount importance to develop solar biomass hybrid dryer for small scale processing industries.
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Kiss, Imre, Vasile Alexa, and József Sárosi. "Biomass from Wood Processing Industries as an Economically Viable and Environmentally Friendly Solution." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2016.2.1-6.
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Biomass is seen as an economically viable and environmentally friendly solution to energy generation. Biomass is a financially viable investment as well as being environmentally friendly. The development and implementation of biomass technologies could bring many environmental, energetically and economic benefits, solving important problems such as waste disposal and renewable energy supply. The different countries clearly have chosen very different approaches in developing and deploying various bio–energy options. Partly this is caused by the natural conditions (type of resources and crops, climate) and the structure of the energy system, and also by the specific political priorities linked to the agricultural and forestry sectors in those countries. Romania has a significant potential in organic waste, including waste generated in forestry sector, agro–food industry or municipal biodegradable wastes. Biomass is an emerging renewable fuel that can help to heat homes and buildings at lower impact to the environment and lower costs than fossil fuels. The fuel (usually in the form of biomass pellets) is made from sustainable materials, such as wood, which is easily replaced and in abundance, at a relatively cheap price. As people are becoming more and more conscious about their individual impact on the environment and looking into greener, more efficient alternatives, biomass is slowly becoming one of the nation’s favorite renewable heat technologies. Actually, sawdust as by–product from wood sawing process, doesn’t have much application because of its low burning efficient. However, by pressing the saw dust into pellets, it becomes a kind of high quality biofuel product – sawdust pellets or wood pellets.
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Mardon, Chris. "The feasibility of producing alcohol fuels from biomass in Australia." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 27, no. 2 (2007): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2007.013653.
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HAKALA, K., M. KONTTURI, and K. PAHKALA. "Field biomass as global energy source." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2009): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5950.
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Current (19972006) and future (2050) global field biomass bioenergy potential was estimated based on FAO (2009) production statistics and estimations of climate change impacts on agriculture according to emission scenario B1 of IPCC. The annual energy potential of raw biomass obtained from crop residues and bioenergy crops cultivated in fields set aside from food production is at present 122133 EJ, 8693 EJ or 4750 EJ, when a vegetarian, moderate or affluent diet is followed, respectively. In 2050, with changes in climate and increases in population, field bioenergy production potential could be 101110 EJ, 5761 EJ and 4447 EJ, following equivalent diets. Of the potential field bioenergy production, 3942 EJ now and 3841 EJ in 2050 would derive from crop residues. The residue potential depends, however, on local climate, and may be considerably lower than the technically harvestable potential, when soil quality and sustainable development are considered. Arable land could be used for bioenergy crops, particularly in Australia, South and Central America and the USA. If crop production technology was improved in areas where environmental conditions allow more efficient food production, such as the former Soviet Union, large areas in Europe could also produce bioenergy in set aside fields. The realistic potential and sustainability of field bioenergy production are discussed.;
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Deb Abhi, Trishan, Omid Norouzi, Kevin Macdermid-Watts, Mohammad Heidari, Syeda Tasnim, and Animesh Dutta. "Miscanthus to Biocarbon for Canadian Iron and Steel Industries: An Innovative Approach." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 4493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154493.
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Iron-based industries are one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Partial substitution of fossil carbon with renewable biocarbon (biomass) into the blast furnace (BF) process can be a sustainable approach to mitigating GHG emissions from the ironmaking process. However, the main barriers of using biomass for this purpose are the inherent high alkaline and phosphorous contents in ash, resulting in fouling, slagging, and scaling on the BF surface. Furthermore, the carbon content of the biomass is considerably lower than coal. To address these barriers, this research proposed an innovative approach of combining two thermochemical conversion methods, namely hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and slow pyrolysis, for converting biomass into suitable biocarbon for the ironmaking process. Miscanthus, which is one of the most abundant herbaceous biomass sources, was first treated by HTC to obtain the lowest possible ash content mainly due to reduction in alkali matter and phosphorous contents, and then subjected to slow pyrolysis to increase the carbon content. Design expert 11 was used to plan the number of the required experiments and to find the optimal condition for HTC and pyrolysis steps. It was found that the biocarbon obtained from HTC at 199 °C for 28 min and consecutively pyrolyzed at 400 °C for 30 min showed similar properties to pulverized coal injection (PCI) which is currently used in BFs due to its low ash content (0.19%) and high carbon content (79.67%).
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Wang, Si Yi, and Feng Mi. "Performance Evaluation of Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Energy Listed Companies." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.1040.
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In this paper we applied the DEA model to the performance evaluation of the agriculture and forestry biomass energy companies. By constructing the corresponding evaluation model and index system, we conducted an empirical analysis with the dates of 8 companies from 2009 to 2012. The results state that the technical efficiency of the companies is low when compared with other industries and though many companies are under the condition of input slacks, their production efficiency still grew incrementally. Finally, this paper put forward countermeasures and suggestions for promoting the development of forestry biomass energy listed companies.
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MacKay, David J. C. "Could energy-intensive industries be powered by carbon-free electricity?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1986 (March 13, 2013): 20110560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0560.
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While the main thrust of the Discussion Meeting Issue on ‘Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production’ was to explore ways in which society's net demand for materials could be reduced, this review examines the possibility of converting industrial energy demand to electricity, and switching to clean electricity sources. This review quantifies the scale of infrastructure required in the UK, focusing on wind and nuclear power as the clean electricity sources, and sets these requirements in the context of the decarbonization of the whole energy system using wind, biomass, solar power in deserts and nuclear options. The transition of industry to a clean low-carbon electricity supply, although technically possible with several different technologies, would have very significant infrastructure requirements.
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Yu, Yun, John Bartle, Chun-Zhu Li, and Hongwei Wu. "Mallee Biomass as a Key Bioenergy Source in Western Australia: Importance of Biomass Supply Chain." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 6 (June 18, 2009): 3290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900103g.
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Conrad, Joseph L., and M. Chad Bolding. "Virginia's Woody Biomass Market: Opportunities and Implications." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.2.67.
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Abstract Recent interest in producing energy from woody biomass has raised questions about the coexistence of wood-to-energy markets and the traditional forest products industry in Virginia. This study examined recent trends in the forest products industry and the wood-to-energy market, as well as the potential for competition between the two industries. Results indicate that the forest products industry has struggled recently, whereas wood-to-energy markets have expanded. Current opinion varies as to whether or not the wood-to-energy market will negatively affect the forest products industry. At present, 75% of Virginia's pulpmills are located within 50 miles of a wood-to-energy facility, and all pulpmills are within 75 miles. Recent trends in pulpwood prices, fuel chip prices, and Virginia law indicate that competition for raw material is unlikely in the short term. However, this research indicates that in the longer term, depending on government policies and technological progress in conversion technologies, competition between forest industry and wood-to-energy companies is possible.
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Ge, Xin Janet. "Did the Introduction of Carbon Tax in Australia Affect Housing Affordability?" Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.840.
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The Australian carbon pricing scheme (carbon tax) was introduced and became effective on 01 July 2012. The introduction of the carbon tax immediately increases the cost of electricity to a number of industries such as manufacturing and construction. Households were also affected as a result of these costs been passed through the supply chain of the affected industries. The carbon tax policy was introduced to addresses greenhouse emissions and energy consumption in Australia. However, the carbon tax policy may have introduced a number of economic risk factors to the Australian housing market, in particular the impact of housing affordability.
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Shang, Jie, and Ling Ling Wang. "Research on Regional Industry Competitiveness of Biomass Energy Based on Entropy Weight and TOPSIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 4646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.4646.
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Having 7.7*108 t/a of crops straw, 3.97*109 t/a of poultry and livestock manure, 1.48*108 t/a of municipal waste, China is in possession of good resource condition for the development of bioenergy industries. But the competitiveness of bioenergy industry is low. In order to improving the competitiveness of biomass energy industry, combining with system dynamics, according to the comprehensive evaluation index system, this thesis used the entropy coefficient and introduced TOPSIS method into the comprehensive evaluation of the biomass energy industry competitiveness. It has resolved the problem of artificial weighted evaluation that commonly used in weighted comprehensive evaluation. The results show that this method is practicable.
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Garvie, Leanda C., Stephen H. Roxburgh, and Fabiano A. Ximenes. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Offsets of Forest Residues for Bioenergy in Queensland, Australia." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111570.
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Harnessing sustainably sourced forest biomass for renewable energy is well-established in some parts of the developed world. Forest-based bioenergy has the potential to offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, thereby playing a role in climate change mitigation. Despite having an established commercial forestry industry, with large quantities of residue generated each year, there is limited use for forest biomass for renewable energy in Queensland, and Australia more broadly. The objective of this study was to identify the carbon dioxide mitigation potential of replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy generated from forest harvest residues harnessed from commercial plantations of Pinus species in southeast Queensland. An empirical-based full carbon accounting model (FullCAM) was used to simulate the accumulation of carbon in harvest residues. The results from the FullCAM modelling were further analysed to identify the energy substitution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions offsets of three bioenergy scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that the greatest opportunity to avoid or offset emissions is achieved when combined heat and power using residue feedstocks replaces coal-fired electricity. The results of this study suggest that forest residue bioenergy is a viable alternative to traditional energy sources, offering substantive emission reductions, with the potential to contribute towards renewable energy and emission reduction targets in Queensland. The approach used in this case study will be valuable to other regions exploring bioenergy generation from forest or other biomass residues.
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Thep-On, Laddawan, Shahariar Chowdhury, Kua-Anan Taechato, Anil Kumar, and Issara Chanakaewsomboon. "Optimization of Biomass Fuel Composition for Rubber Glove Manufacturing in Thailand." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912493.
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The demand for rubber gloves has significantly increased in both medical and non-medical fields due to the spread of the coronavirus in 2019. It is challenging for rubber glove manufacturing industries to balance the production and demand for the product. Additionally, they must determine techniques to decrease the production costs so as to make rubber gloves more economical for consumers. Generally, natural gas, fossil fuels, and renewable energy sources are used worldwide in the manufacturing of rubber gloves. In addition, Thailand uses biomass energy for rubber glove production, but biomass utilization is not economically friendly. This study used different biomasses as fuel in rubber glove production so as to reduce production costs and make the process more environmentally friendly. Wood chip (WC), palm kernel shells (PKS), and oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) biomass were collected from local regions and used in different ratios. The samples of WC, PKS, and OPMF were prepared in four different ratios, namely, 88:12:0, 85:15:0, 85:13:2, and 85:10:5, for efficient biomass utilization. The 85:10:5 (WC: PKS: OPMF) ratio was found to be the optimal ratio as the annual production costs of rubber gloves significantly decreased to USD 1.64 per 1000 units of gloves. Furthermore, this biomass ratio also showed the best boiler efficiency of 74.87%. Therefore, WC, PKS, and OPMF biomass are recommended as fuel for rubber glove industries to make sustainable and economical production processes.
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Tian, Feiyu, Deliang Xu, and Xinwu Xu. "Extruded Solid Biofuels of Rice Straw Plus Oriented Strand Board Residues at Various Proportions." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133468.
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Disposal of vast agricultural residues has been a nerve-wracking social problem in many agriculture-intensive regions. Open-field combustion both squanders those biomass resources and causes severe atmospheric pollution and hazards. In addition, wood industries yield residues such as sanding powders without value application. Production of biofuels out of these biomass provides a multiple beneficial solution. To that end, this work focused on fabrication of biomass fuels using rice straws (Calorific value: 14.7 MJ/Kg) and wood residues from OSB industries (Calorific value: 17.3 MJ/Kg). Biofuel sticks from various proportions of biomass residues were made using an 18.5 KW industrial biomass extruder without adding bonding agents, achieving densities of 1.0–1.6 g/cm3 and comparative calorific values. The biofuel sticks exhibit moisture sensitivity when subjected to a ten-day conditioning. Release of residual stresses that were created during the densification process led to structural destruction of the products under moisture aggression. It’s highlighted that combination of rice straw particles with OSB residues gives sound extrusion process ability and high combustibility. The blend of rice straws and OSB residues are proven practically feasible for making solid biofuels. It’s suggested to promote the waste-to-wealth technological scheme in addressing the energy crisis worldwide, especially in those regions rich in agricultural residues while poor in non-renewable energy sources.
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Tareen, Wajahat Ullah Khan, Zuha Anjum, Nabila Yasin, Leenah Siddiqui, Ifzana Farhat, Suheel Abdullah Malik, Saad Mekhilef, et al. "The Prospective Non-Conventional Alternate and Renewable Energy Sources in Pakistan—A Focus on Biomass Energy for Power Generation, Transportation, and Industrial Fuel." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092431.
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Pakistan is experiencing an undersupply of electricity, causing load shedding several hours per day due to the adherence to conventional energy resources having quantitative and environmental limitations. Fossil fuels generate more than half of the country’s total electricity, but they will ultimately run out due to their limited supply. Their combustion emits greenhouse gases, posing environmental threats. Since the world is tending toward efficient and sustainable alternative methods for harvesting energy from nature, Pakistan has also been investigating an elevated deployment of renewable energy projects. This paper presents a critical analysis of the present energy sector of Pakistan along with global scenarios. Pakistan relies on mainly thermal, hydro, and nuclear energy for power generation. National solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass resources have not been extensively explored and implemented. This paper provides an insight into the potential of these resources in Pakistan to generate electricity for the national grid on a large scale. It focuses on biomass energy, which can be harnessed from bagasse, poultry waste, and municipal waste for power production, and biomass-based fuel for industries and transportation. It concludes that biomass is the most sustainable, available, implementable, and environment-friendly resource that can be utilized to lessen the energy demand and supply gap in Pakistan.
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Clauser, Nicolás M., Giselle González, Carolina M. Mendieta, Julia Kruyeniski, María C. Area, and María E. Vallejos. "Biomass Waste as Sustainable Raw Material for Energy and Fuels." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020794.
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Sustainable development is the common goal of the current concepts of bioeconomy and circular economy. In this sense, the biorefineries platforms are a strategic factor to increase the bioeconomy in the economic balance. The incorporation of renewable sources to produce fuels, chemicals, and energy, includes sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG), and creating more manufacturing jobs fostering the advancement of regional and social systems by implementing the comprehensive use of available biomass, due to its low costs and high availability. This paper describes the emerging biorefinery strategies to produce fuels (bio-ethanol and γ-valerolactone) and energy (pellets and steam), compared with the currently established biorefineries designed for fuels, pellets, and steam. The focus is on the state of the art of biofuels and energy production and environmental factors, as well as a discussion about the main conversion technologies, production strategies, and barriers. Through the implementation of biorefineries platforms and the evaluation of low environmental impact technologies and processes, new sustainable production strategies for biofuels and energy can be established, making these biobased industries into more competitive alternatives, and improving the economy of the current value chains.
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Lovell, Jane. "Good, bad or ugly: all a matter of perspective?" APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18280.
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Seafood Industry Australia (SIA) is the national peak body that represents the Australian seafood industry as a whole, including members from wild catch, aquaculture and post-harvest sectors. According to the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), the fishing and petroleum industries represent a combined contribution to the Australian economy of ~AU$28.5 billion (in 2015–2016) and employ (directly and indirectly) over 55000 Australians.1 At times, our industries’ interests have competed. However, we recognise that we can unlock value for the economy, and those who work in our industries, by finding effective ways to work together. In 2014, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between five commercial fishing and seafood industry associations and APPEA. This MOU committed to the core principles of improved cooperation, open communication and stronger consultation. There is significant benefit for both industries in learning how to improve shared access to marine resources, whether at the early stages of petroleum activities (e.g. seismic) or at the end of an asset’s life (e.g. decommissioning). This presentation will look at efforts to improve relationships between our two industries and make observations about potential ways forward.
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Walters, A. D. "Coal Preparation Developments in Indonesia and Australia." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 4 (August 1995): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300407.
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There is considerable development within the coal processing industries of both Indonesia and Australia. Indonesia is rapidly becoming a major coal producer of thermal coal and there is little need for conventional coal preparation of the generally low ash coal. However, much of Indonesia's lower grade coal is high moisture, high volatile sub-bituminous and new methods of thermal moisture reduction and briquetting will have to be used to increase quality, particularly for export. The coal briquetting industry in Indonesia is also planned to grow dramatically to some 4 M tpy to conserve Indonesia's oil products. Australia's mature coal industry has been carrying out a considerable amount of practical research and development with programmes that will result in improved process control and optimization resulting in increases in yield and better quality control.
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Kofi-Opata, Edwina. "Spatial Patterns and Trends in Energy Use and Consumption in Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341398.
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Energy lies at the core of every human activity and can be described as having a pervasive influence on all aspects of development making it one of the most important resources that belies the development of any given country. Developing countries on the other hand are constantly faced with the daunting task of providing its industries and citizens with energy in its various forms. The resulting effect is limiting economic development and by extension limited social development. In meeting this need, the Ghanaian populace have and continue to rely on traditional biomass amid associated risks and health complications. This article analyzes the factors accounting for the heavy reliance on traditional biomass in Sub Saharan Africa (ssa) with particular reference to Ghana and to determine if these factors promote a spatial pattern formation in energy use.
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Brockett, Richard. "Streamline, standardise, or specialise? Frameworks for regulation of unconventional resources in Australia." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13037.
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The growth in domestic and global demand for energy has encouraged the development of new and innovative sources of energy. In Australia, the coal seam gas (CSG) industry has been in the vanguard of these advances with significant investment already in place to develop major CSG projects in Queensland. This rapid rise has highlighted the potential for other unconventional resources with proponents now exploring for new resources, such as shale gas, across Australia. Governments have generally attempted to support the development of these new industries. Regulatory reform has addressed the bespoke regulatory issues presented by unconventional gas production particularly in respect of water, land access and co-existence with other industries. Despite this the onshore gas industry continues to face political uncertainty, community division and divergent regulatory responses. Industry has consistently called for regulatory reforms to address duplication, remove unnecessary costs and improve approval processes to speed project delivery and enhance project returns while maintaining robust environmental protection obligations. State and Federal governments have responded to these calls for action in varying ways. While there is much to approve of in each of these processes each presents specific issues and risks that must be considered before they are implemented or more broadly adopted. Therefore, the question arises: What is the best long-term regulatory approach for the sustainable development of Australia’s unconventional resources? This paper reviews existing Australian regulatory approaches and analyses how regulators, industry and the community can work together to develop and implement a regulatory framework that achieves their respective objectives.
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Liu, Bing Jun, Jin Song Zhou, and Qing Chen. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Fischer-Tropsch Fuels from Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2366.
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As a clean renewable energy, biomass energy is now gradually being used in electric power, chemicals, heating and other related industries with great potential, and further research is also ongoing in depth. At the same time, because the demand of the construction of environment-friendly society, feed gas from biomass gasification for Fischer-Tropsch fuel synthesis in this way also has gained more and more attention. For the selection of ideal way to obtain synthetic fuels with relatively high system efficiency from biomass, this paper simulation for a variety of processes and different gasification conditions based on Gibbs free energy minimization method. The impacts of pre-treatment of biomass, temperature of gasification and pressure are analyzed. In the evaluation of energy efficiency of the system, an exergy analysis of biomass integrated process is presented. All parts of the process were calculated and compared, which mainly includes the gasification, pre-treatment, HRSG, compression, purification, WGS and FT reactor sections. The results showed that in the process the largest exergy losses take place in the gasifier section, and the pre-treatment of biomass materials for this part will have a greater impact on exergy loss.
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Pearman, Graeme I. "Overheads of truck transport in Australia: implications for biomass as feedstock for bio-energy." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2018.1471783.
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Hubbe, Martin A. "Energy efficiency – A particular challenge for the cellulose-based products industries." BioResources 16, no. 4 (August 2021): 6556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.6556-6559.
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Wood-processing facilities, including pulp, paper, lumber, and engineered wood facilities, use large amounts of energy for such purposes as evaporative drying and the curing of adhesives. Much of that energy is already being supplied by the incineration of biomass, and there is opportunity to increase the proportion of renewable energy that is used. Specific changes can be made within such factories that allow them to come closer to what is thermodynamically possible in terms of avoiding the wastage of exergy, which can be defined as useful energy. Savings in exergy are often obtained by optimization of a network of heat exchangers within an integrated system. No steam should be allowed to leak to the atmosphere; rather the latent heat (due to phase transitions) and sensible heat (due to temperature changes) are recovered during the heating up of incoming air and water, ideally at a similar range of temperatures. Thus, by a combination of process integration and full utilization of cellulosic residues generated from the process, even bio-based industries can be made greener.
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S, Adhithya, Ramachandran Ramkumar, Shyam Arjunan, Siva Vignesh M, and Abirami K. "A Review on Application and Future prospects of Algae in Pharmaceutical and Food industry." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47221.
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Abstract: Algae are photosynthesis-producing organisms that can be found in freshwater, wastewater, and aquatic environments. In order to get around a number of high-tech barriers in the algae biomass sector, it is necessary to improve the various activities and research. Algae have the potential to supply novel chemicals and bioactive compounds for the biotechnology industry. The abundance of algal diversity must be utilized for various applications. Algal biomass is a source of energy (biofuels), fertilizer, pollution control, stabilization, nutrition, high-value molecules, and various bioactive metabolites that can be investigated for new drugs in terms of their applicability in local and global markets. Microalgae have been widely used for the production of biomass and biofuel. As a result, large-scale experimental setups have been built to produce a lot of biomass and biofuel. Food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries all benefit greatly from microalgae. They also produce numerous biomolecules with added value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, beta-1,3-glucan, astaxanthin, lutein, phycobiliprotein beta-carotene, and chlorophyll, in addition to the previously mentioned application. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed, and nutraceutical industries all use these biomolecules extensively commercially. Furthermore, this review focuses specifically on the broad application potential algae based nonenergy applications, such as pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, pigments and cosmetics by marine algae.
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Osmak, A. A., and A. A. Seregin. "ALTERNATIVE FUELS – A PROMISING DIRECTION FOR THE ENERGY COMPLEX OF UKRAINE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2021.06.
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The perspectives of processing biomass to raise it to the country’s energy mix. The results of studies of fuel characteristics most commonly used renewable energy in Ukraine: wood waste and agricultural industries. In order to determine the flammability of the analysis of the chemical composition of the waste wood and sunflower husk. Presents estimates of effective thermal conductivity sunflower husks and wood waste (chips) depending on porosity, temperature and moisture content. The expediency of using plant biomass as a fuel in regions without centralized energy supply and available fossil fuel resources has been confirmed. This also applies to enterprises for the processing of wood and agricultural products (woodworking and pulp and paper mills, factories for the production of sunflower oil, etc.), where a large amount of waste from the processing of vegetable raw materials is generated. Bibl. 10, Fig. 1, Tab. 5.
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Knudsen, Keld, Lisa Schofield, Tony Knight, Kristina Erzikov, Ross McGowan, Barry Goldstein, Ian Scrimgeour, and Jeff Haworth. "Australian Government's exploration initiatives." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19007.
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Exploration is vital for the continued discovery and development of the nation’s petroleum resources – resources that are essential for energy security, economic growth, long-term regional development and jobs, improved infrastructure, and value-adding to our manufacturing industries. Governmental authorities across Australia recognise the importance of a strong exploration sector, and the Commonwealth, states and territories have several initiatives to encourage exploration.
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Gaddes, Shane. "Managing offshore Australia and its resources." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S562—S564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21206.
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The Australian Government manages over 10 million km2 of ocean, one of the largest marine jurisdictions in the world. Australia’s marine estate is a significant and growing source of wealth for all Australians. The area is used by a range of industries, government and persons for various purposes including shipping and navigation, tourism, conservation, culture and heritage, commercial and recreational fishing, oil and gas exploration and production, and defence activities. Looking ahead, activities such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and offshore renewable energy will be active in the offshore. This paper explores the regulatory frameworks which govern interaction and co-existence of CCS projects, petroleum exploration and development and offshore wind proposals in Commonwealth waters.
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Wang, Jinjin, Zhengxin Wang, and Qin Li. "Export injury early warning of the new energy industries in China." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 7, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-02-2017-0003.
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Purpose In recent years, continuous expansion of the scale of the new energy export industry in China caused a boycott of American and European countries. Export injury early warning research is an urgent task to develop the new energy industry in China. The purpose of this paper is to build an indicator system of exports injury early warning of the new energy industry in China and corresponding quantitative early warning models. Design/methodology/approach In consideration of the actual condition of the new energy industry in China, this paper establishes an indicator system according to four aspects: export price, export quantity, impact on domestic industry and impact on macro economy. Based on the actual data of new energy industry and its five sub-industries (solar, wind, nuclear power, smart grid and biomass) in China from 2003 to 2013, GM (1,1) model is used to predict early warning index values for 2014-2018. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) is used to obtain the comprehensive early warning index values for 2003-2018. The 3-sigma principle is used to divide the early warning intervals according to the comprehensive early warning index values for 2003-2018 and their standard deviation. Finally, this paper determines alarm degrees for 2003-2018. Findings Overall export condition of the new energy industry in China is a process from cold to normal in 2003-2013, and the forecast result shows that it will be normal from 2014 to 2018. The export condition of the solar energy industry experienced a warming process, tended to be normal, and the forecast result shows that it will also be normal in 2014-2018. The biomass and other new energy industries and nuclear power industry show a similar development process. Export condition of the wind energy industry is relatively unstable, and it will be partially hot in 2014-2018, according to the forecast result. As for the smart grid industry, the overall export condition of it is normal, but it is also unstable, in few years it will be partially hot or partially cold. The forecast result shows that in 2014-2018, it will maintain the normal state. In general, there is a rapid progress in the export competitiveness of the new energy industry in China in the recent decade. Practical implications Export injury early warning research of the new energy industry can help new energy companies to take appropriate measures to reduce trade losses in advance. It can also help the relevant government departments to adjust industrial policies and optimize the new energy industry structure. Originality/value This paper constructs an index system that can measure the alarm degrees of the new energy industry. By combining the GM (1,1) model and the PCA method, the problem of warning condition detection under small sample data sets is solved.
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Alcayde, A., R. Baños, F. G. Montoya, and F. M. Arrabal-Campos. "Evaluation of energy consumption and power qua798lity in oil mills using advanced smart meters." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.431.
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One of the main industries in Spain and other Mediterranean countries are oil mills. Although the specific energy consumption of oil mills depends on the capacity and other characteristics, some studies have highlighted the high energy consumption of these industries. In the case of olive mills, previous studies have shown that energy consumption is mainly supported by electricity, with low contribution from gas, diesel or biomass. Considering the importance of reducing the electricity consumption in oil mills, it is necessary to analyse the power consumption in order to take actions focused to reduce the contracted power and the energy required in its operation. Moreover, since these industries may require stable power supply, it is appropriate to analyse the power quality in order to detect possible adverse effects derived from a poor power quality. This paper presents the analysis of data collected by the Circutor MYeBOX 1500 portable meter installed in an olive oil mill. It is shown how monitoring these facilities during several weeks can provide relevant information regarding the energy assessment and policies.
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Larson, E. D., and R. H. Williams. "Biomass-Gasifier Steam-Injected Gas Turbine Cogeneration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906155.
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Steam injection for power and efficiency augmentation in aeroderivative gas turbines is now commercially established for natural gas-fired cogeneration. Steam-injected gas turbines fired with coal and biomass are being developed. In terms of efficiency, capital cost, and commercial viability, the most promising way to fuel steam-injected gas turbines with biomass is via the biomass-integrated gasifier/steam-injected gas turbine (BIG/STIG). The R&D effort required to commercialize the BIG/STIG is modest because it can build on extensive previous coal-integrated gasifier/gas turbine development efforts. An economic analysis of BIG/STIG cogeneration is presented here for cane sugar factories, where sugar cane residues would be the fuel. A BIG/STIG investment would be attractive for sugar producers, who could sell large quantities of electricity, or for the local electric utility, as a low-cost generating option. Worldwide, the cane sugar industry could support some 50,000 MW of BIG/STIG capacity, and there are many potential applications in the forest products and other biomass-based industries.
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Cardoza, Diego, Inmaculada Romero, Teresa Martínez, Encarnación Ruiz, Francisco J. Gallego, Juan Carlos López-Linares, Paloma Manzanares, and Eulogio Castro. "Location of Biorefineries Based on Olive-Derived Biomass in Andalusia, Spain." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113052.
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A biorefinery integrated process based on lignocellulosic feedstock is especially interesting in rural areas with a high density of agricultural and agro-industrial wastes, which is the case for olive crop areas and their associated industries. In the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, the provinces of Jaén, Córdoba and Seville accumulate more than 70% of the olive wastes generated in Spain. Therefore, the valorisation of these wastes is a matter of interest from both an environmental and a social point of view. The olive biorefinery involves a multi-product process from different raw materials: olive leaves, exhausted olive pomace, olive stones and olive tree pruning residues. Biorefinery processes associated with these wastes would allow their valorisation to produce bioenergy and high value-added renewable products. In this work, using geographic information system tools, the biomass from olive crop fields, mills and olive pomace-extracting industries, where these wastes are generated, was determined and quantified in the study area. In addition, the vulnerability of the territory was evaluated through an environmental and territorial analysis that allowed for the determination of the reception capacity of the study area. Then, information layers corresponding to the availability of the four biomass wastes, and layers corresponding to the environmental fragility of the study area were overlapped and they resulted in an overall map. This made it possible to identify the best areas for the implementation of the biorefineries based on olive-derived biomass. Finally, as an example, three zones were selected for this purpose. These locations corresponded to low fragility areas with a high availability of biomass (more than 300,000 tons/year) in a 30 km radius, which would ensure the biomass supply.
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Ostadi, Mohammad, Kristofer Gunnar Paso, Sandra Rodriguez-Fabia, Lars Erik Øi, Flavio Manenti, and Magne Hillestad. "Process Integration of Green Hydrogen: Decarbonization of Chemical Industries." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184859.
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Integrated water electrolysis is a core principle of new process configurations for decarbonized heavy industries. Water electrolysis generates H2 and O2 and involves an exchange of thermal energy. In this manuscript, we investigate specific traditional heavy industrial processes that have previously been performed in nitrogen-rich air environments. We show that the individual process streams may be holistically integrated to establish new decarbonized industrial processes. In new process configurations, CO2 capture is facilitated by avoiding inert gases in reactant streams. The primary energy required to drive electrolysis may be obtained from emerging renewable power sources (wind, solar, etc.) which have enjoyed substantial industrial development and cost reductions over the last decade. The new industrial designs uniquely harmonize the intermittency of renewable energy, allowing chemical energy storage. We show that fully integrated electrolysis promotes the viability of decarbonized industrial processes. Specifically, new process designs uniquely exploit intermittent renewable energy for CO2 conversion, enabling thermal integration, H2 and O2 utilization, and sub-process harmonization for economic feasibility. The new designs are increasingly viable for decarbonizing ferric iron reduction, municipal waste incineration, biomass gasification, fermentation, pulp production, biogas upgrading, and calcination, and are an essential step forward in reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
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Pradnyaswari, Indira, Jeremy N. Pongrekun, Pandu Ridhana, and Ibnu Budiman. "Barriers and Opportunities of Bio pellets Fuel Development in Indonesia: Market Demand and Policy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 997, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/997/1/012003.
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Abstract Biopellets, part of biomass, have excellent prospects to be developed further in Indonesia. The potential for developing biomass energy is estimated at 50 GWe, while the installed capacity is still around 1600 MW by 2018. This study analyzed the barriers and opportunities of bio pellets development in Indonesia. Data were collected from a systematic literature review and interviews with related stakeholders. Lack of market demand is one of the main barriers to boosting bio pellets development in Indonesia. We found that a lack of national demand was one of the barriers. National demand accounts only for about 10% of total production, with the highest coming from Java – produced for power plants and other industries such as food, cosmetics, ceramics, and furniture industries. About 90% of the biopellets market demand originates from Japan and Korea. Recently, the Indonesian government is drafting a regulation to support cofiring for coal power plants to increase national demand for biomass (including biopellets). This may open a window of opportunity to increase the national market demand for biopellets in Indonesia.
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Kritzinger, Niel, Ravi Ravikumar, Sunil Singhal, Katie Johnson, and Kakul Singh. "Blue hydrogen production: a case study to quantify the reduction in CO2 emission in a steam methane reformer based hydrogen plant." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Australia, and globally, hydrogen is primarily produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming. This process also produces CO2, which is typically vented to the atmosphere. Under this configuration, the hydrogen produced is known as grey hydrogen (carbon producing). However, if the CO2 from this process is captured and stored after it is produced, the hydrogen product is CO2-neutral, or ‘blue hydrogen’. To enable production of blue hydrogen from existing natural gas steam methane reformers (SMRs) in Australia, gasification of biomass/bio waste can be utilised to produce fuel gas for use in a SMR-based hydrogen plant, and the CO2 in the shifted syngas can be removed as pure CO2 either for sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, or enhanced coal bed methane recovery. Australian liquefied natural gas that is exported and utilised as feedstock to existing SMRs in other countries can incorporate carbon emission reduction techniques for blue hydrogen production. The use of bio-derived syngas as fuel will generate hydrogen with only bio-derived CO2 emissions. Additional carbon credit can be obtained by replacing petrol or diesel consuming automobiles with fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen derived from gasification of biomass.
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Parker, Albert. "Renewable Energy Target for Australia – The Role of Fuel Conversion Efficiency and Waste Biomass Valorisation." Energy & Environment 26, no. 5 (September 2015): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.26.5.847.
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Wang, Chia-Nan, Tsang-Ta Tsai, and Ying-Fang Huang. "A Model for Optimizing Location Selection for Biomass Energy Power Plants." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060353.
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In addition to its potential for wave power, wind power, hydropower, and solar power, it can be said that Vietnam is a country with great potential for biomass energy derived from agricultural waste, garbage, and urban wastewater, which are resources widely available across the country. This huge amount of biomass, however, if left untreated, could become a major source of pollution and cause serious impacts on ecosystems (soil, water, and air), as well as on human health. In this research, the authors present a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making model (FMCDM) for optimizing the site selection process for biomass power plants. All of the criteria affecting location selection are identified by experts and literature reviews; in addition, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method was utilized so as to identify the weight of all of the criteria in the second stage. Furthermore, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is applied for ranking potential locations in the final stage of this research. As a result, Long An (DMU/005) was found to be the best location for building biomass energy in Vietnam. The main contributions of this work include modeling the site selection decision process under fuzzy environment conditions. The proposed approaches also can address the complex problems in site selection; it is also a flexible design model for considering the evaluation criteria, and is applicable to location selection for other industries.
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Setiawan, Arif, and Juanita R. Horman. "ANALISIS KAUSALITAS ANTARA KONSUMSI BATUBARA DAN KONSUMSI BIOMASSA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA." INTAN Jurnal Penelitian Tambang 2, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56139/intan.v2i1.26.
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Coal is one of the fossil fuels that can be utilised in various industries including the electric power industry, cement industry, paper industry, steel industry, and other industries. It is approximately 70 percent of Indonesian coal production utilised for the supply of domestic electricity, while 10 percent used for cement production, and the rest utilised for industrial fuel and metallurgical processes. In addition to coal, wood is also another source that is often used among the certain communities as biomass energy source. It is obvious that coal and biomass can be used as energy sources, which can be one of the drivers of economic growth (Gross Domestic Product). Therefore, the shortage of these energy sources can be an obstructive factor for the economic acceleration. The purpose of this study is to figure out the reciprocal relationship between the three variables. The method used in this study is Granger causality. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between GDP and coal consumption, meaning that the use of coal is influenced by GDP. On the other hand, economic growth may also results in an increase in coal consumption.
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Jones, Barry. "CHALLENGES OF THE WORKFORCE AND TRAINING." APPEA Journal 42, no. 2 (2002): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01052.
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The future of the petroleum production and exploration industries must be examined in at least nine contexts: population, social, political, economic, environmental quality, employment and skills, physical flows, resource use and trade. Education and innovation ought to have a major impact on your industries, but universities are facing serious limitations, with a serious decline in students undertaking the enabling sciences (including geosciences), and where an increasing emphasis on the corporatisation of learning /research puts excessive emphasis on the short term.The current political climate discourages serious consideration of complex, long-term factors. Issues such as energy efficiency deserve comprehensive discussion as Australia faces the dilemma of whether to follow the United States pattern of resource use or the European. Australia’s extraordinary tradition of urban development suggests that we will be increasingly heavy users of imported fuel.
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Cieslinski, Juliana Esteves Fernandes, Maria Angélica Martins Costa, João Andrade Carvalho, and Simone Simões Amaral. "Study of Combustion of Different Biomass and its Atmospheric Emissions." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.549.
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One of the energy alternatives that provide utility, flexibility, cleanliness and economy is biomass, such as forest waste (wood) and agricultural (sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, coffee pods, etc.). However, with its increasing supply and use grows also the concern of industries to invest in monitoring and control of emissions into the atmosphere, because during biomass burning are emitted as exhaust gases, fine particles known as particulates, which greatly contribute to the triggering of serious health problems to humans, in addition to the environmental damage. With that, this work aimed to conduct a monitoring of particulate and gaseous pollutants emissions to the atmosphere from the burning of various types of biomass used by industries. The equipment used for sampling were the optical monitor DataRAM 4 and the Unigas3000 + gas sampler. The results showed that biomass coffee pods presented the greatest concentration of particulates (485119 μg m-3) with particle diameters between 0.0602 μm and 0.3502 μm, i.e. the most ultrafine particles, harmful to human health and the environment. The largest emissions of CO and NOx were observed, respectively, for the coffee pods (3500 ppm) and for the rice husk (48 ppm). As for the superior calorific value (PCS), the best of fuel, with higher PCS, was the Eucalyptus grandis.
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Keys, Matt, and Miranda Taylor. "International standardisation driving global competitiveness and sustainability of the oil and gas and future energy industries." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20156.
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The World Economic Forum has identified that the oil and gas (O&G) industry must lead the process of its own transformation by innovation and multistakeholder collaboration. The Capital Project Complexity initiative is an industry-wide, noncompetitive collaboration on standardisation and use of procurement specifications. Australia is now a major contributor to this collaboration which has brought together all the major O&G operators through the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP) network and the standardisation bodies including International Organization for Standardization (ISO), American Petroleum Institute Standards, European Committee for Standardization, Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization, Standardization Administration of China, Standards Australia (SA) and many more. The focus is on developing common international standards through an IOGP Standards-ISO/TC67 link and standardised equipment specifications linking to these standards through IOGP-JIP33. Australia contributes via SA’s mirror committee ME-92, which is now fully established with direct involvement in the ISO/TC67 9 subcommittee areas and 13 working groups covering 261 current and developing standards. In September 2020, the first of these standards, AS ISO 29001, was identically adopted as an Australian standard. With the Australian experts now ensuring ISO Standards will incorporate Australian industry expertise, knowledge and regulatory requirements where possible future revisions will enable them to be adopted as the next revision of the Australian standard. This industry-wide collaboration will ensure future project costs are optimised and safety enhanced through use of the global industry knowledge while also reducing the need to write local standards. This study describes Australia’s strategy being pursued to align with the global industry. It also provides information on how this network is supporting the development of knowledge transfer to the decommissioning and new energy industries that will form Australia’s future.
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Carmona-Martínez, Alessandro A., Alejandro Fresneda-Cruz, Asier Rueda, Olgu Birgi, Cosette Khawaja, Rainer Janssen, Bas Davidis, et al. "Renewable Power and Heat for the Decarbonisation of Energy-Intensive Industries." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present review provides a catalogue of relevant renewable energy (RE) technologies currently available (regarding the 2030 scope) and to be available in the transition towards 2050 for the decarbonisation of Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs). RE solutions have been classified into technologies based on the use of renewable electricity and those used to produce heat for multiple industrial processes. Electrification will be key thanks to the gradual decrease in renewable power prices and the conversion of natural-gas-dependent processes. Industrial processes that are not eligible for electrification will still need a form of renewable heat. Among them, the following have been identified: concentrating solar power, heat pumps, and geothermal energy. These can supply a broad range of needed temperatures. Biomass will be a key element not only in the decarbonisation of conventional combustion systems but also as a biofuel feedstock. Biomethane and green hydrogen are considered essential. Biomethane can allow a straightforward transition from fossil-based natural gas to renewable gas. Green hydrogen production technologies will be required to increase their maturity and availability in Europe (EU). EIIs’ decarbonisation will occur through the progressive use of an energy mix that allows EU industrial sectors to remain competitive on a global scale. Each industrial sector will require specific renewable energy solutions, especially the top greenhouse gas-emitting industries. This analysis has also been conceived as a starting point for discussions with potential decision makers to facilitate a more rapid transition of EIIs to full decarbonisation.