Дисертації з теми "Bio-oil energy"
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Puy, Marimon Neus. "Integrated sustainability analysis of innovative uses of forest biomass. Bio-oil as an energy vector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48708.
Повний текст джерелаThis research offers a multidisciplinary approach, from the environmental, social, economic and technological standpoint, to study different novel uses of forest biomass using different methodologies such as IA‐Focus Groups, Life Cycle Assessment and experimental in a pyrolysis pilot plant. First, an integrated assessment of forest biomass systems by focus groups methodology is carried out to identify what political, social and environmental barriers have prevented integrated forest biomass systems to be further developed in the Mediterranean context. Results show that while the opportunities and stakes are high, specific socio‐ecologic factors, such as property regimes, low productivity of Mediterranean forests, weak institutional capacity, logistics and supply difficulties and the lack of economic profitability of forest products, need to be taken into account if forest biomass is to contribute decisively to securing renewable sources of energy in Europe, integrating landscape planning with resource policies or mitigating climate change. Second, a life cycle assessment of a gasification plant using forest biomass and post‐consumer wood is performed. This study shows that forest biomass needs higher energy requirements due to mainly an additional drying stage in order to comply with the gasification demands. Finally, technological aspects are investigated by studying biomass pyrolysis. An application of the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) to biomass and biomass constituents’ devolatilisation is performed to study the thermal decomposition of biomass. Next, pine woodchips pyrolysis is carried out in an auger reactor pilot plant (10 kg/h) to study the optimal operation conditions (reaction temperature, solid residence time and mass flow rate) and to characterize the properties of the products obtained. Results show that complete woodchip pyrolysis can be achieved in the auger reactor and the greatest yields for liquid production (59%) and optimum product characterisation are obtained at the lowest temperature studied (773 K) applying solid residence times longer than 2 minutes. Bio‐oil GC/MS characterisation shows that the most abundant compounds are volatile polar compounds, phenols and benzenediols. Very few differences can be observed in the physical properties of the bio‐oil samples regardless of the operating conditions, and these properties are similar to bio‐oil obtained in other auger reactors. Energy balances of the pyrolysis process in the pilot plant and in a scaled up auger reactor mobile plant (1500 kg/h) show that a drying unit and a char combustor are needed if the pyrolysis has to be performed in a mobile plant, even though the process is energy‐independent when moisture content is lower than 6%. The economic assessment shows that total costs of producing bio‐oil in the scaled‐up pilot plant is between 269 and 289 €/m3 depending on the biomass cost (40‐50€/ton). The break‐even point of the pyrolysis plant is 116 €/barrel when the biomass is purchased at 50 €/ton and 108 €/barrel when the biomass cost is 40 €/ton. In the long term, bio‐oil offers great potential as an energy vector and in a biorefinery scenario, a novel approach that is studied by performing microwave‐assisted dissolution of wood in ionic liquids. On the whole, these novel uses offer great opportunity for the Mediterranean forestry sector, since they offer value‐added products such as bio‐oil. Bio‐oil represents a new energy carrier, which is as versatile as oil and which may be the basis for a new generation of secondgeneration biofuels and, in turn, raw material for biorefineries. This dissertation is also related to social sustainability by suggesting actions and proposals related to local development and the network economy, as well as facilitating decision‐making processes, which help to make a step forward to a global and integral knowledge of sustainability.
Silva, João Paulo da. "Caracterização da casca de café (coffea arábica, L) in natura, e de seus produtos obtidos pelo processo de pirólise em reator mecanicamente agitado." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263770.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O café é um importante produto na balança comercial brasileira e seu processamento gera a casca como um resíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização física, termoquímica e fluidodinâmica da casca de café (coffea arábica, L) visando sua aplicação em processo de pirólise convencional em reator mecanicamente agitado e posterior caracterização das frações líquida e sólida geradas. O trabalho envolveu as seguintes etapas: (i) caracterização física e termoquímica da casca de café moída; (ii) ensaios fluidodinâmicos no leito contendo mistura binária casca de café-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura); (iii) ensaios de pirólise em reator mecanicamente agitado; e (iv) caracterização das frações sólida e líquida geradas no processo de pirólise. A etapa de caracterização das partículas envolveu a determinação da análise granulométrica, esfericidade, massas específicas, razão de Hausner, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, análises da composição das cinzas e análise do teor de hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. Os ensaios de pirólise foram realizados seguindo um planejamento experimental composto central rotacional com objetivo de avaliar a influência da taxa de aquecimento (8 a 22 °C/min) e do tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento (1,2 a 6,8 min) sobre o rendimento da fração líquida. O maior rendimento da fração líquida foi de 56,5 %, obtido em uma taxa de aquecimento de 22°C/min e tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento de 4 min. Na etapa de caracterização do carvão vegetal gerado foram determinadas as massas especificas, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, além da determinação da velocidade mínima de fluidização no leito contendo a mistura carvão-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura). A fração líquida foi submetida à análise de umidade, pH, poder calorífico e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os resultados dos ensaios fluidodinâmicos mostraram que a presença de 5% (em massa) de casca de café no leito provoca o aumento da velocidade de mínima fluidização em 45%. Foi verificado que a casca de café possui um grande potencial como fonte energética para aplicação em processos de pirólise em função das propriedades do carvão e do líquido gerado em temperaturas superiores a 300oC. A composição e teor de cinzas da casca de café também fazem do carvão uma boa opção como fertilizante em função dos nutrientes presentes. Em todas as frações líquidas geradas foram observados compostos com aplicações industriais, mostrando que o óleo obtido através da pirólise da casca de café possui potencial não só como combustível, mas também como fonte de componentes para a indústria química
Abstract: Coffee is an important product in the Brazilian commercial balance and its processing generates husks as waste. In order to increase information available about coffee husks biomass and its energetic potential, this work presents an experimental study including: (i) physical and thermo-chemical characterization of grinded coffee husks; (ii) hydrodynamics tests to minimum fluidization velocity determination of the binary mixture coffee husks-sand (5% weight fraction of biomass); (iii) pyrolysis tests in a mechanically agitated bed; and (iv) characterization of pyrolysis solid and liquid products. The particle characterization step included the determination of particle size distribution, sphericity, densities, Hausner ratio, ultimate and proximate analysis, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermo-differential analysis, ash composition, and hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content. The pyrolysis tests were carried out following a central composite rotate design of experiments in order to evaluate the heating rate (from 8 to 22oC/min) and the time between the heating stages (from 1.2 to 6.8min) on the bio oil yield. The bio-oil greatest yield was 56.5% that was obtained using a heating rate of 22oC/min and time between the heating stages of 4min. The bio-char characterization involved density, ultimate and proximate analyses, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analyses and determination of the minimum fluidization velocity of the char-sand mixture (5% weight fraction of biomass). The liquid fraction was submitted to moisture, pH, heating value and gas chromatography (using a mass spectrometer) analysis. Results from hydrodynamics studies show that the presence of 5% biomass in the bed material increases the minimum fluidized bed velocity about 45%. Pyrolysis results show that coffee husks presents a good potential as feedstock to the process due to char and bio-oil (fractions obtained at temperatures higher than 300oC) properties. Additionally, results from ash characterization showed that the bio-char produced presents a good potential as fertilizer. High values chemical compounds were identified in the produced liquid fractions, showing that this product presents high potential, not only as a fuel, but also as a source of chemical compounds to the chemical industry
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Danje, Stephen. "Fast pyrolysis of corn residues for energy production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17822.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increasing oil prices along with the climate change threat have forced governments, society and the energy sector to consider alternative fuels. Biofuel presents itself as a suitable replacement and has received much attention over recent years. Thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis is a topic of interest for conversion of cheap agricultural wastes into clean energy and valuable products. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the promising technologies for converting biomass into liquid fuels and regarded as a promising feedstock to replace petroleum fuels. Corn residues, corn cob and corn stover, are some of the largest agricultural waste types in South Africa amounting to 8 900 thousand metric tonnes annually (1.7% of world corn production) (Nation Master, 2005). This study looked at the pyrolysis kinetics, the characterisation and quality of by-products from fast pyrolysis of the corn residues and the upgrading of bio-oil. The first objective was to characterise the physical and chemical properties of corn residues in order to determine the suitability of these feedstocks for pyrolytic purposes. Secondly, a study was carried out to obtain the reaction kinetic information and to characterise the behaviour of corn residues during thermal decomposition. The knowledge of biomass pyrolysis kinetics is of importance in the design and optimisation of pyrolytic reactors. Fast pyrolysis experiments were carried out in 2 different reactors: a Lurgi twin screw reactor and a bubbling fluidised bed reactor. The product yields and quality were compared for different types of reactors and biomasses. Finally, a preliminary study on the upgrading of bio-oil to remove the excess water and organics inorder to improve the quality of this liquid fuel was performed. Corn residues biomass are potential thermochemical feedstocks, with the following properties (carbon 50.2 wt. %, hydrogen 5.9 wt. % and Higher heating value 19.14 MJ/kg) for corn cob and (carbon 48.9 wt. %, hydrogen 6.01 wt. % and Higher heating value 18.06 MJ/kg) for corn stover. Corn cobs and corn stover contained very low amounts of nitrogen (0.41-0.57 wt. %) and sulphur (0.03-0.05 wt. %) compared with coal (nitrogen 0.8-1.9 wt. % and sulphur 0.7-1.2 wt. %), making them emit less sulphur oxides than when burning fossil fuels. The corn residues showed three distinct stages in the thermal decomposition process, with peak temperature of pyrolysis shifting to a higher value as the heating rate increased. The activation energies (E) for corn residues, obtained by the application of an iso-conversional method from thermogravimetric tests were in the range of 220 to 270 kJ/mol. The products obtained from fast pyrolysis of corn residues were bio-oil, biochar, water and gas. Higher bio-oil yields were produced from fast pyrolysis of corn residues in a bubbling fluidised bed reactor (47.8 to 51.2 wt. %, dry ash-free) than in a Lurgi twin screw reactor (35.5 to 37 wt. %, dry ash-free). Corn cobs produced higher bio-oil yields than corn stover in both types of reactors. At the optimised operating temperature of 500-530 °C, higher biochar yields were obtained from corn stover than corn cobs in both types of reactors. There were no major differences in the chemical and physical properties of bio-oil produced from the two types of reactors. The biochar properties showed some variation in heating values, carbon content and ash content for the different biomasses. The fast pyrolysis of corn residues produced energy products, bio-oil (Higher heating value = 18.7-25.3 MJ/kg) and biochar (Higher heating value = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) comparable with coal (Higher heating value = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). The bio-oils produced had some undesirable properties for its application such as acidic (pH 3.8 to 4.3) and high water content (21.3 to 30.5 wt. %). The bio-oil upgrading method (evaporation) increased the heating value and viscosity by removal of light hydrocarbons and water. The corn residues biochar produced had a BET Brynauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 96.7 to 158.8 m2/g making it suitable for upgrading for the manufacture of adsorbents. The gas products from fast pyrolysis were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ hydrocarbons. The gases had CO2 and CO of more than 80% (v/V) and low heating values (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die styging in olie pryse asook dreigende klimaatsveranderinge het daartoe gelei dat regerings, die samelewing asook die energie sektor alternatiewe energiebronne oorweeg. Biobrandstof as alternatiewe energiebron het in die afgope paar jaar redelik aftrek gekry. Termochemiese omskakelingsprosesse soos pirolise word oorweeg vir die omskakeling van goedkoop landbou afval na groen energie en waardevolle produkte. Snel piroliese van biomassa is een van die mees belowende tegnologië vir die omskakeling van biomassa na vloeibare brandstof en word tans gereken as ’n belowende kandidaat om petroleum brandstof te vervang. Mielieafval, stronke en strooi vorm ’n reuse deel van die Suid Afrikaanse landbou afval. Ongeveer 8900 duisend metrieke ton afval word jaarliks geproduseer wat optel na ongeveer 1.7% van die wêreld se mielie produksie uitmaak (Nation Master, 2005). Hierdie studie het gekk na die kinetika van piroliese, die karakterisering en kwaliteit van by-produkte van snel piroliese afkomstig van mielie-afval asook die opgradering van biobrandstof. Die eerste mikpunt was om die fisiese en chemiese karakteristieke van mielie-afval te bepaal om sodoende die geskiktheid van hierdie afval vir die gebruik tydens piroliese te bepaal. Tweendens is ’n kinetiese studie onderneem om reaksie parameters te bepaal asook die gedrag tydens termiese ontbinding waar te neem. Kennis van die piroliese kinetika van biomassa is van belang juis tydens die ontwerp en optimering van piroliese reaktore. Snel piroliese ekspermente is uitgevoer met behulp van twee verskillende reaktore: ’n Lurgi twee skroef reaktor en ’n borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reaktor. Die produk opbrengs en kwaliteit is vergelyk. Eindelik is ’n voorlopige studie oor die opgradering van bio-olie uitgevoer deur te kyk na die verwydering van oortollige water en organiese materiaal om die kwaliteit van hierdie vloeibare brandstof te verbeter. Biomassa afkomstig van mielie-afval is ’n potensiële termochemiese voerbron met die volgende kenmerke: mielie stronke- (C - 50.21 massa %, H – 5.9 massa %, HHV – 19.14 MJ/kg); mielie strooi – (C – 48.9 massa %, H – 6.01 massa %, HHV – 18.06 MJ/kg). Beide van hierdie materiale bevat lae hoeveelhede N (0.41-0.57 massa %) and S (0.03-0.05 massa %) in vergelyking met steenkool N (0.8-1.9 massa %) and S (0.7-1.2 massa %). Dit beteken dat hieride bronne van biomassa laer konsentrasies van swael oksiedes vrystel in vergelyking met fossielbrandstowwe. Drie kenmerkende stadia is waargeneem tydens die termiese afbraak van mielie-afval, met die temperatuur piek van piroliese wat skuif na ’n hoër temperatuur soos die verhittingswaarde toeneem. Die waargenome aktiveringsenergie (E) van mielie-afval bereken met behulp van die iso-omskakelings metode van TGA toetse was in die bestek: 220 tot 270 kJ/mol. Die produkte verkry deur Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval was bio-olie, bio-kool en gas. ’n Hoër opbrengs van bio-olie is behaal tydens Snel Piroliese van mielie-afval in die borrelende gefluidiseerde-bed reakctor (47.8 na 51.2 massa %, droog as-vry) in vergelyking met die Lurgi twee skroef reakctor (35.5 na 37 massa %, droog as-vry). Mielie stronke sorg vir ’n hoër opbrengs van bio-olie as mielie strooi in beide reaktore. By die optimum bedryfskondisies is daar in beide reaktor ’n hoër bio-kool opbrengs verkry van mielie stingels teenoor mielie stronke. Geen aansienlike verskille is gevind in die chemise en fisiese kenmerke van van die bio-olie wat geproduseer is in die twee reaktore nie. Daar is wel variasie getoon in die bio-kool kenmerkte van die verskillende Snel Piroliese prosesse. Snel piroliese van mielie-afval lewer energie produkte, bio-olie (HVW = 18.7-25.3MJ/kg) en bio-kool (HVW = 19.8-29.3 MJ/kg) vergelykbaar met steenkool (HVW = 16.2-25.9 MJ/kg). Die bio-olies geproduseer het sommige ongewenste kenmerke getoon byvoorbeeld suurheid (pH 3.8-4.3) asook hoë water inhoud (21.3 – 30.5 massa %). Die metode (indamping) wat gebruik is vir die opgradering van bio-olie het gelei tot die verbetering van die verhittingswaarde asook die toename in viskositeit deur die verwydering van ligte koolwaterstowwe en water. Die mielie-afval bio-kool toon ’n BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) oppervlakte area van 96.7-158.8 m2/g wat dit toepaslik maak as grondstof vir absorbante. The gas geproduseer tydens Snel Piroliese is geanaliseer met behulp van gas chromotografie (GC) as CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H8 and C5+ koolwaterstowwe. Die vlak van CO2 en CO het 80% (v/V) oorskry en met lae verhittingswaardes (8.82-8.86 MJ/kg).
Correia, Lígia Araújo Ramos. "Estudo do processo de pirólise para o aproveitamento sustentável de lodo digerido doméstico." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/541.
Повний текст джерелаWith the growing demand for energy in the world, the search for new sources of energy have motivated new studies about renewable energy sources that allow us to replace fossil fuels gradually, as they are responsible for higher levels of pollutants emission if compared to biofuels. Population growth together with the improvement of sewage treatment efficiency, that directly impacts the growth of sewage sludge production, which is the main solid waste generated in the Sewage Treatment Stations. The sludge can be used in technological processes, like pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, in order to produce alternative energy. The pyrolysis applied in sludge is a promising technology that favor the production of four fractions: biooil (organic liquid fraction), water fraction, solid fraction and gas fraction, showing a high fuel potential. This paper aims to evaluate the pyrolysis process applied to domestic sludge as an alternative source of energy and identify the process conditions that resulted in better efficiency of the biooil produced.
Roy, Michael Joseph. "Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin model compounds via thermal catalytic reactions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45752.
Повний текст джерелаGan, Jing. "Hydrothermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oils." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13768.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Wenqiao Yuan
Donghai Wang
Corncobs were used as the feedstock to investigate the effect of operating conditions and crude glycerol (solvent) on bio-oil production. The highest bio-oil yield of 33.8% on the basis of biomass dry weight was obtained at 305°C, 20 min retention time, 10% biomass content, 0.5% catalyst loading. At selected conditions, bio-oil yield based on the total weight of corn cobs and crude glycerol increased to 36.3% as the crude glycerol/corn cobs ratio increased to 5. Furthermore, the optimization of operating conditions was conducted via response surface methodology. A maximum bio-oil yield of 41.3% was obtained at 280°C, 12min, 21% biomass content, and 1.56% catalyst loading. A highest bio-oil carbon content of 74.8% was produced at 340°C with 9% biomass content. A maximum carbon recovery of 25.2% was observed at 280°C, 12min, 21% biomass content, and 1.03% catalyst loading. The effect of biomass ecotype and planting location on bio-oil production were studied on big bluestems. Significant differences were found in the yield and elemental composition of bio-oils produced from big bluestem of different ecotypes and/or planting locations. Generally, the IL ecotype and the Carbondale, IL and Manhattan, KS planting locations gave higher bio-oil yield, which can be attributed to the higher total cellulose and hemicellulose content and/or the higher carbon but lower oxygen contents in these feedstocks. Bio-oil from the IL ecotype also had the highest carbon and lowest oxygen contents, which were not affected by the planting location. In order to better understand the mechanisms of hydrothermal conversion, the interaction effects between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in hydrothermal conversion were studied. Positive interaction between cellulose and lignin, but negative interaction between cellulose and hemicellulose were observed. No significant interaction was found between hemicelluose and lignin. Hydrothermal conversion of corncobs, big bluestems, switchgrass, cherry, pecan, pine, hazelnut shell, and their model biomass also were conducted. Bio-oil yield increased as real biomass cellulose and hemicellulose content increased, but an opposite trend was observed for low lignin content model biomass.
Hugo, Thomas Johannes. "Pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5238.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world’s depleting fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have given rise to much research into renewable and cleaner energy. Biomass is unique in providing the only renewable source of fixed carbon. Agricultural residues such as Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) are feedstocks for ‘second generation fuels’ which means they do not compete with production of food crops. In South Africa approximately 6 million tons of raw SB is produced annually, most of which is combusted onsite for steam generation. In light of the current interest in bio-fuels and the poor utilization of SB as energy product in the sugar industry, alternative energy recovery processes should be investigated. This study looks into the thermochemical upgrading of SB by means of pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis is defined as the thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen or other reactants. Slow Pyrolysis (SP), Vacuum Pyrolysis (VP), and Fast Pyrolysis (FP) are studied in this thesis. Varying amounts of char and bio-oil are produced by the different processes, which both provide advantages to the sugar industry. Char can be combusted or gasified as an energy-dense fuel, used as bio-char fertilizer, or upgraded to activated carbon. High quality bio-oil can be combusted or gasified as a liquid energy-dense fuel, can be used as a chemical feedstock, and shows potential for upgrading to transport fuel quality. FP is the most modern of the pyrolysis technologies and is focused on oil production. In order to investigate this process a 1 kg/h FP unit was designed, constructed and commissioned. The new unit was tested and compared to two different FP processes at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Germany. As a means of investigating the devolatilization behaviour of SB a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) study was conducted. To investigate the quality of products that can be obtained an experimental study was done on SP, VP, and FP. Three distinct mass loss stages were identified from TGA. The first stage, 25 to 110°C, is due to evaporation of moisture. Pyrolitic devolatilization was shown to start at 230°C. The final stage occurs at temperatures above 370°C and is associated with the cracking of heavier bonds and char formation. The optimal decomposition temperatures for hemicellulose and cellulose were identified as 290°C and 345°C, respectively. Lignin was found to decompose over the entire temperature range without a distinct peak. These results were confirmed by a previous study on TGA of bagasse. SP and VP of bagasse were studied in the same reactor to allow for accurate comparison. Both these processes were conducted at low heating rates (20°C/min) and were therefore focused on char production. Slow pyrolysis produced the highest char yield, and char calorific value. Vacuum pyrolysis produced the highest BET surface area chars (>300 m2/g) and bio-oil that contained significantly less water compared to SP bio-oil. The short vapour residence time in the VP process improved the quality of liquids. The mechanism for pore formation is improved at low pressure, thereby producing higher surface area chars. A trade-off exists between the yield of char and the quality thereof. FP at Stellenbosch University produced liquid yields up to 65 ± 3 wt% at the established optimal temperature of 500°C. The properties of the bio-oil from the newly designed unit compared well to bio-oil from the units at FZK. The char properties showed some variation for the different FP processes. At the optimal FP conditions 20 wt% extra bio-oil is produced compared to SP and VP. The FP bio-oil contained 20 wt% water and the calorific value was estimated at 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. The energy per volume of FP bio-oil was estimated to be at least 11 times more than dry SB. FP was found to be the most effective process for producing a single product with over 60% of the original biomass energy. The optimal productions of either high quality bio-oil or high surface area char were found to be application dependent.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van die uitputting van fossielbrandstofreserwes, en die toenemende vrystelling van kweekhuisgasse word daar tans wêreldwyd baie navorsing op hernubare en skoner energie gedoen. Biomassa is uniek as die enigste bron van hernubare vaste koolstof. Landbouafval soos Suikerriet Bagasse (SB) is grondstowwe vir ‘tweede generasie bio-brandstowwe’ wat nie die mark van voedselgewasse direk affekteer nie. In Suid Afrika word jaarliks ongeveer 6 miljoen ton SB geproduseer, waarvan die meeste by die suikermeulens verbrand word om stoom te genereer. Weens die huidige belangstelling in bio-brandstowwe en ondoeltreffende benutting van SB as energieproduk in die suikerindustrie moet alternatiewe energie-onginningsprosesse ondersoek word. Hierdie studie is op die termo-chemiese verwerking van SB deur middel van pirolise gefokus. Biomassa pirolise word gedefinieer as die termo-chemiese afbreking van organiese bio-materiaal in die afwesigheid van suurstof en ander reagense. Stadige Pirolise (SP), Vakuum Pirolise (VP), en Vinnige Pirolise word in hierdie tesis ondersoek. Die drie prosesse produseer veskillende hoeveelhede houtskool en bio-olie wat albei voordele bied vir die suikerindustrie. Houtskool kan as ‘n vaste energie-digte brandstof verbrand of vergas word, as bio-houtskoolkompos gebruik word, of kan verder tot geaktiveerde koolstof geprosesseer word. Hoë kwaliteit bio-olie kan verbrand of vergas word, kan as bron vir chemikalië gebruik word, en toon potensiaal om in die toekoms opgegradeer te kan word tot vervoerbrandstof kwaliteit. Vinnige pirolise is die mees moderne pirolise tegnologie en is op bio-olie produksie gefokus. Om die laasgenoemde proses te toets is ‘n 1 kg/h vinnige pirolise eenheid ontwerp, opgerig en in werking gestel. Die nuwe pirolise eenheid is getoets en vegelyk met twee verskillende vinnige pirolise eenhede by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Duitsland. Termo-Gravimetriese Analise (TGA) is gedoen om die ontvlugtigingskenmerke van SB te bestudeer. Eksperimentele werk is verrig om die kwaliteit van produkte van SP, VP, vinnige pirolise te vergelyk. Drie duidelike massaverlies fases van TGA is geïdentifiseer. Die eerste fase (25 – 110°C) is as gevolg van die verdamping van vog. Pirolitiese ontvlugtiging het begin by 230°C. Die finale fase (> 370°C) is met die kraking van swaar verbindings en die vorming van houtskool geassosieer. Die optimale afbrekingstemperatuur vir hemisellulose en sellulose is as 290°C en 345°C, respektiewelik, geïdentifiseer. Daar is gevind dat lignien stadig oor die twede en derde fases afgebreek word sonder ‘n duidelike optimale afbrekingstemperatuur. Die resultate is deur vorige navorsing op TGA van SB bevestig. SP en VP van bagasse is in dieselfde reaktor bestudeer, om ‘n akkurate vergelyking moontlik te maak. Beide prosesse was by lae verhittingstempo’s (20°C/min) ondersoek, wat gevolglik op houtskoolformasie gefokus is. SP het die hoogste houtskoolopbrengs, met die hoogste verbrandingsenergie, geproduseer. VP het hootskool met die hoogste BET oppervlakarea geproduseer, en die bio-olie was weens ‘n dramatiese afname in waterinhoud van beter gehalte. Die meganisme vir die vorming van ‘n poreuse struktuur word deur lae atmosferiese druk verbeter. Daar bestaan ‘n inverse verband tussen die kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die houtskool. Vinnige pirolise by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch het ‘n bio-olie opbrengs van 65 ± 3 massa% by ‘n vooraf vasgestelde optimale temperatuur van 500°C geproduseer. Die eienskappe van bio-olie wat deur die nuwe vinnige pirolise eenheid geproduseer is het goed ooreengestem met die bio-olie afkomstig van FZK se pirolise eenhede. Die houtskool eienskappe van die drie pirolise eenhede het enkele verskille getoon. By optimale toestande vir vinnige pirolise word daar 20 massa% meer bio-olie as by SP en VP geproduseer. Vinnige pirolise bio-olie het ‘n waterinhoud van 20 massa% en ‘n verbrandingswarmte van 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. Daar is gevind dat ten opsigte van droë SB die energie per enheidsvolume van bio-olie ongeveer 11 keer meer is. Vinnige pirolise is die mees doeltreffende proses vir die vervaardiging van ‘n produk wat meer as 60% van die oorspronklike biomassa energie bevat. Daar is gevind dat die optimale hoeveelhede van hoë kwaliteit bio-olie en hoë oppervlakarea houtskool doelafhanklik is.
Abdullah, Hanisom binti. "High energy density fuels derived from mallee biomass: fuel properties and implications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2259.
Повний текст джерелаWilliams, Alexander W. "An investigation of the kinetics for the fast pyrolysis of loblolly pine woody biomass." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41093.
Повний текст джерелаRogers, John G. "A techno-economic assessment of the use of fast pyrolysis bio-oil from UK energy crops in the production of electricity and combined heat and power." Thesis, Aston University, 2009. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15376/.
Повний текст джерелаAzevedo, Neto Alu?sio. "An?lise de um queimador infravermelho funcionando com combust?vel h?brido : GLP/Bio-?leo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12935.
Повний текст джерелаUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Biomass is considered the largest renewable energy source that can be used in an environmentally sustainable. From the pyrolysis of biomass is possible to obtain products with higher energy density and better use properties. The liquid resultant of this process is traditionally called bio-oil. The use of infrared burners in industrial applications has many advantages in terms of technical-operational, for example, uniformity in the heat supply in the form of radiation and convection, with a greater control of emissions due to the passage of exhaust gases through a macroporous ceramic bed. This paper presents a commercial infrared burner adapted with an ejector proposed able to burn a hybrid configuration of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and bio-oil diluted. The dilution of bio-oil with absolute ethanol aimed to decrease the viscosity of the fluid, and improving the stability and atomization. It was introduced a temperature controller with thermocouple modulating two stages (low heat / high heat), and solenoid valves for fuels supply. The infrared burner has been tested, being the diluted bio-oil atomized, and evaluated its performance by conducting energy balance. The method of thermodynamic analysis to estimate the load was used an aluminum plate located at the exit of combustion gases and the distribution of temperatures measured by thermocouples. The dilution reduced the viscosity of the bio-oil in 75.4% and increased by 11% the lower heating value (LHV) of the same, providing a stable combustion to the burner through the atomizing with compressed air and burns combined with LPG. Injecting the hybrid fuel there was increase in the heat transfer from the plate to the environment in 21.6% and gain useful benefit of 26.7%, due to the improved in the efficiency of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics of infrared burner
A biomassa ? considerada a maior fonte renov?vel de energia, podendo ser usada de forma ambientalmente sustent?vel. A partir da pir?lise da biomassa ? poss?vel a obten??o de produtos com maior densidade energ?tica e propriedades de uso melhores. O l?quido resultante do seu processo ? tradicionalmente chamado de bio-?leo. A utiliza??o de queimadores infravermelhos em aplica??es industriais apresenta muitas vantagens do ponto de vista t?cnico-operacional, como por exemplo, homogeneidade no fornecimento de calor, na forma de radia??o e convec??o, apresentando um maior controle das emiss?es devido ? passagem dos gases de exaust?o atrav?s de um leito cer?mico macroporoso. O presente trabalho apresenta um queimador infravermelho comercial adaptado com um ejetor proposto capaz de queimar numa configura??o h?brida de g?s liquefeito de petr?leo (GLP) e bio-?leo dilu?do. A dilui??o do bio-?leo com ?lcool et?lico absoluto teve como principal objetivo diminuir a viscosidade do fluido, e melhorar a estabilidade e a atomiza??o. Foi introduzido um controlador de temperatura com termopar modulando dois est?gios (fogo baixo/alto), e eletrov?lvulas para alimenta??o dos combust?veis. O queimador infravermelho foi submetido a testes e ensaios, sendo atomizado o bio-?leo dilu?do, e avaliado o seu desempenho mediante a realiza??o de balan?o de energia. Como m?todo de an?lise termodin?mica para estimativa de carga foi utilizado uma placa de alum?nio localizada na sa?da dos gases de combust?o, sendo a distribui??o de temperaturas medida por termopares. A dilui??o reduziu a viscosidade do bio-?leo em 75,4% e aumentou em 11% o poder calor?fico inferior do mesmo, propiciando ao queimador uma combust?o est?vel atrav?s da atomiza??o com o ar comprimido e queima conjunta com GLP. Injetando o combust?vel h?brido houve aumento na transfer?ncia de calor da placa para o meio ambiente em 21,6% e ganho energ?tico ?til de 26,7%, em fun??o da melhora na efici?ncia da 1? Lei da Termodin?mica do queimador infravermelho
Santos, Roberta Menezes. "Produção e caracterização de bio-óleo a partir de resíduo agroindustrial de semente de mangaba." Pós-Graduação em Química, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6105.
Повний текст джерелаO presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o aproveitamento das sementes de mangaba para a produção de bio-óleo, a fim de minimizar problemas de poluição devido à disposição inadequada dos resíduos e agregar valor a este passivo ambiental. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: caracterização da biomassa (análise elementar (CHN), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR-ATR), termogravimetria (TG), teor de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, teor de óleo, fibras, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina) e caracterização do bio-óleo (termogravimetria, infravermelho e cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas-GC/MS). As sementes de mangaba apresentaram teor de umidade de 7,78±0,03%, alta quantidade de carbono (58,07%) e oxigênio (27,18%), poder calorífico (23,45 MJ kg-1), teor de cinzas de 1,87±0,06%, teor de óleo 27,33±0,37%, proteínas 12,10±1,60%, fibras 11,98±0,46%, celulose (17,07%), hemicelulose (22,57%) e lignina (10,16%). A curva termogravimétrica da amostra apresentou cerca de 90% de perda de massa até a temperatura de 450 °C. Os experimentos de pirólise incluíram como variável temperatura (450 e 600 °C), massa de amostra (5 e 11 g), com ou sem aquecimento prévio. A melhor condição para a produção de bio-óleo foi a 600 °C, 11g de semente e com aquecimento prévio do forno. Através da caracterização da amostra em FTIR foi possível identificar a presença de grupos funcionais como fenóis, alcoóis, cetonas, ácidos, alcanos, alcenos, amidas, nitrilas e ésteres. Por outro lado, as análises de GC/MS confirmaram os resultados obtidos com o infravermelho, sendo identificados qualitativamente os ácidos carboxílicos e hidrocarbonetos (~ 90%) como componentes majoritários, além de serem encontrados outros compostos como furanos, fenóis, nitrilas, aldeídos, cetonas, alcoóis, ésteres e amidas.
Lima, Lidiane Correia dos Santos. "Aplicação de micropirólise/catalítica no estudo da conversão térmica de plantas aquáticas para a obtenção de biocombustível de 2ª geração." Pós-Graduação em Química, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6114.
Повний текст джерелаA procura por soluções alternativas para a substituição total ou parcial do petróleo e a preocupação com a poluição ambiental tem reforçado cada vez mais a importância da produção de biocombustíveis. Neste sentido a produção de bio-óleo a partir de plantas aquáticas tornou-se uma alternativa interessante. Estas plantas são invasoras e possuem alta taxa de crescimento, natureza robusta e não tem relação com a cadeia alimentar. Neste trabalho, biomassas provenientes de plantas aquáticas, obtidas em Itabaiana-SE e Aracaju-SE, das espécies crassipes (EC) e azurea (EA), ambas do gênero Eichhornia, foram submetidas a micropirólise convencional a três temperaturas, 400, 500 e 600 ºC, e catalítica empregando catalisadores do tipo zeólita Ferrierita e Y nas proporções de 1 e 5%. As soluções de bio-óleos produzidas foram caracterizadas por CG/EM e CG-FID. Na micropirólise realizada na ausência de catalisador foi observado semelhança na composição química do bio-óleo para todas as condições testadas. Empregando 5% de catalisador Ferrierita na micropirólise, e realizando um estudo da área total dos cromatogramas obtidos foram observados aumentos significativos a 400 ºC para EC (+53,74%) e para a EA (+43,67%). A 1% deste mesmo catalisador para a EC houve diminuição da área total nas três temperaturas, enquanto que para EA houve diminuição na área total a 500 ºC (-48,09%). Quando empregado a zeólita Y nas duas proporções foi observado menor capacidade de produção de bio-óleo para EA em todas as temperaturas estudadas. A maior diminuição de área foi a 600 ºC (-25,70%) a 1% de catalisador e quando utilizado 5% foi a 500 ºC (-84,34%), ou seja, houve a inibição significativa na formação de bio-óleo. Para a EC foi observado a maior diminuição da capacidade de conversão térmica catalítica desta biomassa em bio-óleo na condição de 5% de zeólita Y, a 500 ºC (-33,23%) e na condição de 1% de zeólita Y, a 600 ºC (-46,77%). Os principais compostos identificados nos bio-óleos obtidos foram das classes do álcoois, fenóis, ácidos e açúcares. O bio-óleo obtido por pirólise catalítica das biomassas EC e EA apresentou um alto teor de compostos fenólicos e ácidos.
Adekunle, Kayode. "Bio-based Composites from Soybean Oil Thermosets and Natural Fibers." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3587.
Повний текст джерелаAkademisk avhandling för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers Tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation, den 6:e maj, Chalmers, KE-salen, Kemigården 4, Göteborg, kl. 10.00.
Tee, Meng Y. "The economics of an alternative bio-energy feedstock - the case of Jatropha curcas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2334.
Повний текст джерелаYaghoubi, Houman. "Bio-Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells Incorporating Reaction Center and Reaction Center Plus Light Harvesting Complexes." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5803.
Повний текст джерелаCarregosa, Ingred Suellen Carvalho. "Termovalorização da biomassa de aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) através de pirólise em reator forno rotativo." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6065.
Повний текст джерелаLignocellulosic biomass use for obtaining biofuels has been showing itself with much more evidence during these past years through cellulosic ethanol and biooils, biogases and biochars. Aquatic plants of lignocellulosic basis, Eichhornia crassipes species, commonly known by water hyacinth, represent a major environmental problem due to their invasive nature and their high proliferation rate. In this work we evaluated the possibility of use this biomass source from pyrolysis in a rotary kilns reactor in three different temperatures. The results evidence that the major yield of the liquid fraction (bio-oil + acid extract) was obtained at 500 ºC (42.11%). For 400 ºC and 600 ºC, the biochar and biogas had major production, 37.78% and 42.36%, respectively. Bio-oils characterization by GC/MS produced in microscale allowed an investigation upon the scale-up phenomenon under the bio-oils composition. The results show that, in qualitative terms, the chemical composition of bio-oils was not changed, however, at semiquantitative aspect, show they are produced in distinguish relative percentages. The mainly chemical classes identified in biooils were: acids, alcohols, phenols and sugar derivatives. Bio-oils showed in average, 68% of calorific power of the fuels derived from petroleum, glimpsing enforcement on the energetic area. In the produced biochars, with yields between 37% and 26%, the increase on pyrolysis temperature has provided an increase upon carbon concentration, and a decreasing upon the hydrogen and oxygen concentrations, reflecting in high aromaticity of the materials. These materials ware tested in some aspects about the soils management, nutritional function and water retention. In view of this, the water hyacinth pyrolysis has associated sustainability concepts and green chemistry, putting concepts of renewable energetic sources together and glimpsing an environmental problems inhibition, to offer an alternative to the 2nd generation of bio-fuels production.
O uso de biomassas lignocelulósicas para a obtenção de biocombustíveis apresenta-se com muito mais evidência nos últimos anos através do etanol celulósico e de bio-óleos, biogás e biocarvão. As plantas aquáticas de base lignocelulósica da espécie Eichhornia crassipes, popularmente conhecida por aguapé, representam um grande problema ambiental devido ao seu caráter invasor e sua alta taxa de proliferação. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a possibilidade de aproveitamento dessa fonte de biomassa a partir do processo de pirólise em um reator cilindro rotativo em três diferentes temperaturas. Os resultados demonstraram que o maior rendimento da fração líquida (bio-óleo + extrato ácido) foi obtido a 500 ºC (42,11%). Para as temperaturas de 400 e 600 ºC, o biocarvão e o biogás tiveram maior produção, 37,78% e 42,36%, respectivamente. A caracterização por CG/EM dos bio-óleos produzidos em microescala permitiram investigar o efeito de scale-up sob a composição dos bio-óleos. Os resultados mostraram que em termos qualitativos, a composição química dos bio-óleos não foi alterada, no entanto, no aspecto semiquantitativo mostraram que são produzidos em percentuais relativos distintos. As principais classes químicas identificadas nos bio-óleos foram: ácidos, álcoois, fenóis e derivados de açúcares. Os bio-óleos apresentaram em média 68% do poder calorífico do combustível derivado de petróleo, vislumbrando uma aplicação na área energética. Nos biocarvões produzidos, com rendimento variando de 37% a 26%, o aumento da temperatura de pirólise proporcionou um aumento na concentração de C, e uma diminuição nas concentrações de H e O, refletindo em maior aromaticidade dos materiais. Estes materiais foram testados sob alguns aspectos quanto ao manejo de solos, função nutricional e retenção de água. À vista disto, a pirólise de aguapé relacionou conceitos de sustentabilidade e química verde, unindo o conceito de fontes de energias renováveis com a inibição de problemas de cunho ambientais, ao oferecer uma biomassa alternativa para a produção de biocombustíveis de 2ª geração.
Abdala, Ana Carolina de Araujo. "Síntese contínua e não catalítica de ésteres etílicos: esterificação e transesterificação." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1794.
Повний текст джерелаCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The current work aimed to investigate the production of ethyl esters which result from the esterification reactions of oleic acids (AO) and transesterifiction of residual fried oils (ORF), both in supercritical ethanol throught non-catalic method. The experiments were carried out in a packed bead reactor operated in continuous mode. The esterification reactions were carried out under a temperature from 200 to 325ºC, pressure of 15 and 20 MPa and molar reason AO: ethanol in the range of 1:3 to 1:12. From the results on, was possible to note, that the temperature and the pressure influenced positively the conversion on the esterification reaction of oleic acid, with an income of 93, 5%, observed under 325°C and 20Mpa, in a reaction that last 40 minutes. The excess of alcohol in the reactional system didn´t provide significant differences in the conversions, with the optimum molar reason, defined in 1:6 (AO: ethanol). The transesterification reactions, were carried out with pauses of temperatures from 275 to 325ºC, pressure fixed of 20MPa, adopting the mass reason of ORF to ethanol of 1:0.5 and 1:1, varying the residence time, leading the determination of great conditions to the ethyl esters synthesis. Notable results in the alcoholysis reactions were observed at 325ºC, mass ratio of ORF to ethanol at 1:1 and residence time of 40 minutes. Using the molar ratio ORF: ethanol selected as the best suitable, was also evaluated the effect of the water addition to the reactional medium (0, 5 and10% of water relative to the ethanol mass), in order to investigate the technical viability of the use of low quality and costs of the raw materials containing water in the composition. The effect of addition of deco- hexane solvent (0, 5, 10 and 20% of hexane compared to the substrates mass), as well the effect of addition of soy bio-fuel (0, 20 and 40% of soy bio-fuel compared to substrates mass), were also investigated, in order to improve the performance of the reaction. Notable incomes were observed in the reaction with 5% of water addition and 20% of hexane. The best results related to the soy bio-fuel addition to the reactional medium were observed in the reactions carried out with 40% of soy bio-fuel, however, taking into consideration the amount of esters added to the process, the condition considered great was with 20% soy bio-fuel.. From the best conditions of the process, the kinetic daalcoholise super-critical was investigated with the reactions conducted with the residence time from 0 to 70 minutes and the notable results were: 83% in ethyl esters, obtained in 300ºC, 70 minuts of reaction, using 5% of water, 87% in ethyl esters observed in 300ºC, 70minutes of reaction, using 20% of hexane and 82% in ethyl esters obtained in 325ºC, 50 minutes of reaction, using 20% of soy bio-fuel. Lastly, the stability of the daalcoholise reactional medium was investigated. Temperatures of reaction till to 300ºC resulted in decomposition <10% with residence time of 20 minutes. However, the reactions with longer residence time, showed a higher ratio of decomposition of the constituents of the reactional medium.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a produção de ésteres etílicos nas reações de esterificação do ácido oleico (AO) e transesterificação de óleo residual de fritura (ORF), ambas em etanol supercrítico pelo método não catalítico. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator tubular com leito empacotado operado em modo contínuo. As reações de esterificação foram conduzidas com temperatura na faixa de 200 a 325ºC, pressão de 15 e 20 MPa e razão molar AO:etanol na faixa de 1:3 a 1:12. A partir dos resultados, foi possível observar que a temperatura e a pressão influenciaram positivamente a conversão nas reações de esterificação do ácido oleico, com rendimentos de 93,5%, observados a 325ºC e 20 MPa, em 40 minutos de reação. Já o excesso de álcool no sistema reacional não proporcionou diferenças significativas nas conversões, com a razão molar ótima, definida em 1:6 (AO:etanol). As reações de transesterificação foram conduzidas no intervalo de temperatura de 275 a 325ºC, pressão fixa de 20 MPa, adotando razão mássica de ORF para etanol de 1:0,5 e 1:1, variando-se o tempo de residência, possibilitando a determinação das condições ótimas para a síntese de ésteres etílicos. Resultados apreciáveis nas reações de álcoolise foram verificados em 325ºC, razão mássica de ORF para etanol de 1:1 e tempo de residência de 40 minutos. Utilizando a razão mássica ORF:etanol selecionada como a mais adequada, ainda foi avaliado o efeito da adição de água ao meio reacional (0, 5 e 10% de água em relação à massa do etanol), visando investigar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de matérias-primas de menor qualidade e menor custo que contenham água em sua composição. O efeito da adição de co-solvente hexano (0, 5, 10 e 20% de hexano em relação à massa dos substratos) bem como o efeito da adição de biodiesel de soja (0, 20 e 40% de biodiesel de soja em relação à massa dos substratos) também foram investigados, buscando melhorar o desempenho da reação. Rendimentos apreciáveis foram observados nas reações com 5% de adição água e 20% de hexano. Os melhores resultados referentes à adição de biodiesel de soja ao meio reacional foram observados nas reações conduzidas com 40% de biodiesel de soja, porém, levando-se em conta a quantidade de ésteres adicionada ao processo, a condição considerada ótima foi de 20% de adição de biodiesel de soja. A partir das melhores condições de processo, a cinética da álcoolise supercrítica foi investigada com reações conduzidas com tempo de residência na faixa de 0 a 70 minutos e os resultados apreciáveis foram de: 83% em ésteres etílicos, obtidos em 300°C, 70 minutos de reação, utilizando 5% de água, 87% em ésteres etílicos observados em 300°C, 70 minutos de reação, utilizando 20% de hexano e 82% em ésteres etílicos alcançados em 325°C, 50 minutos de reação, utilizando 20% de biodiesel de soja. Por fim, a estabilidade dos componentes do meio reacional da alcoólise foi investigada. Temperaturas de reação de até 300ºC resultam em decomposições <10% com tempo de residência de 20 minutos. Porém, as reações com tempos de residência mais longos, apresentaram taxas de decomposição dos constituintes do meio reacional mais elevadas.
Lo, Yu-Wen, and 羅于雯. "The Price Relationship Between Crude Oil、Crops and Bio-Energy." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/925zwq.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
100
The rapid growth of bio-energy production has increased derived demand on energy crops and has pushed its prices. Such development on bio-energy has functions to prevent shortage of supply of fossil fuels leads to soaring energy prices and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main purpose of this study is applying Vector Error Correction Model to investigate the relationships between the crude oil price, corn price and ethanol price during the period January 1986 to June 2011. Structural change issue is also taken into the consideration in this study. The empirical results show that the lagged change of corn price has significant positively affected the ethanol price while the lagged change of crude oil price has significant positively affected the ethanol price too. However the relationships between the crude oil price and corn price are not found. On the other hand, recently studies have pointed out that the production of ethanol will reduce crude oil prices and the empirical result has similarly finding. The empirical results indicate the ethanol substitution elasticity on crude oil price is 3.2146, which mean when the ethanol average consumption increased by 1 gallons can reduce the crude oil price of $ 0.3111 per gallon.
林倫瑩. "Analyzing the Relationship between the Price of Oil and Bio-Energy Crop." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50874247405859148974.
Повний текст джерела明新科技大學
企業管理研究所
97
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of the prices between oil and Bio-Energy Crop. Daily future prices of New York light crude oil, Chicago corn, Chicago wheat, Chicago soybean were used as data, collected from January 4, 2000 to August 29, 2008. This thesis aims to empirically investigate the impact of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2004 on the prices interaction among crude oil future and the above three Bio-Energy Crop futures. Unit Roots Test, Cointegration and Granger Causality Test of statistical methods were adopted to analyze the long-term balanced trend and short-term leading and backward relationship. The results show that the oil futures and the above three Bio-Energy Crop futures were not Cointegrated, and had no cause-effect relationship before 2004. However there was Single-tasking Granger causality after 2004. It was concluded that the rise in oil prices would affect the prices of corn, wheat and soybean.
Lin, Po-Feng, and 林柏鋒. "Enhanced Energy Yield Efficiency in Sewage Sludge-to-Bio-oil by a Catalytic Pyrolysis." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39643501111585233135.
Повний текст джерела逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
100
This study investigated the feasibility of enhanced energy yield and bio-oil production in a catalytic pyrolysis of sewage sludge by controlling different particle size (ranged between 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm) and catalysts addition ratio (0%~15%) in a batch fixed-bed system .The experiments were conducted by controlling the pyrolysis temperature at 500℃ and adding Fe/Mn sludge derived from drinking water treatment plant used as a tested catalyst. The experimental results indicated that the bio-oil production increased from 13.44 wt.% to 15.96 wt.% with an decrease in particle size of sewage sludge from 0.8~2.0 mm to 0.3~0.5 mm. Based on the results of energy density, the energy density of bio-oil was also slightly increased from 0.74 to 0.79. It can concluded that reducing particle size of sewage sludge can promote the efficiency of pyrolysis reaction and enhance the energy yield and energy density of bio-oil In the case of larger particle size range (0.8 mm~2.0 mm) and adding Fe/Mn sludge catalyst, the Fe/Mn sludge could act as a catalyst to promote the efficiency of char conversion, but also reduce bio-oil yield. This is because large amounts of gaseous products generated by the secondary pyrolysis of bio-oil. The bio-oil production decreased from 13.44 wt.% to 10.97 wt.% with Fe/Mn sludge addition increasing from 0 wt.% to 15 wt.%. However, in the case of smaller particle size range (0.3 mm~0.5 mm), the bio-oil production increased from 15.96 wt.% to 16.09 wt.% with an increase in Fe/Mn sludge addition. In addition, the energy density of bio-oil was insignificantly influenced by adding Fe/Mn sludge. In summary, in the case of larger particle size of sewage sludge, the catalyst addition effects on the bio-oil yield in catalytic pyrolysis were relatively significant. That is, in the case of smaller particle size of sewage sludge, the particle size effects on bio-oil yield more important than that of catalysts addition. According to the characteristic results of bio-oil, the H/C and O/C ratio of bio-oil were ranged from 1.48 to 1.66 and from 0.09 to 0.26, respectively. The ageing potential of the bio-oil could be higher due to the bio-oil containing higher oxygen content. The tested catalyst can reduce the viscosity of bio-oil, but also the viscosity of bio-oil decreasing with an increase in catalyst addition. In the case of 15% catalyst addition, the viscosity of light bio-oil was ranged between 491 cP and 734 cP. It can comply with current criteria of diesel fuel and fuel oil. Based on the analysis results of functional groups of bio-oil, the tested catalyst can decrease the yield of oxygenated and cyclic compounds of light bio-oil. Meanwhile, the tested catalyst could also promote cyclic compounds to convert into chain compounds of heavy bio-oil. In addition, the tested catalyst can enhance aliphatic compounds content and decrease contents of nitrogenous, oxygenated compounds and/or aromatic compounds in bio-oil. Therefore, the Fe/Mn sludge used in this research can act as a usable catalyst that it can help upgrade the bio-oil in pyrolysis of sewage sludge.
Robinson, James P. "Generation and characterisation of graphite and bio-oil from the pyrolysis of woody biomass." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:45890.
Повний текст джерелаSantos, Bjorn Sanchez. "Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149605.
Повний текст джерелаSalman, Chaudhary Awais. "TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WOOD PYROLYSIS IN SWEDEN." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155397.
Повний текст джерелаHa, Mi-Ae 1979. "Optimizing Feedstock Logistics and Assessment of Hydrologic Impacts for Sustainable Bio-Energy Production." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148247.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Shih-chi, and 李世琪. "An Empirical Study of the Impact of the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 on the Prices Interaction among Crude Oil Spots and Bio-fuel Crops Spots." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93794261262972867918.
Повний текст джерела東海大學
管理碩士在職專班
96
With the weekly-data time series of crude oil spot price, and the spot prices of three kinds of bio-fuel crops, i.e. soybean, corn and wheat, as the endogenous variables, and the weekly-data time series of the U.S. dollar index as the exogenous variable, this thesis aims to empirically investigate the impact of the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 on the prices interaction among crude oil spots and the above three bio-fuel crops spots. All the data collected for investigation are from 01/03/2003 to 14/03/2008. The research results show that, before 2006, the crude oil spot price and the above three bio-fuel crops spot prices were not cointegrated; however, after 2006, they were cointegrated, meaning there was a long run equilibrium relationship among them. The author thinks it was the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and people’s psychology of expecting the enforcement of that policy since 2006 that caused this long run equilibrium state among the above variables. By further using the Vector Error Correction Model(VECM) to analyze the short run interaction among the above variables, it is shown that, corn spot price will return to the long run equilibrium state promptly after a short run deviation from the long run equilibrium state, hinting the liquidity of corn spots seems slower than that of corn futures; while in the prices interaction among crude oil spots and bio-fuel crops spots, crude oil spot price apparently had a strong influence on the spot prices of soybean and corn, and a two-way effect between crude oil spot price and corn spot price was found; however, no evident prices interaction was found between wheat spots and crude oil spots. Interaction among the prices of soybean, corn, and wheat, was also found, whether the interaction was caused by the direct or cross effect of price variation of the previous periods of respective variables; it was found that soybean spot price has the highest effect, and next comes with wheat. In addition, the continued depreciation of U.S. dollar during the period investigated was the main reason that caused the uprising of soybean and wheat spot prices. The analysis results of impulse response functions show that after 2006, the impulse responses of the price rates of return of all the above variables descended quickly to zero within 2 to 3 periods(weeks), indicating a strong relationship of short run error correction among the price rates of return of all the above variables. Lastly, the analysis results of the forecasted variance decomposition show that after 2006, the price rates of return of soybean spots and crude oil spots had more power in self explanation, with a level of more than 90%; the exogeneity of the price rates of return of corn spots and wheat spots was relatively weaker; the price rate of return of crude oil spots was accounted by the price rates of return of soybean spots and corn spots to the extent with 1.62% and 4.28% respectively, indicating that the effect of adopting corn-based bio-fuel as an alternative of crude oil was higher than that of soybean-based bio-fuel.
(9751112), Elena A. Robles Molina. "EVALUATIONS ON ENZYMATIC EPOXIDATION, EFFICIENCY AND DECAY." Thesis, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерелаThe potential use of enzymes in industrial synthesis of epoxidized soybean oil has been limited through the high cost of the enzyme catalyst, in this work we evaluate the effectiveness of chemo enzymatic epoxidation of high oleic soybean oil (HOSBO) using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) on immobilization support Immobead 150 and H2O2 in a solvent-free system. Additionally, we evaluated the production decay rates for hydrolytic activity and epoxide product formation over consecutive batches to determine half-life of the enzyme catalyst.
Batch epoxidation of HOSBO using CALB on 4wt% loading shows yields higher than 90% after 12 hrs. of reaction, and with a correlation to the consumption of double bonds suggesting that the reaction is selective and limiting side product reactions. Non-selective hydrolysis of oil was not found beyond the initial hydrolysis degree of raw HOSBO. Evaluations of decay given by epoxide product formation and released free fatty acids shows a half-life of the enzyme catalyst on these activities is of 22 ad 25 hrs. respectively. Finally, we evaluated the physical parameters influencing this decay, and found that H2O2 presence is the most important parameter of enzyme inactivation with no significant effect from its slowed addition. We propose a new reactor configuration for the analysis of the specific steps on epoxide formation through peracid intermediates.