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Статті в журналах з теми "Betaine Phosphate"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Banys, Juras, Vytautas Samulionis, Georg Voelkel, and A. Kloepperpieper. "Ultrasonic anomalies in betaine phosphate/betaine phosphite mixed crystals." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.426166.

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2

BALASHOVA, E. V., and V. V. LEMANOV. "Dielectric Properties of Betaine Phosphite-Betaine Phosphate in Improper Ferroelastic Phase." Ferroelectrics 302, no. 1 (January 2004): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190490453333.

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3

Freude, P., J. Totz, D. Michel, and M. Arndt. "Chemical exchange and conductivity processes in betaine phosphate and betaine phosphite." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 10, no. 2 (January 19, 1998): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/2/022.

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4

Banys, J., A. Brilingas, J. Grigas, A. Kajokas, C. Klimm, A. Matulis, G. Völkel, S. Lapinskas, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Radio and Microwave Spectroscopy of the Betaine Phosphate/Betaine Phosphite Mixed Crystals." Ferroelectrics 267, no. 1 (January 2002): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190211027.

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5

Hutton, S. L., I. Fehst, R. Böhmer, and A. Loidl. "Low temperature dielectric relaxation in mixed crystals of betaine phosphate and betaine phosphite." Ferroelectrics 127, no. 1 (March 1992): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199208223385.

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6

Freude, P., D. Michel, J. Totz, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Ordering behaviour at the antiferrodistortive phase transition in betaine phosphate and betaine phosphite." Ferroelectrics 208-209, no. 1 (April 1998): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199808014870.

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7

Pöppl, A., G. Völkel, J. Hoentsch, S. Orlinski, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Electron spin relaxation of the PO32− radical in ferroelectric betaine phosphite and in the proton glass betaine phosphate/betaine phosphite." Chemical Physics Letters 224, no. 3-4 (July 1994): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(94)00549-4.

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8

Banys, J., C. Klimm, G. Völkel, H. Bauch, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Proton-glass behavior in a solid solution of (betaine phosphate)0.15(betaine phosphite)0.85." Physical Review B 50, no. 22 (December 1, 1994): 16751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.16751.

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9

Freude, P., and D. Michel. "2H NMR studies of the antiferrodistortive phase transition in betaine phosphite and betaine phosphate." physica status solidi (b) 195, no. 1 (May 1, 1996): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221950133.

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10

Santos, M. L., L. C. R. Andrade, M. M. R. Costa, M. R. Chaves, A. Almeida, A. Kl�pperpieper, and J. Albers. "Detailed Structural X-Ray Study of (Betaine Phosphate)1?x(Betaine Phosphite)x Compounds." physica status solidi (b) 199, no. 2 (February 1997): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3951(199702)199:2<351::aid-pssb351>3.0.co;2-d.

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11

ALMEIDA, A., S. SARMENTO, J. L. RIBEIRO, L. G. VIEIRA, M. R. CHAVES, and A. KLÖPPERPIEPER. "Low Temperature Behaviour of Betaine Phosphate-Betaine Arsenate Mixed Crystals." Integrated Ferroelectrics 63, no. 1 (January 2004): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584580490459279.

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12

Suzuki, I., N. Ohta, and M. Maeda. "Dielectric and EPR study on betaine phosphate and betaine arsenate." Ferroelectrics 96, no. 1 (August 1989): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908216776.

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13

Balashova, E. V., and V. V. Lemanov. "Dielectric properties of betaine phosphite-betaine phosphate solid-solution crystals in the improper ferroelastic phase." Physics of the Solid State 45, no. 7 (July 2003): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1594248.

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14

Launer, S., M. Le Maire, G. Schaack, and S. Haussühl. "Pressure-temperature phase diagrams of betaine-arsenate, -phosphate, and -phosphite." Ferroelectrics 135, no. 1 (October 1992): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199208230029.

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15

Banys, J., P. J. Kundrotas, C. Klimm, A. Klöpperpieper, and G. Völkel. "Phase diagram of the mixed crystals betaine phosphate and betaine phosphite: Experimental and Monte Carlo results." Physical Review B 61, no. 5 (February 1, 2000): 3159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.61.3159.

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16

Balashova, E. V., B. B. Krichevtsov, F. B. Svinarev, and N. V. Zaitseva. "Antiferroelectric films of deuterated betaine phosphate." Physics of the Solid State 58, no. 7 (July 2016): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783416070052.

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17

Freude, P., and D. Michel. "2H NMR studies of betaine phosphate." Ferroelectrics 165, no. 1 (March 1995): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199508228313.

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18

Maeda, Masaki. "Elastic Anomalies in Antiferroelectric Betaine Phosphate." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 57, no. 9 (September 15, 1988): 3059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.57.3059.

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19

Almeida, A., S. Sarmento, J. L. Ribeiro, L. G. Vieira, M. R. Chaves, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Dielectric and Spectroscopic Studies of Betaine Phosphate-Betaine Arsenate Mixed System." Ferroelectrics 295, no. 1 (July 2003): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190390239026.

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20

Mai, Tobias, Susanne Boye, Jiayin Yuan, Antje Völkel, Marlies Gräwert, Christina Günter, Albena Lederer, and Andreas Taubert. "Poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers with very high molecular weights for biomimetic calcium phosphate mineralization." RSC Advances 5, no. 125 (2015): 103494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20035k.

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21

Hutton, S. L., I. Fehst, R. Böhmer, M. Braune, B. Mertz, P. Lunkenheimer, and A. Loidl. "Proton glass behavior and hopping conductivity in solid solutions of antiferroelectric betaine phosphate and ferroelectric betaine phosphite." Physical Review Letters 66, no. 15 (April 15, 1991): 1990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.66.1990.

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22

Lanceros-Méndez, S., M. Le Maire, G. Schaack, M. Schmitt-Lewen, and C. Wilhelm. "Competing interactions and phase transitions in betaine arsenate-betaine phosphate (BAxBP1-x)." Ferroelectrics 157, no. 1 (July 1994): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199408229517.

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23

Albers, J., E. V. Balashova, A. Klöpperpieper, V. V. Lemanov, H. E. Müser, and A. B. Sherman. "Ultrasonic study of deuterated betaine phosphate crystals." Ferroelectrics 108, no. 1 (August 1990): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008018784.

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24

Krüger, J. K., L. Peetz, J. Albers, and H. E. Müser. "The elastic properties of betaine arsenate and betaine phosphate determined by brillouin spectroscopy." Ferroelectrics Letters Section 4, no. 4 (June 1985): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315178508202452.

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25

Maeda, M. "Phase transitions in mixed crystals of ferroelectric betaine arsenate and antiferroelectric betaine phosphate." Ferroelectrics 96, no. 1 (August 1989): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908216784.

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26

Santos, M. L., A. Almeida, M. R. Chaves, A. Klöpperpieper, J. Albers, J. A. Gomes-Moreira, and F. Gervais. "Study of lattice dynamics and phase transitions in betaine phosphate by comparison with betaine phosphite via infrared reflectivity spectroscopy." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 9, no. 38 (September 22, 1997): 8119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/9/38/016.

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27

Bauch, H., G. Völkel, R. Böttcher, A. Pöppl, H. Schäfer, J. Banys, and A. Klöpperpieper. "ENDOR and pulsed ESR study of proton glass behavior in the mixed crystal (betaine phosphate)0.15(betaine phosphite)0.85." Physical Review B 54, no. 13 (October 1, 1996): 9162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.9162.

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28

Maeda, Masaki, and Ikuo Suzuki. "Dieelectric properties of the mixed crystals of ferroelectric betaine arsenate and antiferroelectric betaine phosphate." Ferroelectrics 108, no. 1 (August 1990): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008018783.

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29

Fischer, G., H. J. Br�ckner, A. Kl�pperpierper, H. G. Unruh, and A. Levstik. "Dielectric investigations of pseudo one-dimensional betaine phosphate." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 79, no. 2 (June 1990): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01406599.

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30

Hara, Kazuhiro, Hiroshi Umeda, Yoshihiro Ishibashi, and Ikuo Suzuki. "Experimental Studies of Phase Transitions in Betaine Phosphate." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 58, no. 11 (November 15, 1989): 4215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.58.4215.

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31

Yoshida, Takashi, Hiroyuki Mashiyama, and Tomoyuki Mochida. "Crystal Structures of Betaine Phosphate/Arsenate Mixed Crystal." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 6 (June 15, 2001): 1598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.1598.

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32

Santos, M. L., A. Almeida, J. Agostinho Moreira, M. R. Chaves, A. Klöpperpieper, and F. Gervais. "Lattice dynamics, phase transitions and hydrogen effective charges of betaine phosphite: a comparison with betaine phosphate and their deuterated analogues." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 10, no. 27 (July 13, 1998): 6147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/27/015.

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33

Hayase, S., T. Koshiba, H. Terauchi, M. Maeda, and I. Suzuki. "X-ray study on a binary system of antiferroelectric betaine phosphate and ferroelectric betaine arsenate." Ferroelectrics 96, no. 1 (August 1989): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198908216775.

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34

Böttcher, R., A. Pöppl, G. Völkel, J. Banys, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Indications of an intermediate phase in single crystals of betaine phosphate/phosphite solid solutions." Ferroelectrics 208-209, no. 1 (April 1998): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199808014871.

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35

Hongwei, Yang, Chen Liang, and Luo Fanglin. "Effects of adding betaine on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from simulated pickled vegetables wastewater." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (May 1, 2018): 2537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.214.

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Abstract Laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were used to examine the effects of adding dosage and ways of adding betaine on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from simulated pickled vegetables wastewater under two different concentrations of salt. The activated sludge was pre-acclimated in a salt environment prior to the experiment. Adding 0.5–2.0 mM betaine to the synthetic wastewater, all the levels were found to be effective at improving the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal with increased salt concentrations from 8 to 16 g/L, in which 1.0 mM betaine was found to be the most effective. Rapid increase of salt concentration, however, showed to have a more pronounced negative effect on total phosphorus (TP) removal. Nevertheless, betaine-added enhanced TP removal was superior to that of NH4+-N in high salt content conditions compared with the absence of betaine. Both NH4+-N and TP removal rate were not significantly influenced by the ways of betaine-adding. Interestingly, the dynamic process on phosphate removal in a single cycle of SBR operation, was showed to have anomalous aerobic phosphorus desorption and anaerobic phosphorus absorption, the former could be caused by insufficiency of biodegradable organic matters and/or longer aeration time, and the latter may be attributed to the function of denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating bacteria in the sludge. As a result, a moderate betaine dosage can obtain a sufficient improvement effect for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal even under high salt stress.

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36

Park, Yong-Il, and John E. Gander. "Choline Derivatives Involved in Osmotolerance ofPenicillium fellutanum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.1.273-278.1998.

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ABSTRACT Penicillium fellutanum is osmotolerant and xerotolerant when cultured in a low-phosphate medium containing 3 M NaCl. Glycerol and erythritol accumulated in cultures with NaCl concentrations up to 2 M; glycerol was the only detectable polyol in cultures containing 3 M NaCl. In cultures with 3 M NaCl, the intracellular levels of glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate were 22- and 2.6-fold greater (70 and 46 mM), respectively, than those of cultures without added NaCl. The levels of glycine betaine and glycerol decreased in mycelia transferred from a medium containing 3 M NaCl into a fresh medium without added NaCl. NaCl at 3 M inhibited mycelial mass accumulation; this inhibition was partially corrected by supplementation of cultures with glycine betaine (2 mM) or choline-O-sulfate (10 mM). The presence of exogenous choline chloride (2 mM) in plate cultures protected the cells from stress from 3 M NaCl. The data suggest that glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate are secondary osmoprotectants which are effective at the point that the cell is incapable of synthesizing more glycerol.

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37

DiGiacomo, K., R. D. Warner, B. J. Leury, J. B. Gaughan, and F. R. Dunshea. "Dietary betaine supplementation has energy-sparing effects in feedlot cattle during summer, particularly in those without access to shade." Animal Production Science 54, no. 4 (2014): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13418.

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Dietary betaine supplementation improves water retention in steers and may influence lean-tissue deposition, while also acting as an osmolyte to help regulate cellular osmotic balance. This study investigated the interactions between shade and dietary betaine on carcass characteristics, tissue enzyme activity and gene expression in 48 feedlot steers during summer. Steers were randomly allocated to a 4 × 2 factorial design with the factors being dietary betaine (0, 10, 20 or 40 g) and shade (with and without shade) for 120 days. Tissue samples were obtained at slaughter and analysed for gene expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 (HSP70/90) and expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and enzyme activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glycerol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Carcasses were evaluated for quality. Carcass weight at slaughter was not altered by shade (P = 0.18) but tended to be increased by dietary betaine (306 v. 314 kg, P = 0.09). The P8 backfat was not altered by shade (P = 0.43) or dietary betaine (P = 0.32), although there was a within dietary betaine effect whereby P8 backfat tended to be greater in steers fed 10 g compared with 40 g betaine/day (17.4 v. 14.5 mm, P = 0.06). Muscle pH at 1 h (5.97 v. 6.03, P = 0.01) and 2 h (5.73 v. 5.80, P = 0.04) post-slaughter was higher in shaded steers, and muscle pH at 1 h post-slaughter was higher in steers fed 10 or 20 g than those fed 40 g betaine/day (6.03 v. 6.03 v. 5.95, P = 0.005). Gene expression was not altered by betaine, while adipose tissues expressed more of each gene than muscle (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of HSF1 and HSP90 was influenced by a shade × betaine interaction, although the direction of this interaction was irregular (P = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively). Adipose tissue FAS and G6PDH enzyme activity was unaffected by shade and betaine. The results of this study indicate that betaine supplementation may be a successful carcass modifier in growing feedlot steers during summer. Provision of shade during summer may reduce the rate of pH decline in the first 2 h after slaughter and reduce the risk of high rigor temperature.

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38

Iwata, Makoto, and Yoshihiro Ishibashi. "A Phenomenological Model of Successive Phase Transitions in Betaine Phosphate." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 65, no. 9 (September 15, 1996): 2900–2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.65.2900.

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39

Dega-Szafran, Z., A. Gzella, Z. Kosturkiewicz, M. Szafran, and A. Antkowiak. "Crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of N-methylmorpholine betaine phosphate." Journal of Molecular Structure 555, no. 1-3 (November 2000): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00588-3.

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40

Ramanuja, M. N., K. P. Ramesh, and J. Ramakrishna. "NMR relaxation study of disorder in condensed matter: solid solutions of betaine phosphate and phosphite." Molecular Physics 104, no. 20-21 (October 20, 2006): 3213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970601073076.

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41

Totz, J., H. Braeter, and D. Michel. "2H nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the deuteron dynamics in betaine phosphate/phosphite mixed crystals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 11, no. 6 (January 1, 1999): 1575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/11/6/022.

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42

Mujica-Coopman, Maria F., Amy Tan, Theresa H. Schroder, Graham Sinclair, Hilary D. Vallance, and Yvonne Lamers. "Serum Betaine and Dimethylglycine Are Higher in South Asian Compared with European Pregnant Women in Canada, with Betaine and Total Homocysteine Inversely Associated in Early and Midpregnancy, Independent of Ethnicity." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 12 (August 30, 2019): 2145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz178.

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ABSTRACT Background As a methyl donor required in the folate–vitamin B-12 independent remethylation of total homocysteine (tHcy) to methionine, betaine is critical for fetal development. Pregnant South Asian women living in Canada had a higher reported prevalence of low vitamin B-12 status compared with Europeans; betaine concentrations in this population are unknown. Objectives We aimed to compare serum betaine concentrations between South Asian and European pregnant women, and to determine the relation between betaine and tHcy concentrations in early pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using biobanked serum samples of 723 apparently healthy pregnant women of South Asian (50%) and European ethnicity residing in British Columbia, Canada. Betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), tHcy, and related metabolites were quantified in samples collected in the first (8–13 weeks of gestation) and second (14–20 weeks of gestation) trimesters. The relation between betaine and tHcy concentrations was assessed using a generalized regression model adjusted for weeks of gestation, ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, maternal age, neonatal sex, parity, total vitamin B-12, folate, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, and methionine concentrations. Results Median serum concentrations of betaine and its metabolite DMG were higher in South Asian women in the first (19.8 [IQR: 16.3–25.0] and 1.55 [IQR: 1.30–1.96] $\mu {\rm mol/L} $, respectively) and second trimesters (16.1 [IQR: 12.9–19.8] and 1.42 [IQR: 1.14–1.81] $\mu {\rm mol/L} $, respectively) compared with European women (17.6 [IQR: 13.7–22.6] and 1.38 [IQR: 1.12–1.77] $\mu {\rm mol/L} $, respectively) and (12.9 [IQR: 10.6–16.7] and 1.19 [IQR: 0.97–1.52] $\mu {\rm mol/L} $, respectively; all P values < 0.0001). Betaine was inversely associated with tHcy concentration (β = −0.0208; 95% CI: −0.0341, −0.00742; P = 0.002). Additionally, total vitamin B-12 was associated with tHcy concentration (β = −0.0312; 95% CI: −0.0401, −0.0224), after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions Pregnant South Asian women residing in Canada had higher betaine and DMG concentrations, compared with women of European ethnicity, while betaine and total vitamin B-12 predicted tHcy independent of ethnicity. Our results emphasize the role of betaine, as methyl donor, in the remethylation of tHcy in a folate-replete population.

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43

Fan, Caiyun, Haitao Hu, Xiaoyun Huang, Di Su, Feng Huang, Zhao Zhuo, Lun Tan, et al. "Betaine Supplementation Causes an Increase in Fatty Acid Oxidation and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Livers of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet: A Proteomic Analysis." Foods 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060881.

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Betaine, a common methyl donor whose methylation is involved in the biosynthesis of carnitine and phospholipids in animals, serves as food and animal feed additive. The present study used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze the liver protein profile of mice on a high fat (HF) diet to investigate the mechanism by which betaine affects hepatic metabolism. Although betaine supplementation had no significant effect on body weight, a total of 103 differentially expressed proteins were identified between HF diet + 1% betaine group (HFB) and HF diet group by LC-MS (fold change > 2, p < 0.05). The addition of 1% betaine had a significant enhancement of the expression of enzymes related to fatty acid oxidation metabolism, such as hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADHA), enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase 1 (ECHS1) (p < 0.05) etc., and the expression of apolipoprotein A-II (APOA2) protein was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the protein expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and succinate-CoA ligase (SUCLG1) were highly significant (p < 0.01). Pathway enrichment using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the functions of differential proteins involved fatty acid catabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling pathway. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis discovered that acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), HADHA and ECHS1 were central hubs of hepatic proteomic changes in the HFB group of mice. Betaine alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation by enhancing fatty acid oxidation and accelerating the TCA cycle and glycolytic process in the liver of mice on an HF diet.

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44

Zhao, Yin Feng, and Gui Zhen Fang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Dehydroabietic-Based Phosphate Betaine Type Amphoteric Surfactant." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1657.

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N-(3-dehydroabietyloxy-2-hydroxy) propyl-N, N-dimethyl (2-hydroxy) phosphate betaine was synthesized through the 3-dehydroabietyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl chloride and tertiary amine intermediate by using dehydroabietic acid as raw materials. The structure of the target product was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR. The surface-active property was investigated by surface tension experiment. The surface activity of the mixed system of the product and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was determined. The results showed that critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the product was 1.34 mmol•L-1. Strong synergism in product was observed combining with SDS, and the optimum synergism was obtained at the molar ratio of 1:1.

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45

Yoshida, Takashi, Hiroyuki Mashiyama, and Tomoyuki Mochida. "Crystal Structure and Phase Transition at Low Temperature in Betaine Phosphate." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 70, no. 2 (February 15, 2001): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.70.569.

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46

Naumovich, Nadezhda I., Zinaida M. Aleschenkova, Irina N. Ananyeva та Halina V. Safronava. "Characteristic of strains Priestia megaterium Ср-1 and Rhodococcus jostii СА-6 demonstrating increased salt resistance". Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, № 2 (29 червня 2022): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2957-5060-2022-2-60-72.

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The strains Priestia megaterium Ср-1 and Rhodococcus jostii CA-6 were shown to preserve phosphate-solubilising ability, nitrogen-fixing activity and synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid under osmotic stress conditions caused by sodium chloride in concentration range of 1197–2052 mmol/L, as well as to promote seed germination rate and development of small radish seedlings. Proline, betaine and sucrose were found to exert a beneficial effect on growth and ability of strains P. megaterium Ср-1 and Rh. jostii CA-6 to adapt to osmotic stress. Mass spectrometric analysis has revealed that intracellular synthesis of proline and betaine in both bacteria was directly proportional to sodium chloride concentration: rising NaCl level in the medium to 1197 mmol/L was accompanied by increase in proline level from 0.062 to 1.502 µg /mL (Rh. jostii CA-6) and from 0.089 to 2.105 µg /mL (P. megaterium Ср-1), in a similar manner betaine production grew up from 0.071 to 0.118 µg /mL (Rh. jostii СА-6) and from 0.055 to 0.219 µg /mL (P. megaterium Ср-1).

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47

VELASCO-GARCÍA, Roberto, Lilian GONZÁLEZ-SEGURA, and Rosario A. MUÑOZ-CLARES. "Steady-state kinetic mechanism of the NADP+- and NAD+-dependent reactions catalysed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Biochemical Journal 352, no. 3 (December 8, 2000): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3520675.

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Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) catalyses the irreversible oxidation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine with the concomitant reduction of NAD(P)+ to NADP(H). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa this reaction is a compulsory step in the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen when bacteria are growing in choline or choline precursors. The kinetic mechanisms of the NAD+- and NADP+-dependent reactions were examined by steady-state kinetic methods and by dinucleotide binding experiments. The double-reciprocal patterns obtained for initial velocity with NAD(P)+ and for product and dead-end inhibition establish that both mechanisms are steady-state random. However, quantitative analysis of the inhibitions, and comparison with binding data, suggest a preferred route of addition of substrates and release of products in which NAD(P)+ binds first and NAD(P)H leaves last, particularly in the NADP+-dependent reaction. Abortive binding of the dinucleotides, or their analogue ADP, in the betaine aldehyde site was inferred from total substrate inhibition by the dinucleotides, and parabolic inhibition by NADH and ADP. A weak partial uncompetitive substrate inhibition by the aldehyde was observed only in the NADP+-dependent reaction. The kinetics of P. aeruginosa BADH is very similar to that of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, suggesting that both enzymes fulfil a similar amphibolic metabolic role when the bacteria grow in choline and when they grow in glucose.

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48

Ohki, Hiroshi, Nobuo Nakamura, and Hideaki Chihara. "Critical slowing down in betaine phosphate as studied by nuclear magnetic relaxation." Ferroelectrics Letters Section 8, no. 1 (December 1987): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315178708200650.

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49

Manger, M., S. Lanceros-Méndez, G. Schaack, and A. Klöpperpieper. "Phase behaviour and quasi-one dimensionality of betaine arsenate/phosphate mixed crystals." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 8, no. 25 (June 17, 1996): 4617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/8/25/017.

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50

Hellenbrand, K. H., K. H. Ehses, and H. G. Krane. "X-ray investigations of the high temperature phase transition of betaine phosphate." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 195, no. 3-4 (January 1991): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1991.195.3-4.251.

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