Статті в журналах: "Biological Science - Nanomaterials"

1

Babuska, Vaclav, Phanindra Babu Kasi, Petra Chocholata, Lucie Wiesnerova, Jana Dvorakova, Radana Vrzakova, Anna Nekleionova, Lukas Landsmann, and Vlastimil Kulda. "Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 6793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136793.

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Nanomaterials are promising in the development of innovative therapeutic options that include tissue and organ replacement, as well as bone repair and regeneration. The expansion of new nanoscaled biomaterials is based on progress in the field of nanotechnologies, material sciences, and biomedicine. In recent decades, nanomaterial systems have bridged the line between the synthetic and natural worlds, leading to the emergence of a new science called nanomaterial design for biological applications. Nanomaterials replicating bone properties and providing unique functions help in bone tissue engineering. This review article is focused on nanomaterials utilized in or being explored for the purpose of bone repair and regeneration. After a brief overview of bone biology, including a description of bone cells, matrix, and development, nanostructured materials and different types of nanoparticles are discussed in detail.

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Wang, Jiali, Guo Zhao, Liya Feng, and Shaowen Chen. "Metallic Nanomaterials with Biomedical Applications." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122133.

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Metallic nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in various fields due to their photocatalytic, photosensitive, thermal conducting, electrical conducting and semiconducting properties. Among all these fields, metallic nanomaterials are of particular importance in biomedical sensing for the detection of different analytes, such as proteins, toxins, metal ions, nucleotides, anions and saccharides. However, many problems remain to be solved, such as the synthesis method and modification of target metallic nanoparticles, inadequate sensitivity and stability in biomedical sensing and the biological toxicity brought by metallic nanomaterials. Thus, this Special Issue aims to collect research or review articles focused on electrochemical biosensing, such as metallic nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors, metallic oxide-modified electrodes, biological sensing based on metallic nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterial-based biological sensing devices and chemometrics for metallic nanomaterial-based biological sensing. Meanwhile, studies related to the synthesis and characterization of metallic nanomaterials are also welcome, and both experimental and theoretical studies are welcome for contribution as well.

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Vianello, Fabio, Alessandro Cecconello, and Massimiliano Magro. "Toward the Specificity of Bare Nanomaterial Surfaces for Protein Corona Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147625.

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Aiming at creating smart nanomaterials for biomedical applications, nanotechnology aspires to develop a new generation of nanomaterials with the ability to recognize different biological components in a complex environment. It is common opinion that nanomaterials must be coated with organic or inorganic layers as a mandatory prerequisite for applications in biological systems. Thus, it is the nanomaterial surface coating that predominantly controls the nanomaterial fate in the biological environment. In the last decades, interdisciplinary studies involving not only life sciences, but all branches of scientific research, provided hints for obtaining uncoated inorganic materials able to interact with biological systems with high complexity and selectivity. Herein, the fragmentary literature on the interactions between bare abiotic materials and biological components is reviewed. Moreover, the most relevant examples of selective binding and the conceptualization of the general principles behind recognition mechanisms were provided. Nanoparticle features, such as crystalline facets, density and distribution of surface chemical groups, and surface roughness and topography were encompassed for deepening the comprehension of the general concept of recognition patterns.

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Xie, Jiani, Huilun Li, Tairan Zhang, Bokai Song, Xinhui Wang, and Zhanjun Gu. "Recent Advances in ZnO Nanomaterial-Mediated Biological Applications and Action Mechanisms." Nanomaterials 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13091500.

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In recent years, with the deepening research, metal zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials have become a popular research object in the biological field, particularly in biomedicine and food safety, which is attributed to their unique physicochemical properties such as high surface area and volume ratio, luminescence effect, surface characteristics and biological activities. Herein, this review provides a detailed overview of the ZnO nanomaterial-mediated biological applications that involve anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, skin care, biological imaging and food packaging applications. Importantly, the corresponding action mechanisms of ZnO nanomaterials are pointed. Additionally, the structure and structure-dependent physicochemical properties, the common synthesis methods and the biosafety of ZnO nanoparticles are revealed in brief. Finally, the significance and future challenges of ZnO nanomaterial applications are concluded.

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Kladko, Daniil V., Aleksandra S. Falchevskaya, Nikita S. Serov, and Artur Y. Prilepskii. "Nanomaterial Shape Influence on Cell Behavior." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105266.

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Nanomaterials are proven to affect the biological activity of mammalian and microbial cells profoundly. Despite this fact, only surface chemistry, charge, and area are often linked to these phenomena. Moreover, most attention in this field is directed exclusively at nanomaterial cytotoxicity. At the same time, there is a large body of studies showing the influence of nanomaterials on cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, reprogramming, gene transfer, and many other processes. Furthermore, it has been revealed that in all these cases, the shape of the nanomaterial plays a crucial role. In this paper, the mechanisms of nanomaterials shape control, approaches toward its synthesis, and the influence of nanomaterial shape on various biological activities of mammalian and microbial cells, such as proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism, as well as the prospects of this emerging field, are reviewed.

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S, Lakshmana Prabu. "Emerging Approaches and Perception of Toxicity Assessment in Nanomaterials." Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 6, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000168.

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In the 21st century, nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary research has become an innovative field and made a new revolution in science and technology. Its unique properties has led an extensive research interest among the researchers and utilized in various fields including biomedical applications. Increased use of nanomaterials in health sciences and medicine aroused a global concern on the biological response, effectiveness, and toxicity of these materials. Therefore, it has become imperative in studying the toxicity of nanomaterial (Nanotoxicology) in therapeutic applications. The main aim of nanotoxicological studies is to determine the toxic/hazardous effects of nanomaterials on humans and to the environment. The toxicity of the nanomaterials depends on various physicochemical properties such as size, shape, surface area, surface chemistry, concentration and several others parameters. Nanomaterials have shown higher toxicity particularly in inhalation studies, hence stringent regulations are made for nanotechnology products to ensure the safety of the products. There are few approaches to overcome these toxicities and improve its therapeutic efficacy and safety. Hence development of nanotechnology should occur on par with risk assessment to identify and subsequently avoid possible dangers in the near future. This article highlights on the different nanomaterials, their unique properties and frameworks for assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials.

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Cerpa-Naranjo, Arisbel, Javier Pérez-Piñeiro, Pablo Navajas-Chocarro, Mariana P. Arce, Isabel Lado-Touriño, Niurka Barrios-Bermúdez, Rodrigo Moreno, and María Luisa Rojas-Cervantes. "Rheological Properties of Different Graphene Nanomaterials in Biological Media." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 3593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103593.

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Carbon nanomaterials have received increased attention in the last few years due to their potential applications in several areas. In medicine, for example, these nanomaterials could be used as contrast agents, drug transporters, and tissue regenerators or in gene therapy. This makes it necessary to know the behavior of carbon nanomaterials in biological media to assure good fluidity and the absence of deleterious effects on human health. In this work, the rheological characterization of different graphene nanomaterials in fetal bovine serum and other fluids, such as bovine serum albumin and water, is studied using rotational and microfluidic chip rheometry. Graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, and expanded graphene oxide at concentrations between 1 and 3 mg/mL and temperatures in the 25–40 °C range were used. The suspensions were also characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the results show a high tendency to aggregation and reveals that there is a protein–nanomaterial interaction. Although rotational rheometry is customarily used, it cannot provide reliable measurements in low viscosity samples, showing an apparent shear thickening, whereas capillary viscometers need transparent samples; therefore, microfluidic technology appears to be a suitable method to measure low viscosity, non-transparent Newtonian fluids, as it is able to determine small variations in viscosity. No significant changes in viscosity are found within the solid concentration range studied but it decreases between 1.1 and 0.6 mPa·s when the temperature raises from 25 to 40 °C.

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Rónavári, Andrea, Nóra Igaz, Dóra I. Adamecz, Bettina Szerencsés, Csaba Molnar, Zoltán Kónya, Ilona Pfeiffer, and Monika Kiricsi. "Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040844.

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The nanomaterial industry generates gigantic quantities of metal-based nanomaterials for various technological and biomedical applications; however, concomitantly, it places a massive burden on the environment by utilizing toxic chemicals for the production process and leaving hazardous waste materials behind. Moreover, the employed, often unpleasant chemicals can affect the biocompatibility of the generated particles and severely restrict their application possibilities. On these grounds, green synthetic approaches have emerged, offering eco-friendly, sustainable, nature-derived alternative production methods, thus attenuating the ecological footprint of the nanomaterial industry. In the last decade, a plethora of biological materials has been tested to probe their suitability for nanomaterial synthesis. Although most of these approaches were successful, a large body of evidence indicates that the green material or entity used for the production would substantially define the physical and chemical properties and as a consequence, the biological activities of the obtained nanomaterials. The present review provides a comprehensive collection of the most recent green methodologies, surveys the major nanoparticle characterization techniques and screens the effects triggered by the obtained nanomaterials in various living systems to give an impression on the biomedical potential of green synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles.

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9

García-Álvarez, Rafaela, and María Vallet-Regí. "Hard and Soft Protein Corona of Nanomaterials: Analysis and Relevance." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040888.

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Upon contact with a biological milieu, nanomaterials tend to interact with biomolecules present in the media, especially proteins, leading to the formation of the so-called “protein corona”. As a result of these nanomaterial–protein interactions, the bio-identity of the nanomaterial is altered, which is translated into modifications of its behavior, fate, and pharmacological profile. For biomedical applications, it is fundamental to understand the biological behavior of nanomaterials prior to any clinical translation. For these reasons, during the last decade, numerous publications have been focused on the investigation of the protein corona of many different types of nanomaterials. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that the structure of the protein corona can be divided into hard and soft corona, depending on the affinity of the proteins for the nanoparticle surface. In the present document, we explore the differences between these two protein coronas, review the analysis techniques used for their assessment, and reflect on their relevance for medical purposes.

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Abu-Salah, Khalid, Salman A. Alrokyan, Muhammad Naziruddin Khan, and Anees Ahmad Ansari. "Nanomaterials as Analytical Tools for Genosensors." Sensors 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2010): 963–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100100963.

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Nanomaterials are being increasingly used for the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors, due to the unique electrocatalytic properties found in nanoscale materials. They offer excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction and for designing a new generation of bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions. In particular, nanomaterials such as noble metal nanoparticles (Au, Pt), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots and metal oxide nanoparticles have been actively investigated for their applications in DNA biosensors, which have become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science. In this article, we address some of the main advances in this field over the past few years, discussing the issues and challenges with the aim of stimulating a broader interest in developing nanomaterial-based biosensors and improving their applications in disease diagnosis and food safety examination.

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Tsukanov, Alexey, Boris Turk, Olga Vasiljeva, and Sergey Psakhie. "Computational Indicator Approach for Assessment of Nanotoxicity of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040650.

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The increasing growth in the development of various novel nanomaterials and their biomedical applications has drawn increasing attention to their biological safety and potential health impact. The most commonly used methods for nanomaterial toxicity assessment are based on laboratory experiments. In recent years, with the aid of computer modeling and data science, several in silico methods for the cytotoxicity prediction of nanomaterials have been developed. An affordable, cost-effective numerical modeling approach thus can reduce the need for in vitro and in vivo testing and predict the properties of designed or developed nanomaterials. We propose here a new in silico method for rapid cytotoxicity assessment of two-dimensional nanomaterials of arbitrary chemical composition by using free energy analysis and molecular dynamics simulations, which can be expressed by a computational indicator of nanotoxicity (CIN2D). We applied this approach to five well-known two-dimensional nanomaterials promising for biomedical applications: graphene, graphene oxide, layered double hydroxide, aloohene, and hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. The results corroborate the available laboratory biosafety data for these nanomaterials, supporting the applicability of the developed method for predictive nanotoxicity assessment of two-dimensional nanomaterials.

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Shaik, Mohammed Rafi, Syed Farooq Adil, and Mujeeb Khan. "Novel Nanomaterials for Catalytic and Biological Applications." Crystals 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030427.

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Currently, nanotechnology has become an integral part of science and technology and has played a crucial role in the development of a variety of technological advancements in different industries [...]

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13

Ahmed, Faheem, Ameer Azam, Mohammad Mansoob Khan, and Samuel M. Mugo. "Advanced Nanomaterials for Biological Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3692420.

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Huston, Matthew, Melissa DeBella, Maria DiBella, and Anisha Gupta. "Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082130.

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Nanotechnology is considered one of the paramount forefronts in science over the last decade. Its versatile implementations and fast-growing demand have paved the way for innovative measures for the synthesis of higher quality nanomaterials. In the early stages, traditional synthesis methods were utilized, and they relied on both carcinogenic chemicals and high energy input for production of nano-sized material. The pollution produced as a result of traditional synthesis methods induces a need for environmentally safer synthesis methods. As the downfalls of climate change become more abundant, the scientific community is persistently seeking solutions to combat the devastation caused by toxic production methods. Green methods for nanomaterial synthesis apply natural biological systems to nanomaterial production. The present review highlights the history of nanoparticle synthesis, starting with traditional methods and progressing towards green methods. Green synthesis is a method just as effective, if not more so, than traditional synthesis; it provides a sustainable approach to nanomaterial manufacturing by using naturally sourced starting materials and relying on low energy processes. The recent use of active molecules in natural biological systems such as bacteria, yeast, algae and fungi report successful results in the synthesis of various nanoparticle systems. Thus, the integration of green synthesis in scientific research and mass production provides a potential solution to the limitations of traditional synthesis methods.

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Ke, Pu Chun, and Rui Qiao. "Carbon nanomaterials in biological systems." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 37 (July 27, 2007): 373101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/37/373101.

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Fu, Yu, Shengjie Cui, Dan Luo, and Yan Liu. "Novel Inorganic Nanomaterial-Based Therapy for Bone Tissue Regeneration." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030789.

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Extensive bone defect repair remains a clinical challenge, since ideal implantable scaffolds require the integration of excellent biocompatibility, sufficient mechanical strength and high biological activity to support bone regeneration. The inorganic nanomaterial-based therapy is of great significance due to their excellent mechanical properties, adjustable biological interface and diversified functions. Calcium–phosphorus compounds, silica and metal-based materials are the most common categories of inorganic nanomaterials for bone defect repairing. Nano hydroxyapatites, similar to natural bone apatite minerals in terms of physiochemical and biological activities, are the most widely studied in the field of biomineralization. Nano silica could realize the bone-like hierarchical structure through biosilica mineralization process, and biomimetic silicifications could stimulate osteoblast activity for bone formation and also inhibit osteoclast differentiation. Novel metallic nanomaterials, including Ti, Mg, Zn and alloys, possess remarkable strength and stress absorption capacity, which could overcome the drawbacks of low mechanical properties of polymer-based materials and the brittleness of bioceramics. Moreover, the biodegradability, antibacterial activity and stem cell inducibility of metal nanomaterials can promote bone regeneration. In this review, the advantages of the novel inorganic nanomaterial-based therapy are summarized, laying the foundation for the development of novel bone regeneration strategies in future.

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Díez-Pascual, Ana M. "Surface Engineering of Nanomaterials with Polymers, Biomolecules, and Small Ligands for Nanomedicine." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 3251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093251.

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Nanomedicine is a speedily growing area of medical research that is focused on developing nanomaterials for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties have recently attracted a lot of attention since they offer a lot of potential in biomedical research. Novel generations of engineered nanostructures, also known as designed and functionalized nanomaterials, have opened up new possibilities in the applications of biomedical approaches such as biological imaging, biomolecular sensing, medical devices, drug delivery, and therapy. Polymers, natural biomolecules, or synthetic ligands can interact physically or chemically with nanomaterials to functionalize them for targeted uses. This paper reviews current research in nanotechnology, with a focus on nanomaterial functionalization for medical applications. Firstly, a brief overview of the different types of nanomaterials and the strategies for their surface functionalization is offered. Secondly, different types of functionalized nanomaterials are reviewed. Then, their potential cytotoxicity and cost-effectiveness are discussed. Finally, their use in diverse fields is examined in detail, including cancer treatment, tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and medical implants.

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Su, Shi, and Peter M. Kang. "Systemic Review of Biodegradable Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040656.

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Background: Nanomedicine is a field of science that uses nanoscale materials for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. It has emerged as an important aspect of the therapeutics, but at the same time, also raises concerns regarding the safety of the nanomaterials involved. Recent applications of functionalized biodegradable nanomaterials have significantly improved the safety profile of nanomedicine. Objective: Our goal is to evaluate different types of biodegradable nanomaterials that have been functionalized for their biomedical applications. Method: In this review, we used PubMed as our literature source and selected recently published studies on biodegradable nanomaterials and their applications in nanomedicine. Results: We found that biodegradable polymers are commonly functionalized for various purposes. Their property of being naturally degraded under biological conditions allows these biodegradable nanomaterials to be used for many biomedical purposes, including bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery, implantation and tissue engineering. The degradability of these nanoparticles can be utilized to control cargo release, by allowing efficient degradation of the nanomaterials at the target site while maintaining nanoparticle integrity at off-target sites. Conclusion: While each biodegradable nanomaterial has its advantages and disadvantages, with careful design and functionalization, biodegradable nanoparticles hold great future in nanomedicine.

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Gilmore, Tessa, and Pelagia-Irene Gouma. "Polymorphic Biological and Inorganic Functional Nanomaterials." Materials 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155355.

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This perspective involves two types of functional nanomaterials, amyloid fibrils and metal oxide nanowires and nanogrids. Both the protein and the inorganic nanomaterials rely on their polymorphism to exhibit diverse properties that are important to sensing and catalysis. Several examples of novel functionalities are provided from biomarker sensing and filtration applications to smart scaffolds for energy and sustainability applications.

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Wang, Feng, Wee Beng Tan, Yong Zhang, Xianping Fan, and Minquan Wang. "Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labelling." Nanotechnology 17, no. 1 (November 25, 2005): R1—R13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/1/r01.

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21

Niu, Qin, Qiannan Sun, Rushui Bai, Yunfan Zhang, Zimeng Zhuang, Xin Zhang, Tianyi Xin, Si Chen, and Bing Han. "Progress of Nanomaterials-Based Photothermal Therapy for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 10428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810428.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the top 15 most prevalent cancers worldwide. However, the current treatment models for OSCC (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and combination therapy) present several limitations: damage to adjacent healthy tissue, possible recurrence, low efficiency, and severe side effects. In this context, nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive research attention. This paper reviews the latest progress in the application of biological nanomaterials for PTT in OSCC. We divide photothermal nanomaterials into four categories (noble metal nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal compounds, and organic nanomaterials) and introduce each category in detail. We also mention in detail the drug delivery systems for PTT of OSCC and briefly summarize the applications of hydrogels, liposomes, and micelles. Finally, we note the challenges faced by the clinical application of PTT nanomaterials and the possibility of further improvement, providing direction for the future research of PTT in OSCC treatment.

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Harish, Vancha, Md Mustafiz Ansari, Devesh Tewari, Manish Gaur, Awadh Bihari Yadav, María-Luisa García-Betancourt, Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem, Mikhael Bechelany, and Ahmed Barhoum. "Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Synthesis and Controlled Growth Methods." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183226.

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Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0–3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.

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Bansal, Vipul, Rajesh Ramanathan, and Suresh K. Bhargava. "Fungus-mediated Biological Approaches Towards 'Green' Synthesis of Oxide Nanomaterials." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 3 (2011): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch10343.

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A promising avenue of research in materials science is to follow the strategies used by nature to fabricate ornate hierarchical materials. For many ages, organisms have been engaged in on-the-job testing to craft structural and functional materials and have evolved extensively to possibly create the best-known materials. Some of the strategies used by nature may well have practical implications in the world of nanomaterials. Therefore, the efforts to exploit nature’s ingenious work in designing strategies for nanomaterials synthesis has led to biological routes for materials synthesis. This review outlines the biological synthesis of a range of oxide nanomaterials that has hitherto been achieved using fungal biosynthesis routes. A critical overview of the current status and future scope of this field that could potentially lead to the microorganism-mediated commercial, large-scale, environmentally benign, and economically-viable ‘green’ syntheses of oxide nanomaterials is also discussed.

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Slocik, Joseph, and Rajesh Naik. "Biological Assembly of Hybrid Inorganic Nanomaterials." Current Nanoscience 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341307780619242.

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David, Christopher A. W., Michael Barrow, Patricia Murray, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Andrew Owen, and Neill J. Liptrott. "In Vitro Determination of the Immunogenic Impact of Nanomaterials on Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165610.

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Investigation of the potential for nanomaterials to generate immunogenic effects is a key aspect of a robust preclinical evaluation. In combination with physicochemical characterization, such assessments also provide context for how material attributes influence biological outcomes. Furthermore, appropriate models for these assessments allow accurate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, which is vital for the mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial action. Here we have assessed the immunogenic impact of a small panel of commercially available and in-house prepared nanomaterials on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dex) functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) generated detectable quantities of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-10, the only tested material to do so. The human leukemia monocytic cell line THP-1 was used to assess the potential for the nanomaterial panel to affect cellular oxidation-reduction (REDOX) via measurement of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione. Negatively charged sulfonate-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles demonstrated a size-related trend for the inhibition of caspase-1, which was not observed for amine-functionalized polystyrene of similar sizes. Silica nanoparticles (310 nm) resulted in a 93% increase in proliferation compared to the untreated control (p < 0.01). No other nanomaterial treatments resulted in significant change from that of unstimulated PBMCs. Responses to the nanomaterials in the assays described demonstrate the utility of primary cells as ex vivo models for nanomaterial biological impact.

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Guo, Ziyi, Joseph J. Richardson, Biao Kong, and Kang Liang. "Nanobiohybrids: Materials approaches for bioaugmentation." Science Advances 6, no. 12 (March 2020): eaaz0330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0330.

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Nanobiohybrids, synthesized by integrating functional nanomaterials with living systems, have emerged as an exciting branch of research at the interface of materials engineering and biological science. Nanobiohybrids use synthetic nanomaterials to impart organisms with emergent properties outside their scope of evolution. Consequently, they endow new or augmented properties that are either innate or exogenous, such as enhanced tolerance against stress, programmed metabolism and proliferation, artificial photosynthesis, or conductivity. Advances in new materials design and processing technologies made it possible to tailor the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials coupled with the biological systems. To date, many different types of nanomaterials have been integrated with various biological systems from simple biomolecules to complex multicellular organisms. Here, we provide a critical overview of recent developments of nanobiohybrids that enable new or augmented biological functions that show promise in high-tech applications across many disciplines, including energy harvesting, biocatalysis, biosensing, medicine, and robotics.

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Lara, Sandra, and André Perez-Potti. "Applications of Nanomaterials for Immunosensing." Biosensors 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios8040104.

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In biomedical science among several other growing fields, the detection of specific biological agents or biomolecular markers, from biological samples is crucial for early diagnosis and decision-making in terms of appropriate treatment, influencing survival rates. In this regard, immunosensors are based on specific antibody-antigen interactions, forming a stable immune complex. The antigen-specific detection antibodies (i.e., biomolecular recognition element) are generally immobilized on the nanomaterial surfaces and their interaction with the biomolecular markers or antigens produces a physico-chemical response that modulates the signal readout. Lowering the detection limits for particular biomolecules is one of the key parameters when designing immunosensors. Thus, their design by combining the specificity and versatility of antibodies with the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials offers a plethora of opportunities for clinical diagnosis. In this review, we show a comprehensive set of recent developments in the field of nanoimmunosensors and how they are progressing the detection and validation for a wide range of different biomarkers in multiple diseases and what are some drawbacks and considerations of the uses of such devices and their expansion.

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Ji, Zuowei, Wenjing Guo, Sugunadevi Sakkiah, Jie Liu, Tucker Patterson, and Huixiao Hong. "Nanomaterial Databases: Data Sources for Promoting Design and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061599.

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Nanomaterials have drawn increasing attention due to their tunable and enhanced physicochemical and biological performance compared to their conventional bulk materials. Owing to the rapid expansion of the nano-industry, large amounts of data regarding the synthesis, physicochemical properties, and bioactivities of nanomaterials have been generated. These data are a great asset to the scientific community. However, the data are on diverse aspects of nanomaterials and in different sources and formats. To help utilize these data, various databases on specific information of nanomaterials such as physicochemical characterization, biomedicine, and nano-safety have been developed and made available online. Understanding the structure, function, and available data in these databases is needed for scientists to select appropriate databases and retrieve specific information for research on nanomaterials. However, to our knowledge, there is no study to systematically compare these databases to facilitate their utilization in the field of nanomaterials. Therefore, we reviewed and compared eight widely used databases of nanomaterials, aiming to provide the nanoscience community with valuable information about the specific content and function of these databases. We also discuss the pros and cons of these databases, thus enabling more efficient and convenient utilization.

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Aflori, Magdalena. "Smart Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications—A Review." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020396.

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Recent advances in nanotechnology have forced the obtaining of new materials with multiple functionalities. Due to their reduced dimensions, nanomaterials exhibit outstanding physio-chemical functionalities: increased absorption and reactivity, higher surface area, molar extinction coefficients, tunable plasmonic properties, quantum effects, and magnetic and photo properties. However, in the biomedical field, it is still difficult to use tools made of nanomaterials for better therapeutics due to their limitations (including non-biocompatible, poor photostabilities, low targeting capacity, rapid renal clearance, side effects on other organs, insufficient cellular uptake, and small blood retention), so other types with controlled abilities must be developed, called “smart” nanomaterials. In this context, the modern scientific community developed a kind of nanomaterial which undergoes large reversible changes in its physical, chemical, or biological properties as a consequence of small environmental variations. This systematic mini-review is intended to provide an overview of the newest research on nanosized materials responding to various stimuli, including their up-to-date application in the biomedical field.

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30

Wang, Li, Coucong Gong, Xinzhu Yuan, and Gang Wei. "Controlling the Self-Assembly of Biomolecules into Functional Nanomaterials through Internal Interactions and External Stimulations: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020285.

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Biomolecular self-assembly provides a facile way to synthesize functional nanomaterials. Due to the unique structure and functions of biomolecules, the created biological nanomaterials via biomolecular self-assembly have a wide range of applications, from materials science to biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and analytical science. In this review, we present recent advances in the synthesis of biological nanomaterials by controlling the biomolecular self-assembly from adjusting internal interactions and external stimulations. The self-assembly mechanisms of biomolecules (DNA, protein, peptide, virus, enzyme, metabolites, lipid, cholesterol, and others) related to various internal interactions, including hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, π–π stacking, DNA base pairing, and ligand–receptor binding, are discussed by analyzing some recent studies. In addition, some strategies for promoting biomolecular self-assembly via external stimulations, such as adjusting the solution conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength), adding organics, nanoparticles, or enzymes, and applying external light stimulation to the self-assembly systems, are demonstrated. We hope that this overview will be helpful for readers to understand the self-assembly mechanisms and strategies of biomolecules and to design and develop new biological nanostructures or nanomaterials for desired applications.

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31

Fometu, Sandra Senyo, Guohua Wu, Lin Ma, and Joan Shine Davids. "A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (February 12, 2021): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.15.

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The production of high-quality silkworm silk is of importance in sericulture in addition to the production of biomass, silk proteins, and animal feed. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials have the potential to improve the development of various sectors including medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. The application of nanotechnology in sericulture not only improves the survival rate of the silkworm, promotes the growth and development of silkworm, but also improves the quality of silk fiber. Despite the positive contributions of nanomaterials, there are a few concerns regarding the safety of their application to the environment, in humans, and in experimental models. Some studies have shown that some nanomaterials exhibit toxicity to tissues and organs of the silkworm, while other nanomaterials exhibit therapeutic properties. This review summarizes some reports on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm and how the application of nanomaterials improves sericulture.

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Chandran, Anu, Varun Raghavan, Bhaskaran Chalil, Kamalasanan ., C. C. Velayudhan, Mirvaz Zulfiker, Midhun M., et al. "Nanoparticles: tech trends in healthcare." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20220021.

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Nanotechnology is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for various purposes. Nanotechnology field of application is very much diverse which includes surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage, engineering, microfabrication, and molecular engineering. Its medical application ranges from biological devices, nano-electronic biosensors, and to future biological machines. The main issue nowadays for nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials. Lot more functionalities can be added to nanomaterials by interfacing them with biological structures. The size of nanomaterials is similar most biological molecules and so useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. The integration of nanomaterials with biology had paved path to the development of diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications and drug delivery vehicles.

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33

Díez-Pascual, Ana M., Daniel Lechuga Cruz, and Alba Lomas Redondo. "Advanced Carbon-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites for Forensic Analysis." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173598.

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Nanotechnology is a powerful tool and fast-growing research area in many novel arenas, ranging from biomedicine to engineering and energy storage. Nanotechnology has great potential to make a significant positive contribution in forensic science, which deals with the identification and investigation of crimes, finding relationships between pieces of evidence and perpetrators. Nano-forensics is related to the development of nanosensors for crime investigations and inspection of terrorist activity by analyzing the presence of illicit drugs, explosives, toxic gases, biological agents, and so forth. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials have huge potential for next-generation nanosensors due to their outstanding properties, including strength combined with flexibility, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and little noise. Moreover, their combination with polymers can provide nanocomposites with novel and enhanced performance owed to synergy between the composite components. This review concisely recapitulates up-to-date advances in the development of polymer composites incorporating carbon-based nanomaterials for forensic science. The properties of the different carbon nanomaterials, several methods used to analyze functional polymeric nanocomposites, and their applications in forensic investigation are discussed. Furthermore, present challenges and forthcoming outlooks on the design of new polymer/carbon nanomaterial composites for crime prevention are highlighted.

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34

Krystyjan, Magdalena, Gohar Khachatryan, Karen Khachatryan, Marcel Krzan, Wojciech Ciesielski, Sandra Żarska, and Joanna Szczepankowska. "Polysaccharides Composite Materials as Carbon Nanoparticles Carrier." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050948.

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Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field of science, due to the unique physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials. Innovative structures using nanotechnology have found application in diverse fields: in agricultural and food industries, where they improve the quality and safety of food; in medical and biological sciences; cosmetology; and many other areas of our lives. In this article, a particular attention is focused on carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene, as well as carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots that have been successfully used in biotechnology, biomedicine and broadly defined environmental applications. Some properties of carbon nanomaterials prevent their direct use. One example is the difficulty in synthesizing graphene-based materials resulting from the tendency of graphene to aggregate. This results in a limitation of their use in certain fields. Therefore, in order to achieve a wider use and better availability of nanoparticles, they are introduced into matrices, most often polysaccharides with a high hydrophilicity. Such composites can compete with synthetic polymers. For this purpose, the carbon-based nanoparticles in polysaccharides matrices were characterized. The paper presents the progress of ground-breaking research in the field of designing innovative carbon-based nanomaterials, and applications of nanotechnology in diverse fields that are currently being developed is of high interest and shows great innovative potential.

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35

Li, Pengju. "Nanomaterials in Sports Training and Its Biological Safety." Scientific Programming 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5769228.

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Nanomaterials have many special functions. Sports field provides a platform for nanomaterials to show their excellent performance. At the same time, nanomaterials in the body may also have negative effects on cells, lung tissue, liver and kidney tissue, and brain tissue; there are certain biological safety risks. Based on the above background, this article studies the application and biological safety of nanomaterials in sports training. In this article, silver nanoparticles were prepared by improved liquid-phase chemical reduction method and photochemical reduction method. The antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles with different concentrations and sizes were tested and characterized, and the possible antibacterial mechanism was speculated. Nanosilver refers to the metallic silver element with the particle size to the nanoscale. The acute toxicity test and hemolytic test were carried out on the safety of silver nanoparticles. In the acute toxicity test, when 100 μL nanosilver solution was added, the visceral weight, body weight, and tissue sections of mice were almost not affected; in terms of biochemical indexes, all biochemical indexes returned to normal when the injection volume was 0.1 μL. The results show that nanosilver still has certain influence on biochemical indexes at high dose. How to reduce the influence will be one of the key work in the future. In addition, hemolysis test showed that no hemolysis occurred when nanosilver solution was injected at 2.77 μL. This will lay a foundation for the use of nanosilver sportswear in direct contact with human blood in the future.

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36

Perera, Thalagalage Shalika Harshani, Yingchao Han, Xiaofei Lu, Xinyu Wang, Honglian Dai, and Shipu Li. "Rare Earth Doped Apatite Nanomaterials for Biological Application." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/705390.

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In most biological analyses, a sensitive detection technique is primarily dependent on the fluorescence labeling agent. New generation of fluorophores called rare earth doped apatite nanoparticle (REAnp) has the ability to emit near infrared radiations which are of low absorptivity by tissue chromophores and especially suitable for biological system imaging. Moreover, bioapatite is demonstrated to be an excellent candidate for biomedical applications because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. During recent years a lot of efforts have been made for achievement of REAnp for medical diagnostics and targeted therapeutics applications. In this review, we discuss the significance of REAnps in biological systems, different root of synthesis, and biological applications. Also we discuss the future studies for the effective biological applications of REAnps.

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Arai, Shigeo, and Takahisa Yamamoto. "Excellent Support Center for Reaction Nanomaterials and Biological Science by Electron Microscopy." Materia Japan 58, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.58.733.

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38

Huang, Yanyan, Erzheng Su, Jinsong Ren, and Xiaogang Qu. "The recent biological applications of selenium-based nanomaterials." Nano Today 38 (June 2021): 101205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101205.

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39

Nandi, Somen, Karen Caicedo, and Laurent Cognet. "When Super-Resolution Localization Microscopy Meets Carbon Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091433.

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We recently assisted in a revolution in the realm of fluorescence microscopy triggered by the advent of super-resolution techniques that surpass the classic diffraction limit barrier. By providing optical images with nanometer resolution in the far field, super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is currently accelerating our understanding of the molecular organization of bio-specimens, bridging the gap between cellular observations and molecular structural knowledge, which was previously only accessible using electron microscopy. SRM mainly finds its roots in progress made in the control and manipulation of the optical properties of (single) fluorescent molecules. The flourishing development of novel fluorescent nanostructures has recently opened the possibility of associating super-resolution imaging strategies with nanomaterials’ design and applications. In this review article, we discuss some of the recent developments in the field of super-resolution imaging explicitly based on the use of nanomaterials. As an archetypal class of fluorescent nanomaterial, we mainly focus on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are photoluminescent emitters at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths bearing great interest for biological imaging and for information optical transmission. Whether for fundamental applications in nanomaterial science or in biology, we show how super-resolution techniques can be applied to create nanoscale images “in”, “of” and “with” SWCNTs.

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40

Weerasekera, Hasitha de Alwis, María Jazmín Silvero, Daliane Regis Correa da Silva, and Juan C. Scaiano. "A database on the stability of silver and gold nanostructures for applications in biology and biomolecular sciences." Biomaterials Science 5, no. 1 (2017): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6bm00629a.

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41

Benelli, Giovanni. "Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Biological Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112842.

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Nanomaterials possess valuable physical and chemical properties, which may make them excellent candidates for the development of new insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, drugs, catalysts, and sensors, to cite just some key categories [...]

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42

WEBSTER, THOMAS J., DAVID A. STOUT, SUSHMA KALMODIA, and BIKRAMJIT BASU. "EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND IN VITRO CYTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF NANOMATERIALS." Nano LIFE 03, no. 01 (March 2013): 1340008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984413400084.

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Exposure to nanosized materials (specifically, materials with one dimension less than 100 nm) is nothing new. Humans have long been exposed to nanomaterials from various earth related processes, like forest fires and volcanoes, as well as naturally occurring events, such as sea spray. Due to the advent of modern nanotechnology research, however, the arrival of the industrial nanotechnology age is upon us where large quantities of various synthetic nanomaterials are formulated and exposed to humans on a daily basis. As such, there is an on-going need for more researchers to determine human and environmental toxicity of nanomaterials. This review paper will assess the current knowledge on the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanomaterials while summarizing the exploration of nanotechnology within the specific world of biomaterials. An overview of material characterization studies as well as various biological assays currently used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity will also be addressed. Specifically, after defining some basic definitions of biomaterials and biocompatibility, commonly used cytotoxicity assays are summarized, and some examples of nanomaterial cytotoxicity studies presented. Next, an understanding of genotoxicity assays and associated mechanisms with nanomaterials are presented. Finally, some future thoughts on nanobiomaterial (that is, nanomaterials used as biomaterials) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are presented. Such an overview reflects a comprehensive effort to gain an understanding of the toxicity of nanobiomaterials at the molecular level requiring the use of a battery of toxicological assays. The purpose of this review article is to serve as reference for those new to the field of nanotoxicity and to encourage others to conduct accurate and meaningful nanotoxicity studies.

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43

Jiang, Zhenqi, Xiao Han, Chen Zhao, Shanshan Wang, and Xiaoying Tang. "Recent Advance in Biological Responsive Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Molecular Imaging Application." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031923.

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In recent decades, as a subclass of biomaterials, biologically sensitive nanoparticles have attracted increased scientific interest. Many of the demands for physiologically responsive nanomaterials in applications involving the human body cannot be met by conventional technologies. Due to the field’s importance, considerable effort has been expended, and biologically responsive nanomaterials have achieved remarkable success thus far. This review summarizes the recent advancements in biologically responsive nanomaterials and their applications in biosensing and molecular imaging. The nanomaterials change their structure or increase the chemical reaction ratio in response to specific bio-relevant stimuli (such as pH, redox potentials, enzyme kinds, and concentrations) in order to improve the signal for biologically responsive diagnosis. We use various case studies to illustrate the existing issues and provide a clear sense of direction in this area. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects of these nanomaterials for diagnosis are also discussed.

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44

Xiang, Qian, Ying Gao, Jing Qiu Liu, Kun Qi Wang, Juan Tang, Ming Yang, Shu Ping Wang, and Wei Ling Wang. "Development of Nanomaterials Electrochemical Biosensor and its Applications." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 2082–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.2082.

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Study of the electrochmeical biosensor has become a new interdisciplinary frontier between biological detection and material science due to their excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction. Nanomaterials provided a significant platform for designing a new generation of bioelectronic devices exhibiting novel functions due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, good stability, small dimension effect, good compatibility and strong adsorption ability. In this paper, we review the development of electrochemical biosensors fabricated with various nanoscale materials, also highlight the analytical applications in terms of biochemistry.

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45

Yoon, Hyeonseok. "Polymer Nanomaterials in Biomedicine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 7480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087480.

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46

Zhu, Jianqiang, Qingfeng Fu, Lujie Song, Leyi Liu, Zhiwen Zheng, Yong Xu, and Zhihong Zhang. "Advances in Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair with the Application of Nanomaterials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 21, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7619884.

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Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a relatively common disease caused by various circumstances, ultimately affecting the life quality of patients. Although existing medications and surgical interventions have particular benefits for nerve repair, more effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for various types of nerve injuries. Increasing investigations of nanomaterials have demonstrated their excellent biological properties, such as biocompatibility, permeability, degradability, high medicine loading efficacy, suitable mechanical properties, and broad applications in the biomedical field. Concerning peripheral nerve (PN) repair, nanomaterials with outstanding biological properties can be fitted as nerve conduits to provide support and guidance for PN regeneration and loaded with functional cells, cytokines, or specific medications to promote regenerative outcomes further. Almost all existing studies have focused on the application of different nanomaterials in PN repair, while the application of nanomaterials in different PN injuries has not been taken into account. This article outlines the application of nanomaterials in the medical field and the prevalent therapeutic strategies for PN repair. Importantly, it focuses on the application of nanomaterials in various PNI diseases, covering injuries of the sciatic nerve, cavernous nerve, facial nerve, median nerve, and more.

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47

Ortelli, Simona, Anna Luisa Costa, Magda Blosi, Andrea Brunelli, Elena Badetti, Alessandro Bonetto, Danail Hristozov, and Antonio Marcomini. "Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media." Environmental Science: Nano 4, no. 6 (2017): 1264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6en00601a.

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48

Meng, Yang, Mingxi Yang, Xinchan Liu, Weixian Yu, and Bai Yang. "Zn2+-Doped Carbon Dots, a Good Biocompatibility Nanomaterial Applied for Bio-Imaging and Inducing Osteoblastic Differentiation in vitro." Nano 14, no. 03 (March 2019): 1950029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292019500292.

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Multifunctional photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in terms of their potential applications in the field of clinical medicine. Carbon dots (CDs), as emerging optical nanomaterials, are promising in various fields including biological imaging, drug transport and nerve tracing. However, little research has investigated on bone tissue engineering as of now. In this study, a new kind of bifunctional Zn[Formula: see text]-doped carbon dots (Zn-CDs) has been synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, Zn-CDs show effective fluorescent imaging and induce osteoblastic differentiation abilities in vitro. Moreover, compared with the raw material, Zn-CDs exhibited more effective osteoblastic differentiation promoting capability. Overall, the biocompatible nanomaterial Zn-CDs show potential to be used as a promising novel nanodrug for bone loss therapy and also a monitor of cell variation by fluorescence imaging.

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49

Yadav, Virendra Kumar, Parth Malik, Afzal Husain Khan, Priti Raj Pandit, Mohd Abul Hasan, Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto, Saiful Islam, et al. "Recent Advances on Properties and Utility of Nanomaterials Generated from Industrial and Biological Activities." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060634.

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Today is the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which find applications in the field of medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. Even though nanotechnology is in its emerging phase, it continues to provide solutions to numerous challenges. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are found to be very effective because of their unique chemical and physical properties and high surface area, but their high cost is one of the major hurdles to its wider application. So, the synthesis of nanomaterials, especially 2D nanomaterials from industrial, agricultural, and other biological activities, could provide a cost-effective technique. The nanomaterials synthesized from such waste not only minimize pollution, but also provide an eco-friendly approach towards the utilization of the waste. In the present review work, emphasis has been given to the types of nanomaterials, different methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials from the waste generated from industries, agriculture, and their application in electronics, medicine, and catalysis.

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Wang, Zhongying, Annette von dem Bussche, Pranita K. Kabadi, Agnes B. Kane, and Robert H. Hurt. "Biological and Environmental Transformations of Copper-Based Nanomaterials." ACS Nano 7, no. 10 (September 20, 2013): 8715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn403080y.

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