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Статті в журналах з теми "Biogeochemistry of extreme environments"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 вересня 2024

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1

Jiang, Hongchen, and Hailiang Dong. "Biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology in extreme environments: Preface." Geoscience Frontiers 3, no. 3 (May 2012): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2012.03.001.

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2

Joye, Samantha B. "The Geology and Biogeochemistry of Hydrocarbon Seeps." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020052.

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Hydrocarbon seeps, deep sea extreme environments where deeply sourced fluids discharge at the seabed, occur along continental margins across the globe. Energy-rich reduced substrates, namely hydrocarbons, support accelerated biogeochemical dynamics, creating unique geobiological habitats. Subseafloor geology dictates the surficial expression of seeps, generating hydrocarbon (gas and/or oil) seeps, brine seeps, and mud volcanoes. Biogeochemical processes across the redox spectrum are amplified at hydrocarbon seeps due to the abundance and diversity of reductant; anaerobic metabolism dominates within the sediment column since oxygen is consumed rapidly near the sediment surface. Microbial activity is constrained by electron acceptor availability, with rapid recycling required to support observed rates of hydrocarbon consumption. Geobiologic structures, from gas hydrate to solid asphalt to authigenic minerals, form as a result of hydrocarbon and associated fluid discharge. Animal-microbial associations and symbioses thrive at hydrocarbon seeps, generating diverse and dense deep sea oases that provide nutrition to mobile predators. ▪ Hydrocarbon seeps are abundant deep sea oases that support immense biodiversity and where specialization and adaptation create extraordinary lifestyles. ▪ Subseafloor geology shapes and defines the geochemical nature of fluid seepage and regulates the flux regime, which dictate the surface expression. ▪ High rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane require coupling to multiple processes and promote diversity in the anaerobic methanotroph microbial community. ▪ The recent discovery of novel phyla possessing hydrocarbon oxidation potential signals that aspects of seep biogeochemistry and geobiology remain to be discovered.

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3

Koukina, S., A. Vetrov, and N. Belyaev. "Biogeochemistry of sediments from restricted exchange environments of Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea, Russian Arctic." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2011): 1309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1309-2011.

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Abstract. The White Sea of Russian Arctic is characterized by extreme diversity of enclosed estuarine systems that are often sites of unique biota. The present study focuses on surface sediments from representative restricted exchange environments of the inner part of Kandalaksha Bay, adjacent to the Karelian shore of the White Sea. The TOC and n-alkanes distribution study revealed the major input of terrestrial organic matter into the sediments from higher plants and minor presence of autochthonous microbial sources. Metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb) forms study showed that metals in sediments occur mainly in a biogeochemically stable mineral-incorporated form, which comprises up to 98% of total metal content, while labile (acid soluble) and organically bound (alkali soluble) forms make up to 3–11% and 2–12% of total metal content, respectively. Presumably, the major part of both acid soluble and alkali soluble forms is comprised of metals associated with easily soluble amorphous Fe-oxides and bound to sediment organic matter. According to sediment quality guidelines, all trace-metal contents were below the threshold levels. Among sites studied, the heightened contents of bioavailable metal forms are related to sediments enriched in organic matter and/or located within the sea-fresh water barrier zones. The elements studied may be arranged in the following decreasing sequence according to their potential bioavailability: Cu > Zn > Mn > Fe > Cr > Pb. The present study can serve as a basis for comprehensive environmental assessment of the region and objective anoxia prognosis in Arctic ecosystems, while the role of microbial community in element speciation in sediments needs special attention.

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4

Copetti, Diego, and Franco Salerno. "Climate–Water–Ecosystem–Interactions: Insights from Four Continent’s Case Studies." Water 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051445.

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The interaction of climate with aquatic ecosystems is a multidisciplinary field of research involving water quantity and quality issues and having strong socio-economic implications. This special issue hosts 10 studies undertaken in 7 countries of 4 continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. The issue provides a wide spectrum of natural and artificial case-studies and covers a broad range of climatic conditions. Most of the studies adopted a modelling (50%) or a field (40%) approach and focused on water-quantity (60%), while the remaining were equally subdivided between water-quality and biogeochemistry. Forty percent of the papers directly face climate change. The diversity of approaches and case studies is the main aspect characterizing this special issue. Despite this high diversification, in relation to water-quantity related issues, we can identify the following messages: high attention to extreme meteorological events, drought in particular, even in regions once considered rich in water (e.g., northern Italy); fragility of agricultural and water supply systems in the face of extreme weather events, in particular in low-income countries (e.g., Madagascar); more attention to climate change compared to land cover/use change but importance of natural land cover to efficiently face the incoming climate change, in particular, in agriculture ecosystems. From a water quality biogeochemistry point of view, we can point out: sensitivity of lakes to climate change with the risk of biodiversity loss; need to reduce nutrient loads to mitigate eutrophication related problems, exacerbated by climate change; in particular, reduction of nitrogen loads from agriculture run-off, to reduce N2O emissions in large-shallow Chinese environments.

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5

Glock, Nicolaas. "Benthic foraminifera and gromiids from oxygen-depleted environments – survival strategies, biogeochemistry and trophic interactions." Biogeosciences 20, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 3423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3423-2023.

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Abstract. The oceans are losing oxygen (O2), and oxygen minimum zones are expanding due to climate warming (lower O2 solubility) and eutrophication related to agriculture. This trend is challenging for most marine taxa that are not well adapted to O2 depletion. For other taxa this trend might be advantageous because they can withstand low O2 concentrations or thrive under O2-depleted or even anoxic conditions. Benthic foraminifera are a group of protists that include taxa with adaptations to partly extreme environmental conditions. Several species possess adaptations to O2 depletion that are rare amongst eukaryotes, and these species might benefit from ongoing ocean deoxygenation. In addition, since some foraminifera can calcify even under anoxic conditions, they are important archives for paleoceanographic reconstruction in O2-depleted environments. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about foraminifera from low-O2 environments. Recent advances in our understanding of specific survival strategies of foraminifera to withstand O2 depletion are summarized and discussed. These adaptations include an anaerobic metabolism, heterotrophic denitrification, symbiosis with bacteria, kleptoplasty and dormancy and have a strong impact on their preferred microhabitat in the sediments, especially the ability of some benthic foraminiferal species to denitrify. Benthic foraminifera also differ regarding their trophic strategies, which has an additional impact on the selection of their microhabitat. For example, some species are strict herbivores that feed exclusively on fresh phytodetritus and live close to the sediment surface, while some species are non-selective detrivores that occupy intermediate to deep infaunal habitats. There is evidence that foraminifers have the capacity to undergo phagocytosis, even under anoxia, and some foraminiferal species which can withstand low-O2 conditions seem to prey on meiofauna. Also, due to their high abundances in O2-depleted environments and their metabolic adaptations, benthic foraminifera are key players in marine nutrient cycling, especially within the marine N and P cycles. This review summarizes the denitrification rates for the species that are known to denitrify and the intracellular nitrate concentrations of the species that are known to intracellularly store nitrate. Finally, equations are provided that can be used to estimate the intracellular nutrient storage and denitrification rates of foraminifera and might be integrated into biogeochemical models.

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6

Dasgupta, Shamik, Xiaotong Peng, and Kaiwen Ta. "Interaction between Microbes, Minerals, and Fluids in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121324.

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The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s widened the limits of life and habitability. The mixing of oxidizing seawater and reduction of hydrothermal fluids create a chemical disequilibrium that is exploited by chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea to harness energy by converting inorganic carbon into organic biomass. Due to the rich variety of chemical sources and steep physico-chemical gradients, a large array of microorganisms thrive in these extreme environments, which includes but are not restricted to chemolithoautotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs. Past research has revealed the underlying relationship of these microbial communities with the subsurface geology and hydrothermal geochemistry. Endolithic microbial communities at the ocean floor catalyze a number of redox reactions through various metabolic activities. Hydrothermal chimneys harbor Fe-reducers, sulfur-reducers, sulfide and H2-oxidizers, methanogens, and heterotrophs that continuously interact with the basaltic, carbonate, or ultramafic basement rocks for energy-yielding reactions. Here, we briefly review the global deep-sea hydrothermal systems, microbial diversity, and microbe–mineral interactions therein to obtain in-depth knowledge of the biogeochemistry in such a unique and geologically critical subseafloor environment.

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7

Li, Jiake, Haojin Cheng, Fu Yin, Jiwen Liu, Xiao-Hua Zhang, and Min Yu. "Deciphering Microbial Communities and Distinct Metabolic Pathways in the Tangyin Hydrothermal Fields of Okinawa Trough through Metagenomic and Genomic Analyses." Microorganisms 12, no. 3 (March 4, 2024): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030517.

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Deep-sea hydrothermal vents have been extensively explored around the globe in the past decades, and the diversity of microbial communities and their ecological functions related to hydrothermal vents have become hotspots in the study of microbial biogeochemistry. However, knowledge of dominant microbial communities and their unique metabolic characteristics adapting to hydrothermal vents is still limited. In our study, the sediment sample near the Tangyin hydrothermal vent in the southern part of the Okinawa Trough was collected, and the most abundant phyla are Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota based on the 16S rRNA genes and metagenome sequencing. Metagenomic analysis revealed that methane metabolism, sulfur reduction, and Fe2+ uptake were abundantly distributed in hydrothermal sediment. In addition, most of the metagenomic assembly genomes (MAGs), belonging to Chloroflexota, Desulfobacterota, and Gammaproteobacteria, were found to be involved in methanogenesis, sulfur oxidation/reduction, and ferrous/ferric iron metabolisms. Among these MAGs, the two representative groups (Bathyarchaeia and Thioglobaceae) also showed distinct metabolic characteristics related to carbon, sulfur, and iron to adapt to hydrothermal environments. Our results reveal the dominant microbial populations and their metabolic features in the sediment near the Tangyin hydrothermal fields, providing a better understanding of microbial survival strategies in the extreme environment.

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8

SanClements, Michael D., Heidi J. Smith, Christine M. Foreman, Marco Tedesco, Yu-Ping Chin, Christopher Jaros, and Diane M. McKnight. "Biogeophysical properties of an expansive Antarctic supraglacial stream." Antarctic Science 29, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000456.

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AbstractSupraglacial streams are important hydrologic features in glaciated environments as they are conduits for the transport of aeolian debris, meltwater, solutes and microbial communities. We characterized the basic geomorphology, hydrology and biogeochemistry of the Cotton Glacier supraglacial stream located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. The distinctive geomorphology of the stream is driven by accumulated aeolian sediment from the Transantarctic Mountains, while solar radiation and summer temperatures govern melt in the system. The hydrologic functioning of the Cotton Glacier stream is largely controlled by the formation of ice dams that lead to vastly different annual flow regimes and extreme flushing events. Stream water is chemically dilute and lacks a detectable humic signature. However, the fluorescent signature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the stream does demonstrate an extremely transitory red-shifted signal found only in near-stream sediment leachates and during the initial flushing of the system at the onset of flow. This suggests that episodic physical flushing drives pulses of DOM with variable quality in this stream. This is the first description of a large Antarctic supraglacial stream and our results provide evidence that the hydrology and geomorphology of supraglacial streams drive resident microbial community composition and biogeochemical cycling.

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9

Rusch, Antje. "Molecular Tools for the Detection of Nitrogen Cycling Archaea." Archaea 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/676450.

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Archaea are widespread in extreme and temperate environments, and cultured representatives cover a broad spectrum of metabolic capacities, which sets them up for potentially major roles in the biogeochemistry of their ecosystems. The detection, characterization, and quantification of archaeal functions in mixed communities require Archaea-specific primers or probes for the corresponding metabolic genes. Five pairs of degenerate primers were designed to target archaeal genes encoding key enzymes of nitrogen cycling: nitrite reductases NirA and NirB, nitrous oxide reductase (NosZ), nitrogenase reductase (NifH), and nitrate reductases NapA/NarG. Sensitivity towards their archaeal target gene, phylogenetic specificity, and gene specificity were evaluated in silico and in vitro. Owing to their moderate sensitivity/coverage, the novelnirB-targeted primers are suitable for pure culture studies only. ThenirA-targeted primers showed sufficient sensitivity and phylogenetic specificity, but poor gene specificity. The primers designed for amplification of archaealnosZperformed well in all 3 criteria; their discrimination against bacterial homologs appears to be weakened when Archaea are strongly outnumbered by bacteria in a mixed community. The novelnifH-targeted primers showed high sensitivity and gene specificity, but failed to discriminate against bacterial homologs. Despite limitations, 4 of the new primer pairs are suitable tools in several molecular methods applied in archaeal ecology.

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10

Meng, Ling, Qianguo Xing, Xuelu Gao, Diansheng Ji, Fanzhu Qu, Xiaoqing Wang, and Ling Ji. "Effects of an Episodic Storm-Induced Flooding Event on the Biogeochemistry of a Shallow, Highly Turbid, Semi-Enclosed Embayment (Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea)." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010563.

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Episodic storm-induced flooding is becoming more frequent with a warming climate, which may alter the biogeochemical properties and conditions of estuaries. However, the effects of such extreme events on semi-enclosed bay ecosystems have not been fully investigated because of the difficulty in collecting in situ samples. To address this issue, a comparative study was carried out to understand the biogeochemical changes in Laizhou Bay, a shallow, highly turbid, semi-enclosed bay, by coupling satellite data and surface water samplings collected during an episodic flooding event (August 2018) and during a non-flooding period (August 2017). The results showed that the 2018 Shouguang flood delivered large amounts of suspended solids, phosphorus, and organic matter-enriched terrigenous materials into Laizhou Bay and enhanced the offshore expansion of the low-salinity seawater plume and associated nutrient fronts. Water total suspended solid (TSS) particle and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations increased by 23.79 g/m3 and 0.63 mg/m3, respectively, on average in the freshwater mixing water plume around the Mi River. Episodic flooding is a crucial driver which temporally dominates the spatial patterns of water biogeochemistry. These results are essential to anticipate the ecosystem response of estuarine regions to the high episodic freshwater flow associated with the increasing storms.

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11

Ganju, Neil K., Jeremy M. Testa, Steven E. Suttles, and Alfredo L. Aretxabaleta. "Spatiotemporal variability of light attenuation and net ecosystem metabolism in a back-barrier estuary." Ocean Science 16, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 593–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-593-2020.

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Abstract. Quantifying system-wide biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem metabolism in estuaries is often attempted using a long-term continuous record at a single site or short-term records at multiple sites due to sampling limitations that preclude long-term monitoring. However, differences in the dominant primary producer at a given location (e.g., phytoplankton versus benthic producers) control diel variations in dissolved oxygen and associated ecosystem metabolism, and they may confound metabolic estimates that do not account for this variability. We hypothesize that even in shallow, well-mixed estuaries there is strong spatiotemporal variability in ecosystem metabolism due to benthic and water-column properties, as well as ensuing feedbacks to sediment resuspension, light attenuation, and primary production. We tested this hypothesis by measuring hydrodynamic properties, biogeochemical variables (fluorescent dissolved organic matter – fDOM, turbidity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, dissolved oxygen), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over 1 year at 15 min intervals at paired channel (unvegetated) and shoal (vegetated by eelgrass) sites in Chincoteague Bay, Maryland–Virginia, USA, a shallow back-barrier estuary. Light attenuation (KdPAR) at all sites was dominated by turbidity from suspended sediment, with lower contributions from fDOM and chlorophyll a. However, there was significant seasonal variability in the resuspension–shear stress relationship on the vegetated shoals, but not in adjacent unvegetated channels. This indicated that KdPAR on the shoals was mediated by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and possibly microphytobenthos presence in the summer, which reduced resuspension and therefore KdPAR. We also found that gross primary production (Pg) and KdPAR were significantly negatively correlated on the shoals and uncorrelated in the channels, indicating that Pg over the vegetated shoals is controlled by a feedback loop between benthic stabilization by SAV and/or microphytobenthos, sediment resuspension, and light availability. Metabolic estimates indicated substantial differences in net ecosystem metabolism between vegetated and unvegetated sites, with the former tending towards net autotrophy in the summer. Ongoing trends of SAV loss in this and other back-barrier estuaries suggest that these systems may also shift towards net heterotrophy, reducing their effectiveness as long-term carbon sinks. With regards to temporal variability, we found that varying sampling frequency between 15 min and 1 d resulted in comparable mean values of biogeochemical variables, but extreme values were missed by daily sampling. In fact, daily resampling minimized the variability between sites and falsely suggested spatial homogeneity in biogeochemistry, emphasizing the need for high-frequency sampling. This study confirms that properly quantifying ecosystem metabolism and associated biogeochemical variability requires characterization of the diverse estuarine environments, even in well-mixed systems, and demonstrates the deficiencies introduced by infrequent sampling to the interpretation of spatial variability.

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12

Zeng, Y. Bing, David M. Ward, Simon C. Brassell, and Geoffrey Eglinton. "Biogeochemistry of hot spring environments." Chemical Geology 95, no. 3-4 (February 1992): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90020-6.

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13

Zeng, Y. Bing, David M. Ward, Simon C. Brassell, and Geoffrey Eglinton. "Biogeochemistry of hot spring environments." Chemical Geology 95, no. 3-4 (February 1992): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90021-v.

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14

Melack, John M. "Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersaline environments." Limnology and Oceanography 44, no. 6 (August 24, 1999): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.6.1597a.

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15

Barkay, Tamar, and Alexandre J. Poulain. "Mercury (micro)biogeochemistry in polar environments." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59, no. 2 (February 2007): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00246.x.

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16

Williams, W. D. "Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersalin environments." International Journal of Salt Lake Research 8, no. 2 (June 1999): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02442130.

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17

Pyne, S. "Extreme Environments." Environmental History 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emq052.

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18

Bondke Persson, A., and P. B. Persson. "Extreme environments." Acta Physiologica 212, no. 3 (July 28, 2014): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apha.12347.

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19

Tinsley, R. C. "Overview: extreme environments." Parasitology 119, S1 (December 1999): S1—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084602.

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An important element in most approaches to the subject of parasitism is the consideration of environment. Parasites are set apart within animal ecology because they experience two environments, one the ‘external’ conditions and the other created by the living body of the host. As in any ecological system, external environmental conditions have a major influence on life history parameters: these conditions may be experienced directly by ‘off-host’ stages of a parasite or, to a greater or lesser extent, indirectly through the body of the host. However, uniquely in parasitic associations, the internal (host) environment has a dual influence on the physiological conditions encountered by parasites: first, the host buffers the external conditions (by homeostatic mechanisms moderating environmental fluctuations, by behavioural responses selecting appropriate habitat conditions, etc.), but second, the host creates a suite of hostile factors associated with immune defence. This living, reactive environment has no parallels elsewhere in free-living animal ecology: it has the characteristic of reacting specifically to kill the organisms within its boundaries.

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20

Strickman, R. J., and C. P. J. Mitchell. "Mercury methylation in stormwater retention ponds at different stages in the management lifecycle." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 4 (2018): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7em00486a.

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21

T., Bedernichek. "Biogeochemistry of ornithogenic soils in Coastal Antarctica." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum Vol. 33, no. 33 (August 10, 2017): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2017.33.213-218.

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Ornithogenic soils are usually considered to be formed as a result of breeding activities by sea birds. These soils are widespread in polar regions and in Coastal Antarctica in particular. It is believed that the most important impact of birds on soil formation in such environments is accumulation of guano – an important source of chemical elements and energy. In this paper we discuss an alternative point of view. We hypothesized that not only and not so much accumulation of guano, but also other bird-formed products significantly affect soil formation in Coastal Antarctica. An intensive biogenic flux of calcium from marine to terrestrial ecosystems in the food-chain: plankton + microbenthos → Nacella concinna → Larus dominicanus → guano + pellets (Nacella concinna shells) → soil strongly influences soil formation in Argentina islands by significant increase of soil pH values. The role of coral algae as an important source of calcium for terrestrial ecosystems of the Coastal Antarctic was shown. Further promising research priorities in the field of calcium biogeochemistry in polar environments were described.

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22

Xia, Xuelian, Yanguo Teng, and Yuanzheng Zhai. "Biogeochemistry of Iron Enrichment in Groundwater: An Indicator of Environmental Pollution and Its Management." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127059.

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Iron (Fe) is one of the most biochemically active and widely distributed elements and one of the most important elements for biota and human activities. Fe plays important roles in biological and chemical processes. Fe redox reactions in groundwater have been attracting increasing attention in the geochemistry and biogeochemistry fields. This study reviews recent research into Fe redox reactions and biogeochemical Fe enrichment processes, including reduction, biotic and abiotic oxidation, adsorption, and precipitation in groundwater. Fe biogeochemistry in groundwater and the water-bearing medium (aquifer) often involves transformation between Fe(II) and Fe(III) caused by the biochemical conditions of the groundwater system. Human activities and anthropogenic pollutants strongly affect these conditions. Generally speaking, acidification, anoxia and warming of groundwater environments, as well as the inputs of reducing pollutants, are beneficial to the migration of Fe into groundwater (Fe(III)→Fe(II)); conversely, it is beneficial to the migration of it into the media (Fe(II)→Fe(III)). This study describes recent progress and breakthroughs and assesses the biogeochemistry of Fe enrichment in groundwater, factors controlling Fe reactivity, and Fe biogeochemistry effects on the environment. This study also describes the implications of Fe biogeochemistry for managing Fe in groundwater, including the importance of Fe in groundwater monitoring and evaluation, and early groundwater pollution warnings.

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23

Giesbrecht, Gordon. "Performing in Extreme Environments." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 13, no. 4 (December 2002): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2002)013[0287:]2.0.co;2.

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24

Greated, Marianne. "Painting in extreme environments." Journal of Visual Art Practice 18, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702029.2017.1402502.

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25

Wołącewicz, Mikołaj, Dominika Bębnowska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, and Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej. "VIRUSES OF EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS." Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology 58, no. 4 (2019): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/pm-2019.58.4.447.

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26

Rampelotto, Pabulo. "Extremophiles and Extreme Environments." Life 3, no. 3 (August 7, 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life3030482.

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27

Rothschild, Lynn J., and Rocco L. Mancinelli. "Life in extreme environments." Nature 409, no. 6823 (February 2001): 1092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059215.

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28

Hu, Xiaozhong. "Ciliates in Extreme Environments." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 61, no. 4 (June 2, 2014): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12120.

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29

Friedmann, E. Imre. "Extreme environments and exobiology." Giornale botanico italiano 127, no. 3 (January 1993): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509309431018.

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30

Hemley, Russell J., George W. Crabtree, and Michelle V. Buchanan. "Materials in extreme environments." Physics Today 62, no. 11 (November 2009): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3265234.

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31

Hlodan, Oksana. "Evolution in Extreme Environments." BioScience 60, no. 6 (June 2010): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.6.4.

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32

Rapp, Bob. "Materials for extreme environments." Materials Today 9, no. 5 (May 2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(06)71471-7.

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33

Cowan, DA, J.-B. Ramond, TP Makhalanyane, and P. De Maayer. "Metagenomics of extreme environments." Current Opinion in Microbiology 25 (June 2015): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.005.

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34

HERBERT, R. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Biotechnology 8 (1990): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(90)90164-s.

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35

Le Romancer, Marc, Mélusine Gaillard, Claire Geslin, and Daniel Prieur. "Viruses in extreme environments." Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 6, no. 1-3 (September 14, 2006): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-006-0011-2.

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36

Eisenberg, Henryk. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 1990): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(90)90245-7.

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37

Thompson, Andrew. "Parasites in extreme environments." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 12 (August 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.08.002.

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38

Kogut, J. B. "QCD in extreme environments." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 119 (May 2003): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)01508-1.

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39

Bogue, Robert. "Sensors for extreme environments." Sensor Review 32, no. 4 (September 7, 2012): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602281211257498.

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40

Fenchel, T. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, no. 11 (November 1990): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90102-j.

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41

Newsham, K. K. "Fungi in extreme environments." Fungal Ecology 5, no. 4 (August 2012): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.04.003.

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42

Torchet, Claire, and Marie-Christine Maurel. "RNAs in Extreme Environments." Chemistry & Biodiversity 4, no. 9 (September 2007): 1957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790163.

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43

Semal, J. "Microbiology of extreme environments." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18, no. 7-8 (January 1990): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(90)90135-3.

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44

Geszvain, Kati, Cristina Butterfield, Richard E. Davis, Andrew S. Madison, Sung-Woo Lee, Dorothy L. Parker, Alexandra Soldatova, Thomas G. Spiro, George W. Luther, and Bradley M. Tebo. "The molecular biogeochemistry of manganese(II) oxidation." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (November 21, 2012): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120229.

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Micro-organisms capable of oxidizing the redox-active transition metal manganese play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of manganese. In the present mini-review, we focus specifically on Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria oxidize Mn(II) include a two-electron oxidation reaction catalysed by a novel multicopper oxidase that produces Mn(IV) oxides as the primary product. Bacteria also produce organic ligands, such as siderophores, that bind to and stabilize Mn(III). The realization that this stabilized Mn(III) is present in many environments and can affect the redox cycles of other elements such as sulfur has made it clear that manganese and the bacteria that oxidize it profoundly affect the Earth's biogeochemistry.

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45

Emerson, David. "Biogeochemistry and microbiology of microaerobic Fe(II) oxidation." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (November 21, 2012): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120154.

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Today high Fe(II) environments are relegated to oxic–anoxic habitats with opposing gradients of O2 and Fe(II); however, during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic eons, atmospheric O2 concentrations were much lower and aqueous Fe(II) concentrations were significantly higher. In current Fe(II)-rich environments, such as hydrothermal vents, mudflats, freshwater wetlands or the rhizosphere, rusty mat-like deposits are common. The presence of abundant biogenic microtubular or filamentous iron oxyhydroxides readily reveals the role of FeOB (iron-oxidizing bacteria) in iron mat formation. Cultivation and cultivation-independent techniques, confirm that FeOB are abundant in these mats. Despite remarkable similarities in morphological characteristics between marine and freshwater FeOB communities, the resident populations of FeOB are phylogenetically distinct, with marine populations related to the class Zetaproteobacteria, whereas freshwater populations are dominated by members of the Gallionallaceae, a family within the Betaproteobacteria. Little is known about the mechanism of how FeOB acquire electrons from Fe(II), although it is assumed that it involves electron transfer from the site of iron oxidation at the cell surface to the cytoplasmic membrane. Comparative genomics between freshwater and marine strains reveals few shared genes, except for a suite of genes that include a class of molybdopterin oxidoreductase that could be involved in iron oxidation via extracellular electron transport. Other genes are implicated as well, and the overall genomic analysis reveals a group of organisms exquisitely adapted for growth on iron.

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46

Dobson, G., D. M. Ward, N. Robinson, and G. Eglinton. "Biogeochemistry of hot spring environments: Extractable lipids of a cyanobacterial mat." Chemical Geology 68, no. 1-2 (March 1988): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90093-9.

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47

Voynova, Yoana G., Holger Brix, Wilhelm Petersen, Sieglinde Weigelt-Krenz, and Mirco Scharfe. "Extreme flood impact on estuarine and coastal biogeochemistry: the 2013 Elbe flood." Biogeosciences 14, no. 3 (February 6, 2017): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-541-2017.

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Abstract. Within the context of the predicted and observed increase in droughts and floods with climate change, large summer floods are likely to become more frequent. These extreme events can alter typical biogeochemical patterns in coastal systems. The extreme Elbe River flood in June 2013 not only caused major damages in several European countries but also generated large-scale biogeochemical changes in the Elbe estuary and the adjacent German Bight. The high-frequency monitoring network within the Coastal Observing System for Northern and Arctic Seas (COSYNA) captured the flood influence on the German Bight. Data from a FerryBox station in the Elbe estuary (Cuxhaven) and from a FerryBox platform aboard the M/V Funny Girl ferry (traveling between Büsum and Helgoland) documented the salinity changes in the German Bight, which persisted for about 2 months after the peak discharge. The Elbe flood generated a large influx of nutrients and dissolved and particulate organic carbon on the coast. These conditions subsequently led to the onset of a phytoplankton bloom, observed by dissolved oxygen supersaturation, and higher than usual pH in surface coastal waters. The prolonged stratification also led to widespread bottom water dissolved oxygen depletion, unusual for the southeastern German Bight in the summer.

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48

Henson, Stephanie A. "Slow science: the value of long ocean biogeochemistry records." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2025 (September 28, 2014): 20130334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0334.

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Sustained observations (SOs) have provided invaluable information on the ocean's biology and biogeochemistry for over 50 years. They continue to play a vital role in elucidating the functioning of the marine ecosystem, particularly in the light of ongoing climate change. Repeated, consistent observations have provided the opportunity to resolve temporal and/or spatial variability in ocean biogeochemistry, which has driven exploration of the factors controlling biological parameters and processes. Here, I highlight some of the key breakthroughs in biological oceanography that have been enabled by SOs, which include areas such as trophic dynamics, understanding variability, improved biogeochemical models and the role of ocean biology in the global carbon cycle. In the near future, SOs are poised to make progress on several fronts, including detecting climate change effects on ocean biogeochemistry, high-resolution observations of physical–biological interactions and greater observational capability in both the mesopelagic zone and harsh environments, such as the Arctic. We are now entering a new era for biological SOs, one in which our motivations have evolved from the need to acquire basic understanding of the ocean's state and variability, to a need to understand ocean biogeochemistry in the context of increasing pressure in the form of climate change, overfishing and eutrophication.

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49

Shu, Wen-Sheng, and Li-Nan Huang. "Microbial diversity in extreme environments." Nature Reviews Microbiology 20, no. 4 (November 9, 2021): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00648-y.

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50

Zhang, Wei, and Matthew James. "Civil Infrastructures under Extreme Environments." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 34, no. 6 (November 2021): 02021001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0001328.

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