Дисертації з теми "Biolog; Variation (Genetics)"
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Larsson, Jobs Karl. "Population Fragmentation and Genetic Variation in Grouse." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6006.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis the genetic variation of two grouse species, the Chinese grouse (Bonasa sewersowi) and the Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) was examined with neutral genetic markers: microsatellites. Habitat fragmentation and isolation leads to structuring among and loss of genetic variation within populations.
The Chinese grouse in a small population in Lianhuasan nature reserve was found to have undergone a population bottleneck and as a result of isolation and possible inbreeding showed genetic impoverishment hereof.
The Black grouse populations in Europe face various different conditions from widely distributed areas of suitable habitat in the northern and eastern parts of its range to highly naturally and anthropogenically fragmented habitat landscapes in the west.
Structure among populations was found in Great Britain where Wales, Scotland and England showed characteristics of three different genetic entities, indicating very little or no geneflow between these populations.
The Dutch population showed signs of loss of genetic variation as to be expected from a population that has historically decreased in population size from several thousands to tens of individuals in a matter of decades. However the possibility to spot signs of a bottleneck was impaired due to the short time-window in which this can be observed in a population with such a low effective population size (NE).
The sampled populations in Europe clustered into five different groups of genetic identities. The different clusters were: Great Britain-, the Netherlands-, Fenno-Scandian-, Alpine- and lowland German-Austrian populations. The level of genetic variation when compared over all these different populations decreased as a sign of isolation and small NE. However it was not feasible to separate the impact of these two factors.
Stewart, John E. B. (John Edward Bakos). "Genetic Variation in a Population of the Plains Woodrat Neotoma micropus." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500709/.
Повний текст джерелаLoh, Yong-Hwee Eddie. "Genetic variation in fast-evolving East African cichlid fishes: an evolutionary perspective." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41148.
Повний текст джерелаFoulkes, Nicholas F. "Molecular biology of the human G 6-PD gene." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253009.
Повний текст джерелаFredman, David. "Computational exploration of human genome variation /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-025-7/.
Повний текст джерелаBarrera, Luis A. "Towards a Systematic Approach for Characterizing Regulatory Variation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26718710.
Повний текст джерелаBiophysics
Hadzihalilovic-Numanovic, Amra. "Genetic Variation and Relatedness of Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. populations." Licentiate thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2410.
Повний текст джерелаThe two papers presented in this thesis focus on population genetic study on freshwater pearl mussel populations in Sweden, using RAPD method. In paper I, I examine genetic variation within and between 5 populations in a single drainage area in south western Sweden. In paper II, I study the evolutionary relationship, and how genetic variation is related to population size, age structure and geographic isolation in 14 populations of freshwater pearl mussel in south central Sweden. In both papers I and II, I found that genetic variation was larger than found in previous studies using other techniques, and variation was larger between than within populations. I did not found any correlation between geographic and genetic distance, which indicates that mussel populations have been adapted locally to environmental factors in a relatively short time. In paper I, I found that genetic distance between populations was greater than found in other studies, despite small geographic distances. In paper II, I found that populations were highly differentiated indicating little gene flow between them. There was no significant positive relation between genetic variation and population size or age structure but there was a significant positive relation between mean age and population size indicating that many populations have gone through bottlenecks recently.
Obaid, Jian. "What is known about genetic variation among Baltic Sea blue mussels and the promise of proteomics. A literature review." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2701.
Повний текст джерелаThe Baltic Sea is an evolutionary young sea that have developed a low salinity in its water from the fresh water that flows from the north and saltwater that flows from the south of the sea. The low salinity is too low for many marine organisms and too high for many freshwater organisms. Species like the blue mussel, which have adapted to the low salinity, may have developed different protein expression as a result. To study which protein that have been expressed in the organism proteome analysis is often used. 2-dimensional electrophoresis may be the only method that can do this kind of analysis.
Blackman, Benjamin K. "Evolutionary genetics of flowering time regulation and variation in Helianthus." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3373495.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from home page (viewed on Jul 8, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: B, page: 5957. Advisers: Loren H. Rieseberg; Scott D. Michaels.
Lee, Peter Daniel. "Building a model for mapping genetic variation affecting gene expression." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85931.
Повний текст джерелаBorge, Thomas. "Genetics and the Origin of Two Flycatcher Species." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3919.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, different genetic tools are used to investigate pre- and postzygotic barriers to gene exchange and their role in speciation in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) and the collared flycatcher (F. albicollis). This species complex consists of four genetically distinct clades that apparently diverged in allopatry (I). Sequencing of introns from autosomal and Z-linked genes from the two species reveals signs of selection on the Z-chromosome. Sexual selection acting on Z-linked genes might explain this pattern (II). By using large-scale genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), introgression is observed at autosomal- but not Z-linked loci, mostly from the pied- to the collared flycatcher. Male plumage characters and genes involved in hybrid fitness are largely mapped to the Z-chromosome (III). By studying mate choice of female hybrids I show that there is a link between female preferences and the Z chromosome (IV). The rate of introgression in island versus clinal hybrid zones is consistent with regional differences in hybrid fertility. Asymmetric gene flow from allopatry on the islands may oppose reinforcement, leading to introgression and a partial breakdown of postzygotic isolation. Adaptive introgression may explain the high rate of introgression observed at one of the genetic markers (V). For late breeding female collared flycatchers it appears to be adaptive to use pied flycatchers as social fathers but conspecific males as genetic fathers. Additionally, females in mixed species pairs may reduce hybridization costs by producing an excess of male hybrid offspring that are more fertile than females (VI).
In conclusion, the Z-chromosome appears to play a major role in flycatcher speciation. Sexual selection and reinforcement are important mechanisms in the divergence of these birds. However, gene flow from allopatry, introgression of adaptive genes and adaptive hetrospecific pairing by late breeding collared flycatcher females may work in the opposite direction.
Scheper, Reiny W. A. "Studies on the biology and genetic variation of phomopsis on grapevine /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs325.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDesai, Kinjal. "Characterizing the impact of single nucleotide variation in breast cancer." Thesis, Dartmouth College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10144817.
Повний текст джерелаGenome sequencing technology has enabled the identification of genetic variants that are linked with cancer phenotypes, whether these are somatically acquired mutations or common inherited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Whereas coding variants have been reported to disrupt protein function to promote cancer, most variants map to noncoding regions, with no known function. Recently, much effort has gone into annotating the human noncoding genome, enabling the characterization of the functional basis of noncoding SNPs. As an example of functional impact, breast cancer (BrCa) risk-associated SNPs can alter transcription factor binding at distal enhancers.
Identifying the targets of risk SNPs remains a challenge. One reason for this is the complex three-dimensional structure of the genome. Local chromatin openness correlates with chromatin activity, and sites of chromatin that are open concurrently across multiple cell types indicates a functional relationship between them. We mapped BrCa risk-associated SNPs to regions of open chromatin to predict the most likely functional risk SNPs. Then, we predicted their targets by identifying the gene promoters whose openness correlated with these risk regions. Further, we validated a gene which is a novel therapeutic target and relevant in breast cancer biology.
In addition to SNPs, noncoding somatic mutations are also predicted to play a role in cancer. In 2012, driver mutations were reported in the telomerase gene promoter, hinting at the relevance of mutations in regulatory elements. This is particularly true when considering oncogenes whose elevated expression in certain cancers is not attributable to coding mutations or copy number amplification. We reveal the enrichment and functional nature of somatic mutations mapping to enhancers that regulate the estrogen receptor gene, which is known to drive over two-thirds of breast cancer.
Attributing function to noncoding SNPs and mutations associated with cancer risk and progression is a growing necessity in this era of whole-genome cancer biology. This thesis demonstrates a methodology to identify the functional consequence and gene targets of significantly mutated or risk variant-bearing enhancer sets to narrow the gap between known and unknown risk factors in BrCa.
Benovoy, David. "Characterization of transcript isoform variations in human and chimpanzee." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66918.
Повний текст джерелаLe niveau d'expression d'un transcrit et les processus de maturation de celui-ci en ARN messager (ARNm) se révèlent être des mécanismes augmentant la complexité du transcriptome des eucaryotes. Ces processus permettent au même locus génomique de produire plusieurs ARNm et protéines ayant des propriétés distinctes qui affectent leurs fonctions, leur stabilité et leurs localisations intra cellulaire en contrôlant la vitesse de transcription, en variant le site d'initiation ou de terminaison de la transcription et en modulant l'inclusion d'exons (épissage) dans les ARNm matures. Il est donc primordial de déterminer l'ampleur de ces types de variations afin de mieux comprendre leur impact sur la diversite des oraganismes. Les études décrites dans cette thèse fournissent les premières estimations de la façon dont les variations de polymorphism nucléotidique simple (SNP) peuvent affecter la régulation de l'expression d'un transcrit et ses processus de maturation à l'échelle du génome entier. Ces processus sont examinés dans une population humaine et entre humain et chimpanzé en utilisant une méthode basée sur les puces à ADN. Nous démontrons d'abord l'existence d'un nombre important de variations d'isoformes d'ARNm entre deux individus non apparentés et nous démontrons que ces variations sont héritées ce qui leur révèle une composante génétique. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé quelle proportion et quel type de variation au niveau de l'isoform était sous contrôle génétique dans une population humaine. En réalisant une analyse d'association entre l'expression des transcrits du génome entier et les SNPs présents dans cette population, nous avons observé que 50-55% de la variation était à l'échelle de l'isoforme du transcrit. Nous avons aussi étendu cette comparaison au chimpanzé en utilisant les profils d'expression mesurés lors de l'analyse précédente. N
Lomelin, David. "Using human genetic variation to predict functional elements in non-coding genomic regions." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3390057.
Повний текст джерелаPeters, Derek Tilghman. "Isogenic Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Cardiovascular Disease-Associated Genetic Variation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493401.
Повний текст джерелаMedical Sciences
Samocha, Kaitlin E. "Modeling Rare Protein-Coding Variation to Identify Mutation-Intolerant Genes With Application to Disease." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493508.
Повний текст джерелаMedical Sciences
Coon, Keith Darren. "Genetic variation of maternal and paternal lineages within the Havasupai Indians of northern Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284314.
Повний текст джерелаCropp, Cheryl D. "Genetic variation in drug transporters in ethnic populations." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3339183.
Повний текст джерелаHerron, Jon C. "Genetic variation, thermal sensitivity, and thermal acclimation in Volvox aureus and Volvox globator /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5115.
Повний текст джерелаTillquist, Christopher. "Voyages of the Vikings: Human haploid variation in northern Europe." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279948.
Повний текст джерелаHolden, Lindsay Adrian. "Investigating the Role of Genomic Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Chemicals across Populations." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4371.
Повний текст джерелаBoettger, Linda M. "Complex Forms of Structural Variation in the Human Genome: Haplotypes, Evolution, and Relationship to Disease." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226090.
Повний текст джерелаCastro, Júnior Francisco Pires de. "Ciclos de vidas comparados e variabilidade genética de Aedes aegypti (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) do semi-árido paraibano." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1659.
Повний текст джерелаThe efficiency of a program to control Aedes aegypti depends on the knowledge about the biological and genetic variations that occur between their populations. The present study addressed to compare the life cycles patterns and genetic variability among populations of A. aegypti collected in different regions of Paraiba semi-arid. Life cycles were studied at environmental temperature (26 ± 2ºC, relative humidity of 60 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours), the period of development and viability of egg phases, larva and pupa, sex ratio, longevity, fecundity and size of adults were evaluated daily. Beyond these variables grouping analysis (Cluster Analysis), using a matrix of Euclidean distance by the method of unweighted average was used. The Analysis of gene structure of populations was carried out by total DNA extractions and RAPD-PCR analysis. Phase s durations of egg, larva and pupa varied from 3.79 to 4.79 days, 9.15 to 10.89 days and 2.18 to 2.59 days, respectively. Adults longevity of A. aegypti means variation from 37.82 to 58.29 days for males and from 40.03 to 73.07 days for females. Populations of A. aegypti from Serra Branca and Cuité cities presented major similarity in relation to the formed groupings. Genetic variability indexes showed highest diversity in Barra de Santana population (P = 93.33%, H = 0.373), however, it was lowest in Cuité population (P = 60.00%, H o o = 0.171). According to the results it was verified that there is a distinct pattern of development among populations of A. aegypti from different municipalities of Paraíba semi-arid. Genetic diversity heterozygosity H and polymorphisms indexes suggest a high intrapopulation genetic variation and low interpopulation variability. Such fact may indicate constant migration of the vectors to these locations with high number of individuals.
A eficiência de um programa de controle do Aedes aegypti depende do conhecimento sobre as variações biológicas e genéticas que ocorrem entre as suas populações. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo comparar os padrões dos ciclos de vida e variabilidade genética entre populações de A. aegypti coletadas em diferentes regiões do semi-árido paraibano. Os ciclos de vida foram estudados a temperatura ambiente de 26 ± 2º C, umidade relativa de 60 + 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Diariamente avaliou-se o período de desenvolvimento e a viabilidade das fases de ovo, larva e pupa, razão sexual e longevidade, fecundidade e comprimento de asas dos adultos. Alèm destas variáveis foi realizada, uma análise de agrupamento ( Cluster analyses ), utilizando-se uma matriz de distância euclidiana através do método da média nãoponderada. A análise da estrutura gênica das populações foi realizada através das Extrações de DNAs totais e análise por RAPD-PCR. As durações das fases de ovo, larva e pupa, variaram de 3,79 a 4,79 dias, 9,15 a 10,89 dias e de 2,18 a 2,59 dias, respectivamente. A longevidade dos adultos de A. aegypti apresentou uma variação de 37,82 a 58,29 dias para os machos e 40,03 a 73,07 dias para as fêmeas. As populações de A. aegypti de Serra Branca e Cuité apresentam maior similaridade, em relação aos agrupamentos formados. Os índices de variabilidade genética apresentaram maior diversidade na população de Barra de Santana (P = 93,33 %; H o = 0,373) e o menor na população de Cuité (P = 60,00%; H = 0,171). Em função dos resultados verificou-se que há um padrão diferenciado de desenvolvimento entre as populações de A. aegypti procedentes de diferentes municípios do semi-árido paraibano. Os índices de diversidade genética heterozigosidade H o o e polimorfismos sugerem elevada variação genética intrapopulacional e baixa variabilidade interpopulacional. Tal fato pode indicar constantes migrações de vetores para essas localidades com elevado número de indivíduos.
Li, Xiang. "STRESS-INDUCED GENETIC CHANGE IN FLAX REVEALS GENOME VARIATION MECHANISM." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1565964370435691.
Повний текст джерелаDankwa, Selasi. "Sialic acid variation as a determinant of Plasmodium invasion of erythrocytes in malaria infection." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467188.
Повний текст джерелаBiological Sciences in Public Health
Latta, IV Leigh C. "Plastic and Genetic Determination of Population, Community, and Ecosystem Properties in Freshwater Environments." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/618.
Повний текст джерелаRoss, Michelle. "Genetic variation in the French Canadian populations of the Saguenay-Lac St. Jean and Charlevoix Regions." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59994.
Повний текст джерелаJordan, Daniel Michael. "Predicting the Effects of Missense Variation on Protein Structure, Function, and Evolution." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17464216.
Повний текст джерелаBiophysics
Al-Sulaimani, Maha Saleh. "Genetic variation in the FMO2 gene : evolution & functional consequences." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2324.
Повний текст джерелаTrotter, Meridith V., and n/a. "Frequency-dependent selection and the maintenance of genetic variation." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081114.120926.
Повний текст джерелаDannewitz, Johan. "Genetic and Ecological Consequences of Fish Releases : With Focus on Supportive Breeding of Brown Trout Salmo trutta and Translocation of European Eel Anguilla anguilla." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3764.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Yang. "Data mining methods for single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis in computational biology." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1287.
Повний текст джерелаMamdani, Firoza. "Genetic variation and lithium response in bipolar disorder." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82285.
Повний текст джерелаShi, Niu 1963. "Demographic changes and genetic variation of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) population." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277907.
Повний текст джерелаCarrara, Susan. "Genetic variation among cultivated selections of mamey sapote (Pouteria spp. [Sapotaceae])." FIU Digital Commons, 2004. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2054.
Повний текст джерелаBarker, Carl. "Ecological, genetic and metabolic variation in populations of Tilia cordata." Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2017. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/10392/.
Повний текст джерелаStrittmatter, Laura Anne. "Linking Human Genetic Variation to Mitochondrial Metabolism." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11428.
Повний текст джерелаBos, Antoine. "Natural variation in cold adaptation and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1947.
Повний текст джерелаFrankenstein, Nicoletta Vasiliki. "Variation of Small rDNA in Tylosema esculentum." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1301602376.
Повний текст джерелаHu, Xianghong. "Statistical methods for Mendelian randomization using GWAS summary data." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/639.
Повний текст джерелаChiucchi, James Ernest Jr. "Genetic Diversity, Inbreeding and Diet Variation in an Endangered Rattlesnake, the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus c. catenatus)." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316110529.
Повний текст джерелаLindroos, Katarina. "Accessing Genetic Variation by Microarray Technology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5251-5/.
Повний текст джерелаGivens, Chandler Brooke. "Genetic Variation Among Geographically Disparate Yellow Perch Broodstock Populations." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1385.
Повний текст джерелаLarsson, Lena C. "Disentangling small genetic differences in large Atlantic herring populations: comparing genetic markers and statistical power." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8338.
Повний текст джерелаMcCracken, Carrie L. "Genetic Relationships Between Two Rare Plant Species, Aliciella caespitosa and A. tenuis, and Their Putative Progenitor, A. subnuda." DigitalCommons@USU, 2001. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7333.
Повний текст джерелаParsley, Meghan. "Adaptive Variation in Tiger Salamander Populations." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2056.
Повний текст джерелаMorgan, Kendall Kennedy. "Context-dependency of mutation and the maintenance of genetic variation for life-history traits in natural populations of Daphnia pulicaria /." view abstract or download file of text, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3018384.
Повний текст джерелаTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-104). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Keele, John Wiliam. "Estimation of (co)variance components by weighted and unweighted symmetric differences squared, and selected MIVQUE's : relationships between methods and relative efficiencies /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266011223482.
Повний текст джерелаHusby, Arild. "Ecological genetics of populations experiencing changing environmental conditions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5672.
Повний текст джерела