Готові списки джерел за темами / Biofuel thermal power

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Biofuel thermal power"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Biofuel thermal power"

Ciolkosz, D. "Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-9-12.

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Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.

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Chow, M. C., W. R. Jackson, A. L. Chaffee, and M. Marshall. "Thermal Treatment of Algae for Production of Biofuel." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 4 (April 8, 2013): 1926–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3020298.

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Ivanov, Igor, Ilona Avlasenko, Lyudmila Avlasenko, and Galina Persiyanova. "Water and biofuel application strategy for combustion process in thermal power plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 403 (December 19, 2019): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/403/1/012045.

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Хазанов, Grigoriy Khazanov, Курин, Valeriy Kurin, Апарушкина, and Margarita Aparushkina. "Bio-Energetics and Utilization of Greenhouse Gases." Safety in Technosphere 3, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4938.

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The paper considers environmental problems of hydrocarbon fuel usage. The assessment of the area necessary for cultivation of algae biomass and its further use as solid fuel at thermal power plant has been carried out. Expediency of production of microalgae biomass in the process of photosynthesisas raw material for biofuel production is revealed.

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Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo, Fernando Rueda-Martinez, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Zapote Seed (Pouteria mammosa L.) Valorization for Thermal Energy Generation in Tropical Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104284.

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According to the Law for the Use of Renewable Energies and the Financing of Energy Transition, Mexico’s goal for 2024 is to generate 35% of its energy from non-fossil sources. Each year, up to 2630 tons of residual biomass from the zapote industry are dismissed without sustainable use. The main purposes of this study were to determine the elemental chemical analysis of the zapote seed and its energy parameters to further evaluate its suitability as a solid biofuel in boilers for the generation of thermal energy in a tropical climate. Additionally, energy, economic, and environmental assessments of the installation were carried out. The results obtained show that zapote seed has a higher heating value (18.342 MJ/kg), which makes it appealing for power generation. The Yucatan Peninsula is the main zapote-producing region, with an annual production of 11,084 tons. If the stone of this fruit were used as biofuel, 7860.87 MWh could be generated and a CO2 saving of 1996.66 tons could be obtained. Additionally, replacing a 200 kW liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) boiler with a biomass boiler using zapote seed as a biofuel would result in a reduction of 60,960.00 kg/year of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, an annual saving of $7819.79 would be obtained, which means a saving of 53.19% relative to the old LPG installation. These results pave the way toward the utilization of zapote seed as a solid biofuel and contribute to achieving Mexico’s energy goal for 2024 while promoting sustainability in universities.

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Arranz, José Ignacio, María Teresa Miranda, Irene Montero, and Francisco José Sepúlveda. "Thermal Study and Emission Characteristics of Rice Husk Using TG-MS." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 6203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206203.

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Rice husks are a by-product that is generated in large quantities in Spain. However, they are not used efficiently. One of their possible applications is its thermal use in power generation equipment. For that purpose, it is important to know the characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior, as well as their possible pollutant emission to the atmosphere with respect to its thermal use as a biofuel. In this work, the thermal characteristics of rice husks and their thermal behavior were studied by using thermogravimetry and mass spectroscopy for two different atmospheres (oxidizing and inert). This way, the thermal profiles and the main characteristics were studied, as well as the emission of possible pollutants to the atmosphere, such as CO2, CH4, NO2, NH3, SO2, and H2S. Moreover, three different methods (FWO, KAS, and Starink) were used to carry out a thermal analysis, in order to obtain the main thermal parameters such as activation energy. The results of the analysis predicted that rice husks could be used as biofuel in industrial thermal equipment based on its acceptable calorific value, good thermal characteristics, and low gas emissions both in oxidizing and inert atmosphere (although they have a high ash content).

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Chlebnikovas, Aleksandras, Dainius Paliulis, Artūras Kilikevičius, Jaroslaw Selech, Jonas Matijošius, Kristina Kilikevičienė, and Darius Vainorius. "Possibilities and Generated Emissions of Using Wood and Lignin Biofuel for Heat Production." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248471.

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Energy (including thermal) needs are growing rapidly worldwide thus leading to increased energy production. Considering stricter requirements for the employment of non-renewable energy sources, the use of biofuel in energy facilities appears as one of the best options, having high potential for growth that will increase in the long run both in the Baltic region and the European Union as a whole. This publication investigates the possibilities of using various blends of biofuel containing lignin for heat production and emissions to the air during combustion processes. The paper examines the chemical composition of lignin and bottom ash and explores the impact of a different ratio of lignin in the fuel mixture, the effect of the power of biofuel combustion plants (boilers) and the influence of fuel supply to the combustion chamber on gaseous pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2) and particulate matter emissions. The results of the conducted study demonstrate that, in contrast to pure lignin, the concentrations of alkali metals, boron and, to a lesser extent, nickel and chlorine have increased the most in bottom ash. The use of lignin can effectively reduce the need for conventional biofuel by 30–100% and to increase the temperature of exhaust gases. The lowest emissions have been observed using a mixture of 30% of lignin and biofuel at the lowest range of power (2.5–4 MW). Under the optimal oxygen/temperature mode, carbon monoxide concentrations are approximately 20 mg/Nm3 and those of nitrogen oxides–500 mg/Nm3. Particulate matter emissions reach 150 mg/Nm3, and hence applying air treatment equipment is required.

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Stanytsina, V. V., V. O. Artemchuk, and O. Yu Bogoslavska. "The Impact of Environmental Tax Administration on the Cost of Thermal Energy on the Example of Organic and Biofuels Boilers in Ukraine." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 43, no. 5 (October 4, 2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.43.05.055.

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The article provides an overview of approaches to greenhouse gas emissions taxation and tax rates in European countries. To compare heated boilers with different characteristics, which run on different fuels the average cost of thermal energy for the life cycle LCOH was used. Environmental tax on environmental pollution (as a component of LCOH) is calculated for the three most common types of boilers in Ukrainian boilers with a capacity of 4.65 to 58 MW, burning natural gas, coal, and fuel oil, as well as for low-power boilers (0.5 and 1 MW ), burning fossil fuels and biofuels. The eco-tax for biofuel boilers is calculated under current taxation and subject to the adoption of a European approach to taxation of carbon dioxide emissions. It is established that at the current rates there are almost no economic incentives for the introduction of technologies to reduce the concentration of pollutants in emissions, but increasing the rates of environmental tax may change this situation. However, provided that rates are evenly increased for all types of boilers, the eco-tax for natural gas boilers will remain the lowest, while for biofuel boilers it will increase significantly, which contradicts the stated goal of decarbonizing the economy. It is shown that not only the change of environmental tax rates can be an effective tool for achieving the goals of sustainable development, as the principles of its administration are also important.

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Chen, Yun, Panpan Gai, Jingjing Xue, Jian-Rong Zhang, and Jun-Jie Zhu. "An“ON–OFF” switchable power output of enzymatic biofuel cell controlled by thermal-sensitive polymer." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 74 (December 2015): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.028.

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O, Abhilash, Rajgopal M S, Mrityunjayaswamy KM, and Ravitej Y P. "Enhancing the performance of preheated B20 vegetable seed oil by varying the compression ratio and using cerium oxide as a stabilizer." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30108.

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The main purpose of the present investigation is to effectively utilize the biofuel along with cerium oxide as a stabilizer powered with a single-cylinder variable compressible ratio diesel engine fuelled with the 20% (blend B20) waste vegetable seed biofuel (WVO). Ethylbased esters production process from neutralized WVO is optimized by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) single-phase reaction to enhance the production of the biofuel. B20 WVO biodiesel behaviour is tested in a diesel engine by varying the compression ratio 16 and 18. Compression ratio 16 had better thermal efficiency and less CO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emission when compared to compression ratio 18. 250 bar injection pressure and 19 injection timing were found to have better fuel efficiency and emission characteristics. The influence of cerium oxide as a stabilizer in both the engine performance and the produced emissions was evaluated. From the result, it is observed that the increase in injection pressure from 210 bar to 250 bar leads to an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 6.1%, mechanical efficiency increases by 4.4%, and a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption by 5.7%. The CO and HC emission decreases by 3.9% and 3.2% respectively then retarding the injection timing.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Biofuel thermal power"

Lazarenka, Vitas. "Kietojo biokuro katilinės bandymų rėžiminis tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_141745-61895.

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Lietuvoje nėra didelių iškastinio kuro išteklių (akmens anglies, gamtinių dujų ar naftos), galinčių patenkinti šalies energetinius poreikius. Todėl Lietuvai yra ypač svarbus tinkamas vietinių ir atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių galimybių išnaudojimas. Didžiausią potencialą Lietuvoje turi biomasė ir biokuras. Taip pat ne mažiau reikšmingas bioenergijos gamybos ir naudojimo privalumas yra mažesnis neigiamas poveikis aplinkai bei klimatui. Magistrantūros baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti Lietuvos medienos išteklius bei jų atsinaujinimą. Išanalizuoti biokuro katilinių parametrus esant skirtingam šiluminiam našumui ir sudaryti bandymų lentelę remiantis energetiniame objekte sumontuota pakura. Darbe atliekama kietojo biokuro sudėties ir charakteristikų analizė. Aprašomas technologinio proceso automatinis valdymas, katilinės sandara ir t.t.
Lithuania there are no significant fossil fuel resources (coal, natural gas or oil) that can meet the country's energy needs. Therefore, the country is vital to the local and renewable energy opportunities. Lithuania has the highest potential of biomass and biofuels. It is also no less important bioenergy production and use of the advantage of a lower negative impact on the environment and climate. Master's thesis is to analyze the Lithuanian wood resources and their regeneration. Also consider biofuel combustion process using the latest technology of biofuels through the regime of the test results table. The work carried out in the solid biofuel composition and characteristics of the analysis. Chosen object and the regime carried out research and calculations to determine the biomass boiler parameters at different thermal performance. Describe the process automatic control, boiler structure.

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Giraitis, Ričardas. "Medienos džiovyklos energetinio efektyvumo tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120528_131953-35032.

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Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti medienos džiovyklos, kūrenamos biokuru, energijos sąnaudas ir energinį efektyvumą. Tyrimo uždaviniai – išanalizuoti biokuro katilinės technologinį procesą, nustatyti biokuro charakteristikas ir biokuro poreikius medienos džiovinimui, sudaryti džiovinamos medienos elektros ir šiluminės energijos sąnaudų skaičiavimo metodiką. Eksperimentinio tyrimo metu nustatytas biokuro (pjuvenų) šilumingumas (9,3 MJ/kg) ir jo drėgnis (47,0 %). Nustatytos katilinės elektros įrenginių ir medienos džiovyklos suminės energijos sąnaudos, kurios siekia 686 MJ/m3 išdžiūvusios medienos.
The aim – to investigate wood drying, burning biofuels, energy consumption and energy efficiency. Objectives of the study – to analyse the biofuel boiler process that determine the characteristics of biofuels and biofuel needs of timber drying, consist of dried wood of electrical and thermal energy cost calculation methodology. Results of experimental investigation shows that calorific value of biofuel (saw dust) is 9,3 MJ/kg and humidity – 47,0 %. The total energy consumption of electrical installations and wood drying machine has been determined, which shows the total energy input of 686 MJ/m3 dried wood.

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Zander, Carin. "Evaluation of the released thermal power in wood pellets." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-966.

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This Degree Project has been done at Växjö University, department of bioenergy technology and discusses the released thermal power in wood pellets. The purpose of the project is to investigate if two new types of wood biofuels (pellets) are more or less reactive than the pellets previously investigated at Växjö University. To measure the released thermal power, an isothermal calorimeter with eight channels has been used. To see how the microbial activity is influenced, the pellets have been stored under various conditions with focus on temperature and metal.

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Bojler, Görling Martin. "Energy system evaluation of thermo-chemical biofuel production : Process development by integration of power cycles and sustainable electricity." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105814.

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Fossil fuels dominate the world energy supply today and the transport sector is no exception. Renewable alternatives must therefore be introduced to replace fossil fuels and their emissions, without sacrificing our standard of living. There is a good potential for biofuels but process improvements are essential, to ensure efficient use of a limited amount of biomass and better compete with fossil alternatives. The general aim of this research is therefore to investigate how to improve efficiency in biofuel production by process development and co-generation of heat and electricity. The work has been divided into three parts; power cycles in biofuel production, methane production via pyrolysis and biofuels from renewable electricity. The studies of bio-based methanol plants showed that steam power generation has a key role in the large-scale biofuel production process. However, a large portion of the steam from the recovered reaction heat is needed in the fuel production process. One measure to increase steam power generation, evaluated in this thesis, is to lower the steam demand by humidification of the gasification agent. Pinch analysis indicated synergies from gas turbine integration and our studies concluded that the electrical efficiency for natural gas fired gas turbines amounts to 56-58%, in the same range as for large combined cycle plants. The use of the off-gas from the biofuel production is also a potential integration option but difficult for modern high-efficient gas turbines. Furthermore, gasification with oxygen and extensive syngas cleaning might be too energy-consuming for efficient power generation. Methane production via pyrolysis showed improved efficiency compared with the competing route via gasification. The total biomass to methane efficiency, including additional biomass to fulfil the power demand, was calculated to 73-74%. The process benefits from lower thermal losses and less reaction heat when syngas is avoided as an intermediate step and can handle high-alkali fuels such as annual crops. Several synergies were discovered when integrating conventional biofuel production with addition of hydrogen. Introducing hydrogen would also greatly increase the biofuel production potential for regions with limited biomass resources. It was also concluded that methane produced from electrolysis of water could be economically feasible if the product was priced in parity with petrol.

QC 20121127

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Glushko, A., I. Pantielieieva, and N. Shmatko. "Prospects for the development of modern energy complexes." Thesis, 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/48647.

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Частини книг з теми "Biofuel thermal power"

Sruthi, V., P. Jyothirmai, E. Anagha, S. Aishwarya, Abhilash T. Nair, Samarshi Chakraborty, and K. Sivagami. "Microalgae Coupled Biofuel Production and Carbon Capture from Thermal Power Plant: A Biorefinery Approach." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 325–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8682-5_12.

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Wood, D. A. "Solar Energy and its Multiple Applications." In Materials Research Foundations, 134–48. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901410-6.

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Solar energy is commercially exploited to provide benefits in the form of various products and capabilities applying a range of technologies. Electricity generation is achieved either directly from photovoltaic cells made of various materials or indirectly through the steam production from concentrating solar thermal systems. Whereas solar thermal power generation requires large scale plants, photovoltaic systems can be large or small in scale and building integrated, if required. Both types of generation can be standalone or connected to power grids. Solar energy is also extensively used for water and space heating, cooling and drying purposes. It can also be stored and/or transformed into a range of clean fuels and contributes energy to the manufacture of various energy-intensive products. The research into the artificial photosynthetic synthesis of biofuels although encouraging is, however, yet to be achieved commercially exploited on a large scale. Much scope remains for innovative technology breakthroughs to further improve the efficiency and uptake of all the solar energy technologies currently exploited or under investigation. Policy frameworks, renewable portfolio standards, feed-in tariffs and net-metering play an important and ongoing role in promoting the uptake of photovoltaics in particular.

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Jelley, Nick. "3. Biomass, solar heat, and hydropower." In Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction, 30–46. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198825401.003.0003.

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‘Biomass, solar heat, and hydropower’ discusses three forms of renewable energy: biomass, solar heat, and hydropower. Biomass and biofuels provide energy via heat generation and food consumption. But with the rising global population, land resources are being drastically depleted, and using biomass for energy can clash with growing plants for food, and cause serious home air pollution. Solar heating for homes and industry is facing competition from electrically driven systems, but the chapter shows that the outlook for concentrated solar power is encouraging, as its cost is falling, and the availability of supply after sunset offered by concentrated solar power plants with thermal storage can be a significant advantage over solar photovoltaic farms. In a hydropower plant, the energy in water falling from a height is converted to electrical energy using a turbine. Although hydropower plants can provide large amounts of low-cost, low-carbon electricity, and provide useful energy storage through pumped storage plants, serious social and environmental issues need to be considered when deciding whether the construction of a new hydroelectric scheme is appropriate.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Biofuel thermal power"

Petrović, Milorad, Milan Jovanović, Zoran Štirbanović, Jovica Sokolović, and Vojka Gordić. "Possibility of using sour cherry pits as biofuel for obtaining thermal energy." In 8th International Conference on Renewable Electrical Power Sources. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/mkoiee.020.8.1.295.

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In the Republic of Serbia, sour cherries are grown on approximately 14,000 hectares and represent the fourth fruit species in terms of area. The pits that remain after the processing of sour cherries are a by-product that burdens the business of the processors of this fruit. The quantities of pits that are produced annually are estimated at around 7,000 tons. This represents a good energy potential, bearing in mind that the calorific value of sour cherry pits is around 22 MJ / kg of dry matter. An additional convenience of sour cherry pits is in their dimensions that make them suitable for direct use in pellet boilers, without any pre-treatment. One of the boilers in which it is possible to burn dried sour cherry pits in order to obtain thermal energy, is Šukoplam VENT, a manufacturer of boilers Šukom from Knjaževac. This boiler has good characteristics such as: high efficiency (up to 94%), quality of materials and workmanship, the possibility of using several types of biofuels and their quality combustion, based on which it met the requirements for Class 5 (Ecodesing) related to pollutant emissions by the latest European standards.

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I., Ivanov, Avlasenko I., Avlasenko L., and Persiyanova G. "WATER AND BIOFUEL APPLICATION STRATEGY FOR COMBUSTION PROCESS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS." In Innovative technologies In science and education. DSTU-Print, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2019.183-187.

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Komarov, I., A. Rogalev, and D. Rostova. "Autonomous Biofuel Power Unit to Provide Thermal and Electrical Energy for Individual Consumers." In 2018 International Multi-Conference on Industrial Engineering and Modern Technologies (FarEastCon). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fareastcon.2018.8602712.

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Heitzig, Stefan, Gregor Bultel, and Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Efficiency Improvement of Common-Rail Pumps by Gap Compensation Based on Hollow Pistons." In ASME/BATH 2015 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2015-9528.

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In the scope of the cluster of excellence “Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass” new biofuels are developed. To ensure safe and reliable functioning of the injection system operating with the new fuels, the tribological characteristics of the fuel candidates have to be investigated. The biofuel candidates which have been studied so far tend to have a lower viscosity compared to diesel [1]. This has an enormous impact on the efficiency of common-rail piston pumps. For low viscosity fuels the volumetric losses become the dominant factor. These losses are influenced by the geometric parameters of the pump, the operating conditions and the rheological characteristics of the fuels. Regarding the geometric parameters, the gap height in the piston-cylinder-contact is the predominant factor. In modern common-rail pumps the nominal gap height is in the range of 2–3 μm [2]. A further reduction of the height is limited by tolerances of the manufacturing process and the risk of the piston getting stuck in the cylinder due to different temperature gradients and consequently different thermal expansions of piston and cylinder. Besides the nominal gap height, the high pressure in the lubricating film in operation leads to an expansion of the gap. If this expansion can be limited or even avoided, a significant reduction of the leakage losses will be possible. In the scope of this paper an approach to a gap compensation of the sealing and lubricating contact between piston and cylinder is presented. Based on a detailed study of the state of the art design, including efficiency measurements of pumps and EHD-simulation, a modified piston design is investigated and optimized. The results show a great potential for efficiency improvement of common-rail pumps, especially if operated with biofuels, which provide low viscosities.

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Eskin, Leo D., Michael S. Klassen, Richard J. Roby, Richard G. Joklik, and Maclain M. Holton. "Low-Emissions Renewable Power Generation Using Liquid Fuels." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44615.

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A Lean, Premixed, Prevaporized (LPP) combustion technology has been developed that converts liquid biofuels, such as biodiesel or ethanol, into a substitute for natural gas. This fuel can then be burned with low emissions in virtually any combustion device in place of natural gas, providing users substantial fuel flexibility. A gas turbine utilizing the LPP combustion technology to burn biofuels creates a “dispatchable” (on-demand) renewable power generator with low criteria pollutant emissions and no net carbon emissions. Natural gas, petroleum based fuel oil #1 and #2, biodiesel and ethanol were tested in an atmospheric pressure test rig using actual gas turbine combustor hardware (designed for natural gas) and achieved natural gas level emissions. Both biodiesel and ethanol achieved natural gas level emissions for NOx, CO, SOx and particulate matter (PM). Extended lean operation was observed for all liquid fuels tested due to the wider lean flammability range for these fuels compared to natural gas. Autoignition of the fuels was controlled by the level of diluent (inerting) gas used in the vaporization process. This technology has successfully demonstrated the clean generation of green, dispatchable, renewable power on a 30kW Capstone C30 microturbine. Emissions on the vaporized derived from bio-ethanol are 3 ppm NO(x) and 18 ppm CO, improving on the baseline natural gas emissions of 3 ppm NO(x), 30 ppm CO. Performance calculations have shown that for a typical combined cycle power plant, one can expect to achieve a two percent (2%) improvement in the overall net plant heat rate when burning liquid fuel as LPP Gas™ as compared to burning the same liquid fuel in traditional spray-flame diffusion combustors. This level of heat rate improvement is quite substantial, and represents an annual fuel savings of over five million dollars for base load operation of a GE Frame 7EA combined cycle plant (126 MW). This technology provides a clean and reliable form of renewable energy using liquid biofuels that can be a primary source for power generation or be a back-up source for non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The LPP technology allows for the clean use of biofuels in combustion devices without water injection or the use of post-combustion pollution control equipment and can easily be incorporated into both new and existing gas turbine power plants. No changes are required to the DLE gas turbine combustor hardware.

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van der Linden, Septimus, and Mario Romero. "Advanced Heat Recovery Technology Improves Efficiency and Reduces Emissions." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66296.

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An advanced patented process [1] for generating power from waste heat sources can be put to use in Industrial operations where much of the heat is wasted and going up the stack. This waste heat can be efficiently recovered to generate electrical power. Benefits include: use of waste industrial process heat as a fuel source that, in most cases, has represented nothing more than wasted thermal pollution for decades, stable and predictable generation capability on a 24 × 7 basis. This means that as an efficiency improvement resource, unlike wind and solar, the facility continues to generate clean reliable power. One of the many advantages of generating power from waste heat is the advantage for distributed generation; by producing power closer to its ultimate use, it thereby reduces transmission line congestion and losses, in addition, distributed generation eliminates the 4% to 8% power losses due to transmission and distribution associated with central generation. Beneficial applications of heat recovery power generation can be found in numerous industries (e.g. steel, glass, cement, lime, pulp and paper, refining, electric utilities and petrochemicals), Power Generation (CHP, MSW, biomass, biofuel, traditional fuels, Gasifiers, diesel engines) and Natural Gas (pipeline compression stations, processing plants). This presentation will cover the WOW Energy technology Organic Rankine Cascading Closed Loop Cycle — CCLC, as well as provide case studies in power generation using Internal Combustion engines and Gas Turbines on pipelines, where 20% to 40% respectively additional electricity power is recovered. This is achieved without using additional fuel, and therefore improving the fuel use efficiency and resulting lower carbon footprint. The economic analysis and capital recovery payback period based on varying Utility rates will be explained as well as the potential Tax credits, Emission credits and other incentives that are often available. Further developments and Pilot plant results on fossil fired plant flue gas emissions reductions will be reported to illustrate the full potential of the WOW Energy CCLC system focusing on increasing efficiency and reducing emissions.

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Miller, Sharon Falcone, and Bruce G. Miller. "The Occurrence of Inorganic Elements in Various Biofuels and Its Effect on the Formation of Melt Phases During Combustion." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26177.

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The Pennsylvania State University is performing a feasibility analysis on installing a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler at Penn State’s University Park campus for cofiring multiple biofuels and other wastes with coal. Twenty feedstocks are being considered. Chemical fractionation analysis was performed on eleven of the fuels. It is the objective of this paper to present the results of characterizing selected biomass fuels via chemical fractionation. The chemical analysis of the fuels is then used to determine the net ash composition of possible fuel blends and their propensity to form liquid phases during combustion based on thermodynamic modeling. The FactSage equilibrium calculations suggest that a cofire of biofuels with an appropriate non-fouling coal should not pose any problems in a CFB system given that the coal makes up a majority of the thermal input. FactSage consistently predicted K2Si4O9(l) to be present at 1171K with biofuels having low aluminum levels and significant concentration of alkali earth elements. Only 10% of K2O present in a system was enough to result in the formation of K2Si4O9(l) at equilibrium that could compromise a CFB system.

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Sallevelt, Joost L. H. P., Artur K. Pozarlik, Gerrit Brem, Martin Beran, and Lars-Uno Axelsson. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Ethanol Combustion in an Industrial Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94618.

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The application of ethanol as a biomass-derived fuel in OPRA’s 2 MWe class OP16 radial gas turbine has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The main purpose of this work is to validate the numerical model for future work on biofuel combustion. For the experimental investigation a modified OP16 gas turbine combustor has been used. This reverse-flow tubular combustor is a diffusion type combustor that has been adjusted to be suitable for numerical validation. Two series of ethanol burning experiments have been conducted at atmospheric pressure with a thermal input ranging from 16 to 72 kW. Exhaust gas temperature and emissions (CO, CO2, O2, NOx) were measured at various fuel flow rates while keeping the air flow rate and air temperature constant. In addition, the temperature profile of the combustor liner has been determined by applying thermochromic paint. CFD simulations have been performed in Ansys Fluent for four different operating conditions considered in the experiments. The simulations are based on a 3D RANS code. Fuel droplets representing the fuel spray are tracked throughout the domain while they interact with the gas phase. A temperature profile based on measurements has been prescribed on the liner to account for heat transfer through the flame tube wall. Detailed combustion chemistry is included by using the steady laminar flamelet model. The predicted levels of CO2 and O2 in the exhaust gas are in good agreement with the experimental results. The calculated and measured exhaust gas temperatures show a close match for the low power condition, but more significant deviations are observed in the higher load cases. Also, the comparison pointed out that the CFD model needs to be improved regarding the prediction of the pollutants CO and NOx. Chemiluminescence of CH radicals in the flame front indicated that the flame extends up to the liner, suggesting the presence of fuel near the surface. However, this result was not confirmed by liner temperature measurements using thermochromic paint.

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Malkogianni, A. K., A. Tourlidakis, and A. L. Polyzakis. "Single and Two Shaft Gas Turbine Configurations Performance Analysis, Using Different Types of Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59805.

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Coal gas and biofuels as alternative fuels have recently become more attractive, because of their benefits, especially in electrical power industry. The major obstruction to their use is the relatively low calorific values. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation method for calculating the adiabatic temperature of various fuels when they are used in combustion chambers under constant pressure. The adiabatic temperature is presented as a function of combustion fuel air ratios and the fuels low calorific values. In addition, the utilization of various gaseous fuels in single shaft and two shaft gas turbine engines is analyzed. This analysis includes the design point (DP) and off-design (OD) performance of the two engines. The calorific values of the four gases investigated correspond to natural gas (NG) and to fuels with significantly lower calorific values than that of NG (coal synthetic gases, biofuels). Two main conclusions are drawn from this analysis. Firstly, for both single shaft and two shaft engines and for a given turbine entry temperature (TET), both power and thermal efficiency are increasing when fuels with decreasing calorific value are burnt. Secondly, for both single shaft and two shaft engines and for a given power, the thermal efficiency is slightly reduced.

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Glaude, Pierre A., Rene´ Fournet, Roda Bounaceur, and Michel Moliere. "Gas Turbines and Biodiesel: A Clarification of the Relative NOX Indices of FAME, Gasoil, and Natural Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59623.

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There is currently a sustained interest in biofuels as they represent a potential alternative to petroleum derived fuels. Biofuels are likely to help decrease greenhouse gases emissions and the dependence on oil resources. Biodiesels are Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) that are mainly derived from vegetable oils; their compositions depend from the parent vegetables: rapeseed (“RME”), soybean (“SME”), sunflower, palm etc. A fraction of biodiesel has also an animal origin (“tallow”). A key factor for the use of biofuels in gas turbines is their Emissions Indices (NOx, CO, VOC, PM) in comparison with those of conventional “petroleum gasoils”. While biodiesels reduce carbon-containing pollutants, experimental data from diesel engines show a slight increase in NOx. The literature relating to gas turbines is very scarce. Two recent, independent field tests carried out in Europe (RME) and in the USA (SME) showed slightly lower NOx while a lab test on a microturbine showed the opposite effect. To clarify the NOx index of biodiesels in gas turbines, a study has been undertaken, taking gasoil and natural gas (NG) as reference fuels. In this study, a calculation of the flame temperature developed by the 3 classes of fuels has been performed and the effect of their respective compositions has been investigated. The five FAMEs studied were RME, SME and methyl esters of sunflower, palm and tallow; these are representative of most widespread vegetable and animal oil bases worldwide. The software THERGAS has been used to calculate the enthalpy and free energy properties of the fuels and GASEQ for the flame temperature (Tf), acknowledging the fact that “thermal NOx” represents the predominant form of NOx in gas turbines. To complete the approach to structural effects, we have modeled two NG compositions (rich and weak gas) and three types of gasoil using variable blends of eleven linear/branched/cyclic molecules. The results are consistent with the two recent field tests and show that the FAMEs lie close to petroleum gasoils and higher than NG in terms of NOx emission. The composition of the biodiesel and regular diesel fuel influences their combustion heat: methyl esters with double bonds see a slight increase of their Tf and their NOx index while that of gasoil is sensitive to the aromatic content.

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