Статті в журналах: "BIO-ACTIVE FILM"

1

Yu, Xin Gang, En Shen Wu, and Zeng Min Han. "Study on BAF Lipid Phosphorus Biomass and SOUR Active Tests." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2437.

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By taking the fillings from the wastewater treatment reactor of a practically stable operation of the BAF, it is to test the lipid phosphorus biomass both in the bio-film and floc in the fillings, and active changing laws of microbes. The experiments show that BAF sewage treatment results from the joint action of bio-film and biological floc. The experiments provide theoretical foundations for the operating mechanism of BAF, packing height and the optimization of backwash time. Due to its high efficiency, energy saving, small area, easy operation and management, Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) technology has become a research focus[1] of a biological wastewater treatment technology in recent years. BAF process is characterized of a lot of filler in the activated sludge, besides the bio-film on the fillings. This sludge contains active living organisms, shed bio-film, suspended matters from the raw sewage and other adsorptions from the wastewater. They are collectively referred to as biological floc. When oxidating and decomposing organic matters in the sewage, it intercepts and adsorb sunken substances. Throughout BAF operation process, it is as irreplaceable as the bio-film.

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2

Oyekanmi, A. A., U. Seeta Uthaya Kumar, Abdul Khalil H. P. S., N. G. Olaiya, A. A. Amirul, A. A. Rahman, Arif Nuryawan, C. K. Abdullah, and Samsul Rizal. "Functional Properties of Antimicrobial Neem Leaves Extract Based Macroalgae Biofilms for Potential Use as Active Dry Packaging Applications." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101664.

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Antimicrobial irradiated seaweed–neem biocomposite films were synthesized in this study. The storage functional properties of the films were investigated. Characterization of the prepared films was conducted using SEM, FT-IR, contact angle, and antimicrobial test. The macroscopic and microscopic including the analysis of the functional group and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry test revealed the main active constituents present in the neem extract, which was used an essential component of the fabricated films. Neem leaves’ extracts with 5% w/w concentration were incorporated into the matrix of seaweed biopolymer and the seaweed–neem bio-composite film were irradiated with different dosages of gamma radiation (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy). The tensile, thermal, and the antimicrobial properties of the films were studied. The results revealed that the irradiated films exhibited improved functional properties compared to the control film at 1.5 kGy radiation dosage. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and toughness exhibited by the films increased, while the elongation of the irradiated bio-composite film decreased compared to the control film. The morphology of the irradiated films demonstrated a smoother surface compared to the control and provided surface intermolecular interaction of the neem–seaweed matrix. The film indicated an optimum storage stability under ambient conditions and demonstrated no significant changes in the visual appearance. However, an increase in the moisture content was exhibited by the film, and the hydrophobic properties was retained until nine months of the storage period. The study of the films antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Bacillus subtilis (BS) indicated improved resistance to bacterial activities after the incorporation of neem leaves extract and gamma irradiation. The fabricated irradiated seaweed–neem bio-composite film could be used as an excellent sustainable packaging material due to its effective storage stability.

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3

Martiny, Thamiris Renata, Vijaya Raghavan, Caroline Costa de Moraes, Gabriela Silveira da Rosa, and Guilherme Luiz Dotto. "Bio-Based Active Packaging: Carrageenan Film with Olive Leaf Extract for Lamb Meat Preservation." Foods 9, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121759.

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Carrageenan-based active packaging film was prepared by adding olive leaf extract (OLE) as a bioactive agent to the lamb meat packaging. The OLE was characterized in terms of its phenolic compounds (T.ph), antioxidant activity (AA), oleuropein, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli. The film’s formulation consisted of carrageenan, glycerol as a plasticizer, water as a solvent, and OLE. The effects of the OLE on the thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), elastic modulus (EM), color, solubility, and antimicrobial capacity of the carrageenan film were determined. The OLE had the following excellent characteristics: the T.ph value was 115.96 mgGAE∙g−1 (d.b), the AA was 89.52%, the oleuropein value was 11.59 mg∙g−1, and the MIC was 50 mg∙mL−1. The results showed that the addition of OLE increased the thickness, EB, and WVP, and decreased the TS and EM of the film. The solubility was not significantly affected by the OLE. The color difference with the addition of OLE was 64.72%, which had the benefit of being a barrier to oxidative processes related to light. The film with the OLE was shown to have an antimicrobial capacity during the storage of lamb meat, reducing the count of psychrophiles five-fold when compared to the samples packed by the control and commercial films; therefore, this novel film has the potential to increase the shelf life of lamb meat, and as such, is suitable for use as active packaging.

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4

Cheong, Kuan Yew, Ilias Ait Tayeb, Feng Zhao, and Jafri Malin Abdullah. "Review on resistive switching mechanisms of bio-organic thin film for non-volatile memory application." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 680–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0047.

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Abstract Bio-organic, as one of the sustainable and bioresorbable materials, has been used as an active thin film in producing resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) due to its specialized properties. This type of nonvolatile memory consists of a simple unit structure with the processed and solidified bio-organic-based thin film sandwiched between two electrodes. Its memory characteristics are significantly affected by the resistive-switching mechanism. However, to date, the reported mechanisms are very diverse and scattered, and to our best knowledge, there is no literature that reviewed comprehensively the mechanisms of resistive switching in bio-organic-based thin films. Therefore, the objective of this article is to critically analyze data related to the mechanisms of the bio-organic-based RRAM since it was first reported. Based on the pool of literature, three types of mechanisms are categorized, namely electronic, electrochemical, and thermochemical, and the naming is well justified based on the principle of operation. The determining factors and roles of bio-organic material and the two electrodes in governing the three mechanisms have been analyzed, reviewed, discussed, and compared.

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5

Roy, Swarup, Deblina Biswas, and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Gelatin/Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Functional Nanocomposite Film Incorporated with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080223.

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A novel bio-based nanocomposite film was developed using the combination of gelatine and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a polymer matrix and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) as nanofillers. The nanocomposite film solution was developed using simple solution mixing and film prepared by the following casting methods. The fabricated nanocomposite film containing 2 wt% of ZnONP shows excellent UV-light barrier properties (>95%) and high transparency (>75%). The presence of ZnONP also improves the mechanical strength of the film by ~30% compared to pristine gelatin/CNF-based film, while the flexibility and rigidity of the nanocomposite film were also slightly improved. The addition of ZnONP slightly increased (~10%) the hydrophobicity while the water vapor barrier properties remain unaltered. The hydrodynamic properties of the bio-based film were also changed in the presence of ZnONP, moisture content and the swelling ratio slightly enhanced, whereas water solubility was decreased. Moreover, the integration of ZnONP introduced antibacterial activity toward foodborne pathogens. The fabricated bio-based nanocomposite film could be useful in active packaging applications.

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6

Baghi, Fatemeh, Sami Ghnimi, Emilie Dumas, and Adem Gharsallaoui. "Development of a multilayer biodegradable active packaging based on nano emulsions, for the bio preservation of food." MATEC Web of Conferences 379 (2023): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337905008.

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Multi-layer biodegradable active packaging is a new class of innovative food packaging containing bioactive compounds that are able to maintain food quality and extend shelf life preservation by releasing an active agent during storage. In this context, this study aims to develop and characterize three-layer biodegradable active films: 2 outer layers of ethylcellulose (EC) and a layer internal pectin containing nanoemulsions (NE) of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) as an antimicrobial agent. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (NE) nanoemulsions were prepared with soy lecithin as an agent. emulsifier to stabilize the TC and protect it for the duration of the film manufacturing. The average size and the zeta potential of the nanoemulsion droplets were 103.93 nm and -46 mV, respectively. The opacity of samples of monolayer and multilayer films decreased by 15.19 (A*mm-1) for the monolayer film of pectin incorporated by nanocapsules at 2.02 for multilayer films. In addition, the multilayer technique has made it possible to improve the mechanical properties of the films compared to monolayers with greater resistance breakage and greater extensibility. Inhibition tests on four bacteria representatives of bacteria pathogens and spoilage found in food industries have confirmed the antimicrobial activity, both, mono and multilayers. The work presented in this study offers perspectives for the fabrication packaging based on antimicrobial and biodegradable multilayer films.

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7

Giannakas, Aris E., Vassilios K. Karabagias, Dimitrios Moschovas, Areti Leontiou, Ioannis K. Karabagias, Stavros Georgopoulos, Andreas Karydis-Messinis, et al. "Thymol@activated Carbon Nanohybrid for Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Active Packaging Films for Pork Fillets’ Shelf-Life Extension." Foods 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2023): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132590.

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Τhe replacement of food packaging additives and preservatives with bio-based antioxidant/antibacterial compounds has been a common practice in recent years following the trend of bioeconomy and nanotechnology. Such bio-additives are often enclosed in nanocarriers for a controlled release process. Following this trend in this work, a thymol (TO)-rich activated carbon (AC) nanohybrid was prepared and characterized physicochemically with various techniques. This TO@AC nanohybrid, along with the pure activated carbon, was extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to develop novel active packaging films. The codenames used in this paper were LDPE/xTO@AC and LDPE/xAC for the nanohybrid and the pure activated carbon, respectively. X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy measurements showed high dispersity of both the TO@AC nanohybrid and the pure AC in the LDPE matrix, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties. The active film with 15 wt.% of the TO@AC nanohybrid (LDPE/15TO@AC) exhibited a 230% higher water/vapor barrier and 1928% lower oxygen permeability than the pure LDPE film. For this active film, the highest antioxidant activity referred to the DPPH assay (44.4%), the lowest thymol release rate (k2 ≈ 1.5 s−1), and the highest antibacterial activity were recorded, resulting in a 2-day extension of fresh pork fillets’ shelf-life.

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8

Inta, Orathai, Rangrong Yoksan, and Jumras Limtrakul. "Hydrophobically modified chitosan: A bio-based material for antimicrobial active film." Materials Science and Engineering: C 42 (September 2014): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.076.

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9

Viscusi, Gianluca, Elena Lamberti, Francesca D’Amico, Loredana Tammaro, and Giuliana Gorrasi. "Fabrication and Characterization of Bio-Nanocomposites Based on Halloysite-Encapsulating Grapefruit Seed Oil in a Pectin Matrix as a Novel Bio-Coating for Strawberry Protection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081265.

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In the framework of designing a novel bio-coating for the preservation of fresh fruits, this paper reports the design, preparation, and characterization of novel bio-nanocomposites based on pectin loaded with grapefruit seed oil (GO), a natural compound with antimicrobial properties, encapsulated into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The vacuum-based methodology was used for the encapsulation of the oil into the hollow area of the nanotubes, obtaining nano-hybrids (HNT-GO) with oil concentrations equal to 20, 30, and 50 wt%. Physical properties (thermal, mechanical, barrier, optical) were analyzed. Thermal properties were not significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the filler, while an improvement in mechanical performance (increase in elastic modulus, stress at breaking, and deformation at breaking up to 200%, 48%, and 39%, respectively, compared to pure pectin film) and barrier properties (increase in water permeability up to 480% with respect to pure pectin film) was observed. A slight increase in opacity was detected without significantly compromising the transparency of the films. The release of linoleic acid, the main component of GO, was followed for 21 days and was correlated with the amount of the hybrid filler, demonstrating the possibility of tailoring the release kinetic of active molecules. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the prepared bio-composites as an active coating, fresh strawberries were coated and compared to uncoated fruit. Qualitative results showed that the fabricated novel bio-coating efficiently extended the preservation of fresh fruit.

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10

K Janet Jemimah and Priya R Iyer. "Production of biopolymer films using groundnut oilcake." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0097.

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Protein-based biopolymer films were produced using Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) oilcake. Thin, semi-transparent, brownish films were obtained, the films were smooth and uniform. The film was plasticized using PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and glycerol was added to improve the elasticity. This resulted in the film being more flexible and more like conventional plastics. The thickness of the film was found. The tensile strength and the elongation at break were calculated. The water absorption capacity of the films was also estimated. Further, FTIR and SEM analysis were done to find out the chemical structures and morphological microstructures of the film. X-ray diffraction studies were also done. Also, antimicrobial and antioxidant assays were performed to find out the potential of the film as active food packaging. All these tests prove that the GOC films are capable of being used as food packaging alternative for conventional plastics. Biopolymer films were prepared using the protein extracted from groundnut oilcake. Its various characteristics were evaluated. These films can be used as substitutes to conventional food packaging plastics. The development of new bio-materials from agricultural wastes/ by-products of oil industry, may be good and cheap sources of both energy and protein. The present study focused on obtaining useful protein-based biodegradable films for an eco-friendly option. Potential applications of the obtained bio-polymer films include wrapping of different fabricated foods for shelf-life extension. These types of protein-based films are very useful as they are readily biodegradable in nature and also, they are sourced from natural and renewable raw materials rather than petroleum-based plastics.

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11

Lin, Jium-Ming, Po-Kuang Chang, and Zhong-Qing Hou. "INTEGRATING MICROARRAY PROBES AND AMPLIFIER ON AN ACTIVE RFID TAG FOR BIOSENSING AND MONITOR SYSTEM DESIGN." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 06 (December 2009): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237209001556.

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This research provides a microarray bio-probe device, integrated with Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT) amplifier formed of top-gate MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) transistors on an active RFID tag, to improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and impedance matching problems. The bio-probe device can be disposed to conform to the profile of a living body's portion so as to improve the electrical contact property.

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12

Da Rocha, Júlia, Syed Khalid Mustafa, Antalov Jagnandan, Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad, Maksim Rebezov, Mohammad Ali Shariati, and Carolina Krebs de Souza. "Development of active and biodegradable film of ternary-based for food application." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 17 (March 1, 2023): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1853.

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The effectiveness of plastic packaging in protecting food is quite appreciable, but its non-biodegradable characteristic raises concerns about environmental impacts. This has drawn attention to the development of alternative materials for food packaging from bio-based polymers. Chitosan, a polysaccharide with biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic properties, is widely used in the formulation of food films. The objective of this work was to create a biodegradable and sustainable chitosan-based film whose active and intelligent action is obtained from red cabbage anthocyanins and the addition of propolis. The edible film’s thickness and total polyphenol content were 61.0 ±0.1μm and 20.08 ±0.5 mgAG g-1, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds and the biodegradation showed significant results (p <0.05), besides the good thermal stability to 200 °C and transparency. The proposed formulation developed an edible, biodegradable, and active (antioxidant) film with interesting heat-sealing resistance, moisture barrier and gas transfer, which contributes to increasing food shelf life.

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13

Wang, Yue, Rong Zhang, Saeed Ahmed, Wen Qin, and Yaowen Liu. "Preparation and Characterization of Corn Starch Bio-Active Edible Packaging Films Based on Zein Incorporated with Orange-Peel Oil." Antioxidants 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090391.

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Zein, corn starch (CS), and orange-peel oil (OPO) extracted from orange peels were used to prepare novel corn starch/orange-peel oil/zein nanocapsules (OZN) bio-active food packaging materials. The results showed that the OZN were round, smooth and in compact morphology with an average diameter of 102.7 ± 10.5 nm from OPO and zein (3:10, w/w). By testing the turbidity and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of OZN and the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of the composite films, the comprehensive properties of composite films with different mass ratios were analyzed. It showed that the addition of OZN improved the mechanical and moisture barrier properties and extended the release time of OPO. When the ratio of OZN and CS is 5:5, the highest elongation at break and tensile strengths is achieved, at values of 30.91% ± 2.52% and 12.19 ± 1.97 MPa respectively. The relative release concentration of OPO was highest at a ratio of 5/5, and over time it would last longer to maintain a higher release concentration. Besides, the oxidation resistance of the composite film was good, especially when the ration of starch CS to OZN was 5/5, it had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (30.16% ± 1.69%). Thus, it can be used as a bio-active edible food packaging film to ensure the safety of food products and reduce environmental pressure to some extent.

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14

Kurek, Mia, Nasreddine Benbettaieb, Mario Ščetar, Eliot Chaudy, Maja Repajić, Damir Klepac, Srećko Valić, Frédéric Debeaufort, and Kata Galić. "Characterization of Food Packaging Films with Blackcurrant Fruit Waste as a Source of Antioxidant and Color Sensing Intelligent Material." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092569.

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Chitosan and pectin films were enriched with blackcurrant pomace powder (10 and 20% (w/w)), as bio-based material, to minimize food production losses and to increase the functional properties of produced films aimed at food coatings and wrappers. Water vapor permeability of active films increased up to 25%, moisture content for 27% in pectin-based ones, but water solubility was not significantly modified. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus) were mainly decreased due to the residual insoluble particles present in blackcurrant waste. FTIR analysis showed no significant changes between the film samples. The degradation temperatures, determined by DSC, were reduced by 18 °C for chitosan-based samples and of 32 °C lower for the pectin-based samples with blackcurrant powder, indicating a disturbance in polymer stability. The antioxidant activity of active films was increased up to 30-fold. Lightness and redness of dry films significantly changed depending on the polymer type. Significant color changes, especially in chitosan film formulations, were observed after exposure to different pH buffers. This effect is further explored in formulations that were used as color change indicators for intelligent biopackaging.

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15

Ichikawa, Mai, Masashi Otaki, and Hiromasa Goto. "Polyaniline Hybrids with Biological Tissue, and Biological Polymers as Physiological—Electroactive Materials." Micro 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro3010013.

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A sprout/polyaniline was synthesized via the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of natural sprout, based on a concept of cyborg plant composite. The composite consisted of both polyaniline and plants. The chemical structure was confirmed by infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements. Optical microscopy observation revealed that polyaniline was deposited into the micro-tissue of the sprout to form the conductive polymer bio-composite. Micro-optical fiber functions for the composite were visually confirmed. Furthermore, the sprout/polyaniline based organic diode exhibited an avalanche breakdown phenomenon. Next, a fucoidan/polyaniline composite as a physiological active material/conducting polymer composite was prepared. This composite showed good film-forming ability, electrochromism, and a micro-porous surface. This paper reports the preparation of conducting polymer composites with a combination of bio-tissue and bio-substance for the creation of bio-based electrically active organized architecture.

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16

Fiorentini, Cecilia, Guillermo Duserm Garrido, Andrea Bassani, Claudia Cortimiglia, Marta Zaccone, Luana Montalbano, Vanesa Martinez-Nogues, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, and Giorgia Spigno. "Citrus Peel Extracts for Industrial-Scale Production of Bio-Based Active Food Packaging." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010030.

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The thermal stability of four different commercial citrus peel extracts was tested and improved by an encapsulation process with β-cyclodextrins in a spray-dryer. All extracts after the encapsulation process maintained a good antioxidant capacity, with an apparent loss in total phenolic compounds of around 20–25%. In addition, all samples showed good antimicrobial activity (MIC 5–0.625 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, which was maintained after the encapsulation process (MIC 5–1.25 mg/mL). Based on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity results, the best-encapsulated citrus extract was selected for incorporation into a polylactic acid/polyhydroxy butyrate (PLA/PHB) film. The latter was then produced on an industrial scale by cast extrusion and was found to be suitable for food contact as it showed overall migration values in different food simulants lower than the legislative limit of 10 mg of non-volatile substances per 1 dm2 of surface area. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis, performed to evaluate the migration of the active compounds, revealed about 13.41% release in food simulant A and 11.02% in food simulant B. Antimicrobial analysis conducted directly on the film showed a growth inhibition activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus equal to 30 and 60%, respectively.

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17

Luz, Rafaela F., Richard D. R. Ferreira, Cassio N. S. Silva, Bruna M. Miranda, Roberta H. Piccoli, Monique S. Silva, Ladyslene C. Paula, et al. "Development of a Halochromic, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Starch-Based Film Containing Phenolic Extract from Jaboticaba Peel." Foods 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030653.

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In this study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, mechanical, optical, and barrier attributes of Solanum lycocarpum starch bio-based edible films incorporated with a phenolic extract from jaboticaba peel were investigated. Aiming to determine the effect of the polymers and the phenolic extract on the properties of the films, a three-factor simplex-lattice design was employed, and the formulation optimization was based on the produced films’ antioxidant potential. The optimized formulation of the starch-PEJP film showed a reddish-pink color with no cracks or bubbles and 91% antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. The optimized starch-PEJP film showed good transparency properties and a potent UV-blocking action, presenting color variation as a function of the pH values. The optimized film was also considerably resistant and highly flexible, showing a water vapor permeability of 3.28 × 10−6 g m−1 h−1 Pa−1. The microbial permeation test and antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated that the optimized starch-PEJP film avoided microbial contamination and was potent in reducing the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. In summary, the active starch-PEJP film showed great potential as an environmentally friendly and halochromic material, presenting antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and high UV-protecting activity.

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18

Giannakas, Aris E., Constantinos E. Salmas, Dimitrios Moschovas, Maria Baikousi, Eleni Kollia, Vasiliki Tsigkou, Anastasios Karakassides, et al. "Nanocomposite Film Development Based on Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Using ZnO@Montmorillonite and ZnO@Halloysite Hybrid Nanostructures for Active Food Packaging Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111843.

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The global turn from the linear to the circular economy imposes changes in common activities such as food packaging. The use of biodegradable materials such as polyvinyl alcohol, natural raw materials such as clays, and food byproducts such as chitosan to develop novel food packaging films attracts the interest of industrial and institutional research centers. In this study, novel hybrid nanostructures were synthesized via the growth of zinc oxide nanorods on the surface of two nanoclays. The obtained nanostructures were incorporated with chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite either as nanoreinforcement or as an active agent to develop packaging films. The developed films were characterized via XRD, FTIR, mechanical, water-vapor diffusion, water sorption, and oxygen permeability measurements. Antimicrobial activity measurements were carried out against four different pathogen microorganisms. XRD indicated the formation of an intercalated nanocomposite structure for both types of nanoclays. Furthermore, improved tensile, water/oxygen barrier, and antimicrobial properties were recorded for all films compared to the pure chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol film. Overall, the results indicated that the use of the bio-based developed films led to an extension of food shelf life and could be used as novel active food packaging materials. Among them, the most promising film was the 6% wt. ZnO@halloysite.

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Radovic, Marko, Tijana Adamovic, Jelena Pavlovic, Jelena Rusmirovic, Vanja Tadic, Zorica Brankovic, and Jasna Ivanovic. "Supercritical CO2 impregnation of Gelatin-Chitosan films with clove essential oil and characterization thereof." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 25, no. 2 (2019): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq180323025r.

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Supercritical CO2 impregnation process was used for the first time to fabricate biodegradable gelatin-chitosan (G/Ch) films containing clove oil (CO) for potential use in active food packaging. All the impregnations were carried out at moderately low temperature (40?C). Aiming to maximize CO loading in the films with acceptable morphological, structural and thermal properties, CO2 pressure, impregnation time and G:Ch mass ratio were varied. Gelatin fraction in the films of 25-50 wt.%, scCO2 pressures of 10-20 MPa and impregnation time of 2-6 h impregnation favoured the CO loading. Processing of the film with equal gelatin to chitosan mass ratio (G/Ch50:50) at 10 MPa for 2 h yielded sufficiently high loading (56 mg CO/gfilm) without an adverse effect on morphological properties. The G/Ch50:50 film was therefore chosen for structural and thermal analyses. ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed successful CO incorporation into the G/Ch50:50 and its interaction with the film. Plasticizing effect of scCO2 and CO on the film was evidenced by DSC. Incorporation of 56 mg CO/gfilm into the G/Ch50:50 didn''t affect thermal stability of the film. Beside environmental benefits, supercritical impregnation process enables fast fabrication of G/Ch bio-composite films containing CO, thermally stable to 110?C, which is suitable for most of food packaging applications.

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20

Salmas, Constantinos E., Aris E. Giannakas, Vassilios K. Karabagias, Dimitrios Moschovas, Ioannis K. Karabagias, Christina Gioti, Stavros Georgopoulos, et al. "Development and Evaluation of a Novel-Thymol@Natural-Zeolite/Low-Density-Polyethylene Active Packaging Film: Applications for Pork Fillets Preservation." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2023): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020523.

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Sustainability, the circular economy, and the “greenhouse” effect have led the food packaging industry to use naturally available bio-compounds. The integration of such compounds in packaging films increases food safety and extends food shelf-life. The development of an active/antioxidant packaging film based on the widely commercially used low-density polyethylene, natural zeolite, and Thymol, a natural extract from thyme oil, is presented in this work. The obtained active films were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry techniques. The tensile strength, water–oxygen barrier properties, and total antioxidant activity were measured. Low-density polyethylene incorporated with Thymol@Natural Zeolite at a proportion of 15 wt% was the most promising material and was used as film to wrap-up pork fillets. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method and heme iron measurements indicated a delayed lipids oxidation using this film. A linear correlation between the TBA method and heme iron values seems to be established, which could result in a fast method to determine the degree of lipid oxidation in pork fillets. Finally, a two-stage diffusion process during Thymol release was observed, and the values of the diffusion coefficient was 2.09 × 10−7 and 1.21 × 10−8 cm2/s for each stage. The applied pseudo-second sorption model provided a rate constant k2 = 0.01647 (s−1). These results indicate the strong potential of such films to be used as food packaging materials free of E-number preservatives.

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RFM, Rachel F. Magnago Magnago, Karine Modolon Zepon, Igor Fagundes Valezan, Thais Andressa Walber, Morgana Souza, Jasper Zanco, Heloisa Regina Turatti Silva, et al. "Antimicrobial activity and cellulose acetate membrane characterization with tangerine peel extract (Citrus reticulata) for bio packing." Ciência e Natura 42 (May 11, 2020): e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41464.

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Biopacking material was obtained by incorporating tangerine peel extract (Citrus reticulata) in cellulose acetate (CA) film. The acetate film with tangerine extract was shown to have a homogeneous material characteristic by FTIR and DSC analysis, being reinforced in MEV and MFA, and showed absence of pores in the film with extract. These characteristics justify the reduced water absorption and release of the CA membrane extract. Low water absorption is important for the film to act as a barrier with external environment and the release of the extract was sufficient to prevent the growth of the strains investigated on the sample surface. The introduction of the extract also reduced the tensile strength and deformation of the film. This study showed the good potential of biomass for active bio packing that can gradually replace non-renewable packaging and take advantage of agricultural waste.

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Senturk Parreidt, Tugce, Kajetan Müller, and Markus Schmid. "Alginate-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Food Packaging Applications." Foods 7, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7100170.

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Alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide used in the bio industry. It is mainly derived from brown algae species. Alginate-based edible coatings and films attract interest for improving/maintaining quality and extending the shelf-life of fruit, vegetable, meat, poultry, seafood, and cheese by reducing dehydration (as sacrificial moisture agent), controlling respiration, enhancing product appearance, improving mechanical properties, etc. This paper reviews the most recent essential information about alginate-based edible coatings. The categorization of alginate-based coatings/film in food packaging concept is formed gradually with the explanation of the most important titles. Emphasis will be placed on active ingredients incorporated into alginate-based formulations, edible coating/film application methods, research and development studies of coated food products and mass transfer and barrier characteristics of the alginate-based coatings/films. Future trends are also reviewed to identify research gaps and recommend new research areas. The summarized information presented in this article will enable researchers to thoroughly understand the fundamentals of the coating process and to develop alginate-based edible films and coatings more readily.

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Lu, Yanan, Qijun Luo, Yuchan Chu, Ningping Tao, Shanggui Deng, Li Wang, and Li Li. "Application of Gelatin in Food Packaging: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030436.

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Owing to the increasing environmental concerns and requirements for high-quality foods, edible films and coatings (based on proteins, polysaccharides, natural phenolic active substances, etc.) are being developed as effective alternatives to traditional plastic packaging. Gelatin is extracted from collagen. It is an ideal material for food packaging due to its versatile advantages such as low price, polymerization, biodegradability, good antibacterial and antioxidant properties, etc. However, gelatin film exists poor waterproof and mechanical properties, which limit its developments and applications in food packaging. Previous studies show that pure gelatin can be modified by adding active ingredients and incorporating them with bio-polymers to improve its mechanical properties, aiming to achieve the desirable effect of preservation. This review mainly shows the preparation and molding ways of gelatin-based edible films and the applications of gelatin modified with other biopolymers. Furthermore, this review provides the latest advances in gelatin-based biodegradable packaging and food applications that exhibit outstanding advantages in food preservation.

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Tsouti, Christina, Christina Papadaskalopoulou, Angeliki Konsta, Panagiotis Andrikopoulos, Margarita Panagiotopoulou, Sofia Papadaki, Christos Boukouvalas, Magdalini Krokida, and Katerina Valta. "Investigating the Environmental Benefits of Novel Films for the Packaging of Fresh Tomatoes Enriched with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compounds through Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 7838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15107838.

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Food systems account for 21–37% of total net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, in the European Union, the retail and consumption stages account for half of the total food waste produced across the entire food supply chain. For this, there is a continuous development of novel packaging materials to extend the shelf life of fresh products and thus reduce food waste produced at these stages. The aim of the present research is to examine the environmental performance of such materials enriched with antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds by considering their effect on the shelf-life extension of packed fresh tomatoes. In particular, two novel packaging films, a film with incorporated tomato leaf-stem extract and Flavomix through extrusion and a film coated with zein nanofibers containing the aforementioned bio-active compounds through electrospinning were studied for the packaging of fresh tomatoes and compared to conventional polypropylene packaging film. An antioxidant effect was recorded for both films achieving a shelf life prolongation of three days. Moreover, both films exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, antimicrobial activity was observed against yeast and molds and the total viable bacterial count in packed fresh tomatoes. The environmental benefits were evaluated using a life cycle assessment. The results indicated a decrease in the environmental impacts by 14% considering the entire food supply chain for both novel films. The environmental performance of novel film production by extrusion shows an increased impact of 31% compared to conventional film, while nanocoating shows an increased impact of 18%.

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Sedyadi, Endaruji, Syafiana Khusna Aini, Dewi Anggraini, and Dian Prihatiningtias Ekawati. "Starch-Glycerol Based Edible Film and Effect of Rosella (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn) Extract and Surimi Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Addition on Its Mechanical Properties." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 5, no. 2 (October 24, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2016.52.33-40.

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Effect of Rosella (<em>Hibiscus Sabdariffa</em> Linn) Extract and Surimi Dumbo catfish (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em>) addition on Starch-Based Edible Film-Glycerol Mechanical Properties has been done. The purpose of this study is to create an active environment-friendly packaging material. Surimi additions are intended to improve the mechanical properties of bioplastics and additions of Rosella extract intended as a bio-indicator of acidity. The method used was Solvent Casting. An amount of surimi and rosella extract varied to obtain the best mechanical properties. The results shows that the addition of surimi and rosella flower extract significantly effect the elongation of Edible films produced up to 27%.

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Roy, Swarup, Seung-Jae Min, and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Essential Oil-Added Chitosan/Gelatin-Based Active Packaging Film: A Comparative Study." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030126.

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Active packaging films based on chitosan/gelatin were prepared using a solution casting method by adding various essential oils (lime, tea tree, rosemary, and thyme essential oils), and their effects were compared. The fabricated films were characterized and various physical properties as well as the antioxidant performance of the films were studied. Adding essential oils to the polysaccharide/protein biopolymer mixtures resulted in compatible films with high transparency (>90% transparency). The mechanical strength and stiffness of the chitosan/gelatin films were improved by about 30% in the presence of essential oil, but the flexibility slightly decreased, and the stiffness improved. On the other hand, the water vapor barrier properties, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity of the essential oil-containing films were not significantly changed. Adding various essential oils significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of chitosan/gelatin-based films. Therefore, bio-based functional films with added essential oils can be applied in active packaging applications.

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27

Ratna, Sri Aprilia, Nasrul Arahman, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Hazwani Suhaimi, Agus Arip Munawar, and Indera Sakti Nasution. "Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Edible Gelatin Film as Active Packaging from Clarias gariepinus Fish Skin with the Addition of Cellulose Nanocrystalline and Nanopropolis." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183738.

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This study develops bio-nano composite gelatin-based edible film (NEF) by combining nanogelatin, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and nanopropolis (NP) fillers to improve the resulting film characteristics. The NEF was characterized in terms of thickness, swelling, pH, water content, solubility, vapor and oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, heat resistance, morphology, transparency, and color. The results showed that the thickness and swelling increased significantly, whilst the pH did not significantly differ in each treatment. The water content and the water solubility also showed no significant changes with loadings of both fillers. At the same time, vapor and oxygen permeability decreased with addition of the fillers but were not significantly affected by the loading amounts. The heat resistance properties increased with the filler addition. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased for the films loaded with >3% CNC. The elongation at break showed a significant difference together with transparency and color change. The greater the CNC concentration and NP loading were, the darker the resulting transparency and the color of the NEF. Overall results show a considerable improvement in the properties of the resulting NEFs with the incorporation of CNC and NP fillers.

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Yun, Sung Ryul, Li Jie Zhao, Nian Gui Wang, and Jae Hwan Kim. "Hybrid Electro-Active Papers of Cellulose and Carbon Nanotubes for Bio-Mimetic Actuators." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.843.

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Electro-Active Paper (EAPap) materials based on cellulose are attractive for many applications because of their low voltage operation, lightweight, dryness, low power consumption, bio-degradability. The construction of EAPap actuator has been achieved using the cellulose paper film coated with thin gold electrode layers. This actuator showed a reversible and reproducible bending movement. In order to improve both force and displacement of this, efforts are made to construct hybrid EAPap actuators using cellulose paper coated with carbon nanotubes (CNT). To coat the CNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are dispersed in polyaniline (PANI) matrix, and the solution is coated on the EAPap by using a spin coater. It is expected that the use of CNT can improve the force output by enhancing the stiffness of the hybrid EAPap actuator. Furthermore, the presence of the PANI may improve the actuation performance of the EAPap material. The performance of hybrid EAPap actuators is tested in an environmental chamber in terms of free displacement, blocked force and electrical power consumption. The performance of hybrid actuators is investigated for bio-mimetic applications.

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Dahab, M. F., and J. Kalagiri. "Nitrate removal from water using cyclically operated fixed-film bio-denitrification reactors." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1996): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0388.

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In this paper, a study of cyclically-operated fixed-film bio-denitrification to remove nitrates from drinking water is reported. The purpose of the study was to investigate the ability of these two-stage systems to remove nitrate and residual organics from treated water as compared to single-stage units. In the cyclically-operated system, the second stage (i.e. follow) reactor is operated in series with the first stage (i.e. lead) reactor. After a given period of operation, the flow regime is reversed so that the follow reactor becomes the lead one and vice versa. The active solids remaining in the follow reactor (previously the lead one) are capable of removing residual soluble organics and nitrates to levels below the concentrations provided by single-stage units. Cyclically operated fixed-film bio-denitrification reactors were found to reduce long term effluent residual organics concentrations without adverse effects on the nitrate concentrations. The system also was found to be more effective in reducing nitrates, nitrites and soluble organic concentrations in the effluent than a single-stage system operated at the same hydraulic retention times and organic loading rates.

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Khairuddin, Nozieana, Ida Idayu Muhamad, Kesonthip Thongbua, Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin, and Siti Nur Hidayah Mohamad. "Newly Developed Starch-Based Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Film with Wide Spectrum of pH-Colour Indicator." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.967.

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Active packaging is a promising form of modern food packaging with great potential; economically, environmentally and generally, as it gives a lot of health benefits. Active and smart packaging is made by incorporating suitable colour indicators into food package matrices and applying a bio switch concept to inhibit the spoilage and the pathogenic microorganisms. The main objective of this study are to evaluate starch-based hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) the best formulation of methyl red and bromothymol blue that can react with wide pH ranges and the effect of the smart film indicator incorporated with methyl red and bromothymol blue. A solution casting method was used in the film preparation and colour indicators were incorporated before casting. The ratio of 50:50 methyl red and bromothymol blue showed the best formulation which can react with a wide range of pH buffer 1 to 13 compared to ratio 20:80 and 80:20 of methyl red and bromothymol blue. The ratio of 50:50 methyl red and bromothymol blue were then selected to be incorporated into the film to see the effectiveness of the indicator film in order to detect the changes of pH.

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Urban, Marek W., and David Lestage. "Colloidal Particle Morphology and Film Formation; the Role of Bio-Active Components on Stimuli-Responsive Behavior." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 46, no. 4 (December 2006): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583720600945519.

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32

Sagnelli, Cavanagh, Xu, Swainson, Blennow, Duncan, Taresco, and Howdle. "Starch/Poly (Glycerol-Adipate) Nanocomposite Film as Novel Biocompatible Materials." Coatings 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080482.

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Starch is one of the most abundant polysaccharides on the earth and it is the most important source of energy intake for humans. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is also widely used for new bio-based materials. The blending of starch with other molecules may lead to new interesting biodegradable scaffolds to be exploited in food, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. In this work, we used native starch films as biopolymeric matrix carriers of chemo enzymatically-synthesized poly (glycerol-adipate) (PGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to produce a novel and biocompatible material. The prototype films had a crystallinity ranging from 4% to 7%. The intrinsic and thermo-mechanical properties of the composite showed that the incorporation of NPs in the starch films decreases the glass transition temperature. The utilization of these film prototypes as the basis for new biocompatible material showed promise, particularly because they have a very low or even zero cytotoxicity. Coumarin was used to monitor the distribution of the PGA NPs in the films and demonstrated a possible interaction between the two polymers. These novel hybrid nanocomposite films show great promise and could be used in the future as biodegradable and biocompatible platforms for the controlled release of amphiphilic and hydrophobic active ingredients.

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Han, Yingying, Wentao Yan, Yuping Hou, Dongmei Wang, and Miao Yu. "Xanthoceras sorbifolia Husk Extract Incorporation for the Improvement in Physical and Antioxidant Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Films." Foods 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12152842.

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With the increasing awareness of ecological and environmental protection, the research on eco-friendly materials has experienced a considerable increase. The objective of our study was to explore a novel soy protein isolate (SPI) film functionalized with antioxidants extracted from Xanthoceras sorbifolia husk (XSHE) as bio-based active packaging films. The films were evaluated in light of their structure, physical machinery, and antioxidant performance using advanced characterization techniques. The FTIR and microscopy results revealed the hydrogen-bond interaction between the SPI and XSHE and their good compatibility, which contributed to the improvement in various properties of the composite films, such as tensile strength (TS), UV blocking, and the water barrier property. As the XSHE content increased to 5%, the TS of the films dramatically increased up to 7.37 MPa with 47.7% and the water vapor permeability decreased to 1.13 × 10−10 g m m−2 s−1 Pa−1 with 22.1%. Meanwhile, the introduction of XSHE caused further improvement in the antioxidant capacity of films, and the release of active agents from films was faster and higher in 10% ethanol than it was in a 50% ethanol food simulant. Overall, SPI-based films functionalized with XSHE demonstrated promising potential applications in food packaging.

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Abdalrazeq, Manar, Nidal Jaradat, Mohammad Qadi, C. Valeria L. Giosafatto, Eliana Dell’Olmo, Rosa Gaglione, Angela Arciello, and Raffaele Porta. "Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein-Based Films Functionalized with Palestinian Satureja capitata Essential Oil." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111364.

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The present study aimed to produce bio-active packaging materials made of whey proteins (WPs) and essential oil (EO) extracted from Thymbra (Satureja capitata, L.), one of the most popular Palestinian wild plants. In this study, two different Thymbra leaves from Nablus and Qabatiya in Palestine were collected and analyzed for EOs by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Based on the analysis, two EOs, namely, TEO1 and TEO2, were extracted, and it was found that both samples primarily contain γ-terpinene and carvacrol, whereas p-cymene was detected only in TEO1. The antimicrobial activity of TEO1 and TEO2 was evaluated by microbroth microdilution assays against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Based on the results, TEO1 exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against the test strains. Besides, TEO1 was chosen to functionalize WP-based films at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.4%, and 0.8% v/v of Film Forming Solutions). Film mechanical property investigation showed a marked reduction in the tensile strength and Young’s modulus at 0.8% TEO1. In contrast, its elongation at break value was significantly (p < 0.05) increased due to the plasticizing effect of the EO. Moreover, the film transparency was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by increasing TEO1 concentrations. Finally, microbiological investigations indicated that film antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria increased dose-dependently. The overall results open interesting perspectives for employing these films as preservative materials in food packaging.

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Sengsuk, Theerarat, Ponusa Songtipya, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Jobish Johns, and Ladawan Songtipya. "Active Bio-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Based Natural Rubber for Food Antimicrobial Applications: Effect of Processing Parameters on Its Adhesion Properties." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020199.

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A novel active bio-based pressure-sensitive adhesive incorporating cinnamon oil (Bio-PSA/CO) obtained from the mixture of natural rubber (NR), xyloglucan (XG), and cinnamon oil (CO) for food antimicrobial applications were successfully developed by using a two-roll mill mixer. The effect of the main process factors (i.e., nip gap and mastication time) and XG content on the adhesion properties of the obtained PSA were investigated with different coated substrates including kraft paper, nylon film, polypropylene (PP) film, and aluminum foil (Al). The results suggested that the developed NR-PSA/CO could be applied well to all types of substrate materials. Peel strength and shear strength of the NR-PSA/CO with all substrate types were in the ranges of ~0.03 × 102–5.64 × 102 N/m and ~0.24 × 104–9.50 × 104 N/m2, respectively. The proper processed condition of the NR-PSA/CO was represented with a nip gap of 2 mm and a mastication time of 15 min. An increase in XG content up to 40–60 phr can improve the adhesion properties of the adhesive. The resulting material could be used as an active sticky patch to extend the shelf-life of food in a closed packaging system. The shelf-life of the food samples (banana cupcake) could be extended from 4 to 9 days with NR-PSA/CO patch.

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36

Sengsuk, Theerarat, Ponusa Songtipya, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Jobish Johns, and Ladawan Songtipya. "Active Bio-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Based Natural Rubber for Food Antimicrobial Applications: Effect of Processing Parameters on Its Adhesion Properties." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020199.

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Анотація:

A novel active bio-based pressure-sensitive adhesive incorporating cinnamon oil (Bio-PSA/CO) obtained from the mixture of natural rubber (NR), xyloglucan (XG), and cinnamon oil (CO) for food antimicrobial applications were successfully developed by using a two-roll mill mixer. The effect of the main process factors (i.e., nip gap and mastication time) and XG content on the adhesion properties of the obtained PSA were investigated with different coated substrates including kraft paper, nylon film, polypropylene (PP) film, and aluminum foil (Al). The results suggested that the developed NR-PSA/CO could be applied well to all types of substrate materials. Peel strength and shear strength of the NR-PSA/CO with all substrate types were in the ranges of ~0.03 × 102–5.64 × 102 N/m and ~0.24 × 104–9.50 × 104 N/m2, respectively. The proper processed condition of the NR-PSA/CO was represented with a nip gap of 2 mm and a mastication time of 15 min. An increase in XG content up to 40–60 phr can improve the adhesion properties of the adhesive. The resulting material could be used as an active sticky patch to extend the shelf-life of food in a closed packaging system. The shelf-life of the food samples (banana cupcake) could be extended from 4 to 9 days with NR-PSA/CO patch.

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37

Yang, Zhaohui, Yalan Zhang, Yihui Zhao, Hao Dong, Jian Peng, and Qi He. "Preparation of an Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Bio-Polymer Film and Its Application as Glazing Shell for Postharvest Quality of Fresh-Cut Apple." Foods 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070985.

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The aim of this work is to glazing a modified bio-polymer shell as substitute of peel to keep the postharvest quality of fresh-cut fruits. In this study, chitosan as backbone of the shell was modified by addition of the functional extracts obtained from Zanthoxylum, in which 12 kinds of main identified bio-active components consisted of over 55% of the total extracts. The introduction of the extracts improved physic and mechanical properties of the shell, and endowed it with significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Accordingly, the modified chitosan was used as the substitute of peel to preserve fresh-cut apples. Results exhibited that such treatments obviously delayed the decline process of overall postharvest quality of the preserved apple samples throughout all the storage period, represented by the variations in physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the apple samples were significantly inhibited. The overall observations revealed promising potential of the bio-polymer shell in food application.

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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, M., S. Pichardo, N. Jimenez Morillo, J. M. Bermudez, S. Aucejo, F. Gonzalez-Vila, A. M. Cameán, and J. A. González-Pérez. "Fingerprinting (Py–GC/MS) of a bio-film active food package with Origanum vulgare L. essential oil." Toxicology Letters 238, no. 2 (October 2015): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.251.

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39

Yanat, Murat, Ivanna Colijn, and Karin Schroën. "Chitin Nanocrystals Provide Antioxidant Activity to Polylactic Acid Films." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 2965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142965.

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Анотація:

About 1/3rd of produced food goes to waste, and amongst others, advanced packaging concepts need to be developed to prevent this from happening. Here, we target the antioxidative functionality of food packaging to thus address food oxidation without the need for the addition of antioxidants to the food product, which is not desirable from a consumer point of view. Chitin nanocrystals (ChNC) have been shown to be promising bio-fillers for improving the mechanical strength of biodegradable plastics, but their potential as active components in plastic films is rather unexplored. In the current study, we investigate the antioxidant activity of chitin nanocrystals as such and as part of polylactic acid (PLA) films. This investigation was conducted using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. Chitin nanocrystals produced via acid hydrolysis showed five times higher activity compared to crude chitin powder. When using these crystals as part of a polylactic acid film (either inside or on top), in both scenarios, antioxidant activity was found, but the effect was considerably greater when the particles were at the surface of the film. This is an important proof of the principle that it is possible to create biodegradable plastics with additional functionality through the addition of ChNC.

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Lin, Jium Ming, and Po Kuang Chang. "A Novel Remote Health Monitor with Replaceable Non-Fragile Bio-Probes on RFID Tag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.415.

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Conventional bio-probes are produced on a silicon substrate, they are not only fragile but unable to dispose according to the profile of human body in a large area manner, and thus the contact resistance between probe and skin may be increased. Besides, the signal processing devices are required to improve both S/N ratio and impedance matching problems. This paper proposes a novel remote human health monitor and an active RFID tag with replaceable non-frangible probes and thin-film-transistor (TFT) amplifiers. The probes are made of bio-degradable polymer (photo resist) and covered with bio-compatible TiN. In addition, we use two pieces of double sides conducting tapes to connect both TFT amplifiers and probe modules. Thus the probe module can be replaced easily by peeling the used probe module away from the double sides conducting tapes to supply a new one. Since the tag is a flexible plastic substrate, e, g. PT, PET and PI, so the probes are easier to deploy and conform to the human body profile. In addition, the signal can be amplified by the TFT amplifier nearby to improve both S/N ratio and impedance matching. Thus the human health conditions can be remotely monitored by measuring various acupuncture impedances via the active RFID tag. The active RFID monitoring range is 15m by using 2.45 GHz ISM band, the probe resistance and parasitic capacitance are as 2735 Ω and 60.7 pf, respectively. Since the typical human acupuncture point resistance is about 40-120KΩ, thus the proposed device and system can be applied.

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Zhang, Yan-Song, Shun-An Jiang, Jia-De Lin, and Chia-Rong Lee. "Bio-inspired design of active photo-mechano-chemically dual-responsive photonic film based on cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 16 (2020): 5517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05758g.

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42

Zhao, Guo, Mohammed Sedki, Shengcun Ma, Claudia Villarreal, Ashok Mulchandani, and David Jassby. "Bismuth Subcarbonate Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Stripping Voltammetry Analysis of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in Water." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 6085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216085.

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In this paper, bismuth subcarbonate (BiO)2CO3-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite incorporated in Nafion matrix ((BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion) was synthesized and further applied, for the first time, in the sensitive detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). (BiO)2CO3 composite plays a key role in the improvement of the detection sensitivity, which can form multicomponent alloy with cadmium and lead. Additionally, the unique structure of rGO can enlarge the surface area and provide abundant active sites. Moreover, Nafion incorporation in the nanocomposite can effectively increase the adhesion and mechanical strength of the film, and further improve the preconcetration ability due to the cation-exchange capacity of its abundant sulfonate groups. As expected, the (BiO)2CO3-rGO/Nafion nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode ((BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion/GCE) achieved low detection limits of 0.24 μg/L for Pb(II) and 0.16 μg/L for Cd(II), in the linear range of 1.0–60 μg/L, and showed some excellent performance, such as high stability, good selectivity, and sensitivity. Finally, synthetic water samples were prepared and further used to verify the practicability of the (BiO)2CO3-rGO-Nafion/GCE with satisfactory results.

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Vestri, Ambra, Amanda K. Pearce, Robert Cavanagh, Ioanna D. Styliari, Carlos Sanders, Benoit Couturaud, Silvia Schenone, et al. "Starch/Poly(glycerol-adipate) Nanocomposites: A Novel Oral Drug Delivery Device." Coatings 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020125.

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Biocompatible and bio-based materials are an appealing resource for the pharmaceutical industry. Poly(glycerol-adipate) (PGA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be used to produce self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) able to encapsulate active ingredients, with encouraging perspectives for drug delivery purposes. Starch is a versatile, inexpensive, and abundant polysaccharide that can be effectively applied as a bio-scaffold for other molecules in order to enrich it with new appealing properties. In this work, the combination of PGA NPs and starch films proved to be a suitable biopolymeric matrix carrier for the controlled release preparation of hydrophobic drugs. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to determine the size of drug-loaded PGA NPs, while the improvement of the apparent drug water solubility was assessed by UV-vis spectroscopy. In vitro biological assays were performed against cancer cell lines and bacteria strains to confirm that drug-loaded PGA NPs maintained the effective activity of the therapeutic agents. Dye-conjugated PGA was then exploited to track the NP release profile during the starch/PGA nanocomposite film digestion, which was assessed using digestion models mimicking physiological conditions. The collected data provide a clear indication of the suitability of our biodegradable carrier system for oral drug delivery.

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Gaur, Nisha, Sanchita Roy, Chandramouli Das, Dhiraj Dutta, Rama Dubey, and Sanjai Kumar Dwivedi. "The Hidden Microplastic A New Insight into Degradation of Plastic in Marine Environment." Defence Life Science Journal 7, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.7.17310.

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Plastic is usually used in essential areas like packaging, industries electronic, construction, building, healthcare, transport, etc. gradually pollution is increasing in the world. Plastic makes a high level of pollution that is affecting both the life on earth and the marine organisms. Around the world, many scientists and environmentalists have been developing various technologies to deal with the constant increase of this threat to the environment. Various bio-based solutions are to be kept in the account to mitigate the foreseen problem of micro-plastic pollution. The indigenous microbes (exposed to plastic) form the dense bio-film around the plastic and degrade it with the help of active catalytic enzymes. Therefore, in this review, the authors have discussed the source, the harmful impact of micro-plastic, biodegradation of plastic, and future eco-friendly approaches which might help in the removal of plastic from the marine environment.

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Gaikwad, Kirtiraj K., Jin Yong Lee, and Youn Suk Lee. "Development of polyvinyl alcohol and apple pomace bio-composite film with antioxidant properties for active food packaging application." Journal of Food Science and Technology 53, no. 3 (November 9, 2015): 1608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2104-9.

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46

Kamarudin, Siti Hasnah, Marwah Rayung, Falah Abu, So’bah Ahmad, Fatirah Fadil, Azrena Abdul Karim, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, et al. "A Review on Antimicrobial Packaging from Biodegradable Polymer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010174.

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The development of antimicrobial packaging has been growing rapidly due to an increase in awareness and demands for sustainable active packaging that could preserve the quality and prolong the shelf life of foods and products. The addition of highly efficient antibacterial nanoparticles, antifungals, and antioxidants to biodegradable and environmentally friendly green polymers has become a significant advancement trend for the packaging evolution. Impregnation of antimicrobial agents into the packaging film is essential for impeding or destroying the pathogenic microorganisms causing food illness and deterioration. Higher safety and quality as well as an extended shelf life of sustainable active packaging desired by the industry are further enhanced by applying the different types of antimicrobial packaging systems. Antimicrobial packaging not only can offer a wide range of advantages, but also preserves the environment through usage of renewable and biodegradable polymers instead of common synthetic polymers, thus reducing plastic pollution generated by humankind. This review intended to provide a summary of current trends and applications of antimicrobial, biodegradable films in the packaging industry as well as the innovation of nanotechnology to increase efficiency of novel, bio-based packaging systems.

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Shivangi, Sharma, Darshan Dorairaj, Pradeep Singh Negi, and Nandini P. Shetty. "Development and characterisation of a pectin-based edible film that contains mulberry leaf extract and its bio-active components." Food Hydrocolloids 121 (December 2021): 107046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107046.

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CHOW, EDWARD K., BENJAMIN CHU, GENHONG CHENG, YU-CHONG TAI, ERIK PIERSTORFF, and DEAN HO. "COPOLYMER-MEDIATED FABRICATION OF VERSATILE ELECTRO-ACTIVE AND INFLAMMATION ATTENUATING SUBSTRATES FOR BIOLOGICAL INTERROGATION." Nano 02, no. 06 (December 2007): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292007000696.

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Serving as platforms for both cellular interrogation as well as biomembrane mimicry, biotic–abiotic functionalized materials, such as block copolymeric membranes, offer the opportunity for tailored biology, where specific embedded functionalities can be rapidly engineered, on demand, without the need for genetic processing. These versatile materials enable rapid, thin film deposition of a plethora of biologically-relevant materials at the air–water interface given their amphiphilic properties, meaning that they possess alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. This property confers to these materials the ability to be transferred to a wide range of substrates and materials, further enhancing their interfacial versatility. In addition, their biologically-inert, and tunable, thickness-dependent insulating properties serve as ideal bio-active substrates while maintaining the functionality of the integrated molecule (e.g., protein, effector molecule, etc.). Here, we report the application of a polyethyleneoxide–polymethylmethacrylate (PEO–PMMA) diblock and polymethyloxazoline–polydimethylsiloxane–polymethyloxazoline (PMOXA–PDMS–PMOXA) triblock copolymers as molecular anchors for tethering a broad spectrum of materials. These include carbon nanotubes for the fabrication of bioelectrodes to measure cytochrome c-mediated oxidation-reduction, as well as the anti-inflammatory molecule, dexamethasone, for the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in murine macrophages. As such, this work demonstrates the versatility, and broad applicability and impact of this platform approach towards the fabrication of multifunctional arrays of biologically-active surfaces for experimentation ranging from bio-electroactivity to studies of cellular immunity.

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Perera, Kalpani Y., Jack Prendeville, Amit K. Jaiswal, and Swarna Jaiswal. "Cold Plasma Technology in Food Packaging." Coatings 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121896.

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Cold plasma (CP) is an effective strategy to alter the limitations of biopolymer materials for food packaging applications. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins are known to be sustainable materials with excellent film-forming properties. Bio-based films can be used as an alternative to traditional plastic packaging. There are limitations to biopolymer packaging materials such as hydrophobicity, poor barrier, and thermos-mechanical properties. For this reason, biopolymers must be modified to create a packaging material with the desired applicability. CP is an effective method to enhance the functionality and interfacial features of biopolymers. It etches the film surface allowing for better adhesion between various polymer layers while also improving ink printability. CP facilitates adhesion between two or more hydrophobic materials, resulting in significantly better water vapour permeability (WVP) properties. The sputtering of ionic species by CP results in cross-linkage reactions which improve the mechanical properties of films (tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB)). Cross-linkage reactions are reported to be responsible for the improved thermal stability of CP-treated biopolymers. CP treatment is known to decrease oxygen permeability (OP) in protein-based biopolymers. CP can also enable the blending of polymers with specific antimicrobial substances to develop active packaging materials. In this review article, we have presented an overview of the recent advancements of CP in the food packaging application. Furthermore, the influence of CP on the properties of packaging materials, and recent advancements in the modification of polymeric food packaging materials have been discussed.

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Sali, Anjumol Kidangayil. "Aloe vera Incorporated Chitosan/Nanocellulose Hybrid Nanocomposites as Potential Edible Coating Material under Humid Conditions." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 14, no. 4 (December 2021): 475–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1389-0366.

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Innovative post-harvest technologies are in demand to meet the requirements of farmers and agricultural industries to ensure global food security and to avoid food wastage. Edible coatings that can prevent food spoilage and/or enhance shelf life have taken on increasing importance. This work involves the development of edible coatings based on easily available bio resources, chitosan and nanocellulose, and utilizing their unique properties as an effective coating material. Aloe vera, known for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, has been proposed as an active ingredient that can be incorporated into the biodegradable film. Varying volumes of Aloe vera (0.25 ml, 0.35 ml, 0.5 ml, and 2.5 ml) were added to fabricate nanocomposite films by solvent casting. Transparent films were obtained, and their morphology was analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The incorporation of Aloe vera was confirmed in various spectroscopic studies, which clearly show reduction in light transmittance for the nanocomposite films containing Aloe vera. The contact angle study showed an increase in hydrophobicity initially. Maximum tensile strength was obtained with 0.25 ml of Aloe vera. The potential use of nanocomposite solution as edible films was demonstrated in green chillies, which showed lower weight loss after 3 days when compared with uncoated chillies. In the first phase of this study, chitosan/nanocellulose nanocomposites enriched with Aloe vera have been proposed as a potential edible food coating material

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