Статті в журналах: "Biodiesel production from algae"

1

Jian, Hou, Yang Jing, and Zhang Peidong. "Life Cycle Analysis on Fossil Energy Ratio of Algal Biodiesel: Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency and Oil Extraction Technology." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920968.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used to analyze various pathways of biofuel preparation from “cradle to grave.” Effects of nitrogen supply for algae cultivation and technology of algal oil extraction on life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel are assessed in this study. Life cycle fossil energy ratio ofChlorella vulgarisbased biodiesel is improved by growing algae under nitrogen-limited conditions, while the life cycle fossil energy ratio of biodiesel production fromPhaeodactylum tricornutumgrown with nitrogen deprivation decreases. Compared to extraction of oil from dried algae, extraction of lipid from wet algae with subcritical cosolvents achieves a 43.83% improvement in fossil energy ratio of algal biodiesel when oilcake drying is not considered. The outcome for sensitivity analysis indicates that the algal oil conversion rate and energy content of algae are found to have the greatest effects on the LCA results of algal biodiesel production, followed by utilization ratio of algal residue, energy demand for algae drying, capacity of water mixing, and productivity of algae.

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Bošnjaković, Mladen, and Nazaruddin Sinaga. "The Perspective of Large-Scale Production of Algae Biodiesel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228181.

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We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil. Furthermore, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of all factors on the market production of algal biodiesel has been made so far. This paper aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with algal biodiesel, to evaluate its production prospects for the biofuels market. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to increase the efficiency of algae biomass production further. However, because the production of this biodiesel is an energy-intensive process, the price of biodiesel is high. Opportunities for more economical production of algal biodiesel are seen in integration with other processes, such as wastewater treatment, but this does not ensure large-scale production. The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production. With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production. By considering all the influencing factors, it is not expected that algal biodiesel will gain an essential place in the fuel market.

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Shalaby, Emad A., Abd El-Moneim M. R. Afify, and Sanaa M. M. Shanab. "Enhancement of biodiesel production from different species of algae." Grasas y Aceites 61, no. 4 (June 25, 2010): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.021610.

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Vijayaraghavan, Krishnan, and K. Hemanathan. "Biodiesel Production from Freshwater Algae." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 11 (November 19, 2009): 5448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9006033.

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Sudip Shah and Prakash Lokesh. "Evaluation of biodiesel production from microalgae collected from fresh water habitat." International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (IJFAS) 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59415/ijfas.v4i3.79.

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Background: Algae are the fastest growing in the world. About 50% of their weight is oil. This lipid can be used to makebiodiesel for cars, trucks and airplanes. Algae will someday be competitive as a source of biofuel. Continuous use of petroleumsourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to theaccumulation of carbondioxide. Methodology: In this study, we tried to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of algal oil. Anaturally occurring algal sample was collected from Kommaghatta lake, Bangalore. Algae were identified as Spirogyra sps. Oilwas extracted from the dried algal samples using chloroform: methanol as a solvent system. Fatty acid analysis was done in IndianInstitute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. Physico-chemical properties of algal oil such as density, lipid content, pH wereestimated. Results: Gas chromatographic analysis revealed higher percentage of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate.The physico-chemical properties of algal oil meet the properties of the standard fuel. Conclusion: It is concluded that the algal oilcan be used as a potential biofuel.

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Mahfouz, Abdullah Bin, Abulhassan Ali, Mark Crocker, Anas Ahmed, Rizwan Nasir, and Pau Loke Show. "Neural-Network-Inspired Correlation (N2IC) Model for Estimating Biodiesel Conversion in Algal Biodiesel Units." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010047.

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Algal biodiesel is of growing interest in reducing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The production of biodiesel is affected by many process parameters. Although many research works have been conducted, the influence of each parameter on biodiesel production is not well understood when considering a complete system. Therefore, the experimental data from literature sources related to types of algae, methanol-to-algal-oil ratio, temperature, and time on the biodiesel production rate were reviewed and introduced into a neural-network-inspired correlation (N2IC) model to study the rate of transesterification. The developed N2IC model optimized for biodiesel production is based on the studied variables, specifically reaction time, temperature, methanol-to-algal-oil ratio, and type of algae. It was found from ANN analysis that the reaction time is the most significant parameter with 87% importance, followed by temperature (85%), alcohol-to-oil-molar ratio (75%), and type of algae (62%). Using error analysis, the results from the proposed N2IC model show excellent agreement with the experimentally obtained values with an overall 5% error. The results show that the N2IC model can be utilized effectively to solve the problem of industrial biodiesel production when various operating data are readily available.

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Reis, Marcello, Maria Elisa Marciano Martinez, and Alexandre Guimarães Vasconcellos. "PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALGAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION." Journal of Mechatronics Engineering 4, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21439/jme.v4i2.97.

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This article aims to carry out an initial patent mapping of algal biodiesel. The production of algal biodiesel is one of the forms of third generation biodiesel; it is an environmentally friendly alternative energy whose main advantage is that it does not compete with food, as the algal biodiesel is produced from synthesized lipids by algae in growth using sunlight. The methodology used was the patent mapping by activity having as search criteria: the Espacenet database (“worldwide”); and, the keyword: biodiesel and algae and algal biodiesel. It was observed that about 80% of the family of patent documents referring to this technology were applied between 2007 and 2016 and that these documents were published mainly in China (34% of patent documents), followed by the United States (25% of patent documents) and thirdly, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO), that is, the PCT's international patent application, which indicates an interest in protection in several countries (15% of patent documents). Concluding that China and the United States are the countries that invest the most in the development and protection of technologies related to the production of algal biodiesel, however, the interest in protection goes beyond these countries, since the interest in alternative energies is worldwide.

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Demirbaş, A. "Production of Biodiesel from Algae Oils." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 31, no. 2 (December 2, 2008): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030701521775.

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Silva, Cory, Eiman Soliman, Greg Cameron, Leonard A. Fabiano, Warren D. Seider, Eric H. Dunlop, and A. Kimi Coaldrake. "Commercial-Scale Biodiesel Production from Algae." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 13 (December 24, 2013): 5311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie403273b.

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10

Bharadwaj, Niranjan Dev, Govind Vajpayee, Rajesh Jain, and Arvind Kumar Sharma. "Production of Biodiesel (Biofuel) from Algae." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 39, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v39p221.

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11

Adewuyi, Adewale. "Production of Biodiesel from Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in Developing Countries." Biology 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101418.

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Biofuel continues to thrive as an outstanding source of renewable energy for the global community. Several resources have been proposed as sources of feedstocks for biofuel; however, some of these have shortcoming. The use of biomass such as algae as a source of feedstock for biofuel is undoubtedly sustainable and green. Unfortunately, the use of algae oil for biodiesel production is underutilized in developing countries. Therefore, this study focuses on finding a better understanding of the evolving prospects and current challenges facing biodiesel production from algae oil in developing countries. The study revealed that less attention is given to the use of algae oil in biodiesel production due to poor enlightenment on biotechnology, high poverty rates, government policies, business strategies, and poor funding of research. Interestingly, several species of algae that can serve as sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel production have been identified in developing countries. It is evident that algae oil has properties that qualify it for the production of biodiesel with fuel properties that meet both the American Society for Testing and Materials and the European standards for biodiesel.

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Yadala, Soumya, Justin D. Smith, David Young, Daniel W. Crunkleton, and Selen Cremaschi. "Optimization of the Algal Biomass to Biodiesel Supply Chain: Case Studies of the State of Oklahoma and the United States." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040476.

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The goal of this work is to design a supply chain network that distributes algae biomass from supply locations to meet biodiesel demand at specified demand locations, given a specified algae species, cultivation (i.e., supply) locations, demand locations, and demand requirements. The final supply chain topology includes the optimum sites to grow biomass, to extract algal oil from the biomass, and to convert the algae oil into biodiesel. The objective is to minimize the overall cost of the supply chain, which includes production, operation, and transportation costs over a planning horizon of ten years. Algae production was modeled both within the U.S. State of Oklahoma, as well as the entire contiguous United States. The biodiesel production cost was estimated at $7.07 per U.S. gallon ($1.87 per liter) for the State of Oklahoma case. For the contiguous United States case, a lower bound on costs of $13.68 per U.S. gallon ($3.62 per liter) and an upper bound of $61.69 ($16.32 per liter) were calculated, depending on the transportation distance of algal biomass from production locations.

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Tomar, Sakshi, Harshita Singh, Kumar Anand, and Pankaj K. Rai. "Biodiesel Production From Algae: Principles And Processes." Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy 11, no. 1 (2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-7611.2021.00002.3.

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Sastry, S. V. A. R., and Ch V. Ramachandra Murthy. "Studies on Production of Biodiesel from Algae." i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.10.2.3095.

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Knothe, Gerhard, and James A. Kenar. "Comment on “Biodiesel Production from Freshwater Algae”†." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 3299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef100356e.

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Nautiyal, Piyushi, K. A. Subramanian, and M. G. Dastidar. "Production and characterization of biodiesel from algae." Fuel Processing Technology 120 (April 2014): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.12.003.

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17

Kombe, Godlisten G. "An Overview of Algae for Biodiesel Production Using Bibliometric Indicators." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 3, 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9596398.

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Algae are a desirable biodiesel feedstock because they take up little space, have a high algal-cell biomass per unit area, and can sustainably meet a large portion of the world’s future energy needs. Using several bibliometric indicators, this study assesses the research productivity of algae for biodiesel production. The dataset was retrieved from the Scopus database using an appropriate keyword search. The VOSviewer v1.6.18 and Biblioshiny in R -studio were then utilised for bibliometric analysis and network visualisation. The study found that, with the first article being published in 1990 and an annual scientific growth rate of 14.76%, research on algae for the generation of biodiesel is still in its early phases. Although the possibility of utilising algae to produce biodiesel was originally mentioned in 1990, it was only until 2006 that several researchers started to show an interest in the subject. 101 articles were published in 2015, which is the most ever. The most prolific countries in terms of publications, ongoing collaborations and cooperation, best publishing institutions, and prestigious journals, as well as the most productive researchers and the most highly referenced works in the field, have all been recognised and presented. Finally, a keyword co-occurrence analysis of the subject was presented and discussed to provide research insights into the field. The bibliometric indicators of the study are intended to aid researchers in finding potential research topics, high-quality scientific literature, and suitable journals for publishing research on algae for biodiesel production.

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Ali, Esam Abu Baker, Muhammad Idris, Irianto Irianto, Muhammad Zulkarnain, Syah Alam, Ayu Amanah, La Ode Muhammad Firman, and Donny Mustika. "Methods to Increase Microalgae Carbohydrates for Bioethanol Production." Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering and Design (IJoCED) 4, no. 2 (October 3, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35806/ijoced.v4i2.301.

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Compared to traditional lignocellulose biomass, microalgae contain little or no lignin. Traditionally, bioethanol production from microalgae undergoes three major steps: (i) pretreatment; (ii) polysaccharides hydrolysis into simple sugars; and (iii) sugar conversion into bioethanol by fermentation. Microalgae convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into algal biomass. Diatoms, green algae, bluegreen algae, and golden algae are four main classes of microalgae, whereas the two main species of algae are filamentous and phytoplankton algae. Microalgae convert solar energy efficiently, producing an enormous number of various metabolites. Many studies have been conducted to convert microalgae into various biofuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biogas. However, compared to biodiesel, bioethanol production from algae throughfermentation consumes less energy with its simplified process. Considering these advantages, a number of potential applications for microalgae have been proposed and developed. Despite the promising of bioethanol from microalgae, it still has a number of obstacles, such as the low fermentable carbohydrate content of microalgae. This article intends to discuss the methods to increase microalgae carbohydrates thoroughly. To solve this problem, several nutritional starvations/limitations, like nitrogen and phosphorous starvation, are currently being considered in this paper.

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Craggs, R. J., S. Heubeck, T. J. Lundquist, and J. R. Benemann. "Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.100.

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This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.

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Firemichael, D., A. Hussen, and W. Abebe. "Production and characterization of biodiesel and glycerine pellet from macroalgae strain: Cladophora glomerata." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 34, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.4.

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Biodiesel was prepared by extracting oil from Cladophora glomerata green algae followed by transesterification of the oil using NaOH as a catalyst. The algae Oil extraction was carried out using two different techniques (Soxhlet and refluxing) and similar oil yield was obtained (23-24%). The resulting biodiesel showed desirable physical and chemical properties. Specific gravity, acid value, iodine value, ash content and calorific value of the algae biodiesel were within the specification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Standards (EN). The analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition revealed, 63, 27 and 10% for 9-octadecodenoic, hexadeconic and octadeconoic acid methyl ester, respectively. From the production line, two waste streams (glycerol and residual biomass) were combined to form a glycerine pellet. The measured energy content of the glycerine pellet was found to be comparable with firewood. Therefore, C. glomerata could potentially be utilized for the production of both biodiesel and glycerine pellet with no net waste in the transesterification process. KEY WORDS: Algae oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Glycerine pellet, Macroalgae, Cladophora glomerata Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(2), 249-258 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.4

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Akinboboye, O., and S. E. Ogbeide. "Process Simulation and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Algae Biomass." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 1597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i9.20.

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There is need to further examine optimization of biodiesel production from renewable sources. In this study, we report the optimization of biodiesel produced from microalgae biomass using the CHEMCAD process simulator. Results show that the overall molar flow and energy was calculated to be 7.010kmoles/h and -4936.5MJ/h respectively. And also the liquid viscosity of the microalgae oil is greater than that of the biodiesel produced.

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Saeed, Aasma, Muhammad Asif Hanif, Asma Hanif, Umer Rashid, Javed Iqbal, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Bryan R. Moser, and Ali Alsalme. "Production of Biodiesel from Spirogyra elongata, a Common Freshwater Green Algae with High Oil Content." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 12737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212737.

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The need for exploring nonfood low-cost sustainable sources for biodiesel production is ever increasing. Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses in biodiesel production. This study explores S. elongata as a new algal feedstock for the production of biodiesel that does not compete with food production. The major fatty acids identified in S. elongata oil were oleic (30.5%), lauric (29.9%), myristic (17.0%), and palmitic (14.2%) acids. Transesterification to FAME was conducted using basic (KOH), acidic (HCl), and Zeolitic catalysts for assessment. The yields with acidic (54.6%) and zeolitic (72.7%) catalysts were unremarkable during initial screening. The highest biodiesel yield (99.9%) was achieved using KOH, which was obtained with the optimum reaction conditions of 1.0% catalyst, 60 °C, 4 h, and an oil-to-methanol volume ratio of 1:4. The resulting S. elongata oil methyl esters exhibited densities, CNs, and IVs, that were within the ranges specified in the American (ASTM D6751) and European (EN 14214) biodiesel standards, where applicable. In addition, the high SVs and the moderately high CPs and PPs were attributed to the presence of large quantities of short-chain and saturated FAME, respectively. Overall, the composition and properties of FAME prepared from S. elongaae oil indicate that S. elongata is suitable as an alternative algal feedstock for the production of biodiesel.

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Urooj, Shabana, Athar Hussain, and Narayani Srivastava. "Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 3 (July 2012): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070106.

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Usage of Bio-energy is becoming more and more prominent due to the peak oil crisis. Bio-energy is the energy which can be synthesized using methods and raw material which are available in nature and are derived from the biological sources. They are referred as bio-mass energy, bio-diesel, and bio-power. In this paper the study has been carried out on bio-energy generation in form of bio-diesel and the bio-diesel is produced in the laboratory conditions by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process. The nomenclature bio-diesel is given to the oil which can be generated by using the raw materials which are renewable and are waste materials. It doesn’t contain any percentage of petroleum products in it. It is called bio-diesel because it can be further used to run the diesel engine. In this paper biodiesel is generated using local pond algae by the process of base catalyzed trans-esterification.

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Katam, Ganesh Babu, Veeresh Babu A., Madhu Murthy K., and Ganesh S. Warkhade. "Review on algae for biodiesel fuel production, its characteristics comparison with other and their impact on performance, combustion and emissions of diesel engine." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2016-0012.

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Purpose This study aims to find a new alternate source for biodiesel conversion. The alternate source must be easily available, and it should give more oil yield than available edible, inedible sources. To meet the fuel demand in the transportation sector with edible oil-based biodiesel causes food versus fuel crisis. In addition to this, it increases NOx and CO2 in the environment. Design/methodology/approach The present paper reviews the comparison of algae oil yield, fatty acid composition and its biodiesel properties’ effect on diesel engine characteristics. Findings Algae were the only source to fulfil fuel demand because its oil and biodiesel yield is higher than other sources. Algae can grow by capturing carbon dioxide from the environment, and its fatty acid composition is more suitable to run diesel engines. Originality/value There is an improvement in engine performance–emission tradeoff with algal biodiesel.

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Abdissa, Desalegn. "Optimization of oil extraction process from blended sludge and algae for biodiesel production." Production Engineering Archives 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2021.27.27.

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Abstract Sewage sludge is one of the most polluting wastes that affect the environment, which contains organic and inorganic pollutants released into the surroundings. Using non-renewable energy for the engine also releases large amounts of pollutants results from combustion products was other issues to the environment. The decline of non-renewable energy sources, such as natural gas, fossil fuel, and petroleum made the world increase the production of alternative fuels like waste-derived fuels. Recently, biodiesel production developed from edible oil to cover the depilation of non-renewable energy supply. But it has also become a significant challenge for food security. Therefore, finding other potential opportunities for lipid extraction is crucial. Algae and sludge conversion presented by recent studies seem to be a promising method. The paper presents the extraction and optimization of lipids from blended sludge and algae for biodiesel production. The procedure of the study was a characterization of algal and sludge wastes, the extraction of the lipid component by Soxhlet extraction, and the parameters optimization for maximum oil yield obtain. Temperature, extraction time, and solvents were the basic factor affect oil extraction yield. In the optimization 80 temperature, 6hrs time and hexane solvent results in 61% oil extraction yield which maximum point. Algae and wastewater sludge high potential of lipid and can be substitute edible oil supplies for biodiesel production.

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OLUFEMI, BABATOPE, SALEEM SULAIMON, and ADEWALE ARIKAWE. "OPTIMUM PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA ALGAE." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i4.241.

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This work examined the optimum production and characterization of biodiesel from Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Optimization with Minitab software was used to design the experiment using Central Composite Design (CCD). The found optimum values of the solvent to biomass ratio, extraction temperature and time were 6.5:1, 60 oC and 144 minutes respectively. Validation of the optimum conditions for the lipids extracted was done to produce biodiesel. The average yield of the algal oil was found to be 26.7 %. The extracted algal oil was subjected to chemical transesterification using ethanolic-NaOH as catalyst and the biodiesel yield was 89.76 %. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) carried out on the produced biodiesel showed strong intensity of –C=O ester bond. Other characterizations done confirmed commendable suitability with conventional diesel properties.

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Hossain, A. B. M. Sharif, Aishah Salleh, Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce, Partha chowdhury, and Mohd Naqiuddin. "Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy." American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 4, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.250.254.

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Laurelta, Tudararo-Aherobo, and Itoro Lilian Oghenekaro. "An Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Three Species of Micro Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chroococcus species and Ankistrodesmus falcatus)." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 26, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2023/v26i2618.

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Aim: Over dependence on fossil fuels has triggered environmental and economic concerns, creating an ultimate need to redirect towards renewable energy options. Hence, the study on biodiesel production from algal biomass. Study Design: Modified open pond culture system was applied in the biomass culture and growth was monitored via pH and turbidity. Place and Duration of Study: Study was done in the laboratory of the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun between June 2020 and July 2021. Methodology: Soxhlet extraction was applied in algal oil extraction. Alkali-mediated transesterification of algal oil blends into biodiesel was conducted. Biodiesel blends were characterized physically and spectroscopically for fuel properties and chemical position. The synthesis and fuel properties of biodiesels from three micro algal species: Chroococcus sp, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were conducted. Due to low algal oil yield, characterization of four types of hybrid oils were prepared: 100 percen(%)t lavender oil (100LO), 10% Ankistrodesmus falcatus oil plus 90% LO (10AN90LO), 10% Chlamydomonas reinhardtii oil plus 90% LO (10CHL90LO), and 10% Chroococcus sp oil plus 90% LO (10CHR90LO). Results: The synthesis and fuel properties of biodiesels from the micro algal species: Chroococcus sp, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gave a percentage yield of algal oil of 29.6%, 23.4% and 15.5%, respectively. The percentage yield of biodiesel from 10AN90LO, 10CHL90LO, 10CHL90LO was 66.7%, 61.7% and 50.0%, respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS) analysis revealed presence of four fatty acid methyl and vinyl esters namely; hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, carbonic acid eicosyl vinyl ester and carbonic acid, tetradecyl vinyl ester. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIS) confirms that chemicals produced are esters. Conclusion: Fuel properties of biodiesel from these selected algal strains appear appreciable when compared to standard limits. Blends with petroleum diesel showed great potential for use in diesel engines.

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Czerwik-Marcinkowska, Joanna, Katarzyna Gałczyńska, Jerzy Oszczudłowski, Andrzej Massalski, Jacek Semaniak, and Michał Arabski. "Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 6494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246494.

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The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.

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Dubini, Alexandra. "Green energy from green algae: Biofuel production from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302020.

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Looking for alternative ‘green’ energy technologies? Don't look too far! Microalgae are all around us and are being used, processed and packaged for different applications, from food to pharmaceutical products and now to generate renewable green energy such as hydrogen, biodiesel and other biofuels. Microalgae in general and green algae in particular have been studied for decades with the objective of utilizing their photosynthetic capacity and their ability to adapt to changing environment and nutrient conditions as a source of a variety of products. A new era has arrived where these functions are now being examined and targeted to efficiently convert solar energy into useful carbon-based fuels and chemical precursors (alkane, ethylene), as well as gas (hydrogen) or lipid-based storage compound such as triacylglycerols (TAGs) for biodiesel application.

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Hasnain, Maria, Neelma Munir, Zainul Abideen, Heather Macdonald, Maria Hamid, Zaheer Abbas, Ali El-Keblawy, Roberto Mancinelli, and Emanuele Radicetti. "Prospects for Biodiesel Production from Emerging Algal Resource: Process Optimization and Characterization of Biodiesel Properties." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020407.

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The present work focuses on the optimization of the energy conversion process and the use of algal resources for biodiesel production with ultrasound and microwave techniques in Oedogonium, Oscillatoria, Ulothrix, Chlorella, Cladophora, and Spirogyra for the first time. The fuel properties are investigated to optimize the efficiency of the newly emerging algal energy feedstock. The study indicates that the optimized microwave technique improves the lipid extraction efficiency in Oedogonium, Oscillatoria, Ulothrix, Chlorella, Cladophora, and Spirogyra (38.5, 34, 55, 48, 40, and 33%, respectively). Moreover, the ultrasonic technique was also effective in extracting more lipids from Oedogonium sp., Oscillatoria sp., Ulothrix sp., Chlorella, Cladophora sp., and Spirogyra sp. (32, 21, 51, 40, and 36%, respectively) than from controls, using an ultra-sonication power of 80 kHz with an 8-min extraction time. The fatty acid composition, especially the contents of C16:0 and C18:1, were also enhanced after the microwave and sonication pretreatments in algal species. Enhancement of the lipids extracted from algal species improved the cetane number, high heating value, cold filter plugging point, and oxidative stability as compared to controls. Our results indicate that the conversion of biofuels from algae could be increased by the ultrasound and microwave techniques, to develop an eco-green and sustainable environment.

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Hasnain, Maria, Neelma Munir, Zainul Abideen, Daniel Anthony Dias, Farheen Aslam, and Roberto Mancinelli. "Applying Silver Nanoparticles to Enhance Metabolite Accumulation and Biodiesel Production in New Algal Resources." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010073.

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Biofuel generation from algae can be increased by using nanotechnology. The present study emphasizes the use of silver nanoparticles on algae for algal fuel generation along with the impact of nanoparticles on biomass, metabolites and lipid profile. Silver ion amassing was enhanced in each algal species, but maximum phytoremediation was found in Ulothrix sp. Carbohydrates increased 3.2 times in Oedogonium sp., 3.3 times in Ulothrix sp., 3 times in Cladophora sp. and 2.7 times in Spirogyra sp. Additionally, the application of nanoparticles enhanced by 2 times the production of proteins in Oedogonium sp., 1.9 times in Ulothrix sp., 1.9 times in Cladophora sp. and 2.1 times in Spirogyra sp. Finally, the total lipid yield increased 60% DCW in Oedogonium sp., 56% DCW in Ulothrix sp., 58% DCW in Cladophora sp. and 63% DCW in Spirogyra sp. using 0.08 mg/L silver nanoparticle application. The lipids and fatty acid fractions from algae containing high concentrations of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 enhanced with silver nanoparticle addition were comparable with EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 biodiesel standards. This study indicates that the uptake of AgNPs can enhance the production of fatty acids and be commercialized as sustainable biodiesel. The algae Ulothrix sp. is evidenced as the best competent feedstock for biofuel production.

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Culaba, Alvin B., Aristotle T. Ubando, Phoebe Mae L. Ching, Wei-Hsin Chen, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Biofuel from Microalgae: Sustainable Pathways." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198009.

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As the demand for biofuels increases globally, microalgae offer a viable biomass feedstock to produce biofuel. With abundant sources of biomass in rural communities, these materials could be converted to biodiesel. Efforts are being done in order to pursue commercialization. However, its main usage is for other applications such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and aquaculture, which has a high return of investment. In the last 5 decades of algal research, cultivation to genetically engineered algae have been pursued in order to push algal biofuel commercialization. This will be beneficial to society, especially if coupled with a good government policy of algal biofuels and other by-products. Algal technology is a disruptive but complementary technology that will provide sustainability with regard to the world’s current issues. Commercialization of algal fuel is still a bottleneck and a challenge. Having a large production is technical feasible, but it is not economical as of now. Efforts for the cultivation and production of bio-oil are still ongoing and will continue to develop over time. The life cycle assessment methodology allows for a sustainable evaluation of the production of microalgae biomass to biodiesel.

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Ameka, G. K., L. K. Doamekpor, A. A. Amadu, and A. P. Amamoo. "Production of Biodiesel from Marine Macroalgae occurring in the Gulf of Guinea, off the Coast of Ghana." Ghana Journal of Science 60, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v60i1.5.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of marine macroalgae (also known as seaweeds), from the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Ghana, for the production of biodiesel as an alternative to liquid fuels like gasoil and gasoline. Five green marine macroalgae species: Caulerpa taxifolia, Chaetomorpha antennina, Chaetomorpha linum, Ulva fasciata, and Ulva flexuosa, were collected from the coastal waters of Ghana at West Tema Rocks during low tide. Algal lipids were extracted from dried algae biomass with hexane and diethyl ether. Biodiesel was produced from algal lipids by base-catalysed transesterification, with alcohol. The lipid content of samples was highest in C. linum (1.13 g; 5.65% dry wt.) and lowest in C. antennina (0.54 g; 2.70% dry wt.). Similarly, the quantity of biodiesel produced from the lipids was highest in C. linum (0.97 g; 4.85% dry wt.) and lowest in C. antennina (0.48 g; 2.40% dry wt.). The quantity of biodiesel produced from samples of the five species fell well within the range obtained for such species worldwide. The implications of the yield of biodiesel for commercial production and future work on marine macroalgae from Ghana as source of biofuel are discussed.

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Kalyani, Teku, Lankapalli Sathya Vara Prasad, and Aditya Kolakoti. "Biodiesel Production from a Naturally Grown Green Algae Spirogyra Using Heterogeneous Catalyst: An Approach to RSM Optimization Technique." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.50065.

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The present study focuses on oil extraction and biodiesel production from naturally grown green Spirogyra algae. Solvent oil extraction and oil expeller techniques were used to extract the Spirogyra algae oil (SALO), and the oil yields were compared to identify the most productive method. Using chicken eggshell waste (CESW) heterogeneous catalyst (HC) was prepared for the production of Spirogyra algae oil biodiesel (SALOBD). Furthermore, Box–Behnken (BB) assisted response surface method (RSM), an optimisation technique, was used in this study to achieve maximum algae biodiesel yield. From the 29 experimental trails, 96.18 % SALOBD was achieved at molar ratio (10:1), heterogeneous catalyst (0.6 wt.%), temperature (48 oC), and time (180 minutes). The predicted values of R2 (97.51%) and Adj. R2 (95.02 %) is found to be encouraging and fits well with the experimental values. The output results show that HC was identified as the significant process constraint followed by the time. The fatty acid composition (FAC) analysis by Gas Chromatography (GCMS) reveals the presence of 29.3 % unsaturated composition and 68.39 wt. % of the saturated composition. Finally, the important fuel properties of SALOBD were identified in accordance with ASTM D6751. The results obtained using chicken eggshell waste (CESW) for the production of biodiesel were recommended as a diesel fuel replacement to resist energy and environmental calamities.

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Jabłońska-Trypuć, Agata, Elżbieta Wołejko, Mahmudova Dildora Ernazarovna, Aleksandra Głowacka, Gabriela Sokołowska, and Urszula Wydro. "Using Algae for Biofuel Production: A Review." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041758.

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One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to obtain an ecological source of transport fuels. The production of biofuels based on feedstock obtained through the exploitation of arable land translates into an increase in food prices and progressive degradation of the environment. Unlike traditional agricultural raw materials, algae are a neutral alternative in many respects. They can even be obtained as waste from polluted water reservoirs. One of the manifestations of the deterioration of surface waters is the eutrophication of water reservoirs, which leads to an increase in the number of algae. Algae reaching the shores of water reservoirs can be used as a raw material for the production of biofuels, including biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel. However, it should be remembered that water blooms are a periodic phenomenon, appearing in the summer months. Therefore, in order to ensure the continuity of obtaining energy from biomass, it is necessary to conduct algae cultivation in artificial open tanks or photobioreactors. Accordingly, this review first briefly discusses the properties and possible applications of different species of algae in various industrial areas, and then describes the process of eutrophication and the presence of algae in eutrophicated reservoirs. Technologies of algal cultivation in various systems and technologies of algal biomass pretreatment were critically discussed. Various methods of obtaining biomass from algae were also reviewed, and the process conditions were summarized. Biofuels of various generations and raw materials from which they are obtained are presented in order to determine the possible future directions of development in this field. Parameters affecting the selection of algae species for the production of biofuels were also examined and presented. Overall, algal biofuels still face many challenges in replacing traditional fossil fuels. Future work should focus on maximizing the yield and quality of algae-derived biofuels while increasing their economic viability.

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37

Rhodes, Christopher J. "Oil from Algae; Salvation from Peak Oil?" Science Progress 92, no. 1 (May 2009): 39–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685009x440281.

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A review is presented of the use of algae principally to produce biodiesel fuel, as a replacement for conventional fuel derived from petroleum. The imperative for such a strategy is that cheap supplies of crude oil will begin to wane within a decade and land-based crops cannot provide more than a small amount of the fuel the world currently uses, even if food production were allowed to be severely compromised. For comparison, if one tonne of biodiesel might be produced say, from rape-seed per hectare, that same area of land might ideally yield 100 tonnes of biodiesel grown from algae. Placed into perspective, the entire world annual petroleum demand which is now provided for by 31 billion barrels of crude oil might instead be met from algae grown on an area equivalent to 4% of that of the United States. As an additional benefit, in contrast to growing crops it is not necessary to use arable land, since pond-systems might be placed anywhere, even in deserts, and since algae grow well on saline water or wastewaters, no additional burden is imposed on freshwater–a significant advantage, as water shortages threaten. Algae offer the further promise that they might provide future food supplies, beyond what can be offered by land-based agriculture to a rising global population.

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Aljabarin, Nader, and Asem Al Jarrah. "Production of Biodiesel from Local Available Algae in Jordan." Journal of Ecological Engineering 18, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/76830.

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39

Khan, Suliman, Rabeea Siddique, Wasim Sajjad, Ghulam Nabi, Khizar Mian Hayat, Pengfei Duan, and Lunguang Yao. "Biodiesel Production From Algae to Overcome the Energy Crisis." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 24, no. 4 (October 2017): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hjb.2017.10.003.

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40

Zeru, Dawit, Haftom Gebregergis, Medhanie Gebremedhin, Misgina Tilahun, and Omprakash Sahu. "Low Cost Alternative Fuel from Biomass." International Letters of Natural Sciences 32 (January 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.32.1.

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A major challenge for next decades is development of competitive renewable energy sources, highly needed to compensate fossil fuels reserves and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among different possibilities, which are currently under investigation, there is the exploitation of unicellular algae for production of biofuels and biodiesel in particular. Microalgae have the ability of accumulating large amount of lipids within their cells which can be exploited as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The lipid content of different species of microalgae can range from 30%-70% of their dry weight. In this project a microalgae with lipid content of 60.095% was used. This means that 26gms of oil was obtained from 42gms of microalgae sample from which 17.624gm of biodiesel (FAME) was found at the end of transesterification. Algae biofuels avoid some of the previous drawbacks associated with crop-based biofuels as the algae do not compete with food crops. The favorable growing conditions found in many developing countries has led to a great deal of speculation about their potentials for reducing oil imports, stimulating rural economies, and even tackling hunger and poverty. Strong research efforts are however still needed to fulfill this potential and optimize cultivation systems and biomass harvesting.

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Zeru, Dawit, Haftom Gebregergis, Medhanie Gebremedhin, Misgina Tilahun, and Omprakash Sahu. "Low Cost Alternative Fuel from Biomass." International Letters of Natural Sciences 32 (January 20, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-7zij28.

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Анотація:

A major challenge for next decades is development of competitive renewable energy sources, highly needed to compensate fossil fuels reserves and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among different possibilities, which are currently under investigation, there is the exploitation of unicellular algae for production of biofuels and biodiesel in particular. Microalgae have the ability of accumulating large amount of lipids within their cells which can be exploited as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The lipid content of different species of microalgae can range from 30%-70% of their dry weight. In this project a microalgae with lipid content of 60.095% was used. This means that 26gms of oil was obtained from 42gms of microalgae sample from which 17.624gm of biodiesel (FAME) was found at the end of transesterification. Algae biofuels avoid some of the previous drawbacks associated with crop-based biofuels as the algae do not compete with food crops. The favorable growing conditions found in many developing countries has led to a great deal of speculation about their potentials for reducing oil imports, stimulating rural economies, and even tackling hunger and poverty. Strong research efforts are however still needed to fulfill this potential and optimize cultivation systems and biomass harvesting.

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Niazkhani, Abolfazl, Ahmad Mohammadi, Hamid Mashhadi, and Fahimeh Mahmoudnia. "An investigation amount of cell density, biomass, lipid and biodiesel production in Chlorella vulgaris microalgae under effect of different parameters." Periodicum Biologorum 124, no. 1-2 (November 29, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18054/pb.v124i1-2.20661.

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Background and purpose: Nowadays, microalgae are considered as the third-generation technology for the production of biodiesels in nature. Chlorella vulgaris is one of the most widely used microalgae for commercial purposes. It is one of the best options for producing biodiesel from algae because of its abundance and flexibility in cultivation. The systems applied for the production of algae are facing high expenses. One way to decrease the cost is to obtain the optimal values for the various parameters of the culture medium for maximum growth in algae.Materials and methods: Therefore, in this study, the effect of parameters such as salinity, temperature, light intensity, light exposure time and acidity on cell density, biomass, lipid and biodiesel production was investigated.Results: As a result, the highest cell density of Chlorella vulgaris was observed at 26 °C, light intensity of 3500 lux, light exposure of 17 hours, salinity of 5 ppm and pH of 7.5. The highest production of biomass was at light intensity of 3000 lux, light exposure time of 14 hours, salinity of 5 ppm and pH of 9. The highest lipid production was observed at 26 °C, lightintensity of 4200 lux, light exposure time of 18 hours, salinity of 11 ppm and pH of 8. The highest biodiesel production was observed at 26 °C, light intensity of 4200 lux, light exposure time of 18 hours, salinity of 11 ppm and pH of 8.Conclusions: These types of algae, which maintain themselves against environmental and non-biological stresses, show high specimen ability and resistance to recombinant shapes.

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Paul Abishek, Monford, Jay Patel, and Anand Prem Rajan. "Algae Oil: A Sustainable Renewable Fuel of Future." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (May 5, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/272814.

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A nonrenewable fuel like petroleum has been used from centuries and its usage has kept on increasing day by day. This also contributes to increased production of greenhouse gases contributing towards global issues like global warming. In order to meet environmental and economic sustainability, renewable, carbon neutral transport fuels are necessary. To meet these demands microalgae are the key source for production of biodiesel. These microalgae do produce oil from sunlight like plants but in a much more efficient manner. Biodiesel provides more environmental benefits, and being a renewable resource it has gained lot of attraction. However, the main obstacle to commercialization of biodiesel is its cost and feasibility. Biodiesel is usually used by blending with petro diesel, but it can also be used in pure form. Biodiesel is a sustainable fuel, as it is available throughout the year and can run any engine. It will satisfy the needs of the future generation to come. It will meet the demands of the future generation to come.

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Baig, Rizwan Ullah, Abeera Malik, Khadim Ali, Sehar Arif, Sadam Hussain, Mazhar Mehmood, Kamran Sami, Ali Nawaz Mengal, and Mohammad Najam Khan. "Extraction of oil from algae for biodiesel production, from Quetta, Pakistan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 414 (September 13, 2018): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/414/1/012022.

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45

El Semary, Nermin Adel, Howrah Mahdi, Abrar Alnoaim, Kawther Heji Alsofan, Sarah Ibrahim Almsthi, and Wed Saleh Albader. "Use of algae from an oasis in Saudi Arabia in production of biofuel and bio-fertilizer." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 47, no. 3 (October 28, 2018): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i3.38721.

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AlAhsa oasis in Saudi Arabia is one of the largest oases in the world. Algae, from this region have been under-explored in the past decades. A study was conducted with Chlorococcum strain to produce biofuel alongside the seaweed Hormophysa cuneiformis. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of fatty acid composition showed that the biodiesel obtained had limited number of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to the number of saturated fatty acids present, which indicates the stability of the produced biodiesel. Thereby the use of algal biomass for the production of biofuel is feasible. Moreover, the biomass may serve other different biotechnological applications. To further test this hypothesis, the aqueous extract of two different algae; one derived from the blue green alga (cyanobacterium) Phormidium sp. and the other from brown alga Hormophysa cuneiformis was used as liquid biofertiliser at concentrations of 50 and 10% of both algae. Sterilized Vigna seeds were soaked in the extracts for two days. Seeds were sown in sterilized soil and the germination percentage as well as shoot and root lengths were recorded for developing seedlings. The results showed that there was a significant increase in seed germination rate compared to control. Similarly, there was a significant increment in the length of root and root system compared to control with the 50% aqueous extract concentration being highest in growth parameters for brown alga followed by blue-green alga possibly due to the presence of growth stimulants in these extracts.

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46

Fatima, Nighat, Muhammad Shahid Mahmood, Iftikhar Hussain, Faisal Siddique, and Sidra Hafeez. "Transesterification of oil extracted from freshwater algae for biodiesel production." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 15 (August 2, 2016): 2306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1048387.

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47

İnan, Benan, and Didem Özçimen. "A Comparative Study of Bioprocess Performance for Improvement of Bioethanol Production from Macroalgae." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 33, no. 1 (2019): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2018.1499.

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In the last decade, studies that have focused on biodiesel production from algal biomass have been replaced with bioethanol production from algae, because bioethanol production from algae seems more promising when assessed on economic terms. Most coastal areas are covered with macroalgae, which are considered as a waste, and thus become a great problem for the municipality. Instead of their disposal, they can be alternatively utilized for bioethanol production. In this study, macroalgae located in the coastal regions of the Marmara Sea were collected and utilized for bioethanol production, and effects of the concentration of pre-treatment chemicals, pre-treatment temperature, and pre-treatment time on bioethanol yield were investigated. The highest bioethanol yields for dilute acid and alkaline pre-treatments were obtained under the conditions of 2 N sulfuric acid and 0.15 N potassium hydroxide solutions at the pre-treatment temperature of 100 °C and pre-treatment time of 60 minutes.

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48

Eloka-Eboka, Andrew C., and Freddie L. Inambao. "Performance and Emission Profile of Micro-Algal Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engine." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 30 (May 2017): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.30.110.

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Micro-algae are a large and diverse group of simple typically autotrophic organisms which have the potential to produce greater amounts of non-polar lipids and biomass than most terrestrial biodiesel feedstocks. Having emerged as one of the most promising sources for biodiesel production, they are gaining research interests in the current energy scenario due to their phenomenal growth potential (< 21 days log phase) in addition to relatively high lipids production which are also excellent source of biodiesel. In this study, engine performance and emission profile was performed using biodiesel fuels and blends from micro-algal technology in a compression ignition engine. The technology of micro-algae involved open pond cultivation and the use of photo-bioreactor model BF-115 Bioflo/celli Gen made in the US of 14 litre capacity (200 Lux light intensity) and flowrate of 2.5L/min. The micro-algal species used were Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp. The biodiesel produced were blended with conventional diesel (AGO) at different proportions. The performance parameters evaluated include: engine power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, thermal gravimetry, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures and lubricity while the varying effects of emission pollutants during combustion were also studied. Results showed that viscosity, density and lubricity have significant effects on engine output power and torque than when throttled with AGO which was used as control. Combustion efficiency and emission profile were better than the AGO due to the oxygenated nature of the micro-algal biodiesel which brought about complete combustion. A striking deduction arrived is that oxygen content of the algal biodiesel had direct influence on smoke opacity and emissions in the engine and also thermo-gravimetrically stable for other thermal applications. The engine tests (BSFC, BTE, ThE, MechE, EGT) and overall emissions (CO2, CO, VOCs, HC, SOx, NOx) were within acceptable limits and comparable with AGO. The implication of the study is that Micro-algal technology is feasible and can revolutionise development in biodiesel industry.

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Fattah, I. M. Rizwanul, M. Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T. M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, and T. M. I. Mahlia. "Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176103.

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Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.

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Carvalho, Victor Cabral da Hora Aragão, Marco Antonio Díaz Díaz, and Marcos Sebastião de Paula Gomes. "Evaluation of the Installation of a Biofuel Producing Algae Farm in an Ethanol Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 830 (March 2016): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.830.117.

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With the demand for Biofuels growing – worldwide – and with the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), much would be gained, from an environmentally and economically, from increasing efficiency and offer of biofuels. Biofuels produced in algae farms enable a close relationship with ethanol plants. Such algae feeds off Carbon Dioxide from biomass burned in ethanol plants and boilers, so, along with Brazil’s privileged solar incidence, this allows conversion of GHG to biofuel. The goal of our study was to investigate ethanol plants as productive systems to understand how adding algae farms could change energy efficiency and emissions. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, plantation, handling, harvesting, industrial activities, and ethanol distribution. Our aim, from this analysis and using primary data from a company that builds algae farms, is to estimate the output of algae biofuel and decrease of GHG emissions in the process. The results from the Plant Studied show that adding an algae farm to its grounds would improve energy efficiency by almost three times, while generating four times less GHG in the production chain. If the plant chose to produce exclusively Biodiesel, production of B100 Biodiesel would be enough for their diesel needs for 19 years, with a 78.4% cleaner fuel in terms of GHG. Approximations show that if all the cane mills add algae farms in Brazil, Biodiesel generation would be equivalent to almost 70% of the Brazilian production of diesel from 2012.

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