Дисертації з теми "Biens et services environnementaux"
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Le, Gloux Fanny. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux, entre label et mesure agro-environnementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARE063.
This PhD thesis applies empirical and theoretical microeconomic approaches to analyse the efficiency of payments for environmental services in the agricultural sector. I assess levers to promote their adoption by farmers at different scales. I show empirically that targeting part of the income support of the Common Agricultural Policy towards increased funding of agri-environmental and climate measures and support for organic farming promotes participation in these schemes. My main contribution is to show that a sponsorship bonus in payments for environmental services is promising to encourage the participation of a critical mass of farmers when ecological threshold effects exist. The results of this thesis also suggest that result-based payments,in the form of a collective bonus or a payment proportional to an environmental indicator, are effective on the condition that the level of payment is sufficiently attractive. With a theoretical approach, I focus on the demand side and propose a tool, the health label, to increase consumers' willingness to pay in the particular case where the joint production technology of environmental services is complementary to the improvement of the intrinsic health quality of the agricultural commodity. I contribute to the literature by showing that consumers' health concerns can efficiently finance environmental services and complement agri-environmental policies
Bareille, François. "Gestion agricole des services écosystémiques : éclairages à partir de l’économie de la production et de l’économie de l’environnement." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE050/document.
The thesis studies both theoretically and empirically the management of ecosystem services by farmers in two parts. In the first part, I study the supply and demand for productive ecosystem services by analyzing farmers’ behavior. I introduce biodiversity indicators that depend on acreage into existing models from production economics. My main contribution to the literature is to prove, from the analysis of farmers' observed behavior that farmers consciously manage productive ecosystem services. I bring other elements to the literature, such as new elements on the agricultural technology or showing that the collective management of ecosystem services rarely arises spontaneously in real landscapes.In the second part, I study the demand for non- productive ecosystem services. I apply several analytical frameworks developed in environmental economics to the specificities of agriculture, i.e. the environmental service influences the supply of multiple public goods with different spatial distribution of the demand. I contribute to the literature by showing that while most of the demand for environmental services provided by farmers is captured locally (at the municipal level), a part of the demand is expressed at larger scales. This has implications for agri-environmental policies, which I explore through two examples: the pesticide savings and the maintenance of agricultural wetlands
Sciaccitano, Marie. "Élasticités Environnementales d'Engel : Mesures, Estimations et Déterminants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ0030.
In the context of climate change, ecological transition relies in part on the adoption of sustainable consumption, in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (2015). The diversity of definitions associated with sustainable consumption leads to a lack of consensus related to the classifications and scope of sustainable consumption. Consequently, data and measures related to sustainable consumption are limited, thereby restricting empirical studies on this subject. The thesis addresses these constraints through three chapters, offering the original methodology and results.Chapter 1 presents a methodology for measuring household sustainable consumption in 150 countries over the period 1995-2015. This measure is constructed using environmental goods and services, classified as CLEG and APEC, identified in the final demand of households from the Input-Output Tables Exiobase3rx.Chapter 2 explores the relationship between disposable income and sustainable consumption at the macroeconomic level, referring to the Environmental Engel Curve framework. The empirical analysis estimates the effect of disposable income on household sustainable consumption and determines Engelian elasticities which, depending on their values, categorize this consumption as either a luxury or a necessity consumption. Furthermore, our econometric estimation introduces a Bartik instrument, suggesting a significant impact of green fiscal policies on household sustainable consumption. Performing a simulation exercise, we emphasize the importance of considering the «true value» of Engelian elasticities in the context of global redistribution policies, such as the Climate Fund.Chapter 3 evaluates the effect of income inequality on this type of consumption, thereby contributing to the debate on the trade-off between environmental quality and inequalities. Using three inequality indicators, our results suggest that the impacts of inequalities on sustainable consumption depend on the income level and the measure of inequalities considered. By introducing a higher-order polynomial, we analyse the sensitivity of this consumption to changes in the level of inequalities and determine an optimal level of inequalities that maximizes household sustainable consumption.Overall, this thesis contributes to the measurement of household sustainable consumption by country and explores its determinants, while also providing insights for environmental and redistributive policies
Lebreton, Clotilde. "Gouvernance(s) sur un volcan. Controverses, arrangements et reconfigurations autour des instruments participatifs d'une aire naturelle protégée mexicaine (le Nevado de Toluca)." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1066/document.
Under the international context of supporting participation for the co-management of natural resources, new governance arrangements have emerged, inviting new actors in the management of natural protected areas and reshaping conservation policies. Mexico has not been exempted from this process with the new strategic directions for protected natural areas having focused on "governance". New community support programs have been developed to encourage local forest communities to participate in the management of their natural resources. To bypass the restrictions related to the status of a National Park, twenty Mexican natural protected areas have changed or are going to change of status by 2018. The Nevado de Toluca National Park is one of the first protected areas to have been declassified to the status of Wildlife and Flora Area Protection, to allow the 54 agrarian communities established in the territory to implement productive projects and ultimately participate in the conservation of the protected area.Combining public action, local management models and ecological dynamics, the Nevado de Toluca constitutes a laboratory for understanding how the concepts of environmental governance and participation, promoted in government programs, are being applied on the field. This empirical laboratory allows for the evaluation of how participatory management instruments, such as community forest management and payment for environmental services, have modified local management practices and, ultimately, forest ecosystems. Moreover, the analysis of participatory processes, a key part in the process of change in the protection category of the protected natural area, allows us to better understand the appropriation of international premises into effective participation by mechanisms held by the Mexican government. These mechanisms will, in turn, potentially have an effect on the governance of the protected natural area. Payments for environmental services, generally presented as a more efficient conservation strategy than integrated conservation and development projects, seem to be on the Nevado de Toluca, less socially and environmentally efficient than community forest management. However, these two participatory management instruments have reproduced the social injustices of the Mexican agrarian system. Besides, despite limited participatory processes, the reclassification resulted in controversies, alliances and socio-technical innovations that are reshaping the governance of the territory. As a response to the non-transfer of decision-making power by the government, informal arrangements are appearing as a new governance configuration and as a form of countervailing-power. The institutionalization of participation has not led to the eradication of conflict or to a consensus. Instead, it highlights the agonistic dimension of conservation policies
Dragicevic, Arnaud. "Mécanismes de Marché et Évaluation des Biens Publics Environnementaux." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630027.
Chouikhi, Houssam. "Optimisation des stratégies de maintenance verte pour les systèmes de production." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0413/document.
In this thesis, condition-based maintenance strategies are proposed for production systems of goods and services. These strategies are developed while taking into account the environmental degradation caused by the deterioration of the production system. The system is subjected to random deterioration which impacts the environmental quality. The proposed maintenance models aim to assess the system deterioration in such a way to reduce the environmental degradation. To control this deterioration, inspections are performed on specific dates. The objective is to determine optimal inspection dates which optimize a given performance criterion. Two mathematical optimization models are then proposed in this thesis. The first model considers the average total cost per time unit, while the second model considers the stationary availability of the system. The constrained optimization has also been discussed in this work where the objective is to minimize the average total cost per time unit under an availability constraint or to maximize the stationary availability of the system under a budget constraint. On the basis of Nelder-Mead method, inspection dates as optimal solutions are computed for each optimization criterion. Numerical examples are provided to show the applicability of the proposed condition-based maintenance strategies
Chenouard-Charles, Coralie. "La distinction des biens et des services." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010349.
Aznar, Olivier. "Services environnementaux et espaces ruraux - Une approche par l'économie des services." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011365.
Cassette, Aurélie. "Concurrence fiscale, offre de biens et services publics et intégration européenne." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50374-2007-Cassette.pdf.
Perodaud, Maxime. "Essais sur des biens et services de qualité non vérifiable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ0015.
This thesis analyzes the issues present in credence goods markets regarding the determinants contributing to fraudulent behaviors. Such markets are diverse and can be found easily throughout the economy (repair services, financial advice, food labels and healthcare, etc.). In the context of purchasing credence goods, consumers have to rely on information provided by experts. Experts may take advantage of the information asymmetry by offering inappropriate services that do not align with the consumers' needs. Such markets failures detrimentally affect consumers and leads to a reduction in their welfare.This thesis is composed of three chapters in which we answer two main research questions using two different methodologies. Chapter 1 presents a laboratory experiment where we explore the impact of displaying information regarding the counterpart's gender and framing instructions on outcomes in credence goods markets. The results suggest that both market context and gender are of fundamental importance to explain the under-provision dimension of fraud, regardless of any incentive scheme. In chapters 2 and 3, we investigate how the presence of confirmation bias in consumers affects the decisions made by experts in markets for credence goods. From a theoretical perspective, our analysis suggests that experts with a high level of sensitivity are inclined to follow consumers' beliefs and provide them with the quality they expected. Contrary to these predictions, the results from the experiment suggest that the impact of confirmation bias varies depending on the state of nature and is more likely to emerge in payoff-maximizing environments.Overall, this thesis offers insights into the impact of behavioral and social determinants on experts' incentives to engage in fraudulent behavior
Moalla, Mehdi. "La différenciation des produits et services touristiques par la qualité et le territoire : une application aux services touristiques et environnementaux territorialisés." Grenoble 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE21027.
Mayer-Robitaille, Laurence. "Le statut juridique des biens et services culturels dans les accords commerciaux internationaux." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10068.
As of the beginning of the 80s, the way to consider cultural goods and services in international commercial agreements has been widely and harshly negociated and debated. Until now, international commercial agreements have bestowed two different status to cultural goods and services. These are either considered as commercial products- and therefore covered by commercial agreements- or seen as carrier of cultural values and then excluded of the scope of those agreements. Those visions both deny the real nature of cultural goods and services as they express at a time only one of two essential aspects of cultural goods and services, the commercial or the cultural one. To deal fairly and clearly with cultural goods and services in international commercial agreements, the two-face nature of those products must be recognised
Aubry, Alexis. "Optimisation pour la configuration robuste de systèmes de production de biens et de services." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0106.
This thesis addresses the configuration of production systems under uncertainties. Fist, the main tools used to handle uncertainty in optimisation are presented. The robustness notion is emphasized through our approach. Then, two applications are presented: the robust configuration of a multi-purpose machines workshop under demand uncertainties and the robust configuration of a power distribution network under uncertainties on customers load and power sources capacities. For each application, the perturbations that are taken into account are identified as well as the performances to maintain despite these perturbations. Then a robustness criterion is defined to fit these applications. Finally resolution methods are designed to address the different robustness problems raised by this criterion
Aubry, Alexis. "Optimisation pour la configuration robuste de systèmes de production de biens et de services." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204407.
Khalifa, Najib. "Les effets de débordement des biens publics locaux : modéles théoriques et tests empiriques." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON10019.
The supply of local public goods and services by a central city of an agglomeration is non-optimal if a part of the benefits from these goods and services goes to the suburbs without financial contribution in return. This phenomena is called in the litterature "querelle de la centralite" (suburban central cities exploitation) this work has two objectives, the first one is to explore theoretically the origin of this thesis and to expose the lessons on the ways to solve this problem. The second one is to test its validity in the french case and to point out the effects of this exploitation on the residents of central cities
Gratton, Louis-Philippe. "Contribution à l’analyse des rapports du droit interne et du droit international en matière culturelle : étude de droit comparé et de droit international économique." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10049.
The antagonism between liberalism and protectionism in trade in cultural goods and services permeates the contemporary history of international trade negotiations. It can be explained by the existing link between domestic law and international law in the cultural field. A study of comparative law allows to identify the characteristics of state intervention in the cultural sector and to suggest a classification of it. The functions of the state responsible for adopting, executing or sanctioning cultural norms follow from the specificity of its internal legal order and the functioning of its administration. These features allow then to understand the nature of cultural derogations at the international level. If the state unilaterally defines its legislation at the national level, rules of international law are established in coordination with other states. International derogatory provisions are thus not abstract rules as they take into account the existing standards from different internal legal orders. A study of international economic law assists in analyzing these derogations and in understanding their legal scope. They determine ultimately the compatibility of national norms with international trade rules: they preserve them or force the state to redefine them. Thus, the study confirms the mutual influence of national law and international law in the cultural field
Roy-Vigneault, Frédéric. "Évaluation de la valeur de biens et services écologiques liés à l'agroforesterie : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26624/26624.pdf.
Ravoux, Vincent. "Le panier de biens et de services de santé : une approche managériale pour la France." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOE002.
De, la Rosa Vazquez Graciela. "L'entreprise et la formation : la formation des formateurs d'une entreprise produisant des biens et des services en informatique." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100093.
De, La Rosa Vazquez Graciela. "L'Entreprise et la formation la formation des formateurs d'une entreprise produisant des biens et des services en informatique." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37594688x.
Cadalen, Pierre-Yves. "Gouverner les communs environnementaux : l'Amazonie en Equateur et en Bolivie : conflictualité socio-écologique, échelles de pouvoir et espace global à l'heure de l'Anthropocène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0036.
This work is about power relations around environmental commons in Bolivia and Ecuador at the beginning of our century. The chronological limits are from the early 2000’s to 2014-2015. It consists in studying the interactions between socio-ecological conflictuality of Amazonian spaces in both countries with the international projections led by Rafael Correa’s government in Ecuador, and Evo Morales’ one in Bolivia. Indeed, the ecological issue has become central to the diplomatic narratives of those governments and has become crucial to their international influence strategies. The two first parts of the PhD. are dedicated to the modalities of the international projections, and to the way their acquired political autonomy was caught up. This phenomenon is inscribed in what I call Ecological Power Relations. The conclusions I drew from this phenomenon invite us to think about a general framework of analysis of those relations, whose strength must be tested later on. That is the heart of the third part. I introduce the concept of Eco-power, which would determine, given the structuring reality of the Anthropocene, new power configurations and dynamics. The tensions around the indigenous autonomy, the Peripheral States’ national sovereignty, and climate justice, are observed through this prism. Eco-power is defined as the polycentric power of life and death over the specie, whose instauration and inertia strength depend on the imposition of unique time and space representation
Demené, Camille. "Entre nature et agriculture. Agricultures patrimoniales et services environnementaux en aire d’adhésion des parcs nationaux à la Réunion et en Guadeloupe." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0009/document.
This research deals with changing interactions between agriculture and territories. Food production is no longer the only criteria used to assess agricultural systems efficiency. Social and environmental issues are increasingly taken into account. This new understanding of the role of agriculture within territories raises the issue of the role of some extensive marginal agricultural models, aside intensive models promoted by agricultural policies. We focus on how increasing concerns on biodiversity may impact these models. Addressing biodiversity issues may change the way agriculture is considered, from a threat to a potential ally in natural areas management. We assume that this redefinition of agriculture’s role goes beyond a mere reframing of environmental functions but results of genuine trade-offs with other cultural and social functions. Considering an agricultural industry as a geographical object, we propose a two-stage analysis. Using actor’s discourses, we analyze (i) their perceptions of agricultural functions, then (ii) the integration of these perceptions in their strategies, that contribute to transforming resources (geographical, economical, political, and ideological resources) used by agriculture. This analytical framework is applied on a small but emblematic Reunionese agricultural industry, vanilla, whose economical profitability is questioned today. Our analysis reveals that biodiversity issues both raise new constraints and restriction but also generate new opportunities for actors to make their strategies evolve. Trade-offs between ecological, economical, social and cultural issues are part of these dynamics. The comparison with another marginal insular agricultural industry, coffee in Guadeloupe, reveals similar dynamics, and allows us to discuss the way agriculture could be managed, especially considering environmental and ecological aspects. Although the concept of « environmental service » offers new perspectives, its actual implementation isn’t suited to such agricultural systems, whose characteristics are not those of conventional productivist models. In Guadeloupe, the support the National Park granted to this type of agriculture models (coffee and vanilla) give us some elements to discuss the relevance and the interest of such an intervention. The vulnerability of such marginal industries, and the close intertwining of economic, social, cultural and environmental issues at stake, suggest to cross sectoral settings and to promote a territorial governance allowing a transverse consideration of their specificities
Rharade, Abdelhag. "Itinéraires socio-éducatifs des apprentis dans les ateliers de production de biens et de services à Nairobi." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010545.
Combe, Marius. "Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
Gathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
Michaud, Audrey. "Evaluation des services fourragers et environnementaux des prairies permanentes à partir de la végétation, du milieu et des pratiques de gestion." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL039N/document.
The contribution of permanent grasslands (PG) to agronomic and environmental services is important. However, their low level of subsidies, a lack of knowledge about their management and a disinterest of these surfaces in favour of more productive forage production have accelerated their downturn. The upgrade of these surfaces in forage systems in particular by studying services of PG is an important issue. In this context, the objective of our study was to identify pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors and characteristics of the vegetation relevant to predict these services. Our approach was based on different steps: i) identification and characterization of forage and environmental services relevant to the PG, ii) identification of aptitude criteria (herbage quality, amount of nectar available ...) which allow to assess the degree of achievement of the services, iii) prediction of values for each criterion of aptitude from characteristics of vegetation (botanical and functional composition) and iv) building links between characteristics of vegetation and pedoclimatic (temperature, soil moisture) and management practices (fertilization, date of first cut) descriptors. From the literature survey, expertise and farm surveys we selected the forage and environmental services, the criteria of aptitude, the characteristics of vegetation and pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors. In total, four environmental services and 11 feed services were studied, taking into account the 12 characteristics of the vegetation (botanical composition (presence and dominance of species) and functional composition (life traits and properties of species)), 15 pedoclimatic descriptors (temperature, soil moisture ...) and 19 management practices descriptors (fertilization, intensity of use of grassland...). The study of a national network of 190 grasslands allowed us to show that botanical and functional composition are non-redundant and influenced by different pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors. The functional composition is influenced by pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors while the botanical composition, which uses a larger number of descriptors, is mainly predicted by pedoclimatic descriptors. The model predictions are better for the botanical composition than for the functional composition. The study of this network and of an experiment in control conditions allowed us to evaluate the quality of prediction of criteria of aptitude for forage services from the functional composition (functional types (FT), proportion of grasses, legumes and forbs, middle stage and dry matter content) of the vegetation. The study in a common environment of three grasslands contrasted on FT composition confirms on the whole growth season the differences in quality and production of grassland that are linked to the FT composition. In contrast, at the scale of the national grassland network, FT composition alone is not sufficient to predict the observed differences in production and quality. Other characteristics of vegetation such as the proportion of legumes and forbs, as well as the mean stage of vegetation or the dry matter content also contribute to explain the differences in production and quality between grasslands. Finally, a multicriteria approach allowed us to build an evaluation method of forage and environmental services from the criteria of aptitude.Thus, this thesis work allowed the development of a method to predict the forage and environmental services provided by permanent grasslands from the knowledge of pedoclimatic characteristics, management practices and of simple vegetation criteria
Chhak, Limcheang. "Le cadre juridique de la libre circulation des biens et des services dans la Communauté économique de l’ASEAN." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0005.
Research has tried to refine the legal phenomena of the liberalization of goods and services, known as first generation, in favor of a regional economic integration policy under the influence of globalization, in order to establish the ASEAN Economic Community. However, the question of the existence of substantive rules of law is underestimated in the eyes of international lawyers and it is relevant. In other words, ASEAN is mainly based on soft law, namely ASEAN Way, which has effectively slowed down the implementation of its economic integration policy. In order to overcome these challenges, this thesis opted for an approach of public international law in order to examine the mechanism of formation of conventional as well as non-conventional rules of this in ASEAN. In addition, international economic law is also a methodological choice for this research work on essential technical questions in the process of creating the ASEAN Single Market. As a result, we have discovered that ASEAN substantive law does exist and continues to develop gradually in the proper sense of international law. Moreover, the administrative as well as jurisdictional institutional mechanisms have been observed, their operation of which is implicated in a pragmatic manner for the implementation of these material rules regarding the free movement of goods and services. Despite the fact that these rules of law are criticized both for their effectiveness and efficiency because of their flexible and non-binding nature, sectoral legal harmonization is complete towards the direction of the construction of ASEAN Community Law. In conclusion, the economic regionalization of ASEAN is effectively established on its own legal framework, based on legal pluralism and is consistent with international law
Chansenay, Christine. "L' empire des règles communautaires de marché : étude du principe de libre circulation des biens et des services." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100133.
Drouet, Dominique. "Distribution d'eau et assainissement urbain : le redéploiement de l'offre de biens et services dans les pays industrialisés pendant les années 1980." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120014.
Supply channels for facilities and services in the water distribution and urban wastewater management sectors have changed in industrialized countries during the 1980's. Despite historical differences among the various countries under study in their organization and their varying degrees of change during the eighties, some patterns do strikingly converge. This includes more flexible relationships between the various actors involved and a trend towards more vertically integrated, diversified and internationalized supply systems with a growing roleand consolidation of private actors and fewer constraints placed on the public sector. Such changes modify the public-private balance in the process of designing, building ane operating urban water and wastewater infrastructure. It also contributes to reallocating technological expertise and leads to a new competitive situation on international markets. Additional consequences include a more limited influence on international trade of the so-called "anglo-saxon model" (based on the independance of the engineering function) and the dawning a new era favoring vertically integrated firms, among which french groups hold a leading position
Chervier, Colas. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux dans les pays les moins avancés : Institutions, motivations et efficacité : Le cas du Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD001/document.
This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve
Soulé, Emma. "Évaluer la durabilité des exploitations agricoles d'un territoire à l'aide d'une méthode multicritère : intégration des impacts environnementaux et des services écosystémiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0159.
The agriculture was profoundly transformed in France after the Second World War in order to recover food sovereignty. The intensification of agriculture through the use of synthetic products and machinery has had repercussions on ecosystems, human health and the economy. In order to better identify ways to limit the negative impacts of agriculture, methods using indicators have been developed to assess the sustainability of farms. In parallel, a lot of work on ecosystem services has emerged to find out how agriculture can rely on the biological processes of agricultural ecosystems to achieve its ecological transition. This thesis aims to provide knowledge on the joint assessment of environmental impacts and ecosystem services by developing a new method for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems.Firstly, a state of the art of the literature was carried out on 262 methods of environmental sustainability assessment in agriculture and the themes covered by these methods. This synthesis revealed that very few methods organise their indicators in a conceptual framework. Furthermore, so-called predictive indicators are little used and ecosystem service indicators are rarely integrated into these methods.A conceptual framework was then developed for the new sustainability assessment method of agricultural systems, based on the conceptual framework of the MASC 2.0 method and on the EFESE study for the integration of the concept of farmer's benefit and ecosystem services. This conceptual framework is composed of 22 themes including 7 benefits, 15 environmental impacts, and each theme is characterised by direct or indirect factors. An analytical framework for the joint assessment of environmental impacts and ecosystem services was also proposed. Finally, to implement the conceptual framework, several innovative indicators of environmental impacts and ecosystem services were designed.Lastly, this new method was applied to a case study of 33 arable farms in the Champagne crayeuse (France). The joint assessment of environmental impacts and ecosystem services made it possible to go further in the characterisation of farms than the simple opposition between conventional and organic farming. Indeed, one farm has interesting potential ES levels and low environmental impacts, while being economically efficient. In order to fully assess the sustainability of farms, the work undertaken during this thesis needs to be extended by further developing the economic and social aspects and by integrating dynamic aspects. Similarly, the results need to be confirmed in other pedoclimatic contexts
Berthet, Elsa. "Contribution à une théorie de la conception des agro-écosystèmes : Fonds écologique et inconnu commun." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874630.
Zugravu, Natalia. "Croissance, Commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'Environnement : cas de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Casquin, Antoine. "Influence de l’organisation spatiale du paysage sur les transferts hydriques de Carbone, d'Azote et de Phosphore dans un bassin versant agricole de méso-échelle." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARD094.
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment of aquatic ecosystems results in their eutrophication and impacts the carbon (C) cycle. In agricultural catchments, most of the hydrologic flux of N and P originates from agricultural areas. The high spatial and temporal variability of C-N-P fluxes in headwaters (<15 km2) complicates the management and protection of water resources, but offers opportunities for optimisation of localised agro-environmental measures. A fortnightly monitoring conducted over 17 months (March 2018-July 2019) of C-N-P concentrations at 32 points, including 23 headwaters, captured this spatio-temporal variability in an agricultural catchment (Yvel River, 375 km2 - Brittany, France). The persistence of spatial patterns of water quality was demonstrated: occasional sampling allowed the ranking of sub-catchments according to their hydric exports of N and P. The link between the landscape spatial organisation and C-N-P fluxes was then investigated across two levels of organisation. Using a stochastic approach, it was shown that the proportion and type of agricultural areas on hillslopes influence N water exports, while the spatial configuration of agricultural areas is critical for P exports. The C-N-P hydrochemical signal from the hillslope is modulated in the river network. A mass balance between modelled hillslope fluxes and the measured mesoscale outlet fluxes showed that these modulations influence the temporal variability of mesoscale concentrations, but have little impact on annual fluxes
Cathelin, Cécile. "Jungle policy en forêts privées : la traduction tica des paiements pour services environnementaux : gouvernement par les coalitions et pluralisme limité en démocratie costaricienne." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20123.
Developed by environmental economists during the 1990s, Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are market mechanisms, promised as being innovative for natural resource conservation. This theoretical construction, circulating within academic and international political spheres, coexists in practice with a « variety of PES ». Presented as an ideal example of PES, the Programme for Payment for Environmental Services (PPES) of Costa Rica, introduced in 1996, is however very far from the theoretical model of environmental economics. In fact, tico PES are incentives, financed and put into place largely by the state. They subsidize not only private forest conservation but also wood production. This work « reinserts » political variables, too often omitted in the environmental economic literature, in order to explain the specificities of the Costa Rican PES. By looking at the impacts of the internationalization of public action on national and local level, we identify two variables which help to comprehend the « translation» process of these international tools : government by coalitions and formal and informal rules of the national political regime. This study questions the democratization and the eclipse of the state usually associated with environmental politics. It shows that the Costa Rican political regime structures and authorizes a game by coalitions, which is rather closed and «discrete » (Culpepper, 2011), distant from « politics » and structured around the stakes linked with wood production. This game tends to take over the construction of PES mechanisms, in order to appropriate the financial flows which stem from the state’s redistribution and international cooperation. This game engenders an enclave of « limited pluralism » (Linz, 1964 ; Hermet, 2004) confined within the democratic Costa Rican regime
Niang, Abdoulaye. "Le secteur informel de production de biens et de services modernes : un exemple de l'articulation entre les structures socio-économiques traditionnelles et le mode de production capitaliste : le cas du Sénégal." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080282.
Langlois, Juliette. "Représentation dans l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie des impacts environnementaux des usages de l'espace marin - illustration sur les activités de pêche et d'algoculture." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0004/document.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a robust tool often used for eco-design. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts, at a global scale, accounting for all stage of a product life cycle, “from cradle to grave”. There is a methodological gap in this method to account for occupation and transformation impacts in marine ecosystems due to human activities. The task accomplished during this PhD is the development of a methodological framework for a new impact category in LCA in order to overcome this lack: the sea use. As only a few studies have been carried out in this field, the general framework for sea use had to be defined. This framework has been built following the example of land use and integrating the new methods of assessment developed for LCA of seafood. Thus, a bibliographic work has been performed on the topic of land use and of LCA of fisheries and aquaculture. Cause-effect chains, linking human interventions to the potential impacts they can induce on their environment, were precisely defined. We focused on one of these cause-effect chains in particular, with the aim to build an operational impact assessment method. The method has then been made operational for the assessment of occupation and transformation impacts on the ecosystem life support functions. Because impacts of biotic biomass removal are an essential concern in marine ecosystems, the method has first been applied to fisheries. It was also exemplified on the case of offshore cultivated seaweed, as a case-study of ecodesign using LCA for seafood. Thus, a new operational methd of sea use impact assessment is proposed and can be applied to case-studies
Gomez, Delgado Federico. "Processus hydrologiques, écophysiologiques et de transfert de sédiments dans un bassin agroforestier caféier combinant des approches expérimentales et de modélisation pour les besoins des Services Hydrologiques Environnementaux." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0032/document.
The profitability of hydropower is affected by soil erosion and sedimentation in dam reservoirs, which are influenced by land use, infiltration and aquifer interactions with surface water. In order to promote the payment of Hydrological Environmental Services (HES) in Costa Rica, a quantitative assessment of the impact of land uses (such as coffee farming) on the functioning of drainage basins is required. This thesis seeks: 1) to study the water balance partitioning in a newly installed coffee agroforestry basin 2) to estimate the water and sediment yield at various spatio-temporal scales: from plot to basin and from event to annual scale; and 3) to simulate the water and sediment yields, at both annual and peakflow scale, by including the surface runoff from hillslopes and roads. The main hydrological, ecophysiological and sediment processes were monitored during one year at the basin (rainfall, streamflow, evapotranspiration, soil humidity, aquifer level, turbidity) and at the plots (surface runoff and erosion). A new eco-hydrological model was developed to close the water balance, and the annual sediment yield was also quantified. Improvements are in progress to take into account the effect of roads in surface runoff generation. The low surface runoff, low plot erosion and low basin sediment yield observed under the current biophysical conditions (andisol) and management practices (no tillage, planted trees, bare soil kept by weeding), offer potential HES by reducing the superficial displacement capacity for fertilizers and pesticides, yielding low sediment loads and regulating streamflow variability through highly efficient mechanisms of aquifer recharge-discharge
Le, Gall-Ely Marine. "Contribution à l'évaluation monétaire de biens et services sans référent de marché : les apports combinés de la méthode de l'évaluation contingente et de l'analyse des mesures conjointes." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00522588.
Le, Gall-Ely Marine. "Contribution à l’évaluation monétaire de biens et services sans référent de marché : les apports combinés de la méthode de l’évaluation contingente et de l’analyse des mesures conjointes." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10209.
Managers face the crucial issue of « just price » for goods and services without market reference (in non-competitive environment and with no market price) very early in an offer development process. The general goal of our research was a methodological one : to compare two methods used to assess consumer willingness to pay, contingent valuation and conjoint analysis designed respectively in economics and marketing, regarding scientific criteria but also practical considerations. After a review of economic and marketing literatures, we have described the similarities of commercial and public goods without market reference. Then we have pointed out some divergences between these two research streams regarding the consumer decision process and the role of price in it. After this review, we could nevertheless draw up the concept of willingness to pay, the sole price concept that can be measured for goods without market reference, to intentional acceptability of price. The requisite measure of willingness to pay has led quickly to the choice of contingent valuation and conjoint analysis in the economic and marketing « toolboxes ». The second step of our work aimed at comparing these two methods on both methodological and practical points of view. Two empirical studies, using several variants of the methods, were conducted : one at an early step in the development process of an innovative multiservices concept, and the other at a more advanced stage. We have came to the conclusion about two types of complementarity between the methods : on one part, a sequential complementarity at an early stage of the development process (a contingent valuation study being used as an exploratory tool of willingness to pay very early and being useful for the design of a conjoint analysis study conducted subsequently) and on the other part, a simultaneous complementarity at a more advanced stage (conjoint analysis helping at price decision for product or service series and contingent valuation allowing demand segmentation given price sensitivities). Finally, recommendations to potential users and future research issues were pointed out
Lennon, Zaninovic Carolina. "Trois études sur la mondialisation des services : en quoi se différencie-t-elle de la mondialisation des biens matériels? : Et une étude sur la vulnérabilité des pays face aux chocs extérieurs." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010034.
Déprés, Christophe. "Une approche néo-institutionnelle de la fourniture de services environnementaux : le cas du service d’épandage agricole des boues d’épuration et ses formes d’organisation territoriale." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOE011.
The PhD thesis develops a neo-institutional approach of the supply in environmental services and of the role played by authorities. The idea puts forward is the plurality of contractual arrangements likely to be efficient to supervise the supply of these services such as spot contracts, long-term contracts and administrated contracts. This thesis raises the question of the compared efficiency of these arrangements. Then, it develops a framework inspired from the transaction costs theory and confronts it with the empirical analysis of the following case: sewage sludge spreading service by farmers. The studied case shows the importance of the administered contract considering the service characteristics which are as follows: multiplicity of concerned stakeholders and difficulties in measuring sludge quality. Besides, it shows the interest of taking into account micro-institutional factors in the analysis
Maiziere, Pierre Alexandre. "Les paiements pour services environnementaux et la lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays du Sud : exemple d'un puits de carbone au Congo (RD)." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS027S.
Climate change is a reality that can hardly be ignored. To fight against this phenomenon, a set of national and international instruments, regulations and voluntary and coercive incentives had set in place. Among the cohort of mechanisms, one seems to be increasingly preferred: Payments for Environmental Services (PES). This thesis aims to identify the reasons for such a popularization from various international and national but also public and private actors. It seems that the PSE should be considered by all of them as being able to combine environmental protection and the development of local populations. However, is the reduction of poverty generated sustainable? The words are then illustrated through a case study present in Congo. To do this, an institutional analysis of the rise of the project, and an analysis of the impact of the latter on the local population and their vulnerability are made
Vicente, Serge. "L'activité en tant que bien : réflexions sur les fondements de la distinction des obligations de faire et de donner." Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21003.
Recent developments in the field of jurisprudence have called in question the summa divisio of the obligations of dare and facere by posing the problem of its relevance. Critics underline its inutility in practice by insisting on the weaknesses of one of its elements : namely, the obligation of dare. This conclusion, however, is not convincing and comes up against too wide a definition of the obligation to do. The present understanding of this obligation seems very remote from that of the 17th century jurisconsults, who envisaged it exclusively as the act of creation of a not yet existing wealth. By reverting to the limits of its original definition, the obligation to do no longer overlaps the obligation to give, and contributes to their respective autonomy. This limitation of the notion of facere to economic activity brings to the fore the obligation of praestare, which consists in providing a non value creating activity, the pertinent illustration of which is the obligation of deliver. The obligation of praestare explains the exercise of the obligation to give and lends consistency to the distinction between the obligations, which is all the more significant in that the development of economic relations in recent years emphasises its interest. The prominence given to a functional distinction between goods, opposing respectively stock goods, viewed by the contracting parties for their financial utility ans usable goods, viewed by the contracting parties for their economic utility, justifies the role of the summa divisio of the obligations. The economic utility, which should provide the supplier with exchange goods, thus appears as a guarantee of service. This garantee obligation, an actual obligation to do, also exists where service is concerned, and has become established as the juridical representation of economic utility. Following the example of usable goods, this obligation should benefit the sub, contractor of the initial creditor, provided its conveyance is considered from the point of view of the mechanism of the transfer of debt and on the ground of natural equity. It thus bases the utility of the services on the same level as that of the goods
Gourc, Didier. "Vers un modèle général du risque pour le pilotage et la conduite des activités de biens et de services : Propositions pour une conduite des projets et une gestion des risques intégrées." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745260.
Laplante, Christian. "Comportements agressifs physiques associés à la démence : antécédents environnementaux observés en centre d'hébergement et de soins de longue durée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23999/23999.pdf.
Niang, Abdoulaye. "Le Secteur informel de production de biens et de services un exemple de l'articulation entre les structures socio-économiques traditionnelles et le mode de production capitaliste : cas du Sénégal /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37619412v.
Randrianarison, Minoarivelo. "Les paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité : évaluation des "contrats de conservation" et des autres "incitations directes à la conservation" dans la région Est de Madagascar." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00557195.
Saint-Leger, Guy. "Quel processus de changement peut permettre une mise en oeuvre et une utilisation efficace et efficiente d'un système d'information de type ERP dans les moyennes structures de production de biens et de services?" Lyon 3, 2005. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2005_out_saint_leger_g.pdf.
Saint-Leger, Guy Savall Henri. "Quel processus de changement peut permettre une mise en oeuvre et une utilisation efficace et efficiente d'un système d'information de type ERP dans les moyennes structures de production de biens et de services?" Grenoble : ANRT-Grenoble, 2005. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/2005/saintleger_g.
Faivre-Tavignot, Bénédicte. "Quels sont les processus qui permettent aux modèles sociétaux d’accès aux biens et services (social business et BOP) de constituer des leviers de renouveau stratégique de l’entreprise ? : le cas d’une multinationale agroalimentaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30084.
For a few years researchers have been focusing on the BOP as a lever for innovation and even reverse innovation for MNEs from developed countries. This in depth longitudinal study of an agrofood company explores the role of BOP and social business (SBOP) initiatives as a lever for strategic renewal of a whole company: helping it become simultaneously more sustainable (as regards our global environmental and social challenges) and more competitive. It analyses the process of this renewal and the key factors of its success; among them: a double (top down and bottom up) approach: articulated on three levels: individual, collective and organizational. It also analyses the role of a socially oriented focus as a booster of this strategic renewal