Статті в журналах: "Biologicals Unlimited"

1

Bennett, Jack. "Unlimited Growth?" BioScience 46, no. 6 (June 1996): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312868.

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2

Williams, Nigel. "Darwin unlimited." Current Biology 16, no. 22 (November 2006): R938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.034.

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3

Duwé, Sam, Benjamien Moeyaert, and Peter Dedecker. "Diffraction-Unlimited Fluorescence Microscopy of Living Biological Samples Using pcSOFI." Current Protocols in Chemical Biology 7, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470559277.ch140025.

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4

Almeida, Ricardo, Alessia Buscaino, and Robin C. Allshire. "Molecular Biology: Silencing Unlimited." Current Biology 16, no. 16 (August 2006): R635—R638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.033.

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5

Collins, James P. "Science and Engineering Unlimited by Borders." BioScience 61, no. 1 (January 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.1.1.

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6

Santos, Moliria V., Édison Pecoraro, Silvia H. Santagneli, André L. Moura, Maurício Cavicchioli, Vladimir Jerez, Lucas A. Rocha, et al. "Silk fibroin as a biotemplate for hierarchical porous silica monoliths for random laser applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 11 (2018): 2712–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03560h.

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7

Inisheva, Lidiya Ivanovna, Ol'ga Aleksandrovna Rozhanskaya, and Galina Vasil'yevna Larina. "CHARACTERISTICS OF HORNY ALTAI PEATS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (February 23, 2019): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019035132.

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The search for new raw materials of biologically active substances of natural origin is an urgent task for the modern period. Peat in this respect is a relatively cheap and almost unlimited raw material base. Peat of swamps can be used widely in agriculture for receipt of biologically active substances are of great interest in the territory of the Gorny Altai. The purpose of this work is to study the composition of organic matter of peats of the Gorny Altai, to choose peat raw materials for biologically active production and to study their biological activity. The object of the study was 46 swamps of the Gorny Altai. The following analyses were carried out in peats: botanical composition, degree of decomposition, ash content, group composition of peat organic matter. The composition of humic acids (ha) was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. For determine of the biological activity of humic acids was used plant tissue cultured . The results of the research allowed to distinguish peats by the content of HA: buckbean peat (47.0% of HA), wood peat (50.0% of HA), fern peat (55.0% of HA), grass peat (30.0–45.0% of HA), sedge peat (5.6–58.0% of HA), grass-buckbean peat (43.0–56.5% of HA) and to outline the raw material base for the production of BAS – peatland Turochak. According to the optimal characteristics of HAs, a sample was taken from a depth of 325-375 cm, HA was isolated. The biological activity In humic acid was determined with the use of plant tissue culture. High biological activity are proven of the preparations of HA from the peatland Turochak, which resulted in the acceleration of microclonal propagation of plants in vitro.

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Challa, RatnaKumari, and VijayaKumari Gunta. "A Modified Symmetric Key Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme Based on Read-Muller Code." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 2(Suppl.) (June 20, 2021): 0899. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(suppl.).0899.

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Homomorphic encryption became popular and powerful cryptographic primitive for various cloud computing applications. In the recent decades several developments has been made. Few schemes based on coding theory have been proposed but none of them support unlimited operations with security. We propose a modified Reed-Muller Code based symmetric key fully homomorphic encryption to improve its security by using message expansion technique. Message expansion with prepended random fixed length string provides one-to-many mapping between message and codeword, thus one-to many mapping between plaintext and ciphertext. The proposed scheme supports both (MOD 2) additive and multiplication operations unlimitedly. We make an effort to prove the security of the scheme under indistinguishability under chosen-plaintext attack (IND-CPA) through a game-based security proof. The security proof gives a mathematical analysis and its complexity of hardness. Also, it presents security analysis against all the known attacks with respect to the message expansion and homomorphic operations.

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Kothamachu, Varun B., Elisenda Feliu, Luca Cardelli, and Orkun S. Soyer. "Unlimited multistability and Boolean logic in microbial signalling." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 108 (July 2015): 20150234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0234.

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The ability to map environmental signals onto distinct internal physiological states or programmes is critical for single-celled microbes. A crucial systems dynamics feature underpinning such ability is multistability. While unlimited multistability is known to arise from multi-site phosphorylation seen in the signalling networks of eukaryotic cells, a similarly universal mechanism has not been identified in microbial signalling systems. These systems are generally known as two-component systems comprising histidine kinase (HK) receptors and response regulator proteins engaging in phosphotransfer reactions. We develop a mathematical framework for analysing microbial systems with multi-domain HK receptors known as hybrid and unorthodox HKs. We show that these systems embed a simple core network that exhibits multistability, thereby unveiling a novel biochemical mechanism for multistability. We further prove that sharing of downstream components allows a system with n multi-domain hybrid HKs to attain 3 n steady states. We find that such systems, when sensing distinct signals, can readily implement Boolean logic functions on these signals. Using two experimentally studied examples of two-component systems implementing hybrid HKs, we show that bistability and implementation of logic functions are possible under biologically feasible reaction rates. Furthermore, we show that all sequenced microbial genomes contain significant numbers of hybrid and unorthodox HKs, and some genomes have a larger fraction of these proteins compared with regular HKs. Microbial cells are thus theoretically unbounded in mapping distinct environmental signals onto distinct physiological states and perform complex computations on them. These findings facilitate the understanding of natural two-component systems and allow their engineering through synthetic biology.

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10

Maekawa, Koji. "Unlimited capacity and processibility of sequence information: prerequisites for a system of biological chains." Biosystems 66, no. 3 (August 2002): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(02)00041-2.

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11

Fathipour, Yaghoub, Bahador Maleknia, Abdoolnabi Bagheri, Mahmoud Soufbaf, and Myron P. Zalucki. "Functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on two-spotted spider mite: the effect of patch condition and additional food source." Systematic and Applied Acarology 26, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.3.4.

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Parameters that describe foraging behavior play a key role in selection of natural enemies used in biological control programs. These parameters are greatly affected by patch condition and food source type. This study was carried out to evaluate foraging behavior in Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite of Tetranychus urticae Koch under different patch and diet conditions. The predation rate of N. barkeri at different egg and nymph densities of T. urticae (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128) was investigated in both limited and unlimited patches either in the presence or absence of pollen as an additional food source under laboratory conditions. A Type II functional response was determined for N. barkeri on eggs or nymphs of T. urticae in both unlimited and limited patches. The type of functional response was not affected by presence or absence of pollen. The numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinear with increasing prey density. The numerical response was similar in shape to a Type II functional response. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of female N. barkeri decreased in all treatments when prey density increased. The type of patch (limited or unlimited) and prey stage (egg or nymph in the presence or absence of pollen) can affect searching efficiency (a) and handling time (Th) (functional response) as well as daily fecundity and ECI (numerical response) of the phytoseiid predator mite, N. barkeri with implications for its use in biological control.

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12

Jaiswal, A. K., N. G. Giri, Anil Kumar Jaiswal, Nilima Samal, P. Sharma, T. Millo, and S. K. Gupta. "Forensic Applications of IR/FTIR." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.3117.5.

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Infra-Red spectroscopy plays important role for analysis of several compounds, metals etc. Its use is readily understood from breadth of its applications. The range of material that can be analyzed by IR/FTIR is essentially unlimited. Applications are found in diverse fields such as forensic science, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture, biological and clinical chemistry, environmental chemistry and many others.

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13

Wohlgemuth, Roland. "Advances in the Synthesis and Analysis of Biologically Active Phosphometabolites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043150.

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Phosphorus-containing metabolites cover a large molecular diversity and represent an important domain of small molecules which are highly relevant for life and represent essential interfaces between biology and chemistry, between the biological and abiotic world. The large but not unlimited amount of phosphate minerals on our planet is a key resource for living organisms on our planet, while the accumulation of phosphorus-containing waste is associated with negative effects on ecosystems. Therefore, resource-efficient and circular processes receive increasing attention from different perspectives, from local and regional levels to national and global levels. The molecular and sustainability aspects of a global phosphorus cycle have become of much interest for addressing the phosphorus biochemical flow as a high-risk planetary boundary. Knowledge of balancing the natural phosphorus cycle and the further elucidation of metabolic pathways involving phosphorus is crucial. This requires not only the development of effective new methods for practical discovery, identification, and high-information content analysis, but also for practical synthesis of phosphorus-containing metabolites, for example as standards, as substrates or products of enzymatic reactions, or for discovering novel biological functions. The purpose of this article is to review the advances which have been achieved in the synthesis and analysis of phosphorus-containing metabolites which are biologically active.

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14

Glass, Jordan R., and Zachary R. Stahlschmidt. "Should I stay or should I go? Complex environments influence the developmental plasticity of flight capacity and flight-related trade-offs." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz073.

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Abstract Complex environments, characterized by co-varying factors (e.g. temperature and food availability) may cause animals to invest resources differentially into fitness-related traits. Thus, experiments manipulating multiple environmental factors concurrently provide valuable insight into the role of the environment in shaping not only important traits (e.g. dispersal capacity or reproduction), but also trait–trait interactions (e.g. trade-offs between traits). We used a multi-factorial design to manipulate variation in temperature (constant 28 °C vs. 28 ± 5 °C daily cycle) and food availability (unlimited vs. intermittent access) throughout development in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Using a univariate approach, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food availability promoted survival, development, growth, body size and/or reproductive investment. Using principal components as indices of resource allocation strategy, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food reduced investment into flight capacity in females. Thus, we detected a sex-specific trade-off between flight and other life-history traits that was developmentally plastic in response to variation in temperature and food availability. We develop an experimental and statistical framework to reveal shifts in correlative patterns of investment into different life-history traits. This approach can be applied to a range of biological systems to investigate how environmental complexity influences traits and trait trade-offs.

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15

Chan, Josephine Valencia. "Semiotic Analysis of Sephora’s Beauty Campaign Video." K@ta Kita 10, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.10.2.314-321.

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Social campaign has gained its popularity over these past years. With the rapid business development, many brands compete with each other to create a simple campaign video but still has a meaningful story. To analyze the data, the writer use semiotic approach. This study aims to discover the meaning of verbal and visual signs, and in what ways those meanings are conveyed in Sephora’s The Unlimited Power of Beauty video. The findings show that in The Unlimited Power of Beauty video, Sephora strives to redefine the term of beauty which cannot be determined merely by particular criteria such as having a white and flawless skin, but beauty can be defined in all forms, sizes, and ages through the verbal and visual signs.

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16

Van Der Valk, Arnold. "Assisting Nature: Ducks, “Ding” and DU." Wetland Science & Practice 35, no. 2 (June 2018): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-249.

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Jay “Ding” Darling (1876-1962) was a newspaper editorial cartoonist and duck hunter. Because of his pro-conservation cartoons, he had become one America’s most prominent conservationists by the early 1930s. Joseph P. Knapp (1864-1951) was a prominent businessman, philanthropist, conservationist, and duck hunter who, like Darling, had become concerned about the decline of waterfowl populations. Both worked to reverse this duck decline. Darling was appointed chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey in 1934 by President Franklin Roosevelt. During his short tenure as its chief (1934-1935), he focused the Bureau’s mission more on wildlife conservation and he oversaw the expansion of the national wildlife refuge system. In 1930, Knapp founded the More Game Birds in America Foundation. This Foundation through its waterfowl surveys documented that western Canada was the major breeding ground of ducks in North America. This resulted in the Foundation establishing Ducks Unlimited, Inc. in the US and Ducks Unlimited (Canada) in 1937.

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17

Helft, Paul R., Victoria L. Champion, Rachael Eckles, Cynthia S. Johnson, and Eric M. Meslin. "Cancer Patients' Attitudes toward Future Research Uses of Stored Human Biological Materials." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jer.2007.2.3.15.

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The policy debate concerning informed consent for future, unspecified research of stored human biological materials (HBM) would benefit from an understanding of the attitudes of individuals who contribute tissue specimens to HBM repositories. Cancer patients who contributed leftover tissue to the Indiana University Cancer Center Tissue Bank under such conditions were recruited for a mail survey study of their attitudes. Our findings suggest that a clear majority of subjects would permit unlimited future research on stored HBMs without re-contact and re-consent, and a significant minority appear to desire ongoing control over future research uses of their tissue. These differences merit further investigation and suggest that a policy of blanket consent for all future, unspecified research would be premature.

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18

Pohodnya, Y. G., T. A. Skrahina, and A. G. Lapko. "ADVANTAGES OF PERIPLASMATIC EXPRESSION AND «CASSETTE» MUTAGENESIS OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS TECHNOLOGY." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 4 (December 28, 2005): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2005-2-4-26.

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Biotechnology methods allow getting homogenous biologically active preparations in virtually unlimited quantities. Recombinant protein purification technology is being constantly improved to increase expression level and minimization of number of protein purification stages. This paper introduces the new method of one-stage recombinant His-Tag fusion adrenodoxin cloning. It keeps all vector advantages for its periplasmatic expression. In this issue, optimized detergents system for effective lysis of bacteria cells has been described.

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19

Lin, Li-Chi, and Yi-Ying Lin. "The Biological Effectiveness and Medical Significance of Far Infrared Radiation (FIR)." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 8, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v8i1.564.

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The electromagnetic waves constitute different wavelengths of light from which Far infrared (FIR) is beneficial for living cells. Extensive studies and trials have been conducted over the last two decades in multidimensional biological domains to identify its unlimited health benefits. FIR radiations improve the microcirculation of the human body, stimulate cell growth, penetrate through skin tissues non-invasively, create intramolecular vibrations create an overall healthy metabolism, which ultimately affects overall improved cardiac and metabolic activity. This phenomenon is used to explore different pathological conditions to identify their significance in the medical field. In this review, we explored the biological effectiveness and the medical significance of Far infrared radiation (FIR) in murine melanoma Cell Growth, Lymphedema, airborne viruses, Cardiac diseases, Wound healing and burns, Autonomic Activities, Hemodialysis, Allergic Rhinitis, Aesthetic medicine, textiles, and other domains such as obesity and gut microbiota.

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20

Namasudra, Suyel. "Data Access Control in the Cloud Computing Environment for Bioinformatics." International Journal of Applied Research in Bioinformatics 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijarb.2021010105.

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Bioinformatics is a branch of science that applies computational science in the biological world. In bioinformatics, large sizes of biological data (genome) are processed in the cloud computing platform. Due to the advantages of cloud computing, such as reduced cost scalability, high performance, unlimited storage and many more, the applications of cloud computing in bioinformatics are increasing exponentially. However, cloud computing has some disadvantages like security, privacy, transferability, etc. Among all these problems, access control is a critical issue in the cloud computing environment. The main objective of this paper is to present many access control models along with their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, some of the popular cloud-based bioinformatics applications are also introduced for the benefit of researchers.

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21

Bauer, Daniela, Hai Vu Nghiem, Doan Duy Tien, Johannes Stelten, and Franz-Peter Montforts. "Functionalization of chlorin e6 trimethylester towards potential amphiphilic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 23, no. 03 (March 2019): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424618501183.

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Chlorins (dihydroporphyrins) are considered, due to their ideal photophysical properties, as attractive photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and other therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Chlorophyll [Formula: see text], as a naturally occurring chlorin, forms an almost unlimited renewable resource for preparation of potential biologically active chlorin photosensitizers and fluorescence markers. To achieve amphiphilic photosensitizers which might be selectively enriched in tumor cells, we addressed linkage of per se lipophilic chlorophyll derivatives with carbohydrate based hydrophilic aminopolyols.

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22

Mishra, Jayshree, Madyson Stubbs, Longxiang Kuang, Nitza Vara, Priyam Kumar, and Narendra Kumar. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapeutics: A Focus on Probiotic Engineering." Mediators of Inflammation 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9621668.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of gastrointestinal (GI) tract with dysregulated mucosal immune functions and disturbed commensal ecosystem of the intestinal lumen. IBD is categorized into two major subsets: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Though advent of biologics has shifted the treatment with relatively longer remission compared to small molecule pharmaceuticals, patients still suffer from long-term complications. Since gut-microbiome is now accepted as another human organ holding potential for long-lasting human health, probiotics, and its engineering hold great promises to treat several previously untreatable chronic inflammatory conditions including IBD. Several emerging biological engineering tools have unlimited potential to manipulate probiotic bacterial system. These can produce useful therapeutic biologics with a goal to either ameliorate and/or treat previously untreatable chronic inflammatory conditions. As gut-microbiome is diverse and vary in different ethnic, geographic, and cultural human population, it will be important to develop vision for personalized probiotic treatment and develop the technology thereof to make personalized probiotic options a reality. The aim of this review paper is to present an overview of the current knowledge on both pharmacological and nonpharmacological IBD treatment modalities with a special emphasis on probiotic strains that are developed through the probiotic engineering. These engineered probiotics contain the most anti-inflammatory cytokines found within the human immune response and are currently being used to treat the intestinal inflammation in IBD for the IBD treatment.

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Yashchenko, V. O. "Neural-like growing networks in the development of general intelligence. Neural-like element (P. I)." Mathematical machines and systems 4 (2022): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34121/1028-9763-2022-4-15-36.

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The article discusses a new approach to the creation of artificial neurons and neural networks as the means of developing artificial intelligence similar to natural. The article consists of two parts. In the first one, the system of artificial intelligence formation is considered in comparison with the system of natural intelligence formation. Based on the consideration and analysis of the structure and functions of a biological neuron, it was concluded that memory is stored in brain neurons at the molecular level. Information perceived by a person from the moment of his birth and throughout his life is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron. There are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain, and each neuron contains millions of ribosomes that synthesize a mediator consisting of about 10,000 molecules. If we assume that one mole-cule corresponds to one unit of information, then human memory is unlimited. In the nerve cell, there is a synthesis of biologically active substances necessary for the analysis and memorizing information. The “factory” for the production of proteins is the endoplasmic reticulum which accumulates millions of ribosomes. One ribosome synthesizes protein at a rate of 15–20 amino acids per second. Considering that the functional structure of ribosomes is similar to the Turing machine, we can conclude that the neuron is an analog multimachine complex – an ultra-fast molecular multimachine supercomputer with an unusually simple analog programming device. An artificial neuron proposed by J. McCulloch and W. Pitts is considered a highly simplified mathematical model of a biological neuron. A maximally approximate analogue of a biological neuron, a neural-like element, is proposed. A description of the neural-like element is given. The process of perception and memorizing information in a neuron-like element is shown in comparison with a similar process in a nerve cell of the brain.

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Baranowska-Korczyc, Anna, Andrzej Hudecki, Irena Kamińska, and Małgorzata Cieślak. "Silk Powder from Cocoons and Woven Fabric as a Potential Bio-Modifier." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226919.

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Silk, as a protein fiber characterized by high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, is mainly used as textile structures for various purposes, including for biological applications. The key issue for unlimited silk applicability as a modifier is to prepare its relevant form to cover or introduce to other materials. This study presents silk powder fabrication from Bombyx mori cocoons and non-dyed silk woven fabric through cryogenic milling. The cocoons were milled before and after the degumming process to obtain powders from raw structures and pure fibroin. The powder morphology and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of the milling on the silk structure was studied using infrared and Raman spectroscopies, indicating that silk powders retained dominant β-sheet structure. The powders were also analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric techniques. The thermal endothermic peak and onset temperature characteristic for silk decomposition shifted to the lower values for all powders, indicating less thermal stability. However, the process was found to be an efficient way to obtain silk powders. The new milled form of silk can allow its introduction into different matrices or form coatings without using any harsh solvents, enriching them with new features and make more biologically friendly.

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Skoda, Marta, Ilona Dudek, Anna Jarosz, and Dariusz Szukiewicz. "Graphene: One Material, Many Possibilities—Application Difficulties in Biological Systems." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/890246.

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Energetic technologies, nanoelectronics, biomedicine including gene therapy, cell imaging or tissue engineering are only few from all possible applications for graphene, the thinnest known carbon configuration and a basic element for other more complicated, better discovered and widely used nanostructures such as graphite, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The number of researches concerning graphene applications is rising every day which proves the great interest in its unique structure and properties. Ideal pristine graphene sheet presents a flat membrane of unlimited size with no imperfections while in practice we get different flakes with irregular edges and structural defects which influence the reactivity. Nanomaterials from graphene family differ in size, shape, layer number, lateral dimension, surface chemistry and defect density causing the existence of graphene samples with various influence on biological systems. Whether graphene induces cellular stress and activates apoptosis, or on the contrary facilitates growth and differentiation of the cells depends on its structure, chemical modifications and the growth process. A certain number of in vitro studies has indicated cytotoxic effects of graphene while the other show that it is safe. The diversity of the samples and methods of the production make it impossible to establish clearly the biological impact of graphene.

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Gross, Steven. "Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access from the perspective of capacity-unlimited working memory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1755 (July 30, 2018): 20170343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0343.

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Theories of consciousness divide over whether perceptual consciousness is rich or sparse in specific representational content and whether it requires cognitive access. These two issues are often treated in tandem because of a shared assumption that the representational capacity of cognitive access is fairly limited. Recent research on working memory challenges this shared assumption. This paper argues that abandoning the assumption undermines post-cue–based ‘overflow’ arguments, according to which perceptual consciousness is rich and does not require cognitive access. Abandoning it also dissociates the rich/sparse debate from the access question. The paper then explores attempts to reformulate overflow theses in ways that do not require the assumption of limited capacity. Finally, it discusses the problem of relating seemingly non-probabilistic perceptual consciousness to the probabilistic representations posited by the models that challenge conceptions of cognitive access as capacity-limited. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access'.

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Teoh, Peik Lin, Haselamirrah Mohd Akhir, Warda Abdul Ajak, and Vun Vun Hiew. "Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Perinatal Tissues: Sources, Characteristics and Isolation Methods." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.5.

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Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from perinatal tissues have become indispensable sources for clinical applications due to their superior properties, ease of accessibility and minimal ethical concerns. MSCs isolated from different placenta (PL) and umbilical cord (UC) compartments exhibit great potential for stem cell-based therapies. However, their biological activities could vary due to tissue origins and differences in differentiation potentials. This review provides an overview of MSCs derived from various compartments of perinatal tissues, their characteristics and current isolation methods. Factors affecting the yield and purity of MSCs are also discussed as they are important to ensure consistent and unlimited supply for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

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Abramov, Oleg, Kirstin L. Bebell, and Stephen J. Mojzsis. "Emergent Bioanalogous Properties of Blockchain-based Distributed Systems." Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 51, no. 2 (June 2021): 131–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11084-021-09608-1.

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AbstractWe apply a novel definition of biological systems to a series of reproducible observations on a blockchain-based distributed virtual machine (dVM). We find that such blockchain-based systems display a number of bioanalogous properties, such as response to the environment, growth and change, replication, and homeostasis, that fit some definitions of life. We further present a conceptual model for a simple self-sustaining, self-organizing, self-regulating distributed ‘organism’ as an operationally closed system that would fulfill all basic definitions and criteria for life, and describe developing technologies, particularly artificial neural network (ANN) based artificial intelligence (AI), that would enable it in the near future. Notably, such systems would have a number of specific advantages over biological life, such as the ability to pass acquired traits to offspring, significantly improved speed, accuracy, and redundancy of their genetic carrier, and potentially unlimited lifespans. Public blockchain-based dVMs provide an uncontained environment for the development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) with the capability to evolve by self-direction.

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Van Der Valk, Arnold. "Assisting Nature: Ducks, “Ding” and DU by Arnold van der Valk." Wetland Science & Practice 35, no. 2 (June 2018): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-253.

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J ay “Ding” Darling (1876-1962) was a newspaper editorial cartoonist and duck hunter. Because of his proconservation cartoons, he had become one America’s most prominent conservationists by the early 1930s. Joseph P. Knapp (1864-1951) was a prominent businessman, philanthropist, conservationist, and duck hunter who, like Darling, had become concerned about the decline of waterfowl populations. Both worked to reverse this duck decline. Darling was appointed chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey in 1934 by President Franklin Roosevelt. During his short tenure as its chief (1934-1935), he focused the Bureau’s mission more on wildlife conservation and he oversaw the expansion of the national wildlife refuge system. In 1930, Knapp founded the More Game Birds in America Foundation. This Foundation through its waterfowl surveys documented that western Canada was the major breeding ground of ducks in North America. This resulted in the Foundation establishing Ducks Unlimited, Inc. in the US and Ducks Unlimited (Canada) in 1937. DU, Inc. would raise money, and DU (Canada) would spend this money in western Canada on wetland conservation and restoration projects. Both men helped to slow down the loss of wetlands by stressing the need for the public and private sectors to conserve and restore them as waterfowl habitat. They also shaped future wetland science by creating opportunities for the employment of wetland scientists.

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Malyukhin, D. M., L. G. Bakina, N. V. Mayachkina, M. V. Kiselev, and V. V. Loktionov. "Solid Waste Screening of SMW: Environmental, Chemical and Toxicological Characteristics Based on the Results of a Two-year Field Experiment." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-12-62-68.

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The agrochemical, sanitary-hygienic and toxicological properties of compost soil from solid waste (technosoil) when mixed with soddy-podzolic soil were studied. Observations of soil overgrowth and changes in chemical and toxicological properties were carried out over two years. It was confirmed that the studied soil was fertile, suitable for growing plants, conform to the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards of the toxicity category “Pure” (hazard class V) and acceptable for unlimited use in accordance with the recommendations of Appendix 1 of SanPiN 2.1. 7.1287-03. It was concluded that the proven technology for obtaining soil is cost-effective and possible for using the high biological potential of composts when landscaping infertile areas of anthropogenically disturbed landscapes.

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Horn, E., F. Ashton, J. C. Haselgrove, and L. D. Peachey. "Tilt Unlimited: A 360 Degree Tilt Specimen Holder for the Jeol 4000-Ex 400 Kv TEM with Modified Objective Lens." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 996–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089299.

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Intermediate voltage electron microscopes are used in biological research to produce high quality images of relatively thick specimens, including whole cells prepared by critical point drying and sections up to several microns thick of embedded cells and tissues. Pairs of images with the specimen tilted by angles appropriate for the magnification and the specimen thickness can be viewed stereoscopically as a way to extract 3D information from these thick specimens. The tilts appropriate for stereo imaging of such thick specimens usually don't exceed +/-20 degrees. Quantitative 3D measurement and 3D reconstruction using tomography or computer graphic tracing methods give the highest accuracy results when the maximum range of tilt angles is available.

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32

Young, Meredith E., and Paul M. Brunet. "It’s About Time." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 2 (January 2011): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000036.

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Accurate identification of emotional expressions is important to social interaction. We examined the relations among shyness, sociability, and the accuracy of categorization of facial expression of emotions in a sample of 127 undergraduates. Individual differences in sociability, but not shyness, were significantly related to categorization accuracy under conditions of limited presentation time, but not under circumstances of unlimited stimulus presentation time. Adults self-rated as low to moderate in sociability were significantly less accurate in categorizing facial expressions of emotion, albeit only under conditions of rapid stimulus presentation. These results suggest that individual differences in sociability and social exposure may influence the ability to categorize facial expressions of emotions.

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Izotov, Maxim O. "R. Kurzweil’s Worldview: A Critical Analysis of the Technocratic Projectto Achieve Immortality." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 18, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2020-18-3-49-60.

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The article is devoted to understanding the prospects of possible application of advanced technological developments in order to improve the biological nature of man. It analyses the ideas of Ray Kurzweil, who is a supporter of such transformations of human nature. It is shown that Kurzweil’s conclusions are of a worldview nature: in the near future, through the cyborgization of people, it will be possible to achieve a state close to immortality and, thus, solve the world-view issues of self-knowledge and create the conditions for unlimited self-development. It is concluded that such optimistic forecasts are insufficiently justified due to the limited possibility of modern technologies to “improve” a person’s life and help with the most difficult technical and ethical problems.

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Lucivero, G. "The Interferons in Clinical Practice." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 5, no. 2 (May 1992): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463209200500203.

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In the last decade, recombinant DNA technologies have allowed the production of highly purified interferons in virtually unlimited amounts. Therefore it has become possible to evaluate the usefulness of interferon therapy in several different diseases. Nowadays interferons have a well defined role in the therapy of infectious and malignant diseases. As these natural modifiers of biological responses are widely available to the specialist and to the general practitioner as well, in the present paper we review the main biochemical properties and the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous activities of the interferons. Furthermore, on the basis of already published therapeutical trials, we indicate the infectious and neoplastic diseases in which therapy with interferon has been effective and outline the most frequent toxic or side effects of this therapy.

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Wobus, Anna M., and Kenneth R. Boheler. "Embryonic Stem Cells: Prospects for Developmental Biology and Cell Therapy." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 635–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00054.2003.

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Stem cells represent natural units of embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, in particular, possess a nearly unlimited self-renewal capacity and developmental potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of an organism. Mouse ES cells, which are established as permanent cell lines from early embryos, can be regarded as a versatile biological system that has led to major advances in cell and developmental biology. Human ES cell lines, which have recently been derived, may additionally serve as an unlimited source of cells for regenerative medicine. Before therapeutic applications can be realized, important problems must be resolved. Ethical issues surround the derivation of human ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. Transplanted ES cell progeny may not function normally in organs, might retain tumorigenic potential, and could be rejected immunologically. The number of human ES cell lines available for research may also be insufficient to adequately determine their therapeutic potential. Recent molecular and cellular advances with mouse ES cells, however, portend the successful use of these cells in therapeutics. This review therefore focuses both on mouse and human ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation as well as their use in basic cell and developmental biology and toxicology and presents prospects for human ES cells in tissue regeneration and transplantation.

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36

Szathmáry, Eörs. "The evolution of replicators." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1403 (November 29, 2000): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0730.

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Replicators of interest in chemistry, biology and culture are briefly surveyed from a conceptual point of view. Systems with limited heredity have only a limited evolutionary potential because the number of available types is too low. Chemical cycles, such as the formose reaction, are holistic replicators since replication is not based on the successive addition of modules. Replicator networks consisting of catalytic molecules (such as reflexively autocatalytic sets of proteins, or reproducing lipid vesicles) are hypothetical ensemble replicators, and their functioning rests on attractors of their dynamics. Ensemble replicators suffer from the paradox of specificity: while their abstract feasibility seems to require a high number of molecular types, the harmful effect of side reactions calls for a small system size. No satisfactory solution to this problem is known. Phenotypic replicators do not pass on their genotypes, only some aspects of the phenotype are transmitted. Phenotypic replicators with limited heredity include genetic membranes, prions and simple memetic systems. Memes in human culture are unlimited hereditary, phenotypic replicators, based on language. The typical path of evolution goes from limited to unlimited heredity, and from attractor–based to modular (digital) replicators.

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37

Andjelski-Radicevic, Biljana, Radica Dozic, Tatjana Todorovic, and Ivan Dozic. "Biochemical markers in saliva of patients with diabetes mellitus." Serbian Dental Journal 59, no. 4 (2012): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs1204198a.

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Diabetes mellitus is metabolic syndrome characterized by disorder in metabolism of carbon hydrates, lipids and proteins. The diagnosis of diabetes is established by measuring the blood glucose level using standardized methods. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose level could be inconvenient for patients because of possible pain during blood sample taking. In the last few years biological materials with non invasive sampling, like saliva, have been analyzed. Research has confirmed that some organic and inorganic components of saliva are modified in diabetic patients (glucose, lipid and protein components, oxidative stress markers, electrolytes). Beside other markers, the analysis of glucose in saliva is an attempt to find a non-invasive and painless way for frequent monitoring of glucose concentration in diabetic patients. Collecting saliva is simple and economical, it neither requires expensive equipment nor specially trained staff. Saliva can be taken many times and in unlimited quantity. In regards to the data about the possibilities for using saliva as biological sample in monitoring diabetes mellitus, which could be alternative to blood serum or plasma, the conclusion is that saliva becomes more important in this context.

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38

Qian, Jiang, Xue Gao, Ya-Di Wang, Xue-Ling Li, Jun Hu, and Jun-Hong Lü. "Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy for Stem Cell Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 9878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179878.

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Stem cells have shown great potential functions for tissue regeneration and repair because of their unlimited self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells reside in their niches, making them a hotspot for the development and diagnosis of diseases. Complex interactions between niches and stem cells create the balance between differentiation, self-renewal, maturation, and proliferation. However, the multi-facet applications of stem cells have been challenged since the complicated responses of stem cells to biological processes were explored along with the limitations of current systems or methods. Emerging evidence highlights that synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, known as synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, has been investigated as a potentially attractive technology with its non-invasive and non-biological probes in stem cell research. With their unique vibration bands, the quantitative mapping of the content and distribution of biomolecules can be detected and characterized in cells or tissues. In this review, we focus on the potential applications of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy for investigating the differentiation and fate determination of stem cells.

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39

Isaacs, S., Terry Mah, and S. K. Maneshin. "Automatic monitoring of denitrification rates and capacities in activated sludge processes using fluorescence or redox potential." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (June 1, 1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0519.

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A novel method is described to automatically estimate several key parameters affecting denitrification in activated sludge processes: the nitrate concentration, the denitrification capacity, and the maximum (substrate unlimited) and actual denitrification rates. From these, the concentration of active denitrifying microorganisms and the quality of available organic substrate pool can be estimated. Additionally, a modification of the method allows the determination of the efficacy of various carbon substrates to enhance denitrification, and this can be used to determine optimal dosing rates of an external carbon source. The method is based on measurements of either fluorescence or redox potential (ORP) in an isolated mini-reactor, the Biological Activity Meter (BAM), situated in the anoxic zone of the wastewater treatment plant. Advantages of the method are that it is in situ, operating at the same temperature as in the measured anoxic zone, requires no pumps or pipes for mixed liquor sampling, consumes little or no reagents, and uses measurement signals which are instantaneous and low maintenance, one of which provides a direct measure of biological activity.

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40

Birch, Jonathan. "In Search of the Origins of Consciousness." Acta Biotheoretica 68, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10441-019-09363-x.

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Abstract The Evolution of the Sensitive Soul is a landmark attempt to make progress on the problem of animal consciousness. Ginsburg and Jablonka propose a general cognitive marker of the presence of consciousness: Unlimited Associative Learning. They use this marker to defend a generous view about the distribution of consciousness in the natural world, on which a capacity for conscious experience is common to all vertebrates, many arthropods and some cephalopod molluscs. They use this inferred distribution to defend a view about the evolution of consciousness, on which it has evolved at least three times, first evolved at around the time of the Cambrian explosion (just over 500 million years ago), and was in fact the driving force behind that explosion. In this essay review, I reflect critically on the book’s central idea: the proposal that Unlimited Associative Learning provides a general marker of consciousness.

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41

Mahmood, Ahmed A. J. "Monobactams as anticancer : a review study." Science Archives 03, no. 01 (2022): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2022.3101.

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Cancer is a heterogeneous disease which categories as the second-leading cause of death worldwide. It is fatal to 42% of diagnosed patients every year. The ideal anticancer agents needed to be powerful, well-tolerated in patients, with low side effects and high selectivity. Antibiotics on the other hand are efficient, well-tolerated, with a very low level of toxicity. Therefore, they continue to be the most important goal for new drugs invention. 2-Azetidinones (β-lactams) are most marketing drugs than any other antibiotics. The β-lactams provide unlimited choices of biological activities, and they are efficaciously used as anticancer agent delivery systems directly to the tumor sites as pro-drugs. These records indicate that the designation and synthesis of new monobactams will be a favorable zone for improvement anticancer studying research.

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42

Stetsenko, Anna. "Confronting Biological Reductionism From a Social Justice Agenda: Transformative Agency and Activist Stance." Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice 67, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381336918787531.

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This article draws attention to contemporary research and theorizing that counters and resolutely dispels biological determinism laden with a plethora of mythic racial, gender, dis/ability and other types of unproven assumptions, conjectures, and biases. Based on a wide range of emerging conceptual breakthroughs and a growing body of evidence across neurosciences, epigenetics, developmental systems perspectives, and activity-centered cultural–historical frameworks, the argument can be made that all persons have infinite potential—incalculable in advance, unlimited, and not predefined in terms of any putatively inborn “endowments.” From this perspective, educational success is correlative with access to social resources and mediators such as teacher experience and skills. These and other radical implications can be drawn out with more force if this emerging body of anti-reductionist and anti-biodeterminist knowledge is connected to and integrates critical and sociocultural scholarship with agendas of social justice and equality such as exemplified in works by Marx and Vygotsky. At the same time, critical and sociocultural scholarship can draw on this emerging body of knowledge to support its struggles for a better society and education. For these two broad strands of scholarship to connect and benefit from each other, a revision of the role of subjectivity and activism in research is required, with steps in this direction discussed in this article.

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Parcha, Versha, and Jaswinder Kaur. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of new aryl substituted Schiff’s bases." Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations 4, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.39.

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Objective: Chemical substances employed to treat various infections caused by various types of microorganism are termed as antimicrobials and natural chemical compounds produced by specific types of bacteria are termed as antibiotics. Unlimited use of antibiotics in humans and animals and in areas other than the treatment and prophylaxis of disease have resulted in a serious problem of drug resistance. Various attempts have been adopted to cope with the resistance problem and enhance the activity, or broaden the spectrum of drugs. Based on structure-activity relationship synthesis of new compounds has been one of the best approaches for better results. It has been demonstrated that Schiff base of some leading molecules and antibiotics possess good potential as more effective and safe drugs. Encouraged by reports on potential of Schiff’s bases as antimicrobial agents and to cope up with the current requirements of developing newer, safer and broad spectrum agents attempts were made to synthesize new Schiff’s bases.Methods: Our earlier in which structure activity relationship studies revealed that substitution by nitro and amino gp in Schiff’s base moiety resulted in the enhancement of activity. So further attempts were made to extend the series with incorporation of nitro and amino moiety by condensing o,m dinitro substituted acid hydrazide with various nitro/amino substituted benzaldehydes for increasing their antimicrobial potential.Results: Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral studies (like UV, IR, and NMR). All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect. All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect.Conclusions: Highest activity was observed in the derivative with nitro substitution in both the aryl rings.

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44

Klebaner, Fima C. "Conditions for the unlimited growth in multitype population size dependent galton-watson processes." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, no. 4 (July 1990): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02462265.

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45

KLEBANER, F. "Conditions for the unlimited growth in multitype population size dependent Galton-Watson processes." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, no. 4 (1990): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80360-x.

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46

Fountain, Andrew, and Cory Merkel. "Effect of biologically-motivated energy constraints on liquid state machine dynamics and classification performance." Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering 2, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 024005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ac5d1f.

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Abstract Equipping edge devices with intelligent behavior opens up new possibilities for automating the decision making in extreme size, weight, and power-constrained application domains. To this end, several recent lines of research are aimed at the design of artificial intelligence hardware accelerators that have significantly reduced footprint and power demands compared to conventional CPU/GPU systems. However, despite some key advancements, the majority of work in this area assumes that there is an unlimited supply of energy available for computation, which is not realistic in the case of battery-powered and energy harvesting devices. In this paper, we address this gap by exploring the computational effects of energy constraints on a popular class of brain-inspired spiking neural networks–liquid state machines (LSMs). Energy constraints were applied by limiting the spiking activity in subsets of LSM neurons. We tested our designs on two biosignal processing tasks: epileptic seizure detection and biometric gait identification. For both tasks, we show that energy constraints can significantly improve classification accuracy. This demonstrates that in the design of neuromorphic systems, reducing energy and increasing performance are not always competing goals.

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47

Wedegärtner, David, and Oliver I. Strube. "Site-Specific Addressing of Particles and Coatings via Enzyme-Mediated Destabilization." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040354.

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Enzyme mediated addressing (EMA) is a highly specific and easy-to-apply technology for direction and deposition of particles and coatings on surfaces. Key feature of this process is an enzymatic reaction in direct proximity to the surface, which induces the deposition. The technique has previously shown great success in the handling of biological particles. In this study, addressing of non-biological nanoparticles, in particular plastics and metals, is presented. The respective particles are stabilized by an amphiphilic, enzyme-degradable block copolymer, consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(caprolactone). After contact with the enzyme pseudomonas lipase, the particles are destabilized, due to the loss of the hydrophilic part of the block copolymer. The lipase is therefore immobilized on glass supports. Immobilization is performed via adsorption or covalent bonding to epoxide groups. All deposition experiments show that addressing of individual particles occurs precisely within the predefined areas of enzyme activity. Depending on the material and reaction conditions, intact nanoparticles or coatings from such can be gained. The quintessence of the study is the indifference of the EMA regarding particle materials. From this rationale, the technique offers near unlimited materials compatibility within a precise, easy-to-apply, and upscalable process.

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48

Fabrizio, Carlo, Andrea Termine, Carlo Caltagirone, and Giulia Sancesario. "Artificial Intelligence for Alzheimer’s Disease: Promise or Challenge?" Diagnostics 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081473.

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Decades of experimental and clinical research have contributed to unraveling many mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the puzzle is still incomplete. Although we can suppose that there is no complete set of puzzle pieces, the recent growth of open data-sharing initiatives collecting lifestyle, clinical, and biological data from AD patients has provided a potentially unlimited amount of information about the disease, far exceeding the human ability to make sense of it. Moreover, integrating Big Data from multi-omics studies provides the potential to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of the entire biological continuum of AD. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a wide variety of methods to analyze large and complex data in order to improve knowledge in the AD field. In this review, we focus on recent findings and future challenges for AI in AD research. In particular, we discuss the use of Computer-Aided Diagnosis tools for AD diagnosis and the use of AI to potentially support clinical practices for the prediction of individual risk of AD conversion as well as patient stratification in order to finally develop effective and personalized therapies.

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Aphrodyanti, Lyswiana, Abdul Haris, and Lidia Luisa Momongan. "THE LIFE TABLE OF Spodoptera pectinicornis Hampson AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes L.) WEED." TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (July 4, 2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v3i2.46.

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The table of life can provide information on birth (natality), death (mortality) and the opportunity to breed, so it can be used as a parameter of the behavior of population development.The purpose of this study was to determine the calculation of life table of S. pectinicornis Hampson as biological control agent of water lettuce (P. stratiotes) weed.The table of life is done by observing survival ability, mortality and fecundity of S. pectinicornis of a cohort of 300 eggs by looking at all the stages from egg, larva, pupa, and imago, and fecundity of female imago per day. The research was conducted in a condition of unlimited food resources and environment free of natural enemies. Parameters observed were gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (Ro), average of generation time (T), intrinsic rate of growth (r), and limited rate of growth (λ). The research result of the life table calculation showed that GRR value was 350.29, the value of net reproductive rate (Ro) was 19.59 descendants, the average of generation time (T) was 29.47 days, the value of intrinsic rate of accretion (r) was 0.10 and the value of limited rate of accretion (λ) was 1.11.

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50

Welsher, Kevin, and Haw Yang. "Imaging the behavior of molecules in biological systems: breaking the 3D speed barrier with 3D multi-resolution microscopy." Faraday Discussions 184 (2015): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00090d.

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The overwhelming effort in the development of new microscopy methods has been focused on increasing the spatial and temporal resolution in all three dimensions to enable the measurement of the molecular scale phenomena at the heart of biological processes. However, there exists a significant speed barrier to existing 3D imaging methods, which is associated with the overhead required to image large volumes. This overhead can be overcome to provide nearly unlimited temporal precision by simply focusing on a single molecule or particle via real-time 3D single-particle tracking and the newly developed 3D Multi-resolution Microscopy (3D-MM). Here, we investigate the optical and mechanical limits of real-time 3D single-particle tracking in the context of other methods. In particular, we investigate the use of an optical cantilever for position sensitive detection, finding that this method yields system magnifications of over 3000×. We also investigate the ideal PID control parameters and their effect on the power spectrum of simulated trajectories. Taken together, these data suggest that the speed limit in real-time 3D single particle-tracking is a result of slow piezoelectric stage response as opposed to optical sensitivity or PID control.

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