Статті в журналах: "Biomass energy Australia"

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Van Holsbeeck, Sam, Mark Brown, Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava, and Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan. "A Review on the Potential of Forest Biomass for Bioenergy in Australia." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051147.

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The use of forest biomass for bioenergy in Australia represents only 1% of total energy production but is being recognized for having the potential to deliver low-cost and low-emission, renewable energy solutions. This review addresses the potential of forest biomass for bioenergy production in Australia relative to the amount of biomass energy measures available for production, harvest and transport, conversion, distribution and emission. Thirty-Five Australian studies on forest biomass for bioenergy are reviewed and categorized under five hierarchical terms delimiting the level of assessment on the biomass potential. Most of these studies assess the amount of biomass at a production level using measures such as the allometric volume equation and form factor assumptions linked to forest inventory data or applied in-field weighing of samples to predict the theoretical potential of forest biomass across an area or region. However, when estimating the potential of forest biomass for bioenergy production, it is essential to consider the entire supply chain that includes many limitations and reductions on the recovery of the forest biomass from production in the field to distribution to the network. This review reiterated definitions for theoretical, available, technological, economic and environmental biomass potential and identified missing links between them in the Australian literature. There is a need for further research on the forest biomass potential to explore lower cost and lowest net emission solutions as a replacement to fossil resources for energy production in Australia but methods the could provide promising solutions are available and can be applied to address this gap.

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Wu, Hongwei, Qiang Fu, Rick Giles, and John Bartle. "Production of Mallee Biomass in Western Australia: Energy Balance Analysis†." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 1 (January 2008): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef7002969.

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Kritzinger, Niel, Ravi Ravikumar, Sunil Singhal, Katie Johnson, and Kakul Singh. "Blue hydrogen production: a case study to quantify the reduction in CO2 emission in a steam methane reformer based hydrogen plant." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18164.

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In Australia, and globally, hydrogen is primarily produced from natural gas via steam methane reforming. This process also produces CO2, which is typically vented to the atmosphere. Under this configuration, the hydrogen produced is known as grey hydrogen (carbon producing). However, if the CO2 from this process is captured and stored after it is produced, the hydrogen product is CO2-neutral, or ‘blue hydrogen’. To enable production of blue hydrogen from existing natural gas steam methane reformers (SMRs) in Australia, gasification of biomass/bio waste can be utilised to produce fuel gas for use in a SMR-based hydrogen plant, and the CO2 in the shifted syngas can be removed as pure CO2 either for sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, or enhanced coal bed methane recovery. Australian liquefied natural gas that is exported and utilised as feedstock to existing SMRs in other countries can incorporate carbon emission reduction techniques for blue hydrogen production. The use of bio-derived syngas as fuel will generate hydrogen with only bio-derived CO2 emissions. Additional carbon credit can be obtained by replacing petrol or diesel consuming automobiles with fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen derived from gasification of biomass.

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HAKALA, K., M. KONTTURI, and K. PAHKALA. "Field biomass as global energy source." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2009): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5950.

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Current (19972006) and future (2050) global field biomass bioenergy potential was estimated based on FAO (2009) production statistics and estimations of climate change impacts on agriculture according to emission scenario B1 of IPCC. The annual energy potential of raw biomass obtained from crop residues and bioenergy crops cultivated in fields set aside from food production is at present 122133 EJ, 8693 EJ or 4750 EJ, when a vegetarian, moderate or affluent diet is followed, respectively. In 2050, with changes in climate and increases in population, field bioenergy production potential could be 101110 EJ, 5761 EJ and 4447 EJ, following equivalent diets. Of the potential field bioenergy production, 3942 EJ now and 3841 EJ in 2050 would derive from crop residues. The residue potential depends, however, on local climate, and may be considerably lower than the technically harvestable potential, when soil quality and sustainable development are considered. Arable land could be used for bioenergy crops, particularly in Australia, South and Central America and the USA. If crop production technology was improved in areas where environmental conditions allow more efficient food production, such as the former Soviet Union, large areas in Europe could also produce bioenergy in set aside fields. The realistic potential and sustainability of field bioenergy production are discussed.;

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Mardon, Chris. "The feasibility of producing alcohol fuels from biomass in Australia." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 27, no. 2 (2007): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2007.013653.

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Garvie, Leanda C., Stephen H. Roxburgh, and Fabiano A. Ximenes. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Offsets of Forest Residues for Bioenergy in Queensland, Australia." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111570.

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Harnessing sustainably sourced forest biomass for renewable energy is well-established in some parts of the developed world. Forest-based bioenergy has the potential to offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, thereby playing a role in climate change mitigation. Despite having an established commercial forestry industry, with large quantities of residue generated each year, there is limited use for forest biomass for renewable energy in Queensland, and Australia more broadly. The objective of this study was to identify the carbon dioxide mitigation potential of replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy generated from forest harvest residues harnessed from commercial plantations of Pinus species in southeast Queensland. An empirical-based full carbon accounting model (FullCAM) was used to simulate the accumulation of carbon in harvest residues. The results from the FullCAM modelling were further analysed to identify the energy substitution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions offsets of three bioenergy scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that the greatest opportunity to avoid or offset emissions is achieved when combined heat and power using residue feedstocks replaces coal-fired electricity. The results of this study suggest that forest residue bioenergy is a viable alternative to traditional energy sources, offering substantive emission reductions, with the potential to contribute towards renewable energy and emission reduction targets in Queensland. The approach used in this case study will be valuable to other regions exploring bioenergy generation from forest or other biomass residues.

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Yu, Yun, John Bartle, Chun-Zhu Li, and Hongwei Wu. "Mallee Biomass as a Key Bioenergy Source in Western Australia: Importance of Biomass Supply Chain." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 6 (June 18, 2009): 3290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef900103g.

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Strandgard, Martin, Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri, Mauricio Acuna, and Paul Turner. "Impact of Roadside Drying on Delivered Costs for Eucalyptus globulus Logging Residue and Whole Trees Supplying a Hypothetical Energy Plant in Western Australia Using a Linear-Programming Model." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040455.

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Australia’s large potential forest bioenergy resource is considerably underutilised, due largely to its high delivered costs. Drying forest biomass at the roadside can potentially reduce its delivered cost through weight reduction and increased net calorific value. There has been little research on the impact of roadside drying for Australian conditions and plantation species. This study compared delivered costs for three forest biomass types—Eucalyptus globulus plantation whole trees and logging residue (LR)-disaggregated (LR conventional) or aggregated (LR fuel-adapted)—and three roadside storage scenarios—no storage, ≤two-month storage and optimal storage—to supply a hypothetical thermal power plant in south-west Western Australia. The study was performed using a tactical linear programming tool (MCPlan). Roadside storage reduced delivered costs, with optimal storage (storage for up to 14 months) producing the lowest costs. Delivered costs were inversely related to forest biomass spatial density due to transport cost reductions. Whole trees, which had the highest spatial density, stored under the optimal storage scenario had the lowest delivered costs (AUD 7.89/MWh) while LR conventional, with the lowest spatial density, had the highest delivered costs when delivered without storage (AUD 15.51/MWh). For both LR types, two-month storage achieved ~60% of the savings from the optimal storage scenario but only 23% of the savings for whole trees. The findings suggested that roadside drying and high forest biomass spatial density are critical to reducing forest biomass delivered costs.

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9

Maklad, Yasser. "An Introduction and Costing of a Biomass/Wind/Pv Hybrid Energy System for Electricity Micro-Generation to Domestic Buildings in Armidale NSW, Australia." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/apr2014/23.

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Pearman, Graeme I. "Overheads of truck transport in Australia: implications for biomass as feedstock for bio-energy." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2018.1471783.

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Novalanty Ohara Daulay, Dini, and Jafron Wasiq Hidayat. "Carbon Value Analysis of Batang Gadis National Park, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108010.

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Global warming is an important issue in the world which it gives a negative effect on human life. One indicator of global warming is increasing greenhouse gas i.e. carbondioxide from human activities. Deforestation and forest degradation are the second largest contributor of carbon into the atmosphere, after the use of fossil fuels by industry and transportation. As lungs of the world, forest is enable to produce renewable energy sources i.e. biomass. Forest carbon stock in above ground biomass (AGB) is the greatest effect source on deforestation and forest degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a study the potential of carbon in forest. The purpose of this research is to determine carbon stock value in Batang Gadis National Park, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The carbon potential stored in this forest vegetation is calculated using AGB allometric equation by using data in diameter at breast height (dbh = 1.3 m), height, and density of the wood for trees. Data obtained from secondary data is Asset Assessment Report which State Controlled Forest Natural Resources Batang Gadis National Park, 2016. Study locations were Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages. Carbon stock values were calculated and analyzed with assumption that a half of biomass part is carbon stock which using Australian carbon price about AUD $ 11.82 Australia (Australian dollars) and EU € 5 (US $ 6). The results showed that the total biomass in Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages amounted to 259.83 tonnes and 160.89 tonnes. From the results of the total biomass, the total carbon stocks (C) and CO2 stocks in both villages are 210.36 tonnes (129.92 tonnes in Pagar Gunung Village and 80.45 tonnes in Sopo Tinjak Village) and 772.03 tonnes (476.79 tonnes in Pagar Gunung Village and 295.24 tonnes in Sopo Tinjak Village). By using the carbon price prevailing in the market place Australia Emission Trading System (ETS) and the EU ETS (AUD $ 11.82/t CO2e and € 5 (US $ 6)/t CO2e), the value of carbon stock that can be produced from Batang Gadis National Park (Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages) is about Rp. 92,499,921.72 (in AUD $) or Rp. 61,654,433.67 (in US $).

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Parker, Albert. "Renewable Energy Target for Australia – The Role of Fuel Conversion Efficiency and Waste Biomass Valorisation." Energy & Environment 26, no. 5 (September 2015): 847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.26.5.847.

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Woo, Heesung, Mauricio Acuna, Martin Moroni, Mohammad Taskhiri, and Paul Turner. "Optimizing the Location of Biomass Energy Facilities by Integrating Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." Forests 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100585.

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Internationally forest biomass is considered to be a valuable renewable energy feedstock. However, utilization of forest harvesting residues is challenging because they are highly varied, generally of low quality and usually widely distributed across timber harvesting sites. Factors related to the collection, processing and transport impose constraints on the economic viability of residue utilization operations and impact their supply from dispersed feedstock locations. To optimize decision-making about suitable locations for biomass energy plants intending to use forest residues, it is essential to factor in these supply chain considerations. This study conducted in Tasmania, Australia presents an investigation into the integration of Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information systems (GIS) to identify optimal locations for prospective biomass power plants. The amount of forest harvesting biomass residues was estimated based on a non-industrial private native resource model in Tasmania (NIPNF). The integration of MCA and a GIS model, including a supply chain cost analysis, allowed the identification and analysis of optimal candidate locations that balanced economic, environmental, and social criteria within the biomass supply. The study results confirm that resource availability, land use and supply chain cost data can be integrated and mapped using GIS to facilitate the determination of different sustainable criteria weightings, and to ultimately generate optimal candidate locations for biomass energy plants. It is anticipated that this paper will make a contribution to current scientific knowledge by presenting innovative approaches for the sustainable utilization of forest harvest residues as a resource for the generation of bioenergy in Tasmania.

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Jarrett, Amber J. M., Adam E. H. Bailey, Christopher J. Boreham, Tehani Palu, Lisa Hall, April Shannon, Alan S. Collins, et al. "A geochemical investigation into the resource potential of the Lawn Hill Platform, northern Australia." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19118.

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The Lawn Hill Platform (LHP) is a sedimentary province in north-eastern Northern Territory and north-western Queensland that hosts a significant Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic sequence, often referred to as 'the ‘Isa Superbasin’, and includes the overlying South Nicholson Group. Shale gas resources and base-metals mineralisation are known in north-west Queensland, but the larger basin is underexplored. The Australian Government’s Exploring for the Future (EFTF) 2016−2020 program aims to boost resource exploration in northern Australia. New precompetitive geochemical data obtained in this program includes source rock geochemistry, kerogen kinetics, bitumen reflectance, biomarker and δ13C n-alkanes for understanding the petroleum potential, organic geochemistry of source rocks and fluids, stratigraphic correlations and mineralogy to determine the brittleness of shales. All data and derived reports are accessible on the EFTF portal (www.eftf.ga.gov.au), providing a central location for informed decision making. The results in this study demonstrate fair to excellent source rocks in multiple supersequences that are brittle and favourable to hydraulic stimulation. A comparison to the greater McArthur Basin demonstrates, that although there are many similarities in bulk geochemistry, LHP mudstones are largely heterogeneous, reflecting local variations that may be inherited from variations in contributing biomass, microbial reworking, depositional environment, sediment input and paleoredox conditions.

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Stanley, Grant A., and Geoff J. Dumsday. "Biofuels: the next generation." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 2 (2010): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10079.

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There are many issues with the continued use of fossil fuels for energy, including finite supply, energy security and their contribution to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change, leading to substantial, increased interest in the research and development of renewable energy. In 2006, renewable energy provided only 2.5% of global energy needs, which is well short of the national renewable energy targets of many countries for the period 2020-2030, including Australia. For these reasons there is substantial investment in the development of renewable fuel technologies. Bioethanol and biodiesel derived from biomass are alternative fuels for which production capacity and demand is rapidly increasing.

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Yu, Yun, John Bartle, Daniel Mendham, and Hongwei Wu. "Site Variation in Life Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprints of Mallee Biomass Production in Western Australia." Energy & Fuels 29, no. 6 (May 14, 2015): 3748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00618.

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Sochacki, S. J., R. J. Harper, and K. R. J. Smettem. "Estimation of woody biomass production from a short-rotation bio-energy system in semi-arid Australia." Biomass and Bioenergy 31, no. 9 (September 2007): 608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.06.020.

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Kons, Kalvis, Boško Blagojević, Blas Mola-Yudego, Robert Prinz, Johanna Routa, Biljana Kulisic, Bruno Gagnon, and Dan Bergström. "Industrial End-Users’ Preferred Characteristics for Wood Biomass Feedstocks." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103721.

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The use of sustainably sourced biomass is an important tool for mitigating the effects of climate change; but biomass is far from being a homogeneous resource. The aim of this study was to examine the decision-making process of industrial end-users considering biomass procurement. An online, two-part survey generated responses from 27 experienced professionals, representing a portfolio of facilities varying in size, technology, and biomass types, across Australia, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. A PAPRIKA conjoint analysis approach was used to analyze the data so that the attributes that influenced procurement decisions could be weighted and ranked. The results provided an insight into end-users’ views on factors including facility location, size, and biomass storage, handling, and procurement for different wood-based industrial services. The most important decision-making attribute appeared to be the type of biomass assortment, at individual, national, and aggregated levels. Of seven sub-categories of biomass assortments, sawdust (35%) was the most preferred type followed by stem wood chips (20%) and energy wood (15%). We concluded that, from the end-user’s perspective, a pre-defined biomass assortment is the most important factor when deciding on feedstock procurement at a bioenergy facility. These results help us better understand end-users’ perceptions of biomass properties in relation to their conversion processes and supply preferences and can inform product development and the securement of new niches in alternative business environments by existing and future biohubs.

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Weldegiorgis, Fitsum S., and Daniel M. Franks. "Social dimensions of energy supply alternatives in steelmaking: comparison of biomass and coal production scenarios in Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 84 (December 2014): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.056.

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Wilkinson, Sara, Nimish Biloria, and Peter Ralph. "The technical issues associated with algae building technology." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2020-0012.

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PurposeAs the impacts of climate change become more evident, the need to adopt new ways of constructing buildings becomes more urgent. The Earth has experienced hotter climates globally for the last 70 years (NASA, 2019), and this has resulted in unprecedented levels of bushfire in Australia, flooding in the UK and drought in Africa in early 2020 (World Resources Institute, 2019). The predictions are for increased temperatures globally and increasing carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption. There is a critical need to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels as a building energy source (WCED, 1987). Existing renewables focus on solar, wind and wave power, where technological improvements have increased efficiencies (Hinnells, 2008). Uptake of the technologies is variable depending on location and willingness to adopt renewables. As well as further uptake of existing renewable energy sources, we need to look wider and across traditional discipline groups, at new technologies such as biotechnologies. One potential energy source is biofuels. Biofuels are produced from biomass, which is algae. In 2016, the BIQ, a four-storey apartment building, was constructed in Hamburg, Germany. The BIQ features glazed façade panels filled with algae to produce biomass and solar thermal energy. Could algae building technology (ABT), in the form of façade panels, offer a new renewable energy source?Design/methodology/approachWhat are the technical issues associated with Algae building technology? This qualitative research sought to identify what technical issues likely to arise in terms of algae building construction, operation and maintenance. Semi-structured interviews with 24 experienced built environment professionals in Australia were undertaken in 2016 to assess the most likely issues that could arise with this new innovative technology.FindingsAs a result, a greater understanding of the range of technical issues related to design, construction, maintenance and operation were identified, as well as the perceived importance of those issues. It was possible to identify the top ten technical issues built environment professionals are concerned about with regard to ABT. The results can inform future designers of ABT.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was restricted to the views of 24 experienced built environment practitioners in Sydney, Australia. None of whom had direct experience of Algae Building Technology. Though knowledgeable, a greater number of interviews may have identified other technical issues.Practical implicationsNo guidelines exist for Algae Building Technology, and this research identifies a comprehensive range of technical issues that need to be considered for the technology to function at optimum levels. As such, this is a starting point for built environment professionals who may be asked to provide professional advice and guidance.Originality/valueTo date, no evaluation of Australian based built environment professionals has been conducted into the technical issues associated with Algae Building Technology.

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Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis): emerging problem weeds in Australian summer crops." Weed Science 69, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.9.

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AbstractRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are considered emerging problematic weeds in summer crops in Australia. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of planting time on two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Australia. Both species were planted every month from October to January (2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019), and their growth and seed production were recorded. Although both weeds matured at a similar number of growing degree days (GDD), they required a different number of days to complete their life cycles depending on planting date. The growth period was reduced and flowering occurred sooner as both species experienced cooler temperatures and shorter daylight hours. Both species exhibited increased height, biomass, and seed production for the October-sown plants compared with other planting times, and these parameters were reduced by delaying the planting time. The shoot and root biomass of A. retroflexus and A. viridis (averaged over both populations) was reduced by more than 70% and 65%, respectively, when planted in January, in comparison to planting in October. When planted in October, A. retroflexus and A. viridis produced 11,350 and 5,780 seeds plant−1, but these were reduced to 770 and 365 seeds plant−1 for the January planting date, respectively. Although the growth and fecundity of these species were dependent on planting time, these weeds could emerge throughout the late spring to summer growing season (October to March) in southeast Australia and could produce a significant number of seeds. The results showed that when these species emerged in the late spring (October), they grew vigorously and produced more biomass in comparison with the other planting dates. Therefore, any early weed management practice for these species could be beneficial for minimizing the subsequent cost and energy inputs toward their control.

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Cheshire, Anthony C., and Gregory J. Collings. "Composition of Subtidal Macroalgal Communities of the Lower Gulf Waters of South Australia, with Reference to Water Movement and Geographical Separation." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt95081.

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Differences exist in the floristic composition of the canopy of macroalgal communities in the partially protected waters of sites on the Yorke and Fleurieu peninsulas, South Australia. These differences were quantified and related to the effects of wave force and geographical separation. The canopies of the communities were dominated by species of Cystophora J.Agardh and/or Sargassum C.Agardh and the biomass ratio of these genera was found to be highly correlated with wave force. Diversity was maximal at sites of intermediate exposure, whereas total biomass increased with the wave energy of the site. The common occurrence of some species at a number of sites supports the proposition that these sites occur within a single biogeographic province. The composition of these protected gulf communities is consistent with the trends previously demonstrated for exposed oceanic sites of the same region.

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Valade, A., P. Ciais, N. Vuichard, N. Viovy, A. Caubel, N. Huth, F. Marin, and J. F. Martiné. "Modeling sugarcane yield with a process-based model from site to continental scale: uncertainties arising from model structure and parameter values." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 1225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1225-2014.

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Abstract. Agro-land surface models (agro-LSM) have been developed from the integration of specific crop processes into large-scale generic land surface models that allow calculating the spatial distribution and variability of energy, water and carbon fluxes within the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum. When developing agro-LSM models, particular attention must be given to the effects of crop phenology and management on the turbulent fluxes exchanged with the atmosphere, and the underlying water and carbon pools. A part of the uncertainty of agro-LSM models is related to their usually large number of parameters. In this study, we quantify the parameter-values uncertainty in the simulation of sugarcane biomass production with the agro-LSM ORCHIDEE–STICS, using a multi-regional approach with data from sites in Australia, La Réunion and Brazil. In ORCHIDEE–STICS, two models are chained: STICS, an agronomy model that calculates phenology and management, and ORCHIDEE, a land surface model that calculates biomass and other ecosystem variables forced by STICS phenology. First, the parameters that dominate the uncertainty of simulated biomass at harvest date are determined through a screening of 67 different parameters of both STICS and ORCHIDEE on a multi-site basis. Secondly, the uncertainty of harvested biomass attributable to those most sensitive parameters is quantified and specifically attributed to either STICS (phenology, management) or to ORCHIDEE (other ecosystem variables including biomass) through distinct Monte Carlo runs. The uncertainty on parameter values is constrained using observations by calibrating the model independently at seven sites. In a third step, a sensitivity analysis is carried out by varying the most sensitive parameters to investigate their effects at continental scale. A Monte Carlo sampling method associated with the calculation of partial ranked correlation coefficients is used to quantify the sensitivity of harvested biomass to input parameters on a continental scale across the large regions of intensive sugarcane cultivation in Australia and Brazil. The ten parameters driving most of the uncertainty in the ORCHIDEE–STICS modeled biomass at the 7 sites are identified by the screening procedure. We found that the 10 most sensitive parameters control phenology (maximum rate of increase of LAI) and root uptake of water and nitrogen (root profile and root growth rate, nitrogen stress threshold) in STICS, and photosynthesis (optimal temperature of photosynthesis, optimal carboxylation rate), radiation interception (extinction coefficient), and transpiration and respiration (stomatal conductance, growth and maintenance respiration coefficients) in ORCHIDEE. We find that the optimal carboxylation rate and photosynthesis temperature parameters contribute most to the uncertainty in harvested biomass simulations at site scale. The spatial variation of the ranked correlation between input parameters and modeled biomass at harvest is well explained by rain and temperature drivers, suggesting different climate-mediated sensitivities of modeled sugarcane yield to the model parameters, for Australia and Brazil. This study reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of uncertainty variability for a highly parameterized agro-LSM and calls for more systematic uncertainty analyses of such models.

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Valade, A., P. Ciais, N. Vuichard, N. Viovy, N. Huth, F. Marin, and J. F. Martiné. "Modeling sugar cane yield with a process-based model from site to continental scale: uncertainties arising from model structure and parameter values." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 1197–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-1197-2014.

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Abstract. Agro-Land Surface Models (agro-LSM) have been developed from the integration of specific crop processes into large-scale generic land surface models that allow calculating the spatial distribution and variability of energy, water and carbon fluxes within the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. When developing agro-LSM models, a particular attention must be given to the effects of crop phenology and management on the turbulent fluxes exchanged with the atmosphere, and the underlying water and carbon pools. A part of the uncertainty of Agro-LSM models is related to their usually large number of parameters. In this study, we quantify the parameter-values uncertainty in the simulation of sugar cane biomass production with the agro-LSM ORCHIDEE-STICS, using a multi-regional approach with data from sites in Australia, La Réunion and Brazil. In ORCHIDEE-STICS, two models are chained: STICS, an agronomy model that calculates phenology and management, and ORCHIDEE, a land surface model that calculates biomass and other ecosystem variables forced by STICS' phenology. First, the parameters that dominate the uncertainty of simulated biomass at harvest date are determined through a screening of 67 different parameters of both STICS and ORCHIDEE on a multi-site basis. Secondly, the uncertainty of harvested biomass attributable to those most sensitive parameters is quantified and specifically attributed to either STICS (phenology, management) or to ORCHIDEE (other ecosystem variables including biomass) through distinct Monte-Carlo runs. The uncertainty on parameter values is constrained using observations by calibrating the model independently at seven sites. In a third step, a sensitivity analysis is carried out by varying the most sensitive parameters to investigate their effects at continental scale. A Monte-Carlo sampling method associated with the calculation of Partial Ranked Correlation Coefficients is used to quantify the sensitivity of harvested biomass to input parameters on a continental scale across the large regions of intensive sugar cane cultivation in Australia and Brazil. Ten parameters driving most of the uncertainty in the ORCHIDEE-STICS modeled biomass at the 7 sites are identified by the screening procedure. We found that the 10 most sensitive parameters control phenology (maximum rate of increase of LAI) and root uptake of water and nitrogen (root profile and root growth rate, nitrogen stress threshold) in STICS, and photosynthesis (optimal temperature of photosynthesis, optimal carboxylation rate), radiation interception (extinction coefficient), and transpiration and respiration (stomatal conductance, growth and maintenance respiration coefficients) in ORCHIDEE. We find that the optimal carboxylation rate and photosynthesis temperature parameters contribute most to the uncertainty in harvested biomass simulations at site scale. The spatial variation of the ranked correlation between input parameters and modeled biomass at harvest is well explained by rain and temperature drivers, suggesting climate-mediated different sensitivities of modeled sugar cane yield to the model parameters, for Australia and Brazil. This study reveals the spatial and temporal patterns of uncertainty variability for a highly parameterized agro-LSM and calls for more systematic uncertainty analyses of such models.

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25

Van Holsbeeck, Sam, and Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava. "Feasibility of locating biomass-to-bioenergy conversion facilities using spatial information technologies: A case study on forest biomass in Queensland, Australia." Biomass and Bioenergy 139 (August 2020): 105620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105620.

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Li, Mengyu, Manfred Lenzen, Moslem Yousefzadeh, and Fabiano A. Ximenes. "The roles of biomass and CSP in a 100 % renewable electricity supply in Australia." Biomass and Bioenergy 143 (December 2020): 105802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105802.

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Townsend, Simon A. "Seasonal pattern and inferred phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton biomass in two tropical reservoirs in northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 1 (2000): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99004.

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Manton River Reservoir (MRR) and Darwin River Reservoir (DRR) are two small impoundments in the Australian wet/dry tropics. Over an eight-year period, chlorophyll a concentrations in the mixed layer averaged 3.6 µg L−1 in DRR, and 7.1 µg L−1 in MRR. The seasonal pattern of chlorophyll a at MRR was influenced by wet season wash-out (February average 4.8 µg L−1 ), and dry season destratification and nutrient enrichment of the surface waters (July average 8.4 mg L−1 ). In contrast, DRR exhibited near uniform chlorophyll a concentrations over the year. The seasonal patterns of DRR and MRR chlorophyll a are typical of tropical water bodies which tend to have a smaller annual range than temperate lakes, though this can be modified by significant wash-out. Empirical evidence suggests that the phytoplankton biomass of each reservoir is phosphorus limited, relative to the potential provided by other nutrients and light energy. This conclusion is based on a regression of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations of pooled DRR and MRR data (P < 0.001; r2 = 0.90), and the high total-nitrogen to total-phosphorus concentration ratios (by weight) of 50 and 37 in DRR and MRR, respectively. Annual chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations for both reservoirs are in accord with the OECD regression for temperate lakes and reservoirs.

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28

Middelhoff, Ella, Leandro Andrade Furtado, José Alberto Reis Parise, Fabiano Ximenes, and Nick Florin. "Hybrid concentrated solar biomass (HCSB) systems for cogeneration: Techno-economic analysis for beef abattoirs in New South Wales, Australia." Energy Conversion and Management 262 (June 2022): 115620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115620.

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29

Yu, Yun, and Hongwei Wu. "Bioslurry as a Fuel. 2. Life-Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprints of Bioslurry Fuels from Mallee Biomass in Western Australia." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 10 (October 21, 2010): 5660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef100957a.

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30

Bell, TL, and JS Pate. "Growth and Fire Response of Selected Epacridaceae of South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 5 (1996): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960509.

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Recruiting populations of seeder (Astroloma xerophyllum (DC.) Sond. and Leucopogon conostephioides DC.) and resprouter (Leucopogon verticillatus R.Br. and Conostephium pendulum. Benth.) epacrids were examined over an 8 year period, using time of fire, shoot morphology and root xylem ring number to age plants. The seeders commenced flowering earlier, achieved three-fold higher shoot:root ratios but accumulated much smaller root starch reserves than the resprouters. The resprouting potential of L. verticillatus was 'bud initiation-limited', since progressive shoot removal exhausted the bud-producing potential but did not fully deplete the starch reserves of the root stock. Apparent conversion efficiency of starch to new shoot biomass was 88%. The corresponding response in C. pendulum was 'energy reserve-limited', with shoot removal eliminating root starch but leaving many unexpanded buds. Dendroecological analyses of root xylem growth rings were undertaken on 15 year-old plants of C. pendulum recruiting from seed in unburnt and adjacent periodically burnt habitats. Growth ring extension of burnt plants resumed after each fire at rates faster than their unburnt counterparts, suggesting that improved access by resprouting shoots to light, water and nutrients compensated for destruction of the previous shoot system.

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31

Middelhoff, Ella, Leandro Andrade Furtado, Juergen H. Peterseim, Ben Madden, Fabiano Ximenes, and Nick Florin. "Hybrid concentrated solar biomass (HCSB) plant for electricity generation in Australia: Design and evaluation of techno-economic and environmental performance." Energy Conversion and Management 240 (July 2021): 114244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114244.

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32

Specht, R. L., and M. J. Tyler. "The Species Richness of Vascular Plants and Amphibia in Major Plant Communities in Temperate to Tropical Australia: Relationship with Annual Biomass Production." International Journal of Ecology 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/635852.

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Aerodynamic fluxes (frictional, thermal, evaporative) in the atmosphere as it flows over and through a plant community determine the Foliage Projective Covers and eco-morphological attributes of new leaves developed annually in overstorey and understorey strata. The number of leaves produced on vertical foliage shoots depends on available soil water and nutrients, also ambient temperature, during this short growth season. Stem density (number of stems per hectare) and species richness (number of species per hectare) in the overstorey of major Floristic Groups are correlated with annual shoot growth (ASG, t ) in that stratum. Species richness in the overstorey increases in the climatic gradient from the arid to the humid zone as well as with increasing air temperatures (about C) from temperate to tropical Australia. Species richness in the understorey is highest in plant communities in temperate Australia, decreasing in the temperature gradient towards the tropics. As with other major plant and animal groups within an ecosystem, the species richness of Amphibia is correlated with the amount of solar energy fixed (per annum) by the major plant formation in the region—a photosynthetic potential determined by the foliage shoots (ASG, t ) produced annually in the overstorey.

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33

Meadows, John, David Coote, and Mark Brown. "The Potential Supply of Biomass for Energy from Hardwood Plantations in the Sunshine Coast Council Region of South-East Queensland, Australia." Small-scale Forestry 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-014-9265-7.

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34

Specht, A., and P. W. West. "Estimation of biomass and sequestered carbon on farm forest plantations in northern New South Wales, Australia." Biomass and Bioenergy 25, no. 4 (October 2003): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00050-3.

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35

Quintela-Sabarís, Celestino, Luís A. Mendes, and Jorge Domínguez. "Vermicomposting as a Sustainable Option for Managing Biomass of the Invasive Tree Acacia dealbata Link." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113828.

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The tree Acacia dealbata is native to Australia but has become invasive in many parts of the world thanks to its N-fixing capacity and to the allelopathic compounds present in its biomass. We conducted a pilot-scale study to assess the potential conversion of A. dealbata biomass by vermicomposting via the earthworm Eisenia andrei. The flowering aerial A. dealbata biomass was shredded and placed in a vermireactor under greenhouse conditions for 56 days. The vermicomposted material was sampled every two weeks to analyse its biological and chemical parameters. The phytotoxicity of the fresh A. dealbata material and vermicompost was assessed via an ecotoxicological test with Lepidium sativum seeds. The activity of the earthworms caused strong modifications of the properties of the processed material: the electric conductivity, basal respiration, and organic matter content were reduced, whereas the concentrations of other elements such as N, P, or Zn increased. The earthworm biomass increased steadily until day 42 and then decreased, probably due to the depletion of labile organic matter during the initial stages of vermicomposting. The fresh A. dealbata material reduced the germination and radicle elongation of L. sativum, whereas vermicompost showed the same values as control. The produced vermicompost was an organic fertiliser rich in N and was not phytotoxic. Vermicomposting provides an opportunity to create a new value chain for the control of the invasive tree A. dealbata.

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36

Griffiths, Shane P., Gary C. Fry, Fiona J. Manson, and Richard D. Pillans. "Feeding dynamics, consumption rates and daily ration of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) in Australian waters, with emphasis on the consumption of commercially important prawns." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 4 (2007): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06197.

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The feeding ecology of longtail tuna was studied in northern and eastern Australia. Diet biomass data were used to estimate daily ration and consumption of individual prey taxa, particularly penaeids targeted by Australia’s valuable Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF). Overall, the 497 stomachs contained 101 prey taxa. In both regions, small pelagic and demersal fishes comprised the majority of the diet biomass. Fish in both regions showed a marked increase in prey diversity, variation in prey composition and stomach fullness index in autumn and winter (March–August). This increase in apparently opportunistic feeding behaviour and feeding intensity showed an inverse relationship with reproductive activity, indicating a possible energy investment for gonad development. Daily ration decreased with increasing fish size, while annual consumption by fish increased with size. Total prey consumption in the Gulf of Carpentaria was estimated at 148178 t year–1. This includes 599 t year-1 of penaeids, equivalent to 11% of the annual NPF catch. This study demonstrated that longtail tuna play an important ecological role in neritic ecosystems. Their interaction with commercial fisheries highlights the need for targeted dietary studies of high order predators to better understand trophic pathways to facilitate ecosystem-based fisheries management.

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37

Jayarathna, Lasinidu, Geoff Kent, Ian O’Hara, and Philip Hobson. "Geographical information system based fuzzy multi criteria analysis for sustainability assessment of biomass energy plant siting: A case study in Queensland, Australia." Land Use Policy 114 (March 2022): 105986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.105986.

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38

Wu, Hongwei, Yun Yu, and Kongvui Yip. "Bioslurry as a Fuel. 1. Viability of a Bioslurry-Based Bioenergy Supply Chain for Mallee Biomass in Western Australia." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 10 (October 21, 2010): 5652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef1008105.

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39

McWilliam, Paulette S., and Bruce F. Phillips. "Metamorphosis of the final phyllosoma and secondary lecithotrophy in the puerulus of Panulirus cygnus George: a review." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97159.

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The final phyllosoma of Panulirus cygnus metamorphoses to a non-feeding puerulus that lives on energy reserves accumulated in the final larva, and the metamorphic moult occurs mainly in the slope region adjoining the shelf-break off Western Australia. A review of the literature on field studies, laboratory rearing and nutritional studies of phyllosomal and other decapod zoeal larvae provided no evidence that metamorphosis in P. cygnus (or other shallow-water palinurids) is triggered by a direct environmental cue. It did indicate that metamorphosis results from the culmination of sustained nutrition and reserve energy levels through the later larval phase. Therefore, since the puerulus is secondarily lecithotrophic, it is considered that metamorphosis occurs only after the final phyllosoma has reached some critical, specific, level of stored energy reserves. Appropriate food for later larval development and successful metamorphosis of P. cygnus is more abundant in the shelf-break region (than further offshore) because this is a region of high plankton and micronekton biomass dominated by the Leeuwin Current. It also explains why metamorphosis occurs mainly in the shelf-break region. This review indicates research necessary for evaluation of the present interpretation and of larval recruitment processes in this species.

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40

Murphy, Lisa N., William J. Riley, and William D. Collins. "Local and Remote Climate Impacts from Expansion of Woody Biomass for Bioenergy Feedstock in the Southeastern United States." Journal of Climate 25, no. 21 (November 2012): 7643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00535.1.

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Many efforts have been taken to find energy alternatives to reduce anthropogenic influences on climate. Recent studies have shown that using land for bioenergy plantations may be more cost effective and provide a greater potential for CO2 abatement than using land for carbon sequestration. Native southern U.S. pines (i.e., loblolly) have excellent potential as bioenergy feedstocks. However, the land-cover change due to expansion of biofuels may impact climate through biophysical feedbacks. Here, the authors access the local and remote consequences of greater forest management and biofuel feedstock expansion on climate and hydrology using a global climate model, the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The authors examine a plausible U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) biofuel feedstock goal by afforesting 50 million acres of C4 grasslands in the southeastern United States with an optimized loblolly plant functional type. Changes in sensible and latent heat fluxes are related to increased surface roughness, reduced bare-ground evaporation, and changes in stomatal conductance. In the coupled simulations, these mechanisms lead to a 1°C cooling, higher atmospheric stability, and a more shallow planetary boundary layer over the southeastern United States during the summer; in winter, a cooling of up to 0.25°C between 40° and 60°N, a weakened Aleutian low, and a wetter Australia occurs. A weakened Aleutian low shifts the North Pacific storm track poleward in the future loblolly scenarios. These local and global impacts suggest that biophysical feedbacks need to be considered when evaluating the benefits of bioenergy feedstock production.

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41

Watt, Lucinda J., Lindsay W. Bell, Brett D. Cocks, Anthony D. Swan, Rebecca S. Stutz, Andrew Toovey, and Joanne De Faveri. "Productivity of diverse forage brassica genotypes exceeds that of oats across multiple environments within Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 5 (2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21034.

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In many areas of Australia’s mixed farming zone, cropping rotations are dominated by cereals and some areas have few suitable broadleaf alternatives. Forage brassicas are widely used in high rainfall livestock systems, but this study shows that several genotypes offer an alternative to forage oats in drier environments within Australia’s mixed farming zone. We compared a diverse set of forage brassica genotypes sown in autumn and winter with benchmark species, principally oats, across 10 experimental site-years. In both early (800–1300 growing degree days after sowing) and late (1600–2100 growing degree days after sowing) grazing windows, several forage brassica genotypes had forage production similar or superior to oats and dual-purpose canola. Many forage brassica genotypes produced higher yields of metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP), particularly in the late grazing window. In the early grazing window, Rival and Green globe turnips and HT-R24 forage rape consistently produced ~15% above the site mean for all productivity measures, whereas kale produced ~40% less than the site mean. In the late grazing window, oats produced the greatest amount of edible biomass (~44% higher than the site mean); however, Goliath and HT-R24 forage rapes, Pallaton raphanobrassica and dual-purpose canola had the highest yields of ME and CP (~16% higher than the site mean). Green globe turnip, Hunter leafy turnip and Regal kale produced ~22% less than the site mean in this late grazing window. Multi-environment analyses revealed no genotype × environment interactions within the early grazing window. In the late grazing window, there were several genotypic adaptations, particularly for Pallaton, which performed better in low–medium production environments than the other genotypes. We show that forage brassicas offer superior yields of ME and CP, indicating that they may be better able to meet the energy and protein demands of grazing livestock than forage oats.

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42

Trombley, Jeremy B., Kamaljit K. Sangha, Alan N. Andersen, and Suresh N. Thennadil. "Utilizing Locally Available Bioresources for Powering Remote Indigenous Communities: A Framework and Case Study." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020666.

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We establish a framework to examine the feasibility of using local vegetation for bioenergy power systems in small-scale applications and remote settings. The framework has broad application, and we present a specific case here to demonstrate the process. Our case study is the Tiwi Islands in northern Australia, where a large Acacia mangium plantation is a potential source of biofuel feedstock. Two types of technology were considered: 1. Bio-oil from pyrolysis in diesel generators and 2. Direct combustion coupled with a steam turbine. The biomass was characterized and found to have adequate properties for an energy crop, with a lower heating value of about 18 MJ/kg and entire tree ash content of 2%. Measurements from trees that were damaged from wildfires had similar results, showing potential value recovery for a plantation after unplanned fire. In comparison to a petroleum diesel-based generator, the bio-oil system was 12% more expensive. The direct combustion system was found to be the most economical of those explored here, costing as low as 61% of the bio-oil system. Additional social and environmental benefits were identified, including local employment opportunities, improved energy security and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings of high techno-economic potential of bioenergy systems, especially through direct combustion, are widely applicable to on-demand renewable energy supply in remote communities.

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43

Middelhoff, Ella, Ben Madden, Fabiano Ximenes, Catherine Carney, and Nick Florin. "Assessing electricity generation potential and identifying possible locations for siting hybrid concentrated solar biomass (HCSB) plants in New South Wales (NSW), Australia." Applied Energy 305 (January 2022): 117942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117942.

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44

Cooper, Timothy F., Karin E. Ulstrup, Sana S. Dandan, Andrew J. Heyward, Michael Kühl, Andrew Muirhead, Rebecca A. O'Leary, Bibi E. F. Ziersen, and Madeleine J. H. Van Oppen. "Niche specialization of reef-building corals in the mesophotic zone: metabolic trade-offs between divergent Symbiodinium types." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (November 24, 2010): 1840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2321.

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The photobiology of two reef corals and the distribution of associated symbiont types were investigated over a depth gradient of 0–60 m at Scott Reef, Western Australia. Pachyseris speciosa hosted mainly the same Symbiodinium C type similar to C3 irrespective of sampling depth. By contrast, Seriatopora hystrix hosted predominantly Symbiodinium type D1a or D1a-like at shallow depths while those in deeper water were dominated by a Symbiodinium C type closely related to C1. The photosynthesis/respiration (P/R) ratio increased consistently with depth at the two sampling times (November 2008 and April 2009) for P. speciosa and in November 2008 only for S. hystrix , suggesting a reduction in metabolic energy expended for every unit of energy obtained from photosynthesis. However, in April 2009, shallow colonies of S. hystrix exhibited decreased P/R ratios down to depths of approximately 23 m, below which the ratio increased towards the maximum depth sampled. This pattern was mirrored by changes in tissue biomass determined as total protein content. The depth of change in the direction of the P/R ratio correlated with a shift from Symbiodinium D to C-dominated colonies. We conclude that while photobiological flexibility is vital for persistence in contrasting light regimes, a shift in Symbiodinium type may also confer a functional advantage albeit at a metabolic cost with increased depth.

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45

Praveen, Kuppan, Sudharsanam Abinandan, Kadiyala Venkateswarlu, and Mallavarapu Megharaj. "Sustainability Evaluation of Immobilized Acid-Adapted Microalgal Technology in Acid Mine Drainage Remediation following Emergy and Carbon Footprint Analysis." Molecules 27, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031015.

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Sustainability evaluation of wastewater treatment helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as it emphasizes the development of green technologies and optimum resource use rather than the end-of-pipe treatment. The conventional approaches for treating acid mine drainages (AMDs) are efficient; however, they need enormous amounts of energy, making them less sustainable and causing greater environmental concern. We recently demonstrated the potential of immobilized acid-adapted microalgal technology for AMD remediation. Here, this novel approach has been evaluated following emergy and carbon footprint analysis for its sustainability in AMD treatment. Our results showed that imported energy inputs contributed significantly (>90%) to the overall emergy and were much lower than in passive and active treatment systems. The microalgal treatment required 2–15 times more renewable inputs than the other two treatment systems. Additionally, the emergy indices indicated higher environmental loading ratio and lower per cent renewability, suggesting the need for adequate renewable inputs in the immobilized microalgal system. The emergy yield ratio for biodiesel production from the microalgal biomass after AMD treatment was >1.0, which indicates a better emergy return on total emergy spent. Based on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint analysis (CFA), was performed using default emission factors, in accordance with the IPCC standards and the National Greenhouse Energy Reporting (NGER) program of Australia. Interestingly, CFA of acid-adapted microalgal technology revealed significant greenhouse gas emissions due to usage of various construction materials as per IPCC, while SCOPE 2 emissions from purchased electricity were evident as per NGER. Our findings indicate that the immobilized microalgal technology is highly sustainable in AMD treatment, and its potential could be realized further by including solar energy into the overall treatment system.

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46

Griffin, G. J., D. F. Batten, T. Beer, and P. K. Campbell. "The Costs of Producing Biodiesel from Microalgae in the Asia-Pacific Region." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.3.105-113.

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Capital and operating cost estimates for converting microalgae to oil or biodiesel are compared. These cost comparisons are based on Australian locations, which are expected to fall at the lower end of the cost spectrum in the Asia-Pacific Region and other parts of the world. It is assumed that microalgae are grown in a concentrated saltwater medium in raceway ponds, then are harvested, dewatered and the oil is extracted and converted to biodiesel by transesterification. The size of the desired pond system affects the number of potential locations due to constraints in resource availability. Cost estimates vary significantly due to differences in the assumed oil productivity, the harvesting equipment and the method of converting residual biomass to electric power. A comparison is made with recent cost estimates from other parts of the world, in which the expected costs of microalgae oil production from a number of publicly available sources lay between 0.34–31.0 USD/L. The resulting cost estimates of between 1.37—2.66 USD/L are at the lower end of this scale, thereby confirming that Australia has the potential to be a low-cost producer of algal oil and biodiesel in the Asia-Pacific Region. It was significant that, despite similar assumptions for the microalgae-to-oil process, cost estimates for the final biodiesel or oil price differed by a factor of 2. This highlights the high degree of uncertainty in such economic predictions. Keywords: Asia-Pacific region; biodiesel; economics; microalgaeThis article is cited as :Griffin, G., Batten, D., Beer, T., & Campbell, P. (2013). The Costs of Producing Biodiesel from Microalgae in the Asia-Pacific Region. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED), 2(3), 105-113. doi:10.14710/ijred.2.3.105-113Permalinkhttp://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.3.105-113

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Newell, Matthew T., and Richard C. Hayes. "An initial investigation of forage production and feed quality of perennial wheat derivatives." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 12 (2017): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16405.

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Perennial cereals may offer a novel forage source in mixed farming enterprises while improving the sustainability of grain farming. There has been limited analysis of the quality of this forage type and its likely value to mixed grazing/cropping farming systems. This study evaluated the biomass and grain production of four wheat × wheatgrass hybrid experimental lines under four simulated grazing regimes; nil defoliation (grain only; D0), defoliate once (D1), defoliate twice (D2) and defoliate twice followed by a simulated hay cut (D3), and compared performance to a winter wheat, Wedgetail, and the perennial grass Thinopyrum intermedium. Early biomass production of the perennial entries was significantly less than Wedgetail (P = 0.01). Grain yield from Wedgetail was generally higher (P < 0.001) than all other lines. As defoliation frequency increased, the comparative difference in grain yield between Wedgetail and the hybrid entries decreased, with lines OK7211542 and 11955 exceeding the grain yield of Wedgetail in the D3 treatment. Cumulative annual biomass production of the hybrid lines exceeded that of Wedgetail, though the seasonal production differed markedly. Generally there was limited decline in perennial plant population between April and December in both years of the experiment. Defoliation had little impact on perennial plant survival; however, none of the hybrids could sustain a significant plant population beyond the second summer of the experiment. Yield declines of the hybrid entries was due to increasing plant mortality, rather than a predisposed yield limitation of the germplasm, as all hybrid entries either maintained or increased their grain yield on a per plant basis. In contrast, the perennial grass maintained a constant population for the duration of the experiment. Dry matter digestibility and energy content of all forages tested were high, averaging 80.2% and 13.3 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively. Crude protein was higher (P < 0.001) in Th. intermedium and the hybrid entries with 62% and 25% more crude protein than Wedgetail, respectively. All cereals had very high potassium : sodium and low calcium : phosphorus ratios, which indicated the need to provide mineral supplements to grazing animals to maintain growth rates and manage animal health disorders, similar to conventional grazing cereals. This paper discusses the role perennial cereals could play in a sustainable expansion of the cropping zone in south-eastern Australia.

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Rosso, D., and D. Bolzonella. "Carbon footprint of aerobic biological treatment of winery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.556.

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The carbon associated with wastewater and its treatment accounts for approximately 6% of the global carbon balance. Within the wastewater treatment industry, winery wastewater has a minor contribution, although it can have a major impact on wine-producing regions. Typically, winery wastewater is treated by biological processes, such as the activated sludge process. Biomass produced during treatment is usually disposed of directly, i.e. without digestion or other anaerobic processes. We applied our previously published model for carbon-footprint calculation to the areas worldwide producing yearly more than 106 m3 of wine (i.e., France, Italy, Spain, California, Argentina, Australia, China, and South Africa). Datasets on wine production from the Food and Agriculture Organisation were processed and wastewater flow rates calculated with assumptions based on our previous experience. Results show that the wine production, hence the calculated wastewater flow, is reported as fairly constant in the period 2005–2007. Nevertheless, treatment process efficiency and energy-conservation may play a significant role on the overall carbon-footprint. We performed a sensitivity analysis on the efficiency of the aeration process (αSOTE per unit depth, or αSOTE/Z) in the biological treatment operations and showed significant margin for improvement. Our results show that the carbon-footprint reduction via aeration efficiency improvement is in the range of 8.1 to 12.3%.

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Wear, Rachel J., Jason E. Tanner, and Sonja L. Hoare. "Facilitating recruitment of Amphibolis as a novel approach to seagrass rehabilitation in hydrodynamically active waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 10 (2010): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09314.

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Worldwide, 29% of seagrass habitats have been lost over the past century. Compared with large-scale losses, successful restoration programs are usually only small scale (a few hectares). One area of significant seagrass loss (>5200 ha) is Adelaide, South Australia. Improvements to wastewater management have raised the possibility of rehabilitation in this area. Traditional methods of seagrass restoration are expensive and have had limited success owing to high wave energy. We investigated a range of biodegradable substrates, mostly made of hessian (burlap), to enhance Amphibolis recruitment as an alternative. After 5 weeks, 16 514 seedlings, or 157 seedlings m–2, had recruited. Survival declined over the following 12 months to 31.4%, and down to 7.2% after 3 years, in part as a result of breakdown of the hessian, and the wave-exposed nature of the sites. During the initial 12 months, above- and belowground biomass increased 2.6- and 6.4-fold, respectively. The technique may represent a non-destructive, cost-effective (<AU$10 000 ha–1) method to restore Amphibolis over large spatial scales and in areas that are hydrodynamically too active for traditional techniques, thus helping ameliorate some of the large-scale losses of seagrasses that have occurred globally.

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Jayasinghe, Priyanath, Daniel J. Donaghy, David G. Barber, Keith G. Pembleton, and Thiagarajah Ramilan. "Suitability Evaluation of Three Tropical Pasture Species (Mulato II, Gatton Panic, and Rhodes Grass) for Cultivation under a Subtropical Climate of Australia." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092032.

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Exploring improved tropical forages is considered to be an important approach in delivering quality and consistent feed options for dairy cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study aimed to study the suitability of three improved tropical grasses, Chloris gayana ‘Rhodes grass cv. Reclaimer’ (RR), Megathyrsus maximus ‘Gatton Panic’ (GP), and Brachiaria ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha ‘Brachiaria Mulato II’ (BM) evaluating their carbon assimilation, canopy structure, herbage plant–part accumulation and quality parameters under irrigated conditions. An experiment was conducted at Gatton Research Dairy (27°54′ S, 152°33′ E, 89 m asl) Queensland, Australia, which has a predominantly subtropical climate. Photosynthesis biochemistry, canopy structure, herbage accumulation, plant part composition, and nutritive value were evaluated. Photosynthesis biochemistry differed between pasture species. Efficiency of CO2 assimilation was highest for GP and quantum efficiency was highest for BM. Pasture canopy structure was significantly affected by an interaction between pasture species and harvest. Forage biomass accumulation was highest in GP, while BM produced more leaf and less stem compared to both GP and RR. A greater leafy stratum and lower stemmy stratum depth were observed in the vertical sward structure of BM. Brachiaria Mulato II showed greater carbon partitioning to leaves, leaf: stem ratio, canopy, and leaf bulk density. It also demonstrated greater nutritive value (Total digestible nutrients (TDN), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDICP), Starch, nonfibre carbohydrates (NFC), metabolisable energy (ME), mineral profile (Mg, P, K, Fe, Zn) and dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) for leaf, stem, and the whole plant. Greater quantum efficiency, leaf accumulation, and nutritive value of BM observed in the present study suggest BM as an attractive forage option for dairying that warrants further research in pasture-based systems in tropical and subtropical climates.

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