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1
Ciolkosz, D. "Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-9-12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.
2
Chow, M. C., W. R. Jackson, A. L. Chaffee, and M. Marshall. "Thermal Treatment of Algae for Production of Biofuel." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 4 (April 8, 2013): 1926–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3020298.
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3
Ivanov, Igor, Ilona Avlasenko, Lyudmila Avlasenko, and Galina Persiyanova. "Water and biofuel application strategy for combustion process in thermal power plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 403 (December 19, 2019): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/403/1/012045.
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4
Хазанов, Grigoriy Khazanov, Курин, Valeriy Kurin, Апарушкина, and Margarita Aparushkina. "Bio-Energetics and Utilization of Greenhouse Gases." Safety in Technosphere 3, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4938.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper considers environmental problems of hydrocarbon fuel usage. The assessment of the area necessary for cultivation of algae biomass and its further use as solid fuel at thermal power plant has been carried out. Expediency of production of microalgae biomass in the process of photosynthesisas raw material for biofuel production is revealed.
5
Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Fernando Rueda-Martinez, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Zapote Seed (Pouteria mammosa L.) Valorization for Thermal Energy Generation in Tropical Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to the Law for the Use of Renewable Energies and the Financing of Energy Transition, Mexico’s goal for 2024 is to generate 35% of its energy from non-fossil sources. Each year, up to 2630 tons of residual biomass from the zapote industry are dismissed without sustainable use. The main purposes of this study were to determine the elemental chemical analysis of the zapote seed and its energy parameters to further evaluate its suitability as a solid biofuel in boilers for the generation of thermal energy in a tropical climate. Additionally, energy, economic, and environmental assessments of the installation were carried out. The results obtained show that zapote seed has a higher heating value (18.342 MJ/kg), which makes it appealing for power generation. The Yucatan Peninsula is the main zapote-producing region, with an annual production of 11,084 tons. If the stone of this fruit were used as biofuel, 7860.87 MWh could be generated and a CO2 saving of 1996.66 tons could be obtained. Additionally, replacing a 200 kW liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) boiler with a biomass boiler using zapote seed as a biofuel would result in a reduction of 60,960.00 kg/year of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, an annual saving of $7819.79 would be obtained, which means a saving of 53.19% relative to the old LPG installation. These results pave the way toward the utilization of zapote seed as a solid biofuel and contribute to achieving Mexico’s energy goal for 2024 while promoting sustainability in universities.
6
Arranz, José Ignacio, María Teresa Miranda, Irene Montero, and Francisco José Sepúlveda. "Thermal Study and Emission Characteristics of Rice Husk Using TG-MS." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 6203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rice husks are a by-product that is generated in large quantities in Spain. However, they are not used efficiently. One of their possible applications is its thermal use in power generation equipment. For that purpose, it is important to know the characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior, as well as their possible pollutant emission to the atmosphere with respect to its thermal use as a biofuel. In this work, the thermal characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior were studied by using thermogravimetry and mass spectroscopy for two different atmospheres (oxidizing and inert). This way, the thermal profiles and the main characteristics were studied, as well as the emission of possible pollutants to the atmosphere, such as CO2, CH4, NO2, NH3, SO2, and H2S. Moreover, three different methods (FWO, KAS, and Starink) were used to carry out a thermal analysis, in order to obtain the main thermal parameters such as activation energy. The results of the analysis predicted that rice husks could be used as biofuel in industrial thermal equipment based on its acceptable calorific value, good thermal characteristics, and low gas emissions both in oxidizing and inert atmosphere (although they have a high ash content).
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Chlebnikovas, Aleksandras, Dainius Paliulis, Artūras Kilikevičius, Jaroslaw Selech, Jonas Matijošius, Kristina Kilikevičienė, and Darius Vainorius. "Possibilities and Generated Emissions of Using Wood and Lignin Biofuel for Heat Production." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy (including thermal) needs are growing rapidly worldwide thus leading to increased energy production. Considering stricter requirements for the employment of non-renewable energy sources, the use of biofuel in energy facilities appears as one of the best options, having high potential for growth that will increase in the long run both in the Baltic region and the European Union as a whole. This publication investigates the possibilities of using various blends of biofuel containing lignin for heat production and emissions to the air during combustion processes. The paper examines the chemical composition of lignin and bottom ash and explores the impact of a different ratio of lignin in the fuel mixture, the effect of the power of biofuel combustion plants (boilers) and the influence of fuel supply to the combustion chamber on gaseous pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2) and particulate matter emissions. The results of the conducted study demonstrate that, in contrast to pure lignin, the concentrations of alkali metals, boron and, to a lesser extent, nickel and chlorine have increased the most in bottom ash. The use of lignin can effectively reduce the need for conventional biofuel by 30–100% and to increase the temperature of exhaust gases. The lowest emissions have been observed using a mixture of 30% of lignin and biofuel at the lowest range of power (2.5–4 MW). Under the optimal oxygen/temperature mode, carbon monoxide concentrations are approximately 20 mg/Nm3 and those of nitrogen oxides–500 mg/Nm3. Particulate matter emissions reach 150 mg/Nm3, and hence applying air treatment equipment is required.
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Stanytsina, V. V., V. O. Artemchuk, and O. Yu Bogoslavska. "The Impact of Environmental Tax Administration on the Cost of Thermal Energy on the Example of Organic and Biofuels Boilers in Ukraine." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 43, no. 5 (October 4, 2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.43.05.055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article provides an overview of approaches to greenhouse gas emissions taxation and tax rates in European countries. To compare heated boilers with different characteristics, which run on different fuels the average cost of thermal energy for the life cycle LCOH was used. Environmental tax on environmental pollution (as a component of LCOH) is calculated for the three most common types of boilers in Ukrainian boilers with a capacity of 4.65 to 58 MW, burning natural gas, coal, and fuel oil, as well as for low-power boilers (0.5 and 1 MW ), burning fossil fuels and biofuels. The eco-tax for biofuel boilers is calculated under current taxation and subject to the adoption of a European approach to taxation of carbon dioxide emissions. It is established that at the current rates there are almost no economic incentives for the introduction of technologies to reduce the concentration of pollutants in emissions, but increasing the rates of environmental tax may change this situation. However, provided that rates are evenly increased for all types of boilers, the eco-tax for natural gas boilers will remain the lowest, while for biofuel boilers it will increase significantly, which contradicts the stated goal of decarbonizing the economy. It is shown that not only the change of environmental tax rates can be an effective tool for achieving the goals of sustainable development, as the principles of its administration are also important.
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Chen, Yun, Panpan Gai, Jingjing Xue, Jian-Rong Zhang, and Jun-Jie Zhu. "An“ON–OFF” switchable power output of enzymatic biofuel cell controlled by thermal-sensitive polymer." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 74 (December 2015): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.028.
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O, Abhilash, Rajgopal M S, Mrityunjayaswamy KM, and Ravitej Y P. "Enhancing the performance of preheated B20 vegetable seed oil by varying the compression ratio and using cerium oxide as a stabilizer." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main purpose of the present investigation is to effectively utilize the biofuel along with cerium oxide as a stabilizer powered with a single-cylinder variable compressible ratio diesel engine fuelled with the 20% (blend B20) waste vegetable seed biofuel (WVO). Ethylbased esters production process from neutralized WVO is optimized by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) single-phase reaction to enhance the production of the biofuel. B20 WVO biodiesel behaviour is tested in a diesel engine by varying the compression ratio 16 and 18. Compression ratio 16 had better thermal efficiency and less CO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emission when compared to compression ratio 18. 250 bar injection pressure and 19 injection timing were found to have better fuel efficiency and emission characteristics. The influence of cerium oxide as a stabilizer in both the engine performance and the produced emissions was evaluated. From the result, it is observed that the increase in injection pressure from 210 bar to 250 bar leads to an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 6.1%, mechanical efficiency increases by 4.4%, and a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption by 5.7%. The CO and HC emission decreases by 3.9% and 3.2% respectively then retarding the injection timing.
11
Yousuf, Abu, Pradip Saha, Sreejon Das, Salma Akhter Iqbal, Ahmed Nazmus Sakib, and SM Anyet Ullah Shohag. "Generation of Bio-Electricity From Whey." Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 1 (February 26, 2014): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focused on the generation of electricity from whey in a bio-fuel cell (BFC). Whey or Milk Serum is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a by-product of the manufacture of cheese or casein in Foods and Sweets Company. It was selected as electrolyte in biofuel cell due to containing higher amount of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA's).The pH value of fresh whey was 3.1-3.8. Three categories of whey were used in the experiments included fresh whey, preserved by thermal treatment and preserved with 2% phenol by volume. It was observed that microorganism growth was zero in the sample with 2% phenol and growth rate was medium in the sample preserved by thermal treatment and that was higher in the fresh sample. In this biofuel cell, voltage was increased with the increase of surface area of electrodes. For a single compartment containing 8 unit cells, resultant voltage and current were 2.86V and 450?A and four compartment 32 unit cells in series, the values were 10.90V and 8.05mA respectively. When anode area was increased to reduce polarization, power generation was initially high but the decreasing rate of power was also elevated. Finally, for commercial electrodes, maximum power and minimum internal resistance were recorded. The maximum Current, Voltage and Power for commercial electrodes in a single compartment containing 10 unit cells were 78mA, 3.88V and 0.30264W respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v28i1.18105 Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 1, December 2013: 22-26
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Khiari, Besma, Imen Ghouma, Amel Ibn Ferjani, Ahmed Amine Azzaz, Salah Jellali, Lionel Limousy, and Mejdi Jeguirim. "Kenaf stems: Thermal characterization and conversion for biofuel and biochar production." Fuel 262 (February 2020): 116654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116654.
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13
Varadaraj, K., N. Varun Kumar Reddy, H. Arun Kumar, R. Vinod, S. G. Sangashetty, and N. R. Banapurmath. "Performance and emissions analysis of diesel engine fuelled with exhaust gas energy preheated ROME biodiesel." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crude oil resources are depleting as the days progress and biodiesel is an emerging substitute. But the usage of biodiesel is associated with fuel atomization problems. The prime cause is the high viscous nature of oils obtained from green matter. As we know that with increase in temperature of oil viscosity decreases. Current work deliberates the influence of preheating of biofuel on the engine output parameters. DI diesel engine fuelled with preheated biofuel blends result in increase in thermal efficiency and drop in HC, CO emissions, but the rise in peak cylinder temperature resulted in increase in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.
14
Carmo-Calado, Luis F., Roberta Mota-Panizio, Gonçalo Lourinho, Octávio Alves, I. Gato, and Paulo Sérgio Duque de Brito. "Energy Valorisation of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge through Thermal Gasification: An Economic Perspective." Proceedings 52, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020052003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The technical-economic analysis was carried out for the production of sludge-derived fuel from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The baseline for the analysis consists of a sludge drying plant, processing 6 m3 of sludge per day and producing a total of about 1 m3 of combustible material with 8% of moisture and a higher calorific power of 18.702 MJ/kg. The transformation of biofuel into energy translates into an electricity production of about 108 kW per 100 kg of sludge. The project in the baseline scenario demonstrated feasibility with a payback time of about six years.
15
Baral, Saroj S., Kaustub Singh, and Prabudh Sharma. "The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using CO 2 from thermal power plant in India." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (September 2015): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.181.
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Park, Sanghyun, Yongtae Ahn, Kalimuthu Pandi, Min-Kyu Ji, Hyun-Shik Yun, and Jae-Young Choi. "Microalgae Cultivation in Pilot Scale for Biomass Production Using Exhaust Gas from Thermal Power Plants." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 3497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exhaust gases from thermal power plants have the highest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), presenting an environmental problem related to a severe impact on ecosystems. Extensively, the reduction of CO2 from thermal power plants has been considered with the aid of microalgae as a cost-effective, sustainable solution, and efficient biological means for recycling of CO2. Microalgae can efficiently uptake CO2 and nutrients resulting in high generation of biomass and which can be processed into different valuable products. In this study, we have taken Nephroselmis sp. KGE8, Acutodesmus obliquus KGE 17 and Acutodesmus obliquus KGE32 microalgae, which are isolated from acid mine drainage and cultivated in a photobiological incubator on a batch scale, and also confirmed that continuous culture was possible on pilot scale for biofuel production. We also evaluated the continuous culture productivity of each cultivate-harvest cycle in the pilot scale. The biomass of the cultivated microalgae was also evaluated for its availability.
17
Che Mat, Sharzali, M. Y. Idroas, Y. H. Teoh, and M. F. Hamid. "Assessment of basic properties and thermal analysis of hybrid biofuel blend." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 41, no. 17 (November 26, 2018): 2073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1549169.
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Bergen, Darya. "Alternative Options for Modernization of Regional Heat Supply Systems: Environmental and Economic Aspects." Bulletin of Baikal State University 31, no. 3 (October 22, 2021): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2021.31(3).407-415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At present, environmental pollution by fuel combustion products is one of the key problems in the heat supply sector. It affects the entire population of the Earth. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the necessity of ecological upgrading of thermal power facilities in the Irkutsk region and using a part of municipal solid waste as an alternative fuel at thermal power facilities of the Russian Federation. The research shows that the use of the two kinds of fuel (solid biofuel and alternative fuel) can reduce the anthropogenic load. This measure can be a way of energy efficient disposal of accumulated and annually generated production and consumer waste. The transition to alternative fuels can be most efficiently implemented in boiler houses. This is due to lower capital investments in the modernization of boiler houses as compared to the modernization of thermal power plants. The calculations in the article confirm that the implementation of environmental modernization of regional heat supply systems is not economically beneficial for entrepreneurs. The state should supplement the methods of regulation with targeted co-financing of programs for the modernization of thermal power facilities in order to accelerate the processes of modernization of heat supply in the Russian Federation. At the same time, the recipients of support must comply with the established indicators further on.
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Markov, Vladimir Anatolyevich, Bowen Sa, Sergey Nikolaevich Devyanin, Anatoly Anatolyevich Zherdev, Pablo Ramon Vallejo Maldonado, Sergey Anatolyevich Zykov, Aleksandr Dmitrievich Denisov, and Hewage Chithral Ambawatte. "Investigation of the Performances of a Diesel Engine Operating on Blended and Emulsified Biofuels from Rapeseed Oil." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the possibility of using blended biofuels from rapeseed oil (RO) as fuel for a diesel engine. RO blended diesel fuel (DF) and emulsified multicomponent biofuels have been investigated. Fuel physicochemical properties have been analyzed. Experimental tests of a diesel engine D-245 in the operating conditions of the external characteristic curve and the 13-mode test cycle have been conducted to investigate the effect of these fuels on engine performances. CFD simulations of the nozzle inner flow were performed for DF and ethanol-emulsified RO. The possibility of a significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency of the engine has been noted. The efficiency of using blended biofuels from RO as a motor fuel for diesel engines has been evaluated based on the experimental test results. It was shown that in comparison with the presence of RO in emulsified multicomponent biofuel, the presence of water has a more significant effect on NOx emission reduction. The content of RO and the content of water in the investigated emulsified fuels have a comparable influence on exhaust smoke reduction. Nozzle inner flow simulations show that the emulsification of RO changes its flow behaviors and cavitation regime.
20
Makisha, Nikolay, and Igor Gulshin. "Solid bio-fuel production at Moscow wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article has an aim to describe experience of Moscow in the field of solid bio-fuel production at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Brief assessment of solid biofuel production technology at biological treatment facilities of domestic and mixed sewage (wastewater sludge as a fuel resource) shows its significant potential from the economic, environmental and social points of view that will ensure the sustainable development of the area (cities, regions) of application. Solid biofuel production is a technological stage of sludge treatment at wastewater treatment plants aimed at reducing the sludge mass and changing their physical and mechanical properties for its further use at as a fuel component on condensing and thermal power plants or as alternative fuel for cement production and energy supplements for burning of solid domestic waste. The technology of solid biofuel production is based on removing moisture of wastewater sludge in drying machines. The solid fuel facilities capacity lies in the range of 1 to 130 tons per day, when the entire amount sludge is exposed to drying (effluent humidity of sludge is 10%), or 1 to 400 tons per day when the sludge is partially dried and afterwards is mixed with the initial sludge (effluent humidity of sludge is 40%).
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Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Sustainable Thermal Energy Generation at Universities by Using Loquat Seeds as Biofuel." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global energy consumption has increased the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), these being the main cause of global warming. Within renewable energies, bioenergy has undergone a great development in recent years. This is due to its carbon neutral balance and the fact that bioenergy can be obtained from a range of biomass resources, including residues from forestry, agricultural or livestock industries, the rapid rotation of forest plantations, the development of energy crops, organic matter from urban solid waste, and other sources of organic waste from agro-food industries. Processing factories that use loquats to make products such as liqueurs and jams generate large amounts of waste mainly in the form of skin and stones or seeds. These wastes are disposed of and sent to landfills without making environmentally sustainable use of them. The University of Almeria Sports Centre is made up of indoor spaces in which different sports can be practiced: sports centre pavilion (central court and two lateral courts), rocodrome, fitness room, cycle inner room, and indoor swimming pool. At present, the indoor swimming pool of the University of Almeria (UAL) has two fuel oil boilers, with a nominal power of 267 kW. The main objective of this study is to propose an energetic analysis to determine, on the one hand, the energetic properties of the loquat seed and, on the other hand, to evaluate its suitability to be used as a solid biofuel to feed the boilers of the heated swimming pool of the University of Almeria (Spain), highlighting the significant energy and environmental savings obtained. Results show that the higher calorific value of loquat seed (17.205 MJ/kg), is like other industrial wastes such as wheat straw, or pistachio shell, which demonstrates the energy potential of this residual biomass. In addition, the change of the fuel oil boiler to a biomass (loquat seed) boiler in the UAL’s indoor swimming pool means a reduction of 147,973.8 kg of CO2 in emissions into the atmosphere and an annual saving of 35,739.5 €, which means a saving of 72.78% with respect to the previous fuel oil installation. A sensitivity analysis shows that fuel cost of base case is the variable with the most sensitivity changing the initial cost and net present value (NPV).
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Dhamale, N., R. N. Parthasarathy, and S. R. Gollahalli. "Effects of Turbulence on the Combustion Properties of Partially Premixed Flames of Canola Methyl Ester and Diesel Blends." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/697805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Canola methyl ester (CME) is a biofuel that is a renewable alternative energy resource and is produced by the transesterification of canola oil. The objective of this study was to document the effects of turbulence on the combustion characteristics of blends of CME and No 2 diesel fuel in a partially-premixed flame environment. The experiments were conducted with mixtures of pre-vaporized fuel and air at an initial equivalence ratio of 7 and three burner exit Reynolds numbers, 2700, 3600, and 4500. Three blends with 25, 50, and 75% volume concentration of CME were studied. The soot volume fraction was highest for the pure diesel flames and did not change significantly with Reynolds number due to the mutually compensating effects of increased carbon input rate and increased air entrainment as the Reynolds number was increased. The global NOx emission index was highest and the CO emission index was the lowest for the pure CME flame, and varied non-monotonically with biofuel content in the blend The mean temperature and the NOx concentration at three-quarter flame height were generally correlated, indicating that the thermal mechanism of NOx formation was dominant in the turbulent biofuel flames also.
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Brothier, M., P. Gramondi, C. Poletiko, U. Michon, M. Labrot, and A. Hacala. "BIOFUEL AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS GASIFICATION BY USE OF THERMAL PLASMA." High Temperature Material Processes (An International Quarterly of High-Technology Plasma Processes) 11, no. 2 (2007): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/hightempmatproc.v11.i2.70.
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Štofová, Lenka, Petra Szaryszová, and Bohuslava Mihalčová. "Testing the Bioeconomic Options of Transitioning to Solid Recovered Fuel: A Case Study of a Thermal Power Plant in Slovakia." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the state and perspectives of bioenergy development in the context of exploiting the potential of available natural resources. We analyse the economic benefits of transitioning to alternative biofuel within the research task in cooperation with the Vojany black coal power plant. Within the applied methodology, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis method was used to confirm the most economically efficient types of fuels used in the combustion process. The assumption of fuel efficiency was confirmed by testing fuel combustion combinations directly in the power plant. The transition to 100% combustion of solid recovered fuel creates the potential for sustainable production of the analysed power plant and compliance with the current emission values of basic pollutants and new stricter limits, which will be binding in the EU from August 2021. The proposed solutions were analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. An estimate of the economic results achieved by the power plant was simulated, assuming a complete transition to solid recovered fuel. The results of the study support the feasibility of creating a circular waste management market, with the Vojany black coal power plant as the largest user of solid recovered fuel in Slovakia and abroad.
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Cortez, Luís, Telma Teixeira Franco, Gustavo Valença, and Frank Rosillo-Calle. "Perspective Use of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO) in Maritime Transport: The Case of Brazil." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164779.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The maritime transportation sector (MTS) is undertaking a major global effort to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), e.g., sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and the concentration of particulates in suspension. Substantial investment is necessary to develop alternative sustainable fuels, engines, and fuel modifications. The alternative fuels considered in this study include liquified natural gas, nuclear energy, hydrogen, electricity, and biofuels. This paper focuses on biofuels, in particular fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO), a serious partial alternative in MTS. There are some drawbacks, e.g., biofuels usually require land necessary to produce the feedstock and the chemical compatibility of the resulting biofuel with current engines in MTS. The demand for sustainable feedstock production for MTS can be overcome by using cellulose-based and agroforestry residues, which do not compete with food production and can be obtained in large quantities and at a reasonably low cost. The compatibility of biofuels with either bunker fuel or diesel cycle engines can also be solved by upgrading biofuels, adjusting the refining process, or modifying the engine itself. The paper examines the possibilities presented by biofuels, focusing on FPBO in Brazil, for MTS. The key issues investigated include FPBO, production, and end use of feedstocks and the most promising alternatives; thermal conversion technologies; potential applications of FPBO in Brazil; sustainability; biofuels properties; fuels under consideration in MTS, challenges, and opportunities in a rapidly changing maritime fuel sector. Although the focus is on Brazil, the findings of this paper can be replicated in many other parts of the world.
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Lambert, Timothy, and Xuan Hieu Nghiem. "Review of the Deployment of and Research into Generation III & IV Nuclear Fission Reactors for Power Generation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 1 (August 3, 2015): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v1i0.1387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nuclear fission is one of the more popular and efficient sources of energy that has been used in the last few decades. In the setting of the ongoing worldwide debate of the energy problem, this paper will review the different types and generations of nuclear reactors, and do comparisons with other notable energy sources (biofuel and fusion). The current generations III, III+, IV of reactor (mostly pressurized water reactors), their thermal efficiency, technical (structure and configuration), lifetime, energy output and how the systems contrast are discussed. The paper was written by gathering information from UTS library online database, as well as online articles related to fission power, all sources dating from 2000s onwards. Nuclear fission power is a very dense energy source as it provides higher amount of free energy than other energy sources from the same amount of fuel. The drawback, which is the high amount of radioactive waste that accumulates over time, along with thermal efficiency are improved upon by the current and next generations of reactors.
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Nyakuma, Bemgba Bevan. "Thermogravimetric and Kinetic Analysis of Melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.) Seed Husk Using the Distributed Activation Energy Model." Environmental and Climate Technologies 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2015-0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study seeks to characterize the thermochemical fuel properties of melon seed husk (MSH) as a potential biomass feedstock for clean energy and power generation. It examined the ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and thermal decomposition of MSH. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was examined at 5, 10, 20 °C/min from 30-800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) was applied to determine the activation energy, E, and frequency factor, A. The results revealed that thermal decomposition of MSH occurs in three (3) stages; drying (30-150 °C), devolatization (150-400 °C) and char degradation (400-800 °C). Kinetic analysis revealed that the E values fluctuated from 145.44-300 kJ/mol (Average E = 193 kJ/mol) while A ranged from 2.64 × 1010 to 9.18 × 1020 min-1 (Average E = 9.18 × 1019 min-1) highlighting the complexity of MSH pyrolysis. The fuel characterization and kinetics of MSH showed it is an environmentally friendly solid biofuel for future thermal biomass conversion.
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Yahya, Sulaiman Al, Tahir Iqbal, Muhammad Mubashar Omar, and Munir Ahmad. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis of Date Palm Waste for Adoption in Saudi Arabia." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Date palm trees, being an important source of nutrition, are grown at a large scale in Saudi Arabia. The biomass waste of date palm, discarded of in a non-environmentally-friendly manner at present, can be used for biofuel generation through the fast pyrolysis technique. This technique is considered viable for thermochemical conversion of solid biomass into biofuels in terms of the initial investment, production cost, and operational cost, as well as power consumption and thermal application cost. In this study, a techno-economic analysis has been performed to assess the feasibility of converting date palm waste into bio-oil, char, and burnable gases by defining the optimum reactor design and thermal profile. Previous studies concluded that at an optimum temperature of 525 °C, the maximum bio-oil, char and gases obtained from pyrolysis of date palm waste contributed 38.8, 37.2 and 24% of the used feed stock material (on weight basis), respectively, while fluidized bed reactor exhibited high suitability for fast pyrolysis. Based on the pyrolysis product percentage, the economic analysis estimated the net saving of USD 556.8 per ton of the date palm waste processed in the pyrolysis unit. It was further estimated that Saudi Arabia could earn USD 44.77 million per annum, approximately, if 50% of the total date palm waste were processed through fast pyrolysis, with a payback time of 2.57 years. Besides that, this intervention will reduce 2029 tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually, contributing towards a lower carbon footprint.
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Klius, V. P., S. V. Klius, N. M. Zhovmir, and A. G. Didkоvska. "BIOMASS GAS GENERATOR STOVES." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 25-30 (December 7, 2018): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.25-30.060-072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The work refers to the field of thermochemical processes of the biomass conversion into energy, in particular to the creation of gas-generator stoves operating on biomass for cooking. In view of the high energy efficiency and environmental friendliness gas-burning stoves significantly exceed the traditional direct combustion biomass kilns. The theoretical analysis of the processes of gasification and combustion of fuel flowing in the stove is considered. The stove is considered as a reversed microgasifier with an open top. Gasification is carried out in a vertical microgasifier of a dense layer of fuel with fuel ignition from above and air supply from below. The thermal processes taking place in the microgasifier can be divided into three stages: partial gasification of biofuel, complete gasification of the biochar obtained, direct combustion of the biochar. The pilot samples of a number of stoves with a reactor volume of 5.5 to 9.7 liters were made and pilot tests were carried out for the various types of biofuel (pellets from softwood, trimmed pine saw-timbers, wood chips from hardwood, briquettes from straw, sunflower husks, buckwheat husks). As a result of the tests it was found that the efficiency of the stoves is about 30% which is approximately 3 times more than that of traditional direct combustion furnaces, and the average thermal power of the gas-generator stoves was 0.71–1.78 kW which corresponds to the thermal power of household stoves operating on natural gas. The fuel consumption and the specific burning rate of the fuel are determined by the air supply. For approximate calculations, you can take a fuel consumption of 1 kg / hour. The specific intensity of combustion for the tested fuels varied in the range 27.5–60.6 kg / (m2 · h). The use of the thermal insulation of the hull makes it possible not only to reduce significantly heat losses to the environment but also to avoid burns if the person touches the stove accidentally. The stoves have the following advantages: ecological compatibility; the economy; mobility. Prospective consumers of stoves are the residents of non-gasified areas, summer residents, tourists.
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Nwakaire, J. N., O. F. Obi, C. J. Ohagwu, C. C. Anyadike, I. E. Ugwu, and J. U. Ifoh. "Engine performance of blends of palm kernel oil biodiesel under varying speed at constant torque." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study conducts a comparative evaluation the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel and their blends (B5, B10, B20, B30, B40, and B100), on the performance of a four-cylinder CI diesel engine (David Brown 990: 58hp; 2WD), at Farm Power and Machinery Test laboratory Centre (FPMTLC), Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objective of the study was to determine the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency, under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. Each fuel test was conducted using the Heenan-Froude hydraulic dynamometer engine-test-bed; pure petroleum diesel (B0) was used to generate the baseline data. Variables calculated were analyzed, then compared with each other to determine the differences in the engine performance and also to determine the optimum test fuel. The results obtained show that B10 had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake specific fuel consumption of 5431.809J, 3.42E-07 m3/s, and 0.16569l/KWh, respectively at the highest engine speed of 1900. B10 had an excellent brake thermal efficiency of 60.6% but was not better than B100, which showed a higher value of 66.95%. From the analysis, B10 is the optimum test fuel and can be used as an alternative fuel in David Brown 990 (58hp; 2WD) or similar CI diesel engines without any engine modification, even though B100 showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel. Biofuel production grows through integrated aquaculture and algae production; the algae oil will serve as a raw material for biofuel production
Keywords: Blends, Biodiesel, Brake Specific Consumption, Diesel Engine, Fuel Consumption rate, Thermal Efficiency.
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Nguyen Xa, Hoi, Thanh Nguyen Viet, Khanh Nguyen Duc, and Vinh Nguyen Duy. "Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil via Recycling as Biofuel for Diesel Engines." Recycling 5, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5020013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used to successfully manufacture catalyst cracking biodiesel in the laboratory. This study aims to evaluate and compare the influence of waste cooking oil synthetic diesel (WCOSD) with that of commercial diesel (CD) fuel on an engine’s operating characteristics. The second goal of this study is to compare the engine performance and temperature characteristics of cooling water and lubricant oil under various engine operating conditions of a test engine fueled by waste cooking oil and CD. The results indicated that the engine torque of the engine running with WCOSD dropped from 1.9 Nm to 5.4 Nm at all speeds, and its brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) dropped at almost every speed. Thus, the thermal brake efficiency (BTE) of the engine fueled by WCOSD was higher at all engine speeds. Also, the engine torque of the WCOSD-fueled engine was lower than the engine torque of the CD-fueled engine at all engine speeds. The engine’s power dropped sequentially through 0.3 kW, 0.4 kW, 0.6 kW, 0.9 kW, 0.8 kW, 0.9 kW, 1.0 kW and 1.9 kW.
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Filho, Francisco Ferreira Dantas, C. R. S. Morais, G. M. Dantas, F. S. B. Dantas, I. S. Lima, and D. N. C. Andrade. "Evaluation of the Thermic Behavior of the Coal as a Byproduct through the Low Temperature Conversion Process – LTC of the Sewage Sludge." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brazil follows the global trend to seek viable alternative energy sources that can improve the quality and secure supply of energy with environmental sustainability, allied to the necessity of facilitating a fitting end to the sludge treatment plants sewage. The biomass present in SS is emerging as an alternative to the country's energy matrix, through the Low Temperature Conversion process – LTC of the sludge in the production of biofuel (biooil and coal). This article aims to characterize the coal obtained through the Low Temperature Conversion and evaluate the thermal behavior. In this study physical and chemical studies were made: elemental analysis (CHNO), calorific power, Thermogravimetry (TG) at a heating rate of 10°C min-1 under synthetic air atmosphere, and spectroscopic. The thermogravimetric study found a thermal stability at 300oC. In the spectroscopy in the infrared (IR) regionit was observed bands related to the presence of water, organic matter and silicon oxides in the SS samples analyzed.
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Crialesi, Alfredo, Barbara Mazzarotta, Marco Santalucia, Fabrizio Di Caprio, Alfonso Pozio, Alessia Santucci, and Luca Farina. "Exploiting Olive Mill Wastewater via Thermal Conversion of the Organic Matter into Gaseous Biofuel—A Case Study." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082901.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Olive oil is one excellence of the Italian food industry: around 300 kt yr−1 are produced, creating roughly the same amount of olive mill wastewater (OMW) to be disposed of. The present work describes a process to exploit OMW by converting its organic compounds to valuable gaseous biofuel. A sample OMW was characterized (COD, TOC, solids, and polyphenols) and submitted to membrane filtration tests to concentrate the organic compounds. Based on the results of the experiments, a treatment process was outlined: the retentate streams from microfiltration and ultrafiltration steps were fed to a cracking and a steam reforming reactor, respectively; the obtained syngas streams were then mixed and sent to a methanation reactor. The process was simulated with Aspen Plus (AspenTech©) software, assessing operating conditions and streams compositions: the final biofuel is around 81 mol.% methane, 4 mol.% hydrogen, and 11 mol.% carbon dioxide. The permeate stream cannot be directly disposed of, but both its amount and its polluting charge are greatly reduced. The heat needed by the process, mainly due to the endothermic reactions, can be obtained by burning an amount of olive pomaces, roughly corresponding to one-third of the amount left by olive treatments giving rise to the processed OMW feed.
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Elumalai, P. V., M. Nambiraj, M. Parthasarathy, Dhinesh Balasubramanian, V. Hariharan, and J. Jayakar. "Experimental investigation to reduce environmental pollutants using biofuel nano-water emulsion in thermal barrier coated engine." Fuel 285 (February 2021): 119200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119200.
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Prasongthum, N., N. Duangwongsa, P. Khowattana, A. Suemanotham, P. Wongharn, Y. Thanmongkhon, P. Reubroycharoen, and L. Attanatho. "Influence of torrefaction on yields and characteristics of densified solid biofuel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Torrefaction is a mild thermal pretreatment for enhancing the combustion property of biomass to be properly applied to biomass or co-firing power plants. The present research investigated mass yields, fuel characteristics and hydrophobicity of rubber wood pellet torrefied at different temperatures and residence times. Proximate and ultimate analyses, the enhancement factor of higher heating value, energy yield, lignocellulosic components and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of torrefied samples were performed to evaluate the influence of the process parameters and compared to those of the untreated ones. The non-condensable and condensable products were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The results showed that the torrefaction severity index (TSI) correlated sufficiently with the properties of torrefied biomass and was more sensitive to torrefaction temperature than residence time. The increase in the TSI value resulted in an increase in heating value but a decrease in energy yield. The energy density increased by 14% at 260 °C and reached up to 35% at torrefaction temperature of 300 °C. FT-IR analysis revealed that the contents of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups appeared in torrefied wood pellets were decreased and increased, respectively, due to the torrefaction process. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of torrefied pellets can be significantly improved as torrefaction temperature increases. The non-condensable gaseous products were mostly composed of CO2, CO, and traces of CH4. While the organic compounds found in condensable liquid products were acids, ketones, furans and phenols.
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Al Wahedi, Abdulla, and Yusuf Bicer. "A Case Study in Qatar for Optimal Energy Management of an Autonomous Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station with Multiple Renewable Energy and Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195095.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
E-Mobility deployment has attained increased interest during recent years in various countries all over the world. This interest has focused mainly on reducing the reliance on fossil fuel-based means of transportation and decreasing the harmful emissions produced from this sector. To secure the electricity required to satisfy Electric Vehicles’ (EVs’) charging needs without expanding or overloading the existing electricity infrastructure, stand-alone charging stations powered by renewable sources are considered as a reasonable solution. This paper investigates the simulation of the optimal energy management of a proposed grid-independent, multi-generation, fast-charging station in the State of Qatar, which comprises hybrid wind, solar and biofuel systems along with ammonia, hydrogen and battery storage units. The study aims to assess the optimal sizing of the solar, wind and biofuel units to be incorporated in the design along with the optimal ammonia, hydrogen and battery storage capacities to fulfill the daily EV demand in an uninterruptable manner. The main objective is to fast-charge a minimum of 50 EVs daily, while the constraints are the intermittent and volatile nature of renewable energy sources, the stochastic nature of EV demand, local meteorological conditions and land space limitations. The results show that the selection of a 468 kWp concentrated photovoltaic thermal plant, 250 kW-rated wind turbine, 10 kW biodiesel power generator unit and 595 kWh battery storage system, along with the on-site production of hydrogen and ammonia, to generate 200 kW power via fuel cells can achieve the desired target, with a total halt of on-site hydrogen and ammonia production during October and November and 50% reduction during December.
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Masimalai, Senthilkumar, and Arulselvan Subramanian. "An experimental assessment on the influence of high octane fuels on biofuel based dual fuel engine performance, emission, and combustion." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci161110323m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of different high octane fuels (such as eucalyptus oil, ethanol, and methanol) on engine?s performance behaviour of a biofuel based dual fuel engine. A single cylinder Diesel engine was modified and tested under dual fuel mode of operation. Initially the engine was run using neat diesel, neat mahua oil as fuels. In the second phase, the engine was operated in dual fuel mode by using a specially designed variable jet carburettor to supply the high octane fuels. Engine trials were made at 100% and 40% loads (power outputs) with varying amounts of high octane fuels up-to the maximum possible limit. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine were obtained and analysed. Results indicated significant improvement in brake thermal efficiency simultaneous reduction in smoke and NO emissions in dual fuel operation with all the inducted fuels. At 100% load the brake thermal efficiency increased from 25.6% to a maximum of 32.3, 30.5, and 28.4%, respectively, with eucalyptus oil, ethanol, and methanol as primary fuels. Smoke was reduced drastically from 78% with neat mahua oil a minimum of 41, 48, and 53%, respectively, with eucalyptus oil, ethanol, and methanol at the maximum efficiency point. The optimal energy share for the best engine behaviour was found to be 44.6, 27.3, and 23.2%, respectively, for eucalyptus oil, ethanol, and methanol at 100% load. Among the primary fuels tested, eucalyptus oil showed the maximum brake thermal efficiency, minimum smoke and NO emissions and maximum energy replacement for the optimal operation of the engine.
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Paunescu, Lucian, and Gheorghe Surugiu. "Reducing GHG and NOx Pollutant Emissions with an Oxy-Hydrogen Burner." Journal La Multiapp 2, no. 6 (February 2, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v2i6.530.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper presents experimental results obtained by authors in testing an own conception burner operating with a biofuel (hydrogen) and technical oxygen as a supplier of oxygen for combustion. The objective of the work is to create an equipment for producing thermal energy for industrial heating furnaces under conditions of complete elimination of greenhouse gas emissions GHG (mainly CO2) and significant reduction of NOx (NO2 and NO) emissions by using the most advanced known techniques. The hydrogen and oxygen staged mixture method is applied, which allows to self-cooling the flame to reduce the NOx emissions. Also, hydrogen is used uniquely without other fossil fuels in mixture and oxygen in the form of technical oxygen without being component of a combustion air even enriched in oxygen. The result of stand testing showed that the burner operation is stable without explosion danger in the thermal power range 14.85-30 kW, the CO2 and CO emissions are zero and the NO2 and NO emissions are relatively low below the maximum limits allowed in the world. The tested technical solution is optimal for the burner operation and meets the objective, but additional tests and verifications are still required for industrial application.
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Cherniavskyi, M. V., Ye S. Miroshnychenko, and O. Yu Provalov. "CONVERSION OF LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS FOR COMBUSTION OF SOLID FUEL BIOMASS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2021.08.
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The paper analyzes the existing fleet and the possibilities of replacing anthracite and natural gas boilers of low and medium capacity and substantiates that the reconstruction with conversion to biomass is appropriate for boilers with a thermal capacity of more than 5 MW. The main problem is the reduction of heat perception of furnace screens and increase of heat removal to the convective pass due to the increased specific yield of biomass combustion products. Based on the analysis of changes in the nature of combustion processes and redistribution of heat exchange in the boiler, it was determined the criteria for the possibility of converting boilers from fossil fuels to biomass with maximum use of available equipment and the most acceptable fuel for this - agricultural pellets and wood waste. Technical solutions for the reconstruction of a boiler with a dense bed with a steam capacity of 20 t/h on anthracite (24 t/h on natural gas) have been developed and calculated with transfer to burning of granules of biomass and/or gas coal without change of dimensions of a fire chamber and without loss of thermal power due to compensation of the lowered heat absorption of a fire chamber by increase of a surface of a water economizer with corresponding decrease in an air heater. Technical solutions were used during the reconstruction of 4 boilers "Babcock-Wilcox" of Khorostkiv Sugar Plant. Co-combustion of biofuel pellets with coal is implemented in the range of components share from 0 to 100%. When burning granules, underburning in the fly ash is almost absent, ash deposits on convective surfaces are self-cleaning for several hours of work on gas coal. The solutions developed allowed to solve the problem of renovation of old boilers with the expansion of their fuel base and improvement of environmental performance through the use of biomass. Bibl. 18, Fig. 3, Tab. 4.
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Algieri, Angelo, Pietropaolo Morrone, and Sergio Bova. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel, Solar and Wind Multi-Source Small-Scale CHP Systems." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13113002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the paper is the techno-economic analysis of innovative integrated combined heat and power (CHP) systems for the exploitation of different renewable sources in the residential sector. To this purpose, a biofuel-driven organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is combined with a wind turbine, a photovoltaic system and an auxiliary boiler. The subsystems work in parallel to satisfy the electric and heat demand of final users: a block of 40 dwellings in a smart community. A 12.6 kWel ORC is selected according to a thermal-driven strategy, while wind and solar subsystems are introduced to increase the global system efficiency and the electric self-consumption. The ORC can be switched-off or operated at partial load when solar and/or wind sources are significant. A multi-variable optimization has been carried out to find the proper size of the wind turbine and photovoltaic subsystems and to define the suitable operating strategy. To this purpose, several production wind turbines (1.0–60.0 kWel) and photovoltaic units (0.3–63.0 kWel) have been considered with the aim of finding the optimal trade-off between the maximum electric self-consumption and the minimum payback period and electric surplus. The multi-objective optimization suggests the integration of 12.6 kWel ORC with 10 kWel wind turbine and 6.3 kWel photovoltaic subsystem. The investigation demonstrates that the proposed multi-source integrated system offers a viable solution for smart-communities and distributed energy production with a significant improvement in the global system efficiency (+7.5%) and self-consumption (+15.0%) compared to the sole ORC apparatus.
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Masimalai, Senthilkumar. "The influence of air side and fuel side water addition on engine’s behaviour of a biofuel based compresion ingnition engine under oxygen enriched combustion." Thermal Science 24, no. 1 Part A (2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci171116018m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of water injection at the air side and water addition at fuel side on engine?s performance of a Diesel engine was studied under oxygen enriched intake air using neat mahua oil as fuel. Initially experiments were carried out using neat mahua oil as fuel with different oxygen concentrations such as 21% (ambient), 22.4%, 23.8%, and 24.7% by volume at the air side. The optimal oxygen concentration was found based on the engine?s brake thermal efficiency. At the optimal oxygen concentration water injection was done on air side at 4% by mass and the experiments were repeated with neat mahua oil as fuel under oxygen enrichment mode. Finally, mahua oil emulsion was prepared using the same amount of water (i. e. 4%) and tested in the engine. A comparative study was made for the same amount of water (i. e. 4% as optimal) for water injection and neat mahua oil emulsion on engines behavior. Oxygen enrichment increased the brake thermal efficiency with all concentrations and reached the maximum value from 25.2% with ambient oxygen to a maximum of 30.6% at 23.8% of oxygen enrichment at the maximum brake mean effective pressure of 5.4 bar whereas it was 30.8% with neat diesel. The smoke, HC, and CO emissions were significantly reduced with oxygen enrichment. However, oxygen enrichment increased the NO emissions at all concentrations. Injection of water and emulsification techniques reduced the NO emissions considerably. Emulsification showed more reduction in NO emission than water injection for the same amount of water. It was concluded from the study that neat mahua oil could be effective used as fuel in compression ignition engines by combusting it under oxygen enriched condition. The optimal oxygen concentration of 23.8% could be recommended for the highest brake thermal efficiency. Injection of water at the intake manifold and emulsification techniques could solve the problem of higher NO emissions. The optimal amount of water that could be injected without affecting the engines power and brake thermal efficiency could be recommended as 4% by volume. Emulsification has the added advantage of further improvement in engine?s brake thermal efficiency.
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Piersa, Piotr, Hilal Unyay, Szymon Szufa, Wiktoria Lewandowska, Remigiusz Modrzewski, Radosław Ślężak, and Stanisław Ledakowicz. "An Extensive Review and Comparison of Modern Biomass Torrefaction Reactors vs. Biomass Pyrolysis—Part 1." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Major efforts are currently being made in the research community to address the challenges of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion by using lignocellulosic biomass, agricultural waste, and forest residues as cleaner energy sources. However, its poor qualities, such as low energy density, high moisture content, irregular shape and size, and heterogeneity, make it impossible to utilize in its natural state. Torrefaction, a simple heat treatment method, is used frequently with natural bioresources to improve their thermal characteristics so that they may be used as energy sources in domestic power plants. The quality of the resulting torrefied solids (biochar) is determined by the heat condition settings in the absence of oxygen, and it may be enhanced by carefully selecting and altering the processing parameters. The comprehensive overview presented here should serve as a useful toolkit for farmers, combined heat and power plants, pulp and paper installations, and other industrial plants that use biomass as a substrate for biofuel production. This research focuses on torrefaction product properties, reaction mechanisms, a variety of technologies, and torrefaction reactors. It is impossible to determine which torrefaction technology is superior as each reactor has unique properties. However, some suggestions and recommendations regarding the use of torrefaction reactors are given.
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Morales-Máximo, M., V. M. Ruíz-García, L. B. López-Sosa, and J. G. Rutiaga-Quiñones. "Exploitation of Wood Waste of Pinus spp for Briquette Production: A Case Study in the Community of San Francisco Pichátaro, Michoacán, Mexico." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082933.
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This study describes the exploitation of wood waste (Pinus spp.) in the form of sawdust and shavings generated during the production of furniture and artisanal items in a community in the state of Michoacán, western Mexico. A process is described to densifying this raw material, to produce solid-type biofuel briquettes that can be used to satisfy the need to generate low-power heat for residential sectors. Briquette production involved six stages: (a) gathering samples of sawdust and shavings from artisanal workshops in the community; (b) proximal characterization of the samples; (c) elaborating the briquettes; (d) physicochemical characterization of the briquettes; (e) evaluation of the physical-thermal combustion of the briquettes; and (f) an economic evaluation of briquette production to determine viability. Finally, we performed a comparative analysis of the energy, economic, and environmental indicators of the briquettes produced and conventional pine and oak firewood (Pinus spp., Quercus spp.) in the study community. The results show the viability of using biomass residues to make briquettes, which are efficient, economic and easy to make and use.
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Pavlov, M. V., and D. F. Karpov. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON RADIANT AND CONVECTION HEATING OF GREENHOUSE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture, no. 6 (December 29, 2019): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-6-149-161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The traditional heating of greenhouses (based on liquid or air) lacks efficiency, when it concerns energy-saving or economic expenditures. The agricultural industry is therefore inter-ested in the innovative approach to the power supply of greenhouses. The use of geothermal sources, biofuel, heating pumps and other conventional greenhouse heating methods is not al-ways reasonable, as their application depends on location of an object, ecological factors and others. This research investigates a complex heating, when convection heating of the green-house territory is maintained by temperature using ceiling infrared radiators. The aim of the paper is to study the influence of the outdoor air temperature, thermal prop-erties of the perimeter walls and soil surface absorbing capacity on the heating power of a greenhouse within the proposed method of radiant and convection heating. A system of complex heatand material-balance equations is used to calculate the greenhouse perimeter walls and the soil surface. The research results show the dependency of the total heating power when calculated with regard to the outdoor temperature, heat resistance properties of the perimeter walls and the soil surface absorbing capacity. The results obtained can be used to justify the efficiency of the radiant and convection heat-ing of the greenhouse in specific climatic conditions. The scientific novelty of the paper is the proposed method of calculating which accounts of multiple heater reflection, the influence of the mass-exchange process inside the greenhouse as well as the absorbing soil properties.
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Hossain, Farhad M., Md Nurun Nabi, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Saiful Bari, Thuy Chu Van, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, Thomas J. Rainey, et al. "Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine Performance, Combustion and Emissions Using a Novel Series of Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) Biofuels Derived from Microalgae." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101964.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Physico-chemical properties of microalgae biodiesel depend on the microalgae species and oil extraction method. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is a clear, colourless and viscous liquid as a plasticizer. It is used in the processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin and polymers. A new potential biofuel, hydrothermally liquefied microalgae bio-oil can contain nearly 11% (by mass) of DOP. This study investigated the feasibility of using up to 20% DOP blended in 80% diesel fuel (v/v) in an existing diesel engine, and assessed the performance and exhaust emissions. Despite reasonable differences in density, viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point, blends of DOP and diesel fuel were found to be entirely miscible and no separation was observed at any stage during prolonged miscibility tests. The engine test study found a slight decrease in peak cylinder pressure, brake, and indicated mean effective pressure, indicated power, brake power, and indicated and brake thermal efficiency with DOP blended fuels, where the specific fuel consumption increased. This is due to the presence of 16.4% oxygen in neat DOP, responsible for the relatively lower heating value, compared to that of diesel. The emission tests revealed a slight increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from DOP blended fuels. However, particulate matter (PM) emissions were lower from DOP blended fuels, although some inconsistency in particle number (PN) was present among different engine loads.
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Minutillo, Mariagiovanna, Alessandra Perna, and Alessandro Sorce. "Exergy analysis of a biomass-based multi-energy system." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911302017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper focuses on a biofuel-based Multi-Energy System generating electricity, heat and hydrogen. The proposed system, that is conceived as refit option for an existing anaerobic digester plant in which the biomass is converted to biogas, consists of: i) a fuel processing unit, ii) a power production unit based on the SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) technology, iii) a hydrogen separation, compression and storage unit. The aim of this study is to define the operating conditions that allow optimizing the plant performances by applying the exergy analysis that is an appropriate technique to assess and rank the irreversibility sources in energy processes. Thus, the exergy analysis has been performed for both the overall plant and main plant components and the main contributors to the overall losses have been evaluated. Moreover, the first principle efficiency and the second principle efficiency have been estimated. Results have highlighted that the fuel processor (the Auto-Thermal Reforming reactor) is the main contributor to the global exergy destruction (9.74% of the input biogas exergy). In terms of overall system performance the plant has an exergetic efficiency of 53.1% (it is equal to 37.7% for the H2 production).
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Siddiqui, MohdAhteshamHussain, Sandeep K. Pal, Nagesh Dewangan, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, Shubham Sharma, Saeed Nekoonam, and Alibek Issakhov. "Sludge Formation Analysis in Hydraulic Oil of Load Haul Dumper 811MK V Machine Running at Elevated Temperatures for Bioenergy Applications." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (June 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4331809.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydraulic oil degrades expediently during operating at elevated temperatures, and due to oil degradation, malfunction of all hydraulic components starts that hampers the hydraulic functioning of the machine. An inefficient component of the hydraulic system converts useful energy into heat. Overheating starts when the rate of heat energy escaping from the system overcomes the rate of heat dissipation. Viscosity, total acidic number (TAN), rheology, and FTIR analyses were carried out on the oil samples collected chronically, and the reasons for degradation and sludge formation were evaluated; the results showed that thermal cracking resistance capacity of the oil was low due to the imbalance percentage of additives in the base oil. Sludge impaired the system efficiency and prejudicially creates repercussions on power consumption. Sludge can be recycled for biofuel and to avoid imbalance in the ecosystem. The test result is plotted in a 3D view graph using the MATLAB R 2019 software for a better explanation. Variation in the behaviour of the hydraulic fluid with respect to time, temperature, shear stress, and shear rate was studied, and the result is validated with correlation and regression analyses.
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Poškas, Robertas, Arūnas Sirvydas, Vladislavas Kulkovas, and Povilas Poškas. "An Experimental Investigation of Water Vapor Condensation from Biofuel Flue Gas in a Model of Condenser, (1) Base Case: Local Heat Transfer without Water Injection." Processes 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Waste heat recovery from flue gas based on water vapor condensation is an important issue as the waste heat recovery significantly increases the efficiency of the thermal power units. General principles for designing of this type of heat exchangers are known rather well; however, investigations of the local characteristics necessary for the optimization of those heat exchangers are very limited. Investigations of water vapor condensation from biofuel flue gas in the model of a vertical condensing heat exchanger were performed without and with water injection into a calorimetric tube. During the base-case investigations, no water was injected into the calorimetric tube. The results showed that the humidity and the temperature of inlet flue gas have a significant effect on the local and average heat transfer. For some regimes, the initial part of the condensing heat exchanger was not effective in terms of heat transfer because there the flue gas was cooled by convection until its temperature reached the dew point temperature. The results also showed that, at higher Reynolds numbers, there was an increase in the length of the convection prevailing region. After that region, a sudden increase was observed in heat transfer due to water vapor condensation.
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Manzone, Marco, Fabrizio Gioelli, and Paolo Balsari. "Effects of Different Storage Techniques on Round-Baled Orchard-Pruning Residues." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Baled pruning residue could be a valid solution to reduce the storage surface area in thermal and electrical power station. This study aimed to analyze the storage performance of pruning residues baled by a round baler considering three orchard tree species (apple, peach, and kiwi) and three different techniques (uncovered, under roof, and wrapped). The storage parameters considered were: moisture content, dry mass, and wood energy content of the material. The initial moisture content of the tree orchard specie (apple, peach, and kiwi) was different: lower for peach (41%) and higher for kiwi (51%). At the end of the storage period, all bales (covered and uncovered) obtained similar values to that of the air (about 20%); wrapped bales have highlighted no moisture content variation. The tested tree species showed a similar initial high heating value (18.70 MJ·kg−1), but a different initial low heating value: lower for kiwi (7.96 MJ kg−1) and higher for peach (10.09 MJ·kg−1). No dry matter losses were observed in all test. Stored pruning residues in bales show good benefits in term of “biofuel” quality independent of the techniques adopted expect for the wrapping system that do not permit adequate drying of the biomass.
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Subhonberdiev, A. S., E. V. Titova, and G. N. Egorova. "Trends and prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in the european union." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-366-370.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The largest net exporter of traditional energy resources to the EU countries, Russia should take into account the prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in European countries, since inter-fuel competition can lead to a decrease in demand for hydrocarbons from Russia in the energy markets of the European Union. Fuel granules (pellets) are gradually becoming one of the traditional types of fuel for generating heat and electricity, as well as industrial steam in various industries… All plant biomass in this scenario accounts for only 2.8 GW. The highest cost of electricity generation in the EU determines its dependence on subsidies, as opposed to heat production. The examples of the Netherlands and Great Britain are very indicative. In 2010–2012, the Netherlands was one of the first places in the EU for the import of pellets, because at that time there was a subsidy program for the generation of electricity by co-firing biofuel (pellets) with coal – about 5–6 eurocents per 1 kWh. Since 2013, after the closure of the program, the import of pellets has decreased by more than three times. In the UK, on the contrary: in 2010–2012, the annual import of pellets was about 1 million tons, and after the adoption of the subsidy program by 2020, it approached 9 million tons per year. Sales of renewable energy products to small-scale energy enterprises, primarily for generating thermal energy and industrial steam, are stable throughout the year and predictable, in contrast to supplies to large power plants, which are owned by European and international energy concerns, as a rule, owning controlling stakes in pellet production in the USA and Canada. If for the generation of industrial steam at industrial enterprises pellets can be used all year round, sometimes around the clock, then at thermal power facilities they are used depending on weather conditions, primarily temperature.