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Статті в журналах з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Jagtap, Sharad P., Anand N. Pawar, and Subhash Lahane. "Effect of Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Blend on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A significant increase in every nation’s energy demand and insufficient conventional energy reservoirs for long duration, there became necessary requirement to shift from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. Diesel and biodiesel fuels have different thermo physical properties; hence performance and emission output parameters are also different compares with each other. For effective utilization of biodiesel, the characteristics of conventional single cylinder diesel engine with changing load and static speed (1500 rev/min) conditions are evaluated. The baseline diesel, biodiesel - diesel (BD) B08 [8% biodiesel blended with diesel] and ethanol-biodiesel-diesel (EBD) E05B08 [5% ethanol and 8% biodiesel blended with diesel] by v/v ratio are used for experimentation. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduced from 29.14% with diesel to 27.64% with biodiesel and 28.49% with ethanol blends. It is observed that BTE reduced by 1.5% with biodiesel blend and 0.65% only with ethanol blend. The CO, HC and opacity of exhaust gas pollutants are reduced with biodiesel blend fuel and also further reduced with EBD blend. NOx formation with B08 fuel is enhanced to 1967 ppm from 1557 ppm of baseline diesel whereas it is slightly increased to 1734 ppm by E05B08 fuel.
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Algayyim, Sattar Jabbar Murad, and Andrew P. Wandel. "Comparative Assessment of Spray Behavior, Combustion and Engine Performance of ABE-Biodiesel/Diesel as Fuel in DI Diesel Engine." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 6521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigates the impact of an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) mixture on spray parameters, engine performance and emission levels of neat cottonseed biodiesel and neat diesel blends. The spray test was carried out using a high-speed camera, and the engine test was conducted on a variable compression diesel engine. Adding an ABE blend can increase the spray penetration of both neat biodiesel and diesel due to the low viscosity and surface tension, thereby enhancing the vaporization rate and combustion efficiency. A maximum in-cylinder pressure value was recorded for the ABE-diesel blend. The brake power (BP) of all ABE blends was slightly reduced due to the low heating values of ABE blends. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were also reduced with the addition of the ABE blend to neat diesel and biodiesel by 14–17%, 11–13% and 25–54%, respectively, compared to neat diesel. Unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions were reduced with the addition of ABE to diesel by 13%, while UHC emissions were increased with the addition of ABE to biodiesel blend by 25–34% compared to neat diesel. It can be concluded that the ABE mixture is a good additive blend to neat diesel rather than neat biodiesel for improving diesel properties by using green energy for compression ignition (CI) engines with no or minor modifications.
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Nita, Irina, Sibel Geacai, Anisoara Neagu, and Elis Geacai. "Estimation of the refractive index of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2013-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFor now, biodiesel is the commonly accepted biofuel as a substitute for diesel fuel in internal combustion engines. Diesel fuel blends with up to 20% biodiesel can be used in diesel engines without any modification. A lot of studies regarding diesel fuel+biodiesel blends properties are presented in the literature. Some of the important properties of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends can be evaluated from other blends properties. For example, density and viscosity of biodiesel blends can be predicted based on blend refractive index. More than that, refractive index can be used as a reliable physical property to predict transesterification reaction progress. As a result, the refractive index of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends is important in order to characterize these blends or to monitor the evolution of transesterification process of vegetable oils or animal fats. The refractive index of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends can be experimentally determined or evaluated based on refractive indices of diesel fuel and biodiesel. The aim of this study was to estimate the accuracy of refractive index of diesel fuel +biodiesel blends calculation, using models initially proposed to evaluate the refractive index of a binary liquid mixture. It was shown that the refractive index of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends can be accurately predicted from refractive indices of the components of the blend. Wiener, Heller and Edward equations can be recommended to predict with a great accuracy the refractive index of diesel fuel+biodiesel blends.
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V, Asha, and Sudalaiyandi K. "Physical Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Biodiesel." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v17i2pp068-072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fossil fuels are being gradually exhausted and need to go to new energy options. The vegetable oils are significant resources for biodiesel production and the best alternative for diesel from crude oil. This research aims to study the physical characteristics of diesel in combination with linseed oil, waste cooking oil and rubber seed oil as ternary blend biodiesels. Ternary blends mean a combination of diesel, biodiesel-1 and biodiesel-2. Four ternary blends have been prepared in various proportions from linseed and rubber seed oil, and another four ternary blends have been prepared from linseed and waste cooking oil. These three oils have relatively similar physical characteristics, non-edible. Physical characteristics tests were carried out using ternary biodiesel mixtures. The experimental study has shown the physical characteristics of the ternary blend by comparing the blends' kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and fire point. The blend of 95% diesel, 2.5% linseed and 2.5% rubber seed biodiesel gives better physical characteristics. By analysing the graph, the particular blends give similar physical characteristics to diesel. So the blend of linseed and rubber seed oil gives the best physical characteristics compared to other blends. It has lower viscosity values, nearly the same as diesel. So it does not affect the performance of an engine.
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Duvuna, G. A., and A. A. Wara. "Determination of Operational Parameters of a Single Cylinder Two Stroke Engine Run on Jatropha Biodiesel." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The utilization of jatropha oil in a small capacity laboratory diesel engine was investigated. The Jatropha biodiesel was obtained from National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria - Nigeria. The biodiesel was within the EN, BIS and Brazil specification for biodiesel. The tested blends were 20/80%, 30/70%, 40/60% and 50/50%. Each blend was tested on a short term trial of one hour. 20/80% jatropha oil/diesel blend addition gave the maximum brake power and thermal efficiency. The exhaust gas temperatures of the jatropha oil/diesel blends were lower than that of diesel signifying lower heat loss. The percentage heat losses were lower when operated on higher jatropha oil/diesel blends. For economy of fuel, 20/80% gave specific fuel consumption values when compared to other jatropha oil/diesel blends at all engine speeds. Higher volumetric efficiencies were obtained for lower engine speeds of jatropha oil/diesel blends. Air/fuel ratio shows a decreasing trend with increase in jatropha oil content in jatropha oil/diesel blends. There was no reaction of the jatropha oil/diesel blends with engine parts as there was no engine starting problems, wear out of components or breakdown. No long term assessment, emission characteristics or endurance tests including breakdown of jatropha oil biodiesel were carried out. The research found that 20/80% blend of jatropha oil/diesel blend gave the best performance amongst all blends It is recommended that 20/80% jatropha oil/diesel blend should be used to supplement fossil fuel.
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Teoh, Y. H., K. H. Yu, H. G. How, and H. T. Nguyen. "Experimental Investigation of Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Common-Rail Diesel Engine Fuelled with Bioethanol as a Fuel Additive in Coconut Oil Biodiesel Blends." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present study, the effects of adding of bioethanol as a fuel additive to a coconut biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on engine performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion characteristics were studied in a medium-duty, high-pressure common-rail turbocharged four-cylinder diesel engine under different torque conditions. The test fuels used were fossil diesel fuels, B20 (20% biodiesel blend), B20E5 (20% biodiesel + 5% bioethanol blend), and B20E10 (20% biodiesel + 10% bioethanol blend). The experimental results demonstrated that there was an improvement in the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the blends at the expense of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for each bioethanol blend. An increment in nitrogen oxide (NOx) across the entire load range, except at low load conditions, was found with a higher percentage of the bioethanol blend. Also, it was found that simultaneous smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduction from the baseline levels of petroleum diesel fuel is attainable by utilizing all types of fuel blends. In terms of combustion characteristics, the utilization of bioethanol blended fuels presented a rise in the peak in-cylinder pressure and peak heat release rate (HRR) at a low engine load, especially for the B20E10 blend. Furthermore, the B20E10 showed shorter combustion duration, which reduced by an average of 1.375 °CA compared to the corresponding baseline diesel. This study therefore showed that the B20E10 blend exhibited great improvements in the diesel engine, thus demonstrating that bioethanol is a feasible fuel additive for coconut biodiesel-diesel blends.
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Musa, Nicholas A., Georgina M. Teran, and Saraki A. Yaman. "Emission characterization of diesel engine run on coconut oil biodiesel its blends and diesel." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of biodiesel in running diesel has been called for, with a view to mitigating the environmental pollution, depletion, cost and scarcity associated with the use diesel in running diesel engine. So the need to characterize the emissions from these biodiesel, cannot be overemphasized, hence this paper presents the evaluation of the emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide(CO), hydrocarbon(HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from diesel engine run on coconut oil biodiesel, its blends and diesel for comparison. The result of the evaluation showed that NOX emission increased with increase in percentage of the biodiesel in the blend, while PM, CO, HC decreased with increase in the percentage biodiesel in the blend. In comparison with diesel, diesel has the least emission of NOX and the highest emission of PM, CO and HC.Keywords: Diesel engine, diesel, coconut oil biodiesel, blends, emissions
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Islam, Md Saiful, Abu Saleh Ahmed, Aminul Islam, Sidek Abdul Aziz, Low Chyi Xian, and Moniruzzaman Mridha. "Study on Emission and Performance of Diesel Engine Using Castor Biodiesel." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/451526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the result of investigations carried out in studying the emission and performance of diesel engine using the castor biodiesel and its blend with diesel from 0% to 40% by volume. The acid-based catalyzed transesterification system was used to produce castor biodiesel and the highest yield of 82.5% was obtained under the optimized condition. The FTIR spectrum of castor biodiesel indicates the presence of C=O and C–O functional groups, which is due to the ester compound in biodiesel. The smoke emission test revealed that B40 (biodiesel blend with 40% biodiesel and 60% diesel) had the least black smoke compared to the conventional diesel. Diesel engine performance test indicated that the specific fuel consumption of biodiesel blend was increased sufficiently when the blending ratio was optimized. Thus, the reduction in exhaust emissions and reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption made the blends of caster seed oil (B20) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and could help in controlling air pollution.
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Liu, Yu, Jun Li, Ying Gao, and Xin Mei Yuan. "Laser Diagnostic Investigation on the Spray and Combustion with Butanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blends." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.986.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
. In this paper, blends of butanol-biodiesel-diesel were tested inside a constant volume chamber to investigate liquid spray and combustion of the fuels. With high-speed camera and synchronized copper vapor laser, spray penetration during injection is recorded since it has a higher light reflectivity. Various ambient temperatures and fuel composition were investigated. There is a sudden drop in spray penetration at 800 K and 900 K, but not at 1000 K and 1200 K. When the spray penetration of the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends is compared to that of the biodiesel-diesel blends, under non-combusting environment, a sudden drop in spray penetration length is also observed at 1100 K. High speed imaging shows that, for the non-combusting case, at 1100 K, the tip of the spray jet erupts into a plume sometime after injection for the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blend. The same is not seen with the biodiesel-diesel blend, neither at lower ambient temperature of 900 K. It is concluded that micro-explosion can occurs under particular conditions for the butanol-biodiesel-diesel blend, and the results is consistent with previous study in the literature.
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Ramalingam, Senthil, Silambarasan Rajendran, and Pranesh Ganesan. "A Comparative Assessment of Operating Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using 20% Proportion of Different Biodiesel Diesel Blend." Journal of KONES 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The objective of the present work is to find out the viable substitute fuel for diesel and control of pollutants from compression ignition engines. Therefore, in this present investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of 20% proportion of five different biodiesel diesel blend in diesel engine. The 20% proportion of biodiesel such as Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, Annona and Nerium and 80% of diesel and it is denoted as J20, P20, M20, A20 and N20 are used in the present investigation. The experimental results showed that the brake thermal efficiency of the different biodiesel blend is slightly lower when compared to neat diesel fuel. However, N20 blend, have shown improvement in performance and reduction in exhaust emissions than that of other biodiesel diesel blends. From, the experimental work, it is found that biodiesel can be used up to 20% and 80% of diesel engine without any major modification. The conducted experiments were conducted on a four cylinder four stroke DI and turbo charged diesel engine using biodiesel blends of waste oil, rapeseed oil, and corn oil with normal diesel. The peak cylinder pressure of the engine running with bio diesel was slightly higher than that of diesel. The experiments were conducted on a four cylinder four stroke diesel engine using bio diesel made from corn oil.
Дисертації з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Klajn, Felipe Fernandes. "Avaliação Comparativa de Diferentes Proporções das Misturas Diesel-Biodiesel-Etanol e Diesel-Biodiesel frente ao Diesel Tipo A :Análises Físico-Químicas e de Desempenho de um Conjunto Motor-Gerador." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/807.
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The search for alternatives to reduce diesel within the national energy matrix, particularly within the transport sector, has been studied and carried out in a gradual manner with partial insertions of biodiesel to diesel. This binary mixture, however, can be improved by the addition of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), which contain oxygen atoms in its structure and may be able to promote more efficient burning and to reduce exhaust emissions, both sulfur and non-sulfur. This work aimed to evaluate the energy performance of an engine-generator set working with diesel-biodiesel blends and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, compared with the diesel type "A", i.e, diesel without the addition of biodiesel, as well as physicochemical characteristics of each treatment. The diesel-biodiesel mixtures were based on the currently marketed formulation (B7) and projections provided by the Senate Bill 613/2015 and Resolution No. 3/2015 CNPE for captive consumers or road fleets, ie, B10, B15 and B20. Each binary mixture this has undergone additions of anhydrous ethanol (99.6% p / p) to 1%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The treatments were subjected to 5 resistive loads of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kW in triplicate. The set of data collected, analyzed the density, viscosity, calorific value, specific consumption (CE), energy efficiency (EE) and SO2 emissions. The density and viscosity of the mixtures were close to the diesel and within the specifications of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). The calorific value decreased as the biofuel incorporated into the diesel grew. The best specific fuel consumption was observed in absolute terms at a load of 5 kW for B15E1 with 327.1 g kW-1 h-1followed by B10E1 (330.1 g kW-1 h-1) and diesel (g kW-1 h-1). The ternary mixture composed by adding 1% ethanol did not differ statistically from diesel-biodiesel blends for all applied loads. The greatest EE of 27.15% was observed at the load of 4 kW, to B10E15 mixture. The B15E1 mixtures, B20E1 and B20E0 were more efficient than diesel for all applied loads. The lowest emission of SO2 was 5 kW for the load B10E0 with 397.66 ppm, while the highest was in load of 1 kW for B15E15 with 3391.67 ppm.
A busca de alternativas para a diminuição do uso de diesel dentro da matriz energética nacional, principalmente dentro do setor de transportes, tem sido estudada e realizada de modo gradativo com inserções parciais de biodiesel ao diesel. Esta mistura binária, entretanto, pode ser melhorada com a adição de álcool etílico (etanol), que por conter átomos de oxigênio em sua estrutura pode ser capaz de promover uma queima mais eficiente e reduzir as emissões gasosas, tanto sulfuradas quanto não sulfuradas. Assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho energético de um conjunto motor-gerador trabalhando com misturas diesel-biodiesel e diesel-biodiesel-etanol, comparando com o diesel tipo A , isto é, diesel sem a adição de biodiesel, bem como características físico-químicas de cada tratamento. As misturas diesel-biodiesel tiveram como base a formulação atualmente comercializada (B7) e projeções previstas pelo Projeto de Lei do Senado 613/2015 e Resolução CNPE nº 3/2015 para frotas cativas ou consumidores rodoviários, isto é, B10, B15 e B20. Cada mistura binária desta sofreu adições de etanol anidro (99,6% p/p) a 1%, 5%, 10% e 15%. Os tratamentos foram submetidos a 5 cargas resistivas de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 kW, em triplicata. Do conjunto de dados colhidos, foram analisados a densidade, viscosidade, poder calorífico superior e inferior, consumo específico (CE), eficiência energética (EE) e as emissões de SO2. A densidade e viscosidade das misturas ficaram próximas ao diesel e dentro das especificações da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). O poder calorífico inferior diminuiu a medida que o teor de biocombustíveis incorporados ao diesel cresceu. O melhor consumo específico em termos absolutos foi verificado na carga de 5 kW, para B15E1, com 327,1 g kW-1 h-1 seguido de B10E1 (330,1 g kW-1 h-1) e do diesel (334,7 g kW-1 h-1). As misturas ternárias compostas pela adição de 1% de etanol não diferiram estatisticamente das misturas diesel-biodiesel para todas as cargas aplicadas. A maior EE verificada foi de 27,15%, na carga de 4 kW, para a mistura B10E15. As misturas B15E1, B20E1 e B20E0 foram mais eficientes que o diesel para todas as cargas aplicadas. A menor emissão de SO2 foi verificada na carga de 5 kW para a mistura B10E0, com 397,66 ppm, enquanto a maior foi na carga de 1 kW, para B15E15, com 3391,67 ppm.
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Ibrahim, Umar. "Characterization of Biodiesel Blends Effects on Aftertreatment Systems and Aftertreatment-based Blend Level Estimation." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1451906418.
Повний текст джерела
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Patel, Kruti. "Fuel parameter testing, quality assessment and engine emissions evaluation of biodiesel (B100), diesel (D100) and its 20% blend (B20) under long term storage conditions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31997.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diesel-powered vehicles have contributed to the emission of greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere. Using biodiesel as a combustion fuel for use in diesel engines is advocated by engineers, environmentalists, industry and government for numerous reasons, including that it is derived from a renewable fuel source and can generate lower emissions than petroleum derived diesel fuel. However, biodiesel has reduced storage stability and is more prone to degradation reactions that can affect its fuel quality and cause changes in its fuel properties.
The long-term ageing under real-time conditions of two different biodiesel (B100)
fuels (from soybean oil and waste vegetable oils), two petroleum derived diesel (D100) fuels and their 20% vol. or B20 fuel blend was studied by storing these blends under cool (6 °C), ambient outdoor (X °C) and warm temperature (40 °C) conditions. The aged fuel samples were monitored via characterization of several fuel properties in accordance to ASTM and EN regulation standards up to 180 days and 300 days, in some cases. The purpose to meet the standards (e.g., ASTM, EN) is to ensure safe operation, good fuel quality and industrial longevity.
The acid number (AN), kinematic viscosity (KV) and cetane number (CN) of the soy
methyl ester (SME) after 300 days of ageing at 6 °C, X °C and 40 °C and waste methyl ester (WME) after 180 days of ageing at 6 °C and X °C did not change significantly. WME showed an increasing change in AN and KV after 180 days of ageing at 40 °C. Many of the fuel properties of aged SME and WME were comparable to its initial, un-aged values and were within the limits of technical specifications. The correlation between oxidative stability (OS) and iodine number (IN) was poor for both biodiesels. The analysis of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles demonstrated the ineffectiveness of employing IN as a total measure of unsaturation for biodiesel fuels. The cloud point (CP) of WME was higher than SME and like KV, CN and OS; it strongly depended on the saturation and unsaturation content of the FAME. The D100 fuels displayed a near zero change in AN, minor increases in KV and adequate stability during storage. The CN of D100 decreased slightly and the measures were within the ASTM limits pre- and post-storage. Many fuel properties of the B20 pre-mix samples differed from the B20 after-mix samples, but these differences are not significant enough to conclusively deduce which B20 blend showed better stability. CN's of B20 were calculated from the measured cetane data of B100 and D100 and compared to the measured cetane data of B20.
Select blends of aged Bl 00, D100 and B20 aged at 6 °C and 40 °C were tested for
regulated pollutant emissions (HC, CO, NOx, CO₂) in a 1987 Volkswagen Jetta and a 2005 Mercedes Benz Smart Car. The vehicles were driven by the same driver for all test runs at cold start conditions. The effect of certain fuel properties and fuel composition was investigated on emission production. Relative to D100, the B100 and B20 fuels tested in the 1987 VW Jetta produced significantly lower emissions, with reductions in HC and CO of at least 40% and 15%, respectively. The B100 fuels showed a 12% increase in NOx. Storage temperature appeared to affect the produced emissions, particularly for B100 blends, but this effect is not as significant as the variations between the different fuel types (e.g., B100 versus D100). The emissions of B100 and B20 aged at 40 °C in the Smart car did not differ significantly and the results indicate the effect of fuel on emissions is small.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Topa, Ece Hatice. "Thermal Characterization And Kinetics Of Diesel, Methanol Route Biodiesel, Canola Oil And Diesel-biodiesel Blends At Different Blending Rates By Tga And Dsc." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612460/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Application of thermogravimetric analysis to the renewable energy sources is a novel
study and it has been becoming attractive by the researchers in recent years. In this
thesis, thermal and kinetic properties of biodiesel as new energy source, diesel and
canola oil have been analyzed by using very popular thermogravimetric analysis
methods which areDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG). The main aim of the study is to observe the combustion and pyrolysis behaviour of methanol route biodiesel and diesel blends at different blending rates. Additionally, combustion and pyrolysis behaviour of canola oil, the origin of biodiesel have been analysed to observe the transesterification reaction effect on biodiesel. Therefore, biodiesel, diesel, canola oil and blends of diesel and biodiesel at different percentages are exposed to isothermal heating under nitrogen and air atmosphere with a constant heating rate of 5, 10 and 15
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Albertus, Randal Marius Colin. "Ecotoxicity and environmental fate of diesel and diesel blends produced by Sasol’s Fischer-Tropsch processes using natural gas and coal as feedstock as well as biodiesel and biodiesel blends." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71807.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: World crude oil demand and production is set to increase in the long term and is projected to increase from 82 barrels per day in 2007 to an estimated 104 million barrels per day in 2030 according to the International Energy Agency. The environmental challenges posed by the current and projected increased future fuel use, with specific reference to air, aquatic and terrestrial impact, are driving producers and legislators to change fuel specifications and consequently fuel properties to be less harmful to the environment. Traditionally transportation fuels are produced through crude oil refining but in South Africa more than one third of the liquid fuels are produced synthetically through catalytic conversion of gassified coal via the Fischer-Tropsch process by Sasol. Diesel from syncrude is referred to as synthetic diesel and the refiner must blend various hydrocarbon streams, effectively tailoring the diesel to its final composition. Biodiesel from renewable sources like vegetable oils is considered environmentally more acceptable than petrodiesel because of its high biodegradability in the environment, lower sulphur and aromatic hydrocarbon content as well as lowered particulate content in the exhaust emissions. The present research was aimed at evaluating whether the composition of diesels derived from different feed stocks, that included coal, natural gas, crude oil and soybean oil, would influence its biodegradability and ecotoxicity. Acute aquatic tests that included freshwater fish, crustaceans, algae and marine bacteria were used to determine the acute toxicity of diesels. In addition, quantitative structure activity relationship models were used to estimate the biodegradation and ecotoxicity properties of the diesels in an attempt to develop a cost effective tool to determine those properties. The results indicated that the 2-D GC technique quantitatively and qualitatively identified the hydrocarbon constituents in the diesels. The relevance of using the 2-D GC technique was in identifying and quantifying the hydrocarbon breakdown products and being used in a mass balance to confirm the potential biological breakdown processes of the materials used in the present study. The differences in theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) of the different experimental diesel blends using various blending materials and biodiesel, emphasised and confirmed the importance of calculating the ThOD for the respective blending materials when measuring the biodegradation rates. Furthermore, the biodegradation hierarchy of Pitter and Chudoba (1990) in order of decreasing biodegradability: alkanes > branched alkanes > cyclo-alkanes > aromatic hydrocarbons, could be expanded to include FAME: FAME > alkanes > branched alkanes > cyclo-alkanes > aromatic hydrocarbons. The biochemical pathways identified for the biodegradation of all the diesels was enzyme-enhanced β-oxidation. The present research also indicated that biodiesel addition to crude-derived diesels to increase the density to within the current required specifications for diesels cannot be a reality in SA because of the underdeveloped biodiesel industry. To increase the density by using biodiesel to within the specification for GTL diesel, more than 27% biodiesel would be required, which is currently is not achievable from an economic perspective as well as governmental national strategy perspective. The addition of biodiesel as lubricity enhancer seems more plausible, because less than 5% would be required for petrodiesels. The results on the ecotoxicity of the diesels and diesel blends demonstrated a general lack of acute toxic effect, especially for the fish and crustaceans used during the present study. Although algal and bacterial tests showed an effect at most of the WAF loading rates, none were high enough to enable the calculation of a median effect loading rate (EL50). QSAR‟s, like EPI Suite, together with prediction models, like the Fisk Ecotoxicity Estimation Model, can be used to screen for ecotoxicity and biodegradability of hydrocarbons found in Petrodiesels. It was less applicable for the prediction of biodiesel constituents. The use of different cut-off values for the constituents of biodiesel could be developed in future research. The use of this combination enabled the present research into the potential toxicity of hydrocarbon mixtures to be conducted, especially since tests on individual constituents are impractical. QSAR‟s may provide a relatively cost-effective way to screen for potential environmental acceptability of such mixtures. The contributors to the toxicity of mixtures of hydrocarbons found in diesels were evaluated and it appears that paraffins contribute more to the overall toxicity than previously thought and aromatics less. By putting well-defined policies and incentives in place, a robust biodiesel industry could be created that will enable SA to contribute to the mitigation of the threat of climate change, to become less dependent on foreign oil and to develop rural agriculture. The key to energy security is not one solution to South Africa‟s energy needs, but a multifaceted approach to the complex subject of sustainable energy security. The end of the hydrocarbon era of energy is not in sight, at least for the near future, but soon even hydrocarbon energy in the form of coal and crude oil will have to be re-evaluated as SA‟s major energy resource for economic and energy security. In SA the potential of developing natural gas resources through fracking, nuclear, solar, wind, biological and even wastes to energy processes as well as better energy efficiency, in a balanced and diverse energy portfolio, could pave the way toward energy security in the long run.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ru-olie aanvraag en produksie wêreldwyd is besig om toe te neem en die Internasionale Energie Agentskap projekteer dat wêreld ru-olie verbruik sal toeneem van 82 vate per dag in 2007 tot „n beraamde 104 vate per dag in 2030. Die omgewings uitdagings wat huidige en toekomstige toename in brandstof verbruik, spesifiek die impak op lug gehalte, water- en grond, mag hê, is dryfvere vir produseerders en reguleerders om brandstof spesifikasies te verander om minder omgewings impak te veroorsaak. Brandstof vir vervoer doeleindes word oor die algemeen van ru-olie gemaak, maar in Suid Afrika word ongeveer „n derde van die vloeibare brandtof gemaak deur middel van gekatiliseerde omskakeling van vergasde steenkool via die Fischer-Tropsch proses by Sasol. Diesel wat uit sintetiese ru-olie gemaak is, is sinteties en die raffineerder moet verskillende koolwaterstof strome meng om „n finale produk te lewer. Biodiesel wat uit hernubare hulpbronne soos plant-olies en diervet gemaak word, kan oorweeg word vir die vervaardiging van meer omgewings aanvaarbare brandstof met laer swael en aromatiese koolwaterstof inhoud en ook minder partikel inhoud in die uitlaatgas. Die huidige navorsing het beoog om te evalueer of die samestelling van diesels wat vervaardig is uit verskillende hulpbronne, wat steenkool, aardgas, ru-olie en sojaboon olie ingesluit het, die biodegradeerbaarheid en ekotoksisiteit kan beïnvloed. Akute akwatiese toetse wat varswater vis, krustaseë, alge en marine bakterieë ingesluit het, was aangewend om die akute toksisiteit van die diesels te bepaal. Kwantitatiewe struktuur aktiwiteit verwantskaps modelle is ook gebruik om die biodegradeerbaarheid en ekotoksisiteits eienskappe van die diesels te beraam om vas te stel of 'n bekostigbare alternatief beskikbaar is om daardie eienskappe te bepaal. Die resultate het aangedui dat die 2D GC tegniek kwantitatief en kwalitatief gebruik kan word om die koolwaterstowwe in die diesels te identifiseer. Die benutting van die 2D GC tegnieke is egter om die koolwaterstof afbraak produkte te identifiseer en ook om die massa balans gedurende die biodegradering te bevestig. Die verskil in teoretiese suurstof aanvraag van die verskillende diesels het die belangrikheid daarvan blemtoon en bevestig om die teoretiese suurstof aanvraag korrek te bereken en sodoende die biodegradasie korrek te bepaal. Verder kan die biodegradasie hierargie van Pitter en Chudoba (1990) volgens afnemende biodegradasie: alkane > vertakte alkane > siklo-alkane > aromatiese koolwaterstowwe, uitgebrei word om vetsuur-metielesters in te sluit: vetsuur-metielesters > alkane > vertakte alkane > siklo-alkane > aromatiese koolwaterstowwe. Die biochemiese roetes wat geïdentifiseer is vir die biodegradasie van die diesels, was ensiem-verbeterde β-oksidasie. Die huidige navorsing het ook aangedui dat biodiesel toevoeging tot ru-olie vervaardigde diesel om die digtheid te verhoog to binne huidige spesifikasies is nog nie lewensvatbaar in Suid Afrika nie as gevolg van die onderontwikkelde biodiesel industrie. Om die digtheid te verhoog met biodiesel tot binne spesifikasie verg meer as 27% biodiesel en is huidiglik nie haalbaar vanuit 'n ekonomiese persketief en ook nie vanuit 'n regerings nasionale strategie perspektief nie. Die toevoeging van biodiesel as lubrisiteits vervetering blyk meer van toepassing te wees aangesien minder as 5% biodiesel toevoeging benodig sou wees. Die resultate van die ekotoksisiteits toetse het 'n algemene gebrek aan akute toksisiteits effek aangedui, veral vir vis en skaaldiere wat in die huidige studie gebruik is. Howel alge en bakteriële toetse daarop gedui het dat 'n toksiese effek wel aanwesig was, was dit gering en kon die median effektiewe ladings koers (EL50) nie bepaal word nie. QSARs, soos Epi Suite, tesame met voospellings modelle, soos die Fisk Ecotoxicity Estimation Model, kan gebruik word om ekotoksisiteit en biodegradeerbaarheid van koolwaterstowwe in petrodiesels te beraam, alhoewel dit minder van toepassing was op biodiesel. Die gebruik van ander afsny waardes spesifiek vir biodiesel kan oorweeg word in toekomstige navorsing. Die molecules wat bygedra het tot die toksisiteit van die koolwaterstof mengsels was geëvalueeren daar is gevind dat die paraffiniese molekules meer begedra het tot die totale toksisiteit en die aromate minder. Deur goed gedefinieerde beleid en aansporings meganismes inplek te sit, kan 'n biodiesel industrie in SA geskep word wat SA sal help om by te dra tot die bekamping van klimaats vendering en sodoende minder afhanklik te wees van buitelandse olie en ook landbou in SA te bevorder. Die sluetel tot energie sekuriteit is nie een oplossing vir SA se energie aanvraag nie, maar eerder 'n veelsydige benadering tot die komplekse onderwerp van volhoubare energie sekuriteit. Die einde van koolwaterstof energie is nog nie in sig nie, ten miste nie in die nabye toekoms nie, maar binnekort sal selfs koolwaterstof energie in die vorm van steenkool en ru-olie heroorweeg moet word as SA se hoof energie hulpbronne vir ekonomiese en energie sekuriteit. In SA moet die potensiaal van natuurlike gas ontginning deur middel van hidrauliese breking, kernkrag, wind energie, biologiese energie en selfs afval tot energie prosesse bestudeer word, so-ook beter energie doeltreffendheid om sodoende 'n gebalansweerde energie portefuelje te skep wat die weg sal baan na energie sekuriteit op die lang termyn.
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PRADELLE, FLORIAN ALAIN YANNICK. "USE OF BIOFUELS IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES: POTENTIAL OF DIESEL-BIODIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29914@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
BOLSA NOTA 10
Para substituir parcialmente a demanda em óleo diesel de origem fóssil, reduzir os elevados custos de importação e respeitar as normas ambientais, políticas sustentáveis já levaram a substituir parcialmente óleo diesel por biodiesel. Entretanto, outras tecnologias, como as misturas diesel-biodiesel-etanol, estão sendo investigadas. O principal desafio dessas misturas consiste em melhorar a miscibilidade e a estabilidade do álcool no óleo diesel. No presente trabalho, formulou-se um aditivo original, a partir de compostos renováveis, que permitiu melhorar a faixa de concentração de etanol anidro dentro de óleo diesel com 15 por cento em volume de biodiesel e de temperatura onde observa-se misturas estáveis. Diversas propriedades físico-químicas das misturas aditivadas foram medidas em uma larga faixa de concentração de etanol para avaliar os aspetos de consumo, qualidade da combustão, comportamento a baixa temperatura, interação entre fluido e superfície, e segurança. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que misturas com, pelo menos, 1,0 por cento em volume de aditivo e até 20 por cento em volume de etanol anidro são estáveis para temperaturas superiores a 10 graus Celsius e respeitam a maioria das especificações brasileiras atuais para óleo diesel. Ensaios experimentais em um motor de ignição por compressão MWM 4.10 TCA (Euro III) foram realizados com estas misturas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a substituição do óleo diesel altera as características da combustão: o crescente teor de etanol leva ao aumento do atraso de ignição, à liberação de calor mais rápida e à diminuição da pressão máxima. Mesmo nessas condições não otimizadas de injeção e de combustão, os resultados mostraram uma melhor conversão da energia química no etanol para produzir potência efetiva, comparado com os valores encontrados nos motores flex fuel de ciclo Otto, além de um pequeno aumento no rendimento térmico do motor.
In order to partially replace the demand of fossil diesel fuels, to reduce high import costs and to comply with environmental standards, sustainable policies have led to partially replace diesel fuel by biodiesel. However, other technologies, such as diesel-biodiesel-ethanol mixtures, are being investigated. The major challenge of these mixtures is to improve the miscibility and the stability of alcohol in diesel fuel. In this study, an original additive, from renewable compounds, improved the miscibility of anhydrous ethanol in diesel fuel with 15 per cent by volume of biodiesel and temperature in which stable mixtures were observed. Several physicochemical properties of the additivated mixtures were measured in a large range of ethanol concentration to evaluate aspects of consumption, combustion quality, behavior at low temperature, interaction between the fluid and the surface, and safety. The results showed that blends with, at least 1.0 per cent, by volume of additive and 20 per cent by volume of anhydrous ethanol are stable at temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and respected most of the current Brazilian specifications for diesel fuel. Experimental tests on a compression ignition engine MWM 4.10 TCA (Euro III) were performed with these mixtures. The results showed that the diesel fuel substitution alters the characteristics of combustion: the increased ethanol content implied an increase of the ignition delay, a faster heat release and a decrease of maximum pressure. Despite these non-optimized conditions for injection and combustion, results showed a better conversion of ethanol chemical energy into brake power, in comparison to the values found in flex fuel spark ignition engine, in addition to a small increase in the indicated efficiency of the engine.
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GUEDES, ANDREW DAVID MENDES. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ABOUT ETHANOL IMPACT IN DIESEL-BIODIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30923@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE PETRÓLEO
Há algum tempo biocombustíveis renováveis são potenciais soluções sugeridas às questões de emissão de poluentes e dependência da sociedade aos derivados fósseis. Biodiesel e etanol são combustíveis comerciais renováveis candidatos à substituição das fontes fósseis, especialmente, em motores de ignição por compressão, os quais são tipicamente mais eficientes do que aqueles de ignição por centelha. Misturas ternárias de diesel, biodiesel e etanol formam estratégias de substituição parcial do diesel aplicáveis em motores de ignição por compressão sem a necessidade de grandes adaptações. Nesta dissertação realizaram-se avaliações experimentais em um motor multi-cilíndrico de ignição por compressão (MWM 4.10 TCA), abastecido com misturas de diesel, biodiesel (até 15 por cento em teor volumétrico) e etanol anidro (até 20 por cento em teor volumétrico). Cada mistura ternária é composta por diferentes proporções do álcool e sempre com a concentração volumétrica de 1 por cento de um aditivo estabilizador da mistura. Portanto, os testes associam substituições parciais do diesel por biocombustíveis a avaliações de desempenho do motor e da combustão das misturas, sob algumas condições de carga, regimes de rotação e instantes de injeção de combustível. Os testes realizados indicam que misturas com 20 por cento em volume de concentração de etanol experimentam inícios de combustão até 4,7 graus CA mais atrasados. Porém, a busca de instantes otimizados na injeção de combustível trouxe melhorias ao desempenho do motor, permitiu conversões energéticas mais vantajosas do etanol na ignição por compressão frente à ignição por centelha, além de minimizar efeitos do etanol em retardar o início da combustão.
Renewable biofuels have been proposed for a long time as an alternative to the issues concerned to pollutants emission and also society s liability to fossil fuels. Biodiesel and ethanol are renewable commercial fuel candidates for fossil fuels substitution, especially, in compression ignition engines, which are typically more efficient than the spark ignition ones. Diesel s partial replacement, such as the substitution by ternary blends formed by diesel, biodiesel and ethanol, is a strategy applicable to compression ignition engines without the need of further modifications. In this dissertation tests were run in a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine (MWM 4.10 TCA), fueled with diesel, biodiesel (up to 15 percent in volumetric content) and anhydrous ethanol (up to 20 percent in volumetric content) blends. Each mixture should be composed by different alcohol s proportions and always containing a 1 percent volumetric concentration of additive in order to ensure ternary s blend stability. Therefore, tests try to ally diesel s partial replacement by biofuels with engine performance and blends combustion assessment, under some combinations of load, engine speed and injection timing conditions. The tests performed indicate that the start of the combustion experienced up to 4.7 degrees CA postponements, when fueled with a 20 percent ethanol volumetric concentration blend. Still, optimized injection timing investigation brought improvements to engine performance, allowed better ethanol energetic conversions through compression ignition when compared to spark ignition and could also minimize delays caused by ethanol s presence in the beginning of the combustion.
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Feralio, Tyler Samuel. "The Effect Of Biodiesel Blends On Particle Number Emissions From A Light Duty Diesel Engine." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/400.
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Numerous studies have shown that respirable particles contribute to adverse human health outcomes including discomfort in irritated airways, increased asthma attacks, irregular heartbeat, non-fatal heart attacks, and even death. Particle emissions from diesel vehicles are a major source of airborne particles in urban areas. In response to energy security and global climate regulations, the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for petrodiesel has significantly increased in recent years. Particle emissions from diesel engines are highly dependent on fuel composition and, as such, the increased use of biodiesel in diesel vehicles may potentially change the concentration, size, and composition of particles in respirable air. One indicator used to evaluate the potential health risk of these particles to humans is particle diameter (Dp). Ultrafine particles (UFPs, Dp
Current research in automotive emissions primarily focuses on particle emissions measured on a total particle mass (PM) basis from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The nation's light-duty diesel fleet is, however, increasing; and because the mass of a UFP is much less than that of larger particles, the total PM metric is not sufficient for characterization of UFP emissions. As such, this research focuses on light-duty diesel engine transient UFP emissions, measured by particle number (PN), from petrodiesel, biodiesel, and blends thereof. The research objectives were to determine: 1) the difference in UFP emissions between petrodiesel and blends of waste vegetable oil-based biodiesel (WVO), 2) the differences between UFP emissions from blends of WVO and soybean oil-based biodiesel (SOY), and 3) the feasibility of using genetic programming (GP) to select the primary engine operating parameters needed to predict UFP emissions from different blends of biodiesel.
The results of this research are significant in that: 1) Total UFP number emission rates (ERs) exhibited a non-monotonic increasing trend relative to biodiesel content of the fuel for both WVO and SOY that is contrary to the majority of prior studies and suggests that certain intermediate biodiesel bends may produce lower UFP emissions than lower and higher blends, 2) The data collected corroborate reports in the literature that fuel consumption of diesel engines equipped with pump-line-nozzle fuel injection systems can increase with biodiesel content of the fuel without operational changes, 3) WVO biodiesel blends reduced the overall mean diameter of the particle distribution relative to petrodiesel more so than SOY biodiesel blends, and 4) Feature selection using genetic programming (GP) suggests that the primary model inputs needed to predict total UFP emissions are exhaust manifold temperature, intake manifold air temperature, mass air flow, and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel; These are different than inputs typically used for emissions modeling such as engine speed, throttle position, and torque suggesting that UFP emissions modeling could be improved by using other commonly measured engine operating parameters.
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Vasconcelos, Fernanda Vera Cruz de. "Uso da região espectral de sobretons para determinação do teor de biodiesel e classificação de misturas diesel/biodiesel adulteradas com óleo vegetal." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7033.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work evaluates the use of overtone regions (NIR) for the classification and determination of biodiesel content in diesel/biodiesel blends adulterated with vegetable oil. For this purpose, NIR spectra were obtained using three different optical paths: 1.0 mm (9000-4000 cm-1); 10 mm (9000-6300 cm-1) e 50 mm (7500-6300 cm-1). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) with the Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) were employed to build screening models to identify adulteration of diesel/biodiesel blends with vegetable oils. The multivariate calibration models (Partial Least Square - PLS, Partial Least Square with significant regression coefficients selected by Jack-Knife algorithm - PLS/JK and Multiple Regression Linear with variable selection by Successive Projections Algorithm - MLR/SPA) were developed to determine the biodiesel content. The results showed that the overtone regions with the classification strategy LDA/SPA can be used in preliminary studies to detect adulteration of diesel/biodiesel blends with vegetable oil. This strategy showed positive results for classifying, with a correct classification rate of 86% for the optical paths of 10 mm and 50 mm. In addition, the work demonstrated the potential of overtone regions with MLR/SPA regression strategy to determine biodiesel content in diesel/biodiesel blends, in the range from 0.0% to 10.0%v/v, considering the possible presence of raw oil as a contaminant. This strategy is simple, fast and uses a fewer number of spectral variables. Considering this, the overtone regions can be usefull to develop low cost instruments for the quality control of diesel/biodiesel blends, considering the lower cost of optical components for this spectral region.
Neste trabalho foi avaliado o uso da região espectral de sobretons (NIR) para classificação e determinação do teor de biodiesel em misturas diesel/biodiesel adulteradas com óleo vegetal (in natura). Para tanto, foram utilizados espectros NIR registrados em diferentes caminhos ópticos: 1,0 (9000-4000 cm-1), 10 (9000-6300 cm-1) e 50 mm (7500-6300 cm-1). A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e a Análise Discriminante Linear com seleção de variáveis pelo Algoritmo das Projeções Sucessivas (LDA/SPA) foram utilizadas na identificação de adulteração de misturas diesel/biodiesel com óleo vegetal. Os modelos de calibração multivariada (Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais - PLS, Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais com coeficientes de regressão selecionados pelo algoritmo Jack-Knife - PLS/JK e Regressão Linear Múltipla com seleção de variáveis pelo Algoritmo das Projeções Sucessivas - MLR/SPA) foram desenvolvidos para determinação do teor de biodiesel. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a região espectral de sobretons aliada à estratégia de classificação LDA/SPA pode ser utilizada em estudos preliminares para detecção de adulteração de misturas diesel/biodiesel por óleos vegetais in natura, visto que apresentou bons resultados de classificação, com índice de acerto de 86% para os caminhos ópticos de 10 mm e 50 mm. Além disso, foi demonstrada a aplicabilidade da região de sobretons associada à estratégia de regressão MLR/SPA para determinação do teor de biodiesel em misturas diesel/biodiesel na presença de óleos vegetais in natura, na faixa de 0,0 a 10,0% v/v. Tal estratégia é simples, rápida e utiliza poucas variáveis espectrais. Neste contexto, a região espectral de sobretons pode ser útil na construção de instrumentos de baixo custo para controle de qualidade de misturas diesel/biodiesel, considerando-se o menor custo dos componentes ópticos para essa região espectral.
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Garimella, Venkata Naga Ravikanth. "Exhaust Emissions Analysis for Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel and Biodiesel Garbage Trucks." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290203383.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Biodiesel: Blends, properties, and applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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Driss, Zied, Mariem Lajnef, Mohamed Chtourou, Dorra Driss, and Hedi Kchaou. Design and Realization of a Generator Test Bench Working with a Diesel and Biodiesel Blend. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2017.
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Marchetti, Jorge Mario. Biodiesel: Blends, Properties and Applications. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2014.
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Basava, Venkata Appa Rao. Biodiesel and Additive Blends As Alternate Fuel in a Di- Diesel Engine. AV Akademikerverlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2017.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Chourasia, Sajan K., Absar M. Lakdawala, and Rajesh N. Patel. "The Corrosion Analysis of Diesel Engine Parts on Application of Dual Biodiesel Blend." In Green Energy and Technology, 81–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2279-6_8.
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Hussain, Mohd Hamid, and C. H. Biradar. "Experimental Investigation of Performance and Combustion Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Eruca sativa (Taramira) Biodiesel–Diesel Blend." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 879–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4739-3_77.
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Gurusamy, A., A. A. Muhammad Irfan, E. R. Sivakumar, and P. Purushothaman. "Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics on Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel–Algae Biodiesel Blend with Ignition Enhancing Additives." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 421–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_33.
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Parida, Manoj Kumar, Mamuni Arya, and Akshya Kumar Rout. "Experimental Analysis on Combustion Characteristics of a DICI Engine Utilizing Argemone Biodiesel with Diesel Blend." In Recent Advances in Thermofluids and Manufacturing Engineering, 303–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4388-1_27.
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Mohd Noor, C. W., Rizalman Mamat, Mohd Fairusham Ghazali, S. M. Rosdi, Husni Husin, and Bukhari Manshoor. "Performance Optimization of Low Proportion Biodiesel Blend on Marine Diesel Engine Using Response Surface Method." In Proceedings of the 2nd Energy Security and Chemical Engineering Congress, 243–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4425-3_22.
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Gaikwad, Pradeep Uttam, G. Senthilkumar, and Supriya Bobade. "Experimental Investigation and Performance Parameter Analysis of Biodiesel Blend- Methyl Ester on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine." In Techno-Societal 2018, 315–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16848-3_30.
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Gurusamy, A., V. Gnanamoorthi, P. Purushothaman, P. Mebin Samuel, and A. A. Muhammad Irfan. "Evaluation of Microalgae Biodiesel Blend Along with DTBP as an Ignition Enhancer on Diesel Engine Attributes." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 71–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3631-1_8.
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Sakthivel, R., T. Mohanraj, P. Ganesh Kumar, and V. Sukhapradha. "Prediction and Optimization of CI Engine Performance Fueled with Biodiesel–Diesel Blend Using Response Surface Methodology." In Green Energy and Technology, 175–89. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8278-0_12.
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Ganesan, S., J. Hemanandh, Sundarasetty Venkatesh, and Phani Kumar. "Combustion, Performance and Emission Analysis of VCR Diesel Engine Using Water Emulsion in Flaxseed-Based Biodiesel Blend." In Energy and Exergy for Sustainable and Clean Environment, Volume 2, 107–21. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8274-2_8.
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Bhan, Suraj, Raghvendra Gautam, Pusphendra Singh, and Abhishek Sharma. "A Comprehensive Review of Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Blend with Nanoparticles in Diesel Engines." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 73–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3428-4_7.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Hassan, Md Mahmudul, Ftwi Yohaness Hagos, and Rizalman Mamat. "Comparative Analysis of Diesel, Diesel-Palm Biodiesel and Diesel-Biodiesel-Butanol Blends in Diesel Engine." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To reduce the dependency on fossil-based energy resources, the utilization of renewable fuels in unmodified diesel engines is gaining more emphasis from researchers in the recent years. The aim of the current study is to take part in the efforts being made to this regard by experimentally investigating a compression ignition engine fueled with different fuels ((diesel, diesel-biodiesel (B20), and diesel-biodiesel-butanol (BU20)) for their performance and emissions comparison. The experimental study was conducted in a water cooled single-cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine. It was operated at a constant engine operation speed of 1800 rpm and under varied engine load conditions. It is found that BU20 shows promising results in terms of performance and emissions characteristics as compared to using B20 and D100. Butanol addition to diesel-biodiesel blends is considered as an appropriate solution of higher density and viscosity the blend and thus for the sustainable usability of biodiesel. Maximum thermal efficiency improvement of 3.18% was observed at an engine load of 75%. The NOx emission was improved with BU20 as compared to the conventional diesel fuel (D100) at most of the engine loads. As an improvement on the engine performance and emissions is reported from the current study, the BU20 fuel blends can be used in similar engines with no further engine retrofitting. This blend can be a good environmental friendly fuel that can serve in the reduction of fossil-based diesel fuels. A further study on diesel engine tribology is required.
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Cheng, Xiaobei, Liang Chen, Fangqin Yan, and Guohua Chen. "Study of Particle Size Distribution Emitted From a Diesel Engine by Diesel and Biodiesel-Diesel Blends Fuels." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19222.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of diesel and biodiesel blends on particle size and number concentration distributions were studied in diesel engine under different operating conditions, including speeds, loads, and injection timing. The results showed that the engine load was more influential on particle size distribution than the engine speed. At the high load, diesel fuels produced mainly accumulation-mode particles, and at medium or lower load, diesel fuel produced more nuclei-mode particles. The injection timing had obviously influence on particle size distribution and number concentration. Advanced injection timing induced higher number concentrations of nuclei-mode particles for the low load and more accumulation mode particles for high load. Compared to the neat diesel fuel, the combustion process was improved when fueled with diesel-biodiesel blends. The oxygen contained in the biodiesel fuel may improve combustion. The number and mass concentration of PM was greatly decreased with the increase in biodiesel blend ratio. Biodiesel blends had an early start of injection, and particle size distributions tended to be ultra-fine particles with the increase in the ratio of biodiesel blend. The average mid-diameter range of particles was significantly affected by the change in fuel injection timing.
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Han, X., and S. K. Aggarwal. "A Numerical Investigation on Counterflow Flames of Biodiesel/Diesel Surrogate Blends." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95718.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is significant interest in increasing the use of biodiesel fuels especially by blending them with petroleum diesel. Biodiesels typically consist of long-chain saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons along with an alkyl (methyl, ethyl or butyl) ester functional group. Previous studies have demonstrated that the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuels are mostly determined by the hydrocarbon chain length and the number and location of unsaturated bonds in their molecular structure. The present study aims to characterize the combustion and emission behavior of biodiesel/diesel surrogate blends by simulating PPFs burning blends of n-heptane, methyl decanoate and methyl-9-decenoate. A recently developed reduced mechanism for these blends is employed, and the effects of the blend composition on NOx and PAH emissions from these flames are examined. Results indicate that NOx emissions are only slightly reduced by the addition of C10 methyl esters. However, the formation of PAH precursors is noticeably affected by the surrogate blend. Results also indicate the need for further improving the reduced mechanism, especially with regards to some key reactions and species, which are important for accurately predicting the intermediate hydrocarbon species including PAH precursors.
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McKenna, David, Krishan Bhatia, Robert Hesketh, Christopher Rowen, Timothy Vaughn, Anthony J. Marchese, George Chipko, and Serpil Guran. "Evaluation of Emissions and Performance of Diesel Locomotives With B20 Biodiesel Blends: Static Test Results." In ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes the results to date of a study to quantify the exhaust emissions and performance characteristics of 20% soy methyl ester biodiesel blends (B20) in diesel locomotives representative of a typical commuter transit fleet. Testing is performed with #2 diesel summer blend, #2 diesel winter blend, ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) summer blend, ULSD winter blend and B20 blends with each of these fuels. Tests are performed on two different diesel locomotive types to determine the differences in performance and emissions between older and newer locomotive engines when operating on biodiesel blends. Specifically, tests are performed on a GP40FH-2 locomotive equipped with an EMD 16-645 engine manufactured from a 1960’s design and a recently manufactured ALSTOM PL42AC locomotive equipped with an EMD 16-710 engine. The tests are being performed in two phases. The first phase of the project is performed by operating the diesel engines statically (using a load bank) over the full test matrix of 8 fuels. During the static testing phase, brake specific exhaust emissions and fuel consumption are computed for each fuel blend using the line-haul and switcher duty cycles as outlined in the CFR Part 40 Title 92 Federal Test Procedure. Each fuel/locomotive test combination is performed 3 times to ensure repeatability. The second phase of the project consists of mobile in-use emissions testing using a simulated, mobile duty cycle based on actual commuter rail routes. To accurately quantify the exhaust emissions, measurements are made using a Sensors SEMTECH-D mobile emissions analyzer to measure CO, CO2, NO2, NO, O2, and total unburned hydrocarbons (HCs), along with a Wager 6500RR Railroad Opacity Meter. Instantaneous fuel consumption is monitored using two AW Company JV-KG positive displacement flow meters, which measure the supply and return fuel flow rate, respectively.
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Iranmanesh, Masoud, J. P. Subrahmanyam, and M. K. G. Babu. "Application of Diethyl Ether to Reduce Smoke and NOx Emissions Simultaneously With Diesel and Biodiesel Fueled Engines." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this investigation, tests were conducted on a single cylinder DI diesel engine fueled with neat diesel and biodiesel as baseline fuel with addition of 5 to 20% DEE on a volume basis in steps of 5 vol.% as supplementary oxygenated fuel to analyze the simultaneous reduction of smoke and oxides of nitrogen. Some physicochemical properties of test fuels such as heating value, viscosity, specific gravity and distillation profile were also determined in accordance to the ASTM standards. The results obtained from the engine tests have shown a significant reduction in NOX emissions especially for biodiesel and a little decrease in smoke of DEE blends compared with baseline fuels. A global overview of the results has shown that the 5% DEE-Diesel fuel and 15% DEE-Biodiesel blend are the optimal blend based on performance and emission characteristics.
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Mercado, Jose Gabriel E., and Edwin N. Quiros. "Emission and Performance Analysis of a Light Duty Common Rail Direct Inject Engine Fuelled by CME-Diesel Blends." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the danger of depletion of world petroleum reserve and environmental concerns the “Philippines Biofuels Act of 2006” (Republic Act No. 9367) was established to develop and strengthen the use of local sustainable fuels, particularly the use of Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) biodiesel blends in the country. As of 2015, with respect to biodiesel in the Philippines only 2% of biodiesel is required to be blended in commercially available fuels. The National Biofuels Board of the Philippines is planning to increase the percentage of the blend within the next 5 years however only few studies are conducted to prove the effectiveness of the increase in percentage. Also in pursuant to “Philippine Clean Air Act of 2009” (Republic Act No.8749) The Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR) issued an administrative order with regards to the implementation of EURO 4/IV Emission Limits within the country. This study investigates the influence of various CME Biodiesel blends in a light duty automotive CRDi engine without any engine modifications through evaluation of performance and emission characteristics, The emission characteristics will be also be investigated if it meets the EURO 4/IV emission limits set by DENR. Five fuel blends B2 (2% CME, 98% Neat Diesel), B5 (5% CME, 95% Neat Diesel), B10 (10% CME, 90% Neat Diesel), B15 (15% CME, 85% Neat Diesel) and B20 (20% CME, 80% Neat Diesel) were used and their results is compared to B0 (Neat). This will also The tests were performed at the University of the Philippines Vehicle Research and Testing Laboratory at steady state conditions, a naturally aspirated water cooled four cylinder Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel (CRDi) engine, with varying speeds from 800 to 4000 RPM at an interval of 400 RPM while maintaining the throttle 100% wide open. As a result of the investigation at typical engine speed range (1200–2400 RPM) no significant differences for biodiesel blends vs. neat diesel were observed for torque, power, CO2 and NOx emissions. However, a decrease of HC and CO was observed. Meanwhile, at 2800–4000 RPM, an increase in torque, power, CO2 and NOx, but no significant differences in HC and CO emissions. However, the engine does not normally run at the higher speed range (1800–2400 RPM) for a long period of time. With respect to biodiesel blends, torque, power, CO2, and NOx emissions generally increase with increasing biodiesel blend, while CO and HC emissions generally decreased with increasing biodiesel blend.
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Snyder, David B., Gayatri H. Adi, Carrie M. Hall, Michael P. Bunce, and Gregory M. Shaver. "Closed-Loop Control Framework for Fuel-Flexible Combustion of Biodiesel Blends." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a closed-loop control framework for fuel-flexible combustion control of biodiesel blends. This framework consists of two parts: blend detection and blend accommodation. Blend detection can be accomplished by an experimentally-validated dynamic estimator using exhaust oxygen and air-fuel ratio information. Blend accommodation can be accomplished by changing the control variables that the engine control module uses, namely, replacing exhaust gas recirculation fraction with combustible oxygen mass fraction, replacing total injected fuel mass with total injected fuel energy, and replacing start of main injection timing with end of main injection timing. With the conventional control structure it is experimentally shown that pure biodiesel (B100) produced 38% more brake specific nitrogen oxides (BSNOx) than pure conventional diesel (B0). With the new proposed structure, B100 produced not only lower BSNOx than B0, but also higher torque, higher brake thermal efficiency, lower particulate matter, and lower combustion noise than B0. Comparable experimental results are also presented for B5 and B20 blends.
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Bawane, Rahul Krishnaji, Nilima Gadge, Gajanan N. Shelke, and Dinesh Bawane. "Injector Deposition and Behavior Change of Diesel Engine Fueled with Calophyllum Oil Biodiesel Blend under 150 Hrs Endurance Test." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This experimental investigation was carried out for 150 hours endurance test in the time interval of 50 hours each, with test fuel neat diesel, Calophyllum oil biodiesel blend B25 and water in Calophyllum (WIC) 10 vol. % to blend B25-WIC in a single cylinder diesel engine. The experiment was conducted at constant conditions of engine load 3.0 kW and speed of 1500 rpm. The impact of 150 hours endurance test on injector nozzle deposition and engine parameters like Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific energy consumption, Exhaust gas temperature, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbon, and Oxides of nitrogen were investigated. The findings revealed that water inclusion (10 vol. %) in Calophyllum oil biodiesel blend B25-WIC has a positive impact on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics as compared to biodiesel blends without water inclusion. Gummy and heavy deposition accumulation was observed with biodiesel blend B25 which was higher by 12% than B25-WIC with thin and dry deposition. Engine performance parameters when compared to neat diesel were reported as; BSFC higher for B25 and B25-WIC by 5.85 and 3.99% respectively. The average reduction in BSEC with B25 was 0.025% and by 6.55% with B25-WIC. And BTH was observed to be reduced by 18.14% with B25 and by 10.01% with B25-WIC. Exhaust emissions parameter observed against neat diesel as; CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, HC, and NOx shows reduction for B25 by 63.91%, 15.14%, 7.94%, and 2.38% respectively. And for B25-WIC by 52.36%, 27.19%, 18.14%, and 4.56%respectively.</div></div>
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Sappok, Alexander, Paul Ragaller, Leslie Bromberg, Vitaly Prikhodko, John Storey, and James Parks. "Diesel Particulate Filter-Related Fuel Efficiency Improvements Using Biodiesel Blends in Conjunction With Advanced Aftertreatment Sensing and Controls." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is well known that biodiesel may reduce engine-out particulate matter (PM) emissions and result in PM which has more favorable oxidation characteristics relative to PM derived solely from petroleum diesel. This study investigated the use of neat biodiesel, as well as blends, with a light-duty diesel engine equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) and radio frequency particulate filter sensor. The results show a reduction in engine-out PM emissions with increasing biodiesel blend levels and a corresponding increase in the duration between DPF regenerations. In situ measurements of the PM oxidation rates on the DPF using the radio frequency sensor further indicated more rapid oxidation of the biodiesel-derived PM with lower light-off temperatures relative to the petroleum-derived PM. The conclusions indicate considerable potential to extend DPF regeneration intervals and decrease regeneration duration when biodiesel blends are used in conjunction with advanced DPF sensing and control systems, thereby reducing the DPF-related fuel consumption.
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Kastengren, A. L., C. F. Powell, K. S. Im, Y. J. Wang, and J. Wang. "Measurement of Biodiesel Blend and Conventional Diesel Spray Structure Using X-Ray Radiography." In ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2008-1646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The near-nozzle structure of several non-evaporating biodiesel blend sprays has been studied using x-ray radiography. Radiography allows quantitative measurements of the fuel distribution in sprays to be made with high temporal and spatial resolution. Measurements have been made at different values of injection pressure, ambient density, and with two different nozzle geometries to understand the influences of these parameters on the spray structure of the biodiesel blend. These measurements have been compared to corresponding measurements of Viscor, a diesel calibration fluid, to demonstrate the fuel effects on the spray structure. Generally, the biodiesel blend spray has a similar structure to the spray of Viscor. For the nonhydroground nozzle used in this study, the biodiesel blend spray has a slightly slower penetration into the ambient gas than the Viscor spray. The cone angle of the biodiesel blend spray is generally smaller than that of the Viscor spray, indicating that the biodiesel blend spray is denser than the Viscor spray. For the hydroground nozzle, both fuels produce sprays with initially wide cone angles that transition to narrow sprays during the steady-state portion of the injection event. These variations in cone angle with time are timed later for the biodiesel blend spray than for the Viscor spray, indicating that the dynamics of the injector needle as it opens are somewhat different for the two fuels.
Звіти організацій з теми "BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLEND"
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Kinast, J. A. Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feedstocks and Properties of Biodiesels and Biodiesel/Diesel Blends: Final Report; Report 1 in a Series of 6. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15003582.
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