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Статті в журналах з теми "Biais de confirmation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 26 жовтня 2023

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1

Larivée, Serge, Carole Sénéchal, Zoé St-Onge, and Mathieu-Robert Sauvé. "Le biais de confirmation en recherche." Revue de psychoéducation 48, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1060013ar.

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Анотація:

Cet article traite du biais de confirmation dans le domaine de la recherche. Dans la première partie, nous présentons le critère de réfutabilité comme le meilleur antidote contre ce problème. Par la suite, nous abordons quatre aspects de la culture scientifique susceptibles d’alimenter le biais de confirmation en recherche : l’impératif de publication (Publish or Perish), la valorisation des résultats positifs dans les revues savantes, la rareté des études de reproductibilité, une condition pourtant essentielle de la méthode scientifique, certains aspects de la recherche qualitative. Dans la dernière partie, nous illustrons la nature du biais de confirmation en recherche à l’aide de quatre exemples.

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2

Vorms, Marion. "Bayes et les biais. Le « biais de confirmation » en question." Revue de métaphysique et de morale N° 112, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rmm.214.0567.

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3

Lariv�e, Serge, Carole S�n�chal, and Zo� St-Onge. "Le biais de confirmation en clinique." Enfance N�4, no. 4 (2018): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/enf2.184.0575.

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4

Barth, Isabelle. "Le confort pervers du biais de confirmation." Pour l'Éco N° 32, no. 5 (June 1, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poec.032.0046.

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5

Durand, Thomas C., and Thibault Renard. "Retour sur "L’Affaire Renault", ou la mise en abyme du biais de confirmation." Sécurité et stratégie 29, no. 1 (2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sestr.029.0071.

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6

VAILLANT-ROUSSEL, H., C. BLANCHARD, T. MENINI, E. CHARUEL, B. PEREIRA, F. NAUDET, B. KASSAI, et al. "PROJET REBUILD THE EVIDENCE." EXERCER 34, no. 190 (February 1, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.190.81.

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Introduction. La médecine fondée sur les preuves (EBM) est la pierre angulaire de la décision médicale partagée. Le public mérite des informations claires, transparentes et dignes de confiance sur l’efficacité des médicaments. Pourtant, aujourd’hui, de nombreux médicaments sont prescrits et utilisés sans preuve solide de leur efficacité. Les essais cliniques randomisés (ECR) et leurs méta-analyses sont les meilleures études pour évaluer l’efficacité des médicaments et leurs effets indésirables, mais leurs résultats ne sont pas facilement interprétables en pratique et sont même parfois discutables par rapport aux données retenues. Dans une approche de décision médicale partagée, les médecins généralistes ont besoin que l’évaluation des médicaments soit fondée sur des résultats importants et pertinents pour le patient. L’objectif du projet Rebuild the Evidence Base (REB) est de combler le fossé entre les données nécessaires à la pratique clinique et les données disponibles de la recherche clinique. Méthodes et analyses. Les médicaments seront évalués selon des critères cliniques importants pour les patients et dans une population donnée. En utilisant les outils Cochrane, pour chaque population et critère d’évaluation choisis, seront réalisées : 1. une méta-analyse, fondée sur des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) avec un faible risque global de biais ; 2. l’évaluation des résultats issus des ECR de confirmation ; 3. l’évaluation de l’hétérogénéité statistique entre essais (I2), et 4. l’évaluation du risque de biais de publication. En fonction des résultats de ces analyses, les preuves seront évaluées selon quatre niveaux : preuve solide, résultat probant mais à confirmer, signal à confirmer, ou absence de preuve. Conclusion. Le projet REB propose une méthode de lecture et d’interprétation des essais cliniques randomisés et de leur méta-analyse afin de produire des données de qualité permettant aux médecins généralistes de se centrer sur l’évaluation du bénéfice-risque dans l’intérêt des patients. Si ces données n’existent pas, cela permettra à la recherche clinique de mieux définir ses objectifs.

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7

Goanta, Catalina. "Information Duties in the Internet Era: Case Note on Content Services Ltd v. Bundesarbeitkammer." European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 2 (March 1, 2013): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013033.

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Abstract: The growth of the information society is enthusiastically embraced by the European Commission, which sees in the booming number of citizens purchasing goods online a strengthening of the internal market by way of an increase of cross-border trade. As is well known, contracts through which consumers buy products or demand services from traders that are not in their physical vicinity are considered to be distance contracts and are thus regulated by the Distance Selling Directive (DSD). Ironically, the DSD was not drafted with e-commerce in mind, which is understandable as the initial proposal dates from 1992. However, it was only adopted in 1997, and the fact that it still makes reference to decrepit distance communication techniques such as videophone and videotext, while failing to mention the internet even once, poses questions about its suitability to meet the technological progress of the last decade. An accurate illustration of this problem can be found in the 2012 Content Services Ltd v. Bundesarbeitskammer case. The analysis focused on determining whether sending a link via e-mail would meet the requirements of Article 5(1) of the DSD, which requires that the consumer receives or is given written confirmation of the relevant information or confirmation on another durable medium available. Résumé: La croissance de la société de l'information est accueillie avec enthousiasme par la Commission européenne, qui voit dans le nombre en plein essor des citoyens qui achètent des biens en ligne un renforcement du marché intérieur par le biais d'une augmentation de commerce transfrontalier. Comme c'est bien connu, les contrats par lesquels les consommateurs achètent des produits ou demandent des services des commerçants qui ne sont pas dans leur voisinage physique sont considérés comme des contrats à distance, et sont donc réglementés par la Directive concernant la protection des consommateurs en matière de contrats à distance (DSD). Ironiquement, la Directive sur la vente à distance n'a pas été rédigée avec l'e-commerce à l'esprit, parce que la proposition originale est daté 1992. Cependant, il n'a été adopté qu'en 1997, et le fait qu'il fait encore référence à techniques décrépit de communication à distance telles que la visiophone et le vidéotexte, tout en omettant de mentionner l'Internet même une fois, pose des questions sur son justesse en répondre à l'évolution technologique de la dernière décennie. Une illustration exacte de ce problème peut être trouvée dans le Content Services cas. L'analyse vise à déterminer si l'envoi d'un lien par e-mail répond aux exigences de l'article 5 (1) de la DSD, qui exige que le consommateur reçoit ou est fournie une confirmation écrite des informations pertinentes ou la confirmation sur un autre support durable à sa disposition.

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8

Dubucs, Jacques. "Épistémologie du web." Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa 55, no. 3 (April 6, 2022): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/zn.2019.024.

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Résumé. En trente ans, le rapport d’Internet à l’entreprise scientifique a changé. Nous sommes passés d’un instrument de collaboration scientifique à un dispositif de réseaux sociaux qui assure la plus large diffusion à l’irrationalisme et à l’alt-factualisme. Pour comprendre ce changement, il convient de réexaminer les mécanismes de la convergence des opinions. La première source de cette convergence est l’existence d’un monde commun, qui nous expose aux mêmes faits et qui détermine par révision successive des croyances de chacun, sans que la moindre communication soit requise, une convergence asymptotique des opinions, et ce quelles que soient les croyances de départ. Naturellement, si les faits connus par les uns sont communiqués aux autres, cette convergence s’accélère considérablement, si bien que nous devons considérer la connaissance comme le résultat d’une activité collective, et l’échange d’informations comme l’une de ses sources nécessaires. D’une part, cette coopération épistémique est naturelle et facilement implémentable : en vertu des propriétés caractéristiques de l’information, qui est un bien que nous conservons lorsque nous le donnons, le partage informationnel est exempt des difficultés qui affectent généralement la coopération. D’autre part, cette coopération est intrinsèquement productive : la collaboration entre celui qui sait que φ et celui qui sait que φ implique ψ met chacun des deux agents en possession de la connaissance de ψ, qui n’était pourtant détenue par personne avant l’échange. L’internet des débuts donne à cette coopération informationnelle une ampleur inégalée. La situation actuelle est différente. Un certain nombre de facteurs, dont la porosité croissante entre les scientifiques et le large public, ont mis au premier plan l’échange, non des informations factuelles, mais celui des opinions. Les biais notoires de la psychologie humaine, au premier rang desquels le biais de confirmation, tendent à inverser le rapport entre les faits et les opinions. On cherche les faits confirmant les opinions entretenues, on met en doute les faits récalcitrants et l’on crée des faits corroborants. En bref, on passe d’une problématique de la coopération à une logique de l’affiliation, segmentant l’internet en groupes doxastiques homogènes.

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9

THOMAZO, M., and B. SOULIE. "CHEMINEMENT ET SELECTION D'UNE SOURCE D'INFORMATION EN MEDECINE DE PREMIER RECOURS : PROPOSITION D'UN MODELE EXPLICATIF PAR THEORISATION ANCREE." EXERCER 34, no. 192 (April 1, 2023): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.192.148.

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Анотація:

Introduction. Des décisions thérapeutiques sont prises lors de chaque consultation, et ce processus décisionnel est aujourd’hui bien étudié dans la littérature psychologique. Ces décisions sont censées se fonder sur le concept d’evidence-based medicine associant à la fois les données actualisées de la science, l’expertise empirique du praticien et les préférences du patient. Lorsqu’un choix doit être fait dans la prise en compte d’une source d’information, plusieurs profils décisionnaires existent. Objectif. Proposer un modèle théorique expliquant le cheminement d’une source d’information dans une prise de décision. Méthode. Étude qualitative inspirée de la théorisation ancrée avec échantillonnage théorique et processus d’itération en comparaison constante. Résultats. Les médecins généralistes déléguaient une partie de la critique des sources d’information à différents intermédiaires. L’accessibilité de ces informations formait un premier filtre : langue native, technologie, fatigue, investissement nécessaire et éloignement géographique des interlocuteurs. Les préférences comme l’indépendance, l’empirisme ou la formation universitaire étaient un second filtre. La confirmation par les pairs venait potentialiser certaines informations via la convivialité, les liens affectifs et la réputation. Une vigilance et une adaptation au contexte étaient les derniers filtres. Conclusion. L’origine des décisions est multifactorielle, et l’enseignement de ces facteurs pourrait permettre aux futurs médecins généralistes de mieux reconnaître certains biais cognitifs.

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10

Caster, Paul, Randal J. Elder, and Diane J. Janvrin. "A Summary of Research and Enforcement Release Evidence on Confirmation Use and Effectiveness." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.2.253.

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SUMMARY: Confirmations are extensively used and are often perceived by practitioners to be one of the most persuasive forms of audit evidence. Yet academic research has found limitations that restrict confirmation effectiveness for many management assertions. In addition, a number of problems with false and forged confirmations are identified in Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) have put confirmation evidence on their respective agendas. Academic research indicates that receivable confirmations can be effective evidence for the existence assertion. Low response rates, as well as respondent errors and directional bias in detecting errors, are key barriers to confirmation effectiveness. Our review of AAERs identified failure to authenticate responses, collusion between auditee management and customers, and concealed side agreements and special terms as specific problem areas. We also identify a number of research questions for future research.

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11

Choi, Su-Young, and Heejeong Shin. "Firm-Specific Investor Sentiment, Confirmation Bias, and Market Response to Earnings Information." International Academy of Global Business and Trade 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2023.19.1.39.

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Purpose - This study investigates the effect of firm-specific investor sentiment on the asymmetry of the market’s response to signed earnings of accounting information (i.e., positive/negative unexpected earnings). Applying cognitive attribution (i.e., confirmation bias), which arises due to the incongruency of prior and new information to market earning reactions, this paper aims to provide another insight into the market’s efficiency of accounting information. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study hypothesizes that firm-specific investor sentiment is associated with market reactions to earnings information. Using 4,802 firm-year observations of KSE listed firms from 2011 to 2018, this study conducts a series of multiple regression analyses that estimate the moderate/ incremental effect of investor sentiment on market earnings responses. Findings - The analysis results show that on average, firm-specific sentiment plays a role as a reference in interpreting subsequent earnings information. This leads investors to under-react to signed earnings at the announcement date, relying on the sentiment level. Research Implications - This study is distinct from prior literature in using individual firm investor sentiment deemed to be relatively faithful for representing the external mood of firms. By linking the market’s earnings response with investor cognitive attribution (i.e., confirmation bias), this study looks more closely into market informational efficiency.

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12

Davis, Neil M. "Combating Confirmation Bias." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 94, no. 7 (July 1994): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199407000-00014.

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13

Cheng, Chu Xin. "Confirmation Bias in Investments." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n2p50.

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Investors exhibit some well documented mistakes, such as the disposition effect and excessive trading. One potential explanation of these phenomena is confirmation bias. People are inclined to be attached to their investment thesis and are unwilling to consider or accept evidence that they are wrong. Thus, they make speculative bets and hold onto them even as they show a downward trend. Confirmation bias may result from people selectively acquiring information that allows them to continue believing what they initially believe. I investigated selective information acquisition among investors with an experiment that gave participants the choice to read an article supporting an investment they previously made or one opposing it. I discovered that investors are significantly more likely to read the article that is supportive of their decision rather than the article that opposed the investment they had chosen. This suggests that investors exhibit selective information seeking, which could be a source of confirmation bias and is thus a plausible explanation for the investor mistakes previously discussed.

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14

Roy, Marie-Pier, Frédéric Calon, David Simonyan, and Luc Bergeron. "Risk of Neutropenia in Adults Treated with Piperacillin–Tazobactam or Cefazolin: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 75, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.3161.

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Background: Neutropenia is an adverse effect associated with the use of several antibiotics, including piperacillin–tazobactam (P/T). Previous findings have suggested that the risk of neutropenia in children is significantly higher with P/T than with ticarcillin–clavulanate. Objectives: To compare the risk of neutropenia associated with P/T and with cefazolin in an adult population and to describe the characteristics of neutropenia episodes observed. Methods: This descriptive retrospective study involved patients aged 18 years or older who received a minimum of 10 days of treatment with P/T or cefazolin between January 2009 and December 2013. Patients who experienced neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 1.5 × 109/L) were compared, using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, between those who received P/T and those who received cefazolin. Results: A total of 207 patients were included (104 who received P/T and 103 who received cefazolin). Ten episodes of neutropenia were observed, 5 with each antibiotic (4.8% and 4.9%, respectively; odds ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.278–3.527). The mean cumulative dose of piperacillin was 290.4 g among patients who experienced neutropenia and 247.0 g among all patients treated with P/T, and the mean treatment duration was 24.0 days and 21.0 days, respectively. The average time before the onset of neutropenia was slightly longer with P/T than with cefazolin (22.0 versus 17.2 days, p = 0.38). Conclusions: Although these results require confirmation in a larger clinical trial (to lessen possible attribution bias), the risk of neutropenia appeared to be similar between P/T and cefazolin. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : La neutropénie est un effet indésirable associé à l’utilisation de plusieurs antibiotiques, dont la pipéracilline-tazobactam (P/T). Des données récentes indiquent que le risque de neutropénie chez les enfants est significativement plus élevé avec la P/T qu’avec l’association ticarcilline-clavulanate. Objectifs : Comparer le risque de neutropénie associé à la P/T et à la céfazoline chez une population adulte et décrire les caractéristiques des épisodes de neutropénie observés. Méthodes : Cette étude rétrospective descriptive impliquait des patients âgés d’au moins 18 ans ayant reçu un traitement d’au moins 10 jours par P/T ou céfazoline entre janvier 2009 et décembre 2013. Les patients ayant présenté une neutropénie (nombre absolu de neutrophiles < 1,5 × 109/L) ont été comparés, à l’aide de modèles de régression logistique univariée et multivariée, entre ceux qui ont reçu de la P/T et ceux qui ont reçu de la céfazoline. Résultats : Au total, 207 patients ont été inclus (104 ayant reçu de la P/T et 103 ayant reçu de la céfazoline). Dix épisodes de neutropénie ont été observés, 5 avec chaque antibiotique (4,8 % et 4,9 %, respectivement; rapport des cotes 0,99; intervalle de confiance à 95 % 0,278-3,527). La dose cumulée moyenne de pipéracilline était de 290,4 g chez les patients ayant présenté une neutropénie et de 247,0 g chez tous les patients traités par P/T. La durée moyenne du traitement était de 24,0 jours et 21,0 jours, respectivement. Le délai moyen avant l’apparition de la neutropénie était légèrement plus long avec la P/T qu’avec la céfazoline (22,0 contre 17,2 jours, p = 0,38). Conclusions : Bien que ces résultats nécessitent une confirmation dans un essai clinique de plus grande envergure (afin de réduire d’éventuels biais d’attribution), le risque de neutropénie semble être similaire chez les personnes ayant reçu de la P/T et ceux ayant reçu de la céfazoline.

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15

Sleegers, Willem W. A., Travis Proulx, and Ilja van Beest. "Confirmation bias and misconceptions: Pupillometric evidence for a confirmation bias in misconceptions feedback." Biological Psychology 145 (July 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.018.

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16

Lockwood, Ben. "Confirmation Bias and Electoral Accountability." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 11, no. 4 (February 20, 2017): 471–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00016037.

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17

Chester, Lynne. "A Case of Confirmation Bias." Journal of Economic Issues 55, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2021.1940040.

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18

Davis, Neil M. "Med Errors: Combating Confirmation Bias." American Journal of Nursing 94, no. 7 (July 1994): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3464683.

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19

Allahverdyan, Armen E., and Aram Galstyan. "Opinion Dynamics with Confirmation Bias." PLoS ONE 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2014): e99557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099557.

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20

Rajsic, Jason, Daryl E. Wilson, and Jay Pratt. "Confirmation bias in visual search." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 41, no. 5 (October 2015): 1353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000090.

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21

Lehner, P. E., L. Adelman, B. A. Cheikes, and M. J. Brown. "Confirmation Bias in Complex Analyses." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 38, no. 3 (May 2008): 584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmca.2008.918634.

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22

Hiner, Amanda. "Truth-seeking Versus Confirmation Bias." Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 31, no. 1 (2016): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/inquiryct20163115.

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Rajsic, J., D. Wilson, and J. Pratt. "Confirmation bias in visual search." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.927.

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24

Hernandez, Ivan, and Jesse Lee Preston. "Disfluency disrupts the confirmation bias." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 1 (January 2013): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.010.

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25

Charness, Gary, and Chetan Dave. "Confirmation bias with motivated beliefs." Games and Economic Behavior 104 (July 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2017.02.015.

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Rutten, Lex. "Confirmation and confirmation bias: The role of prognostic factor research." Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 11, no. 4 (2017): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_48_17.

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27

Eckman, S., and F. Kreuter. "Confirmation Bias in Housing Unit Listing." Public Opinion Quarterly 75, no. 1 (February 23, 2011): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq066.

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Murray, Carolyn B. "Estimating Achievement Performance: A Confirmation Bias." Journal of Black Psychology 22, no. 1 (February 1996): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984960221006.

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Lee, Maurice S. "Falsifiability, Confirmation Bias, and Textual Promiscuity." J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists 2, no. 1 (2014): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2014.0014.

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Koretz, Ronald L. "JPEN Journal Club 20. Confirmation Bias." Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 40, no. 5 (June 23, 2016): 739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148607116633794.

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31

Nott, M. R. "Misidentification, in-filling and confirmation bias." Anaesthesia 56, no. 9 (September 2001): 906–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.02230-18.x.

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Elston, Dirk M. "Confirmation bias in medical decision-making." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 82, no. 3 (March 2020): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.1286.

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33

Dardenne, Benoit, and Jacques-Philippe Leyens. "Confirmation Bias as a Social Skill." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 11 (November 1995): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672952111011.

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34

Robles, Jaime. "Confirmation bias in structural equation modeling." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1996): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519609540031.

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35

Powell, Martine B., Carolyn H. Hughes-Scholes, and Stefanie J. Sharman. "Skill in Interviewing Reduces Confirmation Bias." Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2012): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jip.1357.

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Bashir, Mustafa R., Claude B. Sirlin, and Scott B. Reeder. "On confirmation bias in imaging research." Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 41, no. 5 (August 14, 2014): 1163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24720.

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37

Ahmad Ghani, Ahmad Noor Hazim, and Hawa Rahmat. "Confirmation Bias in Our Opinions on Social Media: A Qualitative Approach." Journal of Communication, Language and Culture 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/jclc.2023.3.1.4.

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Анотація:

Personal opinions are shaped by several factors, such as social, political, and economic issues. Subconscious bias is caused by factors such as the socioeconomic environment in which a person was raised, information gleaned from a network of friends, acquaintances, co-workers, as well as information from all other information sources. Confirmation bias is the propensity to look for evidence that supports one's preconceived notions rather than contradicts them. Due to its pressure on influencing personal opinions, confirmation bias has recently come back into focus as a topic of discussion, and social media today seems to have the biggest impact on the creation of confirmation bias in personal opinions on a variety of issues. Owing to social media's immense fame and popularity today, it has turned into a source of confirmation bias. Therefore, what are the factors that contribute to confirmation bias in our opinions on social media? How does confirmation bias shape our opinions on social media? A semi-structured interview was conducted with six (6) informants to seek answers to what and how confirmation bias shapes our opinions on social media. This study produced four themes, which are education level, algorithm, conformity, and self-control. Briefly, social media does shape confirmation bias in internet users' personal opinions. Finally, the current study has a limitation in that it only looks at social media, personal opinions, and confirmation bias.

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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Cornelia Mothes, and Nick Polavin. "Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information." Communication Research 47, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650217719596.

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Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. The news articles that participants chose from were either conservative or liberal and also either positive or negative regarding American political policies. In addition, information processing styles (cognitive reflection and need-for-cognition) were measured. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values, but did not corroborate the hypothesis derived from social identity theory. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse affective state fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias.

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Xu, Quan, Mengyun Wang, Hongwei Wang, Bo Liu, Xuqun You, and Ming Ji. "Cognitive Style and Flight Experience Influence on Confirmation Bias in Lost Procedures." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6026.2022.

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BACKGROUND: Accident analysis and empirical research have shown that the decision-making process of pilots after becoming lost is adversely affected by confirmation bias; this constitutes a serious threat to aviation safety. However, the underlying mechanism of confirmation bias in the context of lost procedures are still unclear.METHODS: This study used scenario-based map-reading tasks to conduct two experiments to explore the mechanism of confirmation bias in the lost procedures. In Experiment 1, 34 undergraduate students and 28 flying cadets were enrolled in a formal experiment to examine the effects of verbal-imagery cognitive style, experience level, and their interaction on confirmation bias. In Experiment 2, we further explored the influence of strategy as a core component of experience on confirmation bias with 26 flying cadets.RESULTS: The study found that individuals were subject to confirmation bias in lost procedures. Visualizers (M = 0.78, SD = 0.75) were almost twice as likely to select the disconfirmatory features than verbalizers (M = 0.37, SD = 0.49). Visualizers exhibited a lower degree of confirmation bias than verbalizers, and experience helps verbalizers to reduce their degree of confirmation bias. The protective effect of experience mainly lies in individuals’ choice of strategy.DISCUSSION: Future aviation safety campaigns could be aimed at adopting a candidate selection process that focuses more on psychological attributes by testing for cognitive style, and enriching individual experience through adequate training. Such measures would reduce confirmation bias.Xu Q, Wang M, Wang H, Liu B, You X, Ji M. Cognitive style and flight experience influence on confirmation bias in lost procedures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(8):618–626.

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40

Schlosser, Michael D., Jennifer K. Robbennolt, Daniel M. Blumberg, and Konstantinos Papazoglou. "Confirmation bias: A barrier to community policing." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.219.

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This is a very challenging time for police–community relations, one characterized by a mutual lack of trust between police and citizens. But trust is an important tenet of effective community policing. Trust between police and communities can result in better problem solving, fewer legal violations by citizens, less frequent use of force by the police, less resistance by citizens during arrests, greater willingness to share information, less inclination to riot, and greater willingness of community members and police to cooperate. One key obstacle to fostering trust between the community and police is confirmation bias—the tendency for people to take in information and process it in a way that confirms their current preconceptions, attitudes, and beliefs. Recognizing and addressing confirmation bias, therefore, plays a critical role in fostering more productive engagement. If we are to improve police–community relations and co-create a way forward, learning to approach debates with open minds, an awareness of the lens of our own perspectives, commitment to considering the opposite, and the goal of listening with curiosity are essential.

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Dibbets, Pauline, Lois Borger, and Chantal Nederkoorn. "Filthy fruit! Confirmation bias and novel food." Appetite 167 (December 2021): 105607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105607.

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42

Doll, Bradley B., James A. Waltz, Jeffrey Cockburn, Jaime K. Brown, Michael J. Frank, and James M. Gold. "Reduced susceptibility to confirmation bias in schizophrenia." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2014): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0250-6.

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43

Dickinson, David L. "Deliberation Enhances the Confirmation Bias in Politics." Games 11, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11040057.

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The confirmation bias, unlike other decision biases, has been shown both empirically and in theory to be enhanced with deliberation. This suggests that limited attention, reduced deliberation, or limited available cognitive resources may moderate this bias. We aimed to test this hypothesis using a validated confirmation bias task in conjunction with a protocol that randomly assigned individuals to one week of at-home sleep restriction (SR) or well-rested (WR) sleep levels. We also used a measure of cognitive reflection as an additional proxy for deliberation in our analysis. We tested the hypotheses that the confirmation bias would be stronger for WR participants and those higher in cognitive reflection on a sample of 197 young adults. Our results replicated previous findings, and both males and females separately displayed the confirmation bias. Regarding our deliberation hypotheses, the confirmation bias results were most precisely estimated for those having thought relatively more about the issue of gun control. Additionally, for the subset of individuals having thought relatively more about gun control, we found evidence that the confirmation bias was stronger for those higher in cognitive reflection and, somewhat less robustly, for those participants who were (objectively) well-rested.

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44

Despodova, Nikoleta M., Jeff Kukucka, and Alexa Hiley. "Can Defense Attorneys Detect Forensic Confirmation Bias?" Zeitschrift für Psychologie 228, no. 3 (July 2020): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000414.

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Abstract. Knowledge of task-irrelevant information undermines the probative value of forensic evidence (i.e., forensic confirmation bias). Cross-examination may sensitize jurors to bias – but do attorneys recognize when bias has tainted evidence against their client and adjust their cross-examination strategy accordingly? To address this question, 130 defense attorneys imagined representing a man charged with manslaughter and reviewed a case file that included, among other things, an autopsy report from a medical examiner who was either aware or unaware of their client’s recanted confession before ruling the death a homicide. When the examiner knew of the confession, attorneys rated the autopsy as no less probative or reliable, they were no less confident in their client’s guilt, and only 46% raised the possibility of confirmation bias on cross-examination. Our findings suggest that defense attorneys underappreciate the impact of forensic confirmation bias, such that biased forensic testimony would be better avoided via procedural reform.

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45

Allen, Michael. "Theory‐led confirmation bias and experimental persona." Research in Science & Technological Education 29, no. 1 (April 2011): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2010.539973.

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46

Rajsic, Jason, Daryl Wilson, and Jay Pratt. "Investigating Confirmation Bias in Overt Visual Selection." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1356.

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47

Qiu, Cheng, Long Luu, and Alan A. Stocker. "Is “confirmation bias” always a bad thing?" Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 40a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.40a.

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48

Fandel, Thomas M., Maria Pfnuer, Claudia Corinth, Michael Ansorge, Sebastian W. Melchior, Joachim W. Thüroff, and Hans-Anton Lehr. "745: Confirmation Bias in Prostate Cancer Grading." Journal of Urology 177, no. 4S (April 2007): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(18)30985-6.

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49

Millner, Antony, Hélène Ollivier, and Leo Simon. "Confirmation bias and signaling in Downsian elections." Journal of Public Economics 185 (May 2020): 104175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104175.

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50

Patino, H. "Reducing confirmation bias in clinical decision-making." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55, no. 6 (June 1997): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90505-x.

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