Дисертації з теми "Besoin nutritionel"
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Roisné-Hamelin, Gaëtan. "Metabolic signatures of indispensable amino acids deficiencies : Identification and validation of urinary biomarkers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB004.
The question of meeting the requirement of indispensable amino acids (IAA) is a significant current issue in the context of population growth, the high prevalence of malnutrition in developing countries, and the shift towards plant-based diets. Various methods have been developed to measure this requirement (nitrogen balance or isotopic methods), but they are constraining and do not allow for the establishment of nutritional recommendations. The recent development of metabolomics offers promising potential for high-throughput, non-invasive study of metabolic status. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the metabolic profiles of IAA deficiency (lysine, threonine, and methionine compared to proteins) and to identify and validate candidate biomarkers of IAA status in growing rats and malnourished children. We have identified and confirmed candidate biomarkers of lysine and threonine deficiency through a deficiency/supplementation approach. Among the candidates identified, pipecolate appears to be specific to lysine deficiency, while taurine does not seem specific enough to threonine deficiency. We have identified a urinary signature for methionine deficiency that remains to be confirmed. In malnourished children, we have identified a urinary metabolomic signature of stunting (growth retardation) and monitored its evolution during lysine supplementation. In conclusion, metabolomics is a promising approach for the early identification of markers of IAA satisfaction
Debray, Laurence. "Nutrition du lapereau en période de sevrage : interaction avec les besoins nutritionnels de la femelle." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT005A.
GIRAUD, VALERIE. "Consequences nutritionnelles du vegetarisme." Strasbourg 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR15053.
Letourneux, Charles-Éric Bobin-Dubigeon Christine. "Le prématuré besoins nutritionnels et retour à domicile /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHletourneux.pdf.
Dubois, Marie Hélène. "Nutrition et développement cérébral." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P117.
Barré, Tangui. "Revisiter l'alimentation durable en précisant la place de la nutrition et le rôle des produits animaux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT113/document.
Sustainable diets are "protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible,economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy; while optimizing natural and human resources". The PhD student will study the compatibility between those different dimensions of sustainability, using nutritional epidemiology and diet modelling. Particularly, he will study the conditions under which re-balancing animal and plant-based food intakes would contribute to more sustainable diets, at individual and population levels
Marraud, des Grottes Benoît. "La nutrition parentérale face aux besoins alimentaires des personnes âgées." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M004.
Belleil, Marie Rendinger Virginie de. "L'information des femmes enceintes sur leurs besoins nutritionnels pendant la grossesse." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=19821.
Lebreton, Grégoire. "Évaluation des habitudes alimentaires et besoins en services de nutrition d'athlètes universitaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67786.
As a result of daily physical activity, athletes have specific nutrition and hydration needs. However, many studies have shown that athletes have an energy consumption that is below or similar to the recommendations. The daily eating habits defining their choices are not always optimal, and their needs in terms of nutrition services are not well understood. This research aimed at assessing the dietary practices of student-athletes, defining their needs for nutrition services, and identifying which groups would be more in need of such services. Of the 484 surveys sent out to student-athletes, 112 were completed (23,1%). Sixty-eight food frequency questionnaires were sent out and the response rate was close to 53%. Although the majority of student-athletes appear to have good eating and hydration habits, nearly one in three student-athletes admitted to skipping between three to five meals over the course of the week. For student-athletes, several factors come into play when preparing a healthy meal; the amount of time it takes, the skills involved, and the cost. Among the most frequently reported needs of these athletes for nutrition services, there were to get access to information on sports nutrition, to get access to one-on-one nutrition counseling, to get a nutrition cookbook, and to take part in a group meeting. Depending on which sub-group of student-athletes, these factors may vary. It has also been found that some student-athletes are not particularly interested in nutrition services. This subgroup consumes on average fewer calories, including less carbohydrate than recommended. Nutritional interventions should be emphasized for this subgroup, in order to improve their nutritional awareness, leading to an increase in their daily intake of calories as well as macronutrients. These nutritional interventions can range from the promotion of a blog or Facebook page on dietary sources of energy, and on dietary and hydration supplements to individual or group consultation with a health professional.
Gourtay, Clémence. "Aspects évolutifs et environnementaux de la plasticité phénotypique chez deux Moronidés, le bar Européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) et le bar rayé (Morone saxatilis)." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0099/document.
One of the major questions in the current ecological debate about global change is whether phenotypic plasticity will enable species to respond to the rapid pace of ongoing environmental change. The general objective of this thesis was to study the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) depletion on the plasticity of two species, the European bar (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the striped bass (Moronesaxatilis). In juvenile European bass, the combined effect of an increase in temperature and of a reduction in availability of n-3 nutritional PUFA resulted in marked modifications of the profile in neutral muscular fatty acids and a smaller liver mass.At high temperature, growth was increased with the two diets which suggests an absence of nutritional deficiency.Conversely, diet did not affect the hepatic transcriptional factors involved in regulation of FA bioconversion. Juveniles fed the low AGLPI n-3 diet had a higher critical swimming speed in presence of hypoxic or hypoosmotic constraints. In striped bass juveniles, AGLPI n-3nutritional availability brought modifications of lipid profile both in muscle (neutral fraction) and in liver. Diet with low AGLPI n-3 was associated with a larger cardiac mass, but had no effect on growth in cold water. A higher stress level was observed in FW which was associated to higher mortality.These results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global changes on marine organisms and pave the way for new research perspectives
Bérard, Marie-Pierre. "Définition des besoins qualitatifs en acides aminés chez le malade de réanimation sous nutrition parentérale." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05P616.
Neto, Joao Radünz. "Détermination des besoins nutritionnels en acides gras essentiels chez les larves de carpe, Cyprinus carpio L." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10543.
Dourmad, Jean-Yves. "Contribution a la modelisation des besoins nutritionnels de la truie au cours du cycle de reproduction." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INAP0027.
Depecker, Thomas. "La loi des tables : quantification du besoin alimentaire et réforme des conduites de vie XIXe-XXe siècles." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0004.
This doctoral thesis examines the social conditions of technologies transfer between the exploitation of livestock and the reform of the conducts of life. The case considered here is the quantification of dietary needs. The analysis of relationships between different fields shows how the quantification of physiological inputs and outputs, thought for the livestock enterprises in the early XIXth century, becomes employed in the governmentality of one's health. The quantification of dietary needs arises in the early XIXth century as a result of changes in agricultural accounting and livestock exploitation: the relations between diet and livestock products are then a simple relation between debits and credits. The "rational nutrition", which is the agricultural chemistry study about the optimization of cattle exploitation, is then integrated within companies making use of animal strength. Analyzing the positions of individuals at the interface of agricultural chemistry, medicine and public health, this doctoral thesis shows how the "rational nutrition" is also used in the administration of institutions during the second half of the XIXth century, and is finally presented to the entire population, in particular to the working class, as a principle of conduct of life, which leads individuals to view their body as a rational farmer is considering his cattle: as a capital. After showing how the quantification of dietary needs at this time is presented as a technique that everyone should apply to oneself, the doctoral thesis finally exposes the institution of "rational nutrition" as 5 technique dedicated to the monitoring of population during the Second World War
Mast, Carole. "Impact de la prise chronique de paracétamol sur le muscle et le besoin en cystéine chez le rat âgé. : Nutrition Humaine." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM17/document.
The age-related muscle mass and functionality loss, named sarcopenia is a physiological processknown as a direct cause of frailty. Both geriatrics syndromes have been correlated to various factorsas nutritional status and medication. However, the interactions between medication and muscle havenot being deeply investigated, especially in elderly. Using this model, we have highlighted a 12% loss of muscle mass in old rat under repeatedparacetamol cures. This loss was associated with paracetamol-induced sulfur amino acid disturbancesleading to altered glutathione (GSH a Cys containing tripeptide) status and circulating Cys. All together, these results emphasize that muscle mass loss induced by repeated cures withparacetamol in old rats arise from the increased protein and more specifically Cys requirements. Therelevance of these results for older persons needs to be further evaluated before considering whetherit it could be of interest to develop nutritional recommendations aimed to optimized protein intake orCys supplementation during cures with paracetamol. That could further increase the benefit/risk ratioof paracetamol which is widely prescribed for pain relief, especially in older people
ESCAFFRE, ZIMMERMANN ANNE-MARIE. "I : recherches sur la nutrition et le developpement de l'alevin de truite. ii: besoins vitaminiques du poisson." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066258.
Escaffre, Anne-Marie. "1, Recherches sur la nutrition et le développement de l'alevin de Truite, 2, besoins vitaminiques du poisson." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597481p.
Lucchetta, Patrice. "Rôle de l'information dans les stratégies de recherche et d'exploitation des ressources chez l'hyménoptère parasitoïde Venturia canescens." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10010.
KERDCHUEN, NANTHAWAT. "L'alimentation artificielle d'un silure africain, heterobranchus longifilis (teleostei : clariidae): incidence du mode d'alimentation et premiere estimation des besoins nutritionnels." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066196.
Lorieau, Lucie. "Etude de la digestion et du confort en bouche de produits fromagers développés pour répondre aux besoins sensoriels et nutritionnels de la population senior." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARB310/document.
During aging, the sensory capacities and the mastication efficacy decrease negatively affecting the diet of the elderly. Yet, protein and calcium requirements increase with age. In this context, the formulation of foods adapted to the nutritional and sensory needs of the elderly is a challenge for the next years. The main objective of this thesis, integrated into the project AlimaSSenS, is to study the impact of the texture of model cheeses, based on whey proteins and calcium fortified, on the oral comfort and on the bioavailability of amino acids and calcium.The model cheeses developed have the same composition and variable textures. Sensory analysis were performed on a panel of people over 65, and in vitro and in vivo digestion studies (on porcine model) were conducted.The results of the digestion studies highlighted the relevance of integrating whey proteins as a major protein source in dairy products, in order to maximize the bioavailability of essential amino acids. However, the texture of model cheeses did not significantly influence the bioaccessibility of amino acids and calcium. In addition, the bioaccessibility of calcium was mainly related to intra-gastric and intra-intestinal pH, rather than to the initial chemical form of its source of enrichment. Finally, the sensory study has shown that only the textures perceived as “dry” was linked to a significant decrease in the oral comfort.This work highlights the opportunity to develop dairy products adapted for the elderly. Based on this work, it would be interesting to carry out clinical studies to know t
Specty, Olivier. "Elaboration d'aliments artificiels pour l'élevage de la coccinelle prédatrice Harmonia axyridis (Col. : Coccinellidae) : analyse des besoins nutritionnels, contrôle des caractéristiques biologiques et biochimiques des insectes produits." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2002ISAL0042/these.pdf.
Harmonia axyridis feeds on aphids in the wild but can be bred on Ephestia kuehniella eggs as substitution prey. The availability of an efficient artificial food governs the mass production for large scale biological control. The whole development was obtained with an empirical diet and a synthetic diet designed from E. Kuehniella egg composition. The iterative improvement of these foods was performed after comparing the biochemical compositions of ladybeetles bred on them or on E. Kuehniella eggs. With the empirical diet the adult yield reached 80 % with development time longer (+30 %) and lower weights (–25 %) compared to reference. The adult yield is only 30 % on synthetic diet. The food intake seems to be the limiting factor in the improvement of biological parameters. These diets are good tools for further studies of the digestive physiology of H. Axyridis
Sylla, Khalifa Serigne Babacar. "Valorisation de co-produits de la sole tropicale (Cynoglossus senegalensis) par hydrolyse enzymatique : application en nutrition animale." Lorient, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LORIS242.
This scope of work relates to the valorization of the tongue sole (Cynoglossus senegalensis) by-products resulting from the processing chain in Senegal by the implementation of enzymatic hydrolysis in order to obtain high value proteins. The by-products (viscera and heads) of tongue sole, were hydrolized with a large spectra protease (Protamex®). It appears that the hydrolysis degree (DH) was influenced by the temperature of the proteolysis. Indeed a DH=19% is obtained at 50°C while it reaches up to 25% at 40°C after 3 hours of enzymatic action. Resulting hydrolysates appears to be rich in protein (up to 61%° with around 10% of minerals. The study of the molecular distribution size of the peptides reveals that they are below 1760Da. The effect of the water proportion to conduce hydrolsis was studied. It appears that 50% of water is enough in our conditions to solubilize of four different water ratio to hydrolyze sole by-products by using Protamex® were compared. It was found t60% of the initial proteins. Resulting hydrolysates have a great nutritional value for seting up table fowls because they have in big quantity nine essential amino acids for the animal feed. Feed trials were then carried out on 1200 chickens (cobb 500) with 14 days of age. The results showed that high nutritional value by-products proteins increase the growth of the birds. Indeed, the live weights at 6 weeks are 2369. 60 G (batch 1), 2189. 60 G (batch 2), 2298. 05 G (batch 3) against 2158. 20 G (witness batch), with respective average GMQ of 78. 20 G, 66. 72 G, 69. 89 G and 68. 30 G. The carcass weights are 2112. 43 G (batch 1), 1994. 67 G (batch 2), 2081. 75 G (batch 3) and 1989. 22 G (witness batch). Food consumption seems little influenced by the level and the nature of proteins. However, their presence decreased the consumption index during the end of the study; it is 2. 30 (batch 1), 2. 07 (batch 2), 2. 05 (batch 3) and 20. 8 (witness batch). To identify the future application of hydrolysates in human food, a preliminary sensory analysis was carried out. The sensory profile was established with a jury of 14 expert judges. 11 profiles were found by this panel. In addition, the aromatic characterization revealed that 57 molecules are responsible for these odours described in sensory analysis. The description of these aromatic compounds opens potential way of valorization of these hydrolysates in human consumption
Marquet, Laurie-Anne. "Influence de la disponibilité en glucides sur la performance : nouvelles stratégies d’apports glucidiques en fonction des besoins de la programmation d’entraînement." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4144/document.
The aim of the present work is to study the impact of the availability of carbohydrates on performance and on the development of training adaptations. The first section of this thesis aimed at defining the optimal recovery strategies between training sessions for elite BMX pilots. The results revealed that the nutritional strategy is one of the most efficient recovery strategies leading to a lesser decrease in power output. The second section of this thesis investigated the impact of a chronic periodization of carbohydrate intake, through the “Sleep-Low” strategy, on endurance performance and immune function. The “Sleep-Low” strategy consists in specific training sessions performed under low carbohydrate availability, notably during recovery period and low intensity prolonged sessions. All subjects training under the “Sleep-Low” strategy improved their performance on a 10km running trial and on a 20km cycling time trial. This improved performance is associated with a modification of pacing strategy during the 20km cycling time trial toward higher power output. The results suggested a modification of perception of effort after training under the “Sleep-Low” strategy: despite an improvement of performance, participants did not perceive the effort as more difficult. These results are associated to a decrease in fat mass. The study #3 confirmed that the periodization of carbohydrate intake did not impair immune function or sleep efficacy. All the results of the four studies bring new elements in the evolution of carbohydrate recommendations. These works are in the line of a manipulation of carbohydrate availability according to the work required
Ingrand, Stéphane. "Constitution des lots de vaches dans les elevages allaitants effets de l'heterogeneite des besoins nutritionnels sur le niveau d'ingestion et le comportement alimentaire." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INAP0017.
Vieillevoye, Stéphanie. "Effects of a combined essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplementation following heavy-load resistance exercise and training." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/327090/4/These.pdf.
Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité
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Vautier, Bertrand. "Intégration de la variabilité des porcs en croissance dans la modélisation des besoins nutritionnels et recherche de sstratégies alimentaires permettant de maîtriser l’hétérogénéité des porcs." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARB237.
The integration of variability among individuals is of a great interest in pig growth modelling. This PhD work aims (i) to produce data allowing the description of the variability among individuals from different terminal French crossbreds, (ii) to analyze the obtained data to describe the structure of the variability of these populations and to use it in modelling approaches, and (iii) to propose and test strategies that conciliate production goals and environmental considerations. A database was built, based on live weight and daily feed intake from 1288 growing gilts and barrows, issued from ten different crossbreds and ten batches. Each animal was characterized by five variables describing an individual profile in the model InraPorc. The results suggest that the variance-covariance structures among these variables vary from one group of pigs to another, a group being defined by the batch and the sex x crossbred combination. A variance-covariance pattern relies on a variance-covariance matrix of variables, their distribution, and a population-specific vector of variables means. A virtual population of 2000 pigs was generated using a new generator of virtual pigs and the proposed variance-covariance mean pattern. This population was used to simulate the effect of feeding strategy and feed price context on average performance, variation of live weight among pigs, and N output. Our study shows that a controlled dietary restriction combined with a two-phase feeding strategy allows an improvement of final weight heterogeneity, margin per pig and N excretion. An in vivo trial confirmed the relevance of simulation results. This work allows considering future integration of a population dimension in growth models and tools
Asciutti, Moura Luiza Sonia. "Évaluation du statut nutritionnel vitaminique B1, B2, B6, C, A, et E chez des personnes âgées en hospitalisation de longue durée : étude des effets d'une supplémentation vitaminique (B1, B2, B6, C et E) sur le statut vitaminique biochimique." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS047.
Fellahi, Ahmed. "Influence de la température des racines sur la nutrition potassique de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) en condition contrôlée : aspect particulier concernant le rôle du rayonnement global." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30073.
Lake, Jennifer. "Vers une nouvelle approche pour établir les besoins nutritionnels minimaux (en particulier ceux en P) de la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) à l'aide de puces génétiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24521/24521.pdf.
Venchard, Vomakasy. "Recherches sur la nutrition d'Ocyurus crhysurus (Ludjanidae) adaptation de l'espèce à la stabulation en cages et recherches des besoins en protéines : étude histologique des foies des poissons /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376190520.
Dumortier, Muriel. "Utilisation des substrats énergétiques à l'exercice et obésité : vers une optimisation du réentraînement à l'effort." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T021.
Djossinou, Diane. "Alimentation et nutrition des femmes avant et pendant la grossesse au Sud-Bénin : qualité et facteurs d'influence." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG060.
Dietary pattern is an important and modifiable lifestyle that can influence individual health and well-being. For women, it is one of the main determinants of her nutritional statut, of embryo and fetal development. It is essential that women have a quality diet in order to reduce the prevalence of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, before conception and throughout pregnancy. This is important and worrying, because it’s now a consensus that maternal nutrition influences the health of the child not only in the short term but also in the long term. In developing countries, studies are increasingly focusing on the assessment of the quality of the diet and the nutritional status of women during pregnancy, but very few follow up them from preconception to delivery.The present study, which has recruited 897 women before pregnancy, of whom 234 have been followed up to delivery, had aimed to assess the quality of the diet and the changes in women's diets before and during pregnancy. This assessment was made through the study of dietary diversity and the level of coverage of nutrient requirements in Abomey-Calavi and Sô-Ava dostricts in southern Benin. Dietary diversity score and his influencing factors, the energy and nutrient intakes, and the level of satisfaction of the recommended dietary allowences were compared before and during pregnancy.At inclusion, women entered in the first phase of follow up called "primary cohort" and once they were pregnant, they were considered to second phase called "secondary cohort". Women were included after a negative pregnancy test. They were received a 24-hours recall questionnaire at baseline and one at each trimester of pregnancy. Womens’ dietary diversity scores (WDDS) were calculated using the 10 food groups defined by FAO. Food composition table compiled, recipe table elaborated and a recipe catalog (with average quantification of each ingredient) allowed to determine their nutritional intakes in Benin. In addition to energy and macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids), a total of 8 minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and copper) and 10 vitamins (C, D, E, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and B12) were explored. Mixed-effect linear and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.The results showed that at preconception the mean WDDS was low (4.3±1.1 food groups) and the diet was mainly composed of cereals, oils, vegetables, and fish. This mean WDDS did not change during pregnancy and was equally low at all trimesters. Parity and household wealth index were positively associated with the WDDS before and during pregnancy. Women had lower intakes of vitamins D, B1, B3, B9 and B12 during pregnancy compare to preconceptional period (p<0.05). More than 50% of women had adequate vitamin intake only for vitamin D and B12. The lowest proportions (less than 10%) were observed for vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5 and B9. The median intake of magnesium, vitamin C, D and B12 achieved the RDA before pregnancy, because of large consumption of peanut, fermented seed of nere, of potatoes, chilli peper, pineapple, citrus fruits and mangos, of fish species rich in vitamin D such as catfish or salomon, of horse mackerel, crab and oysters. Higher than 50% of women were reached RDA for macronutrients, sodium, vitamin D and B12 before pregnancy. But during pregnancy, lower than 50% were cover recommended intake excepted for carbohydrate sodium and vitamin B12. Additional qualitative researches on determinants of women's food consumption before and during pregnancy in Benin are necessary. Actions should be carried out to provide Benin with a national food and recipes composition table. Women should be informed on the importance of nutrients and the food sources of these nutrients
Collas, Claire. "Conduite alimentaire de la jument en lactation au pâturage : influence sur l'ingestion, la couverture des besoins et l'état parasitaire." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22514/document.
Sustainable horse breeding requires increasing the proportion of herbage in horse diet without affecting animal performance. Horses with high requirements such as lactating mares are commonly supplemented at pasture, while the consequences of energy supplementation on intake and performance remain unknown. Another priority is to identify alternatives to chemical anthelmintic for gastro-intestinal parasite management in order to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance and the dumping of pharmaceutical residues into the environment. A first experiment showed that supplementing lactating mares at pasture should not be systematic because, under non-limiting conditions, their adaptive capacities enabled them to increase herbage intake up to 28 g DM.kg LW -1 .d -1 and ensure foal growth. In addition, energy supplementation did not allow mares to better regulate their parasite burden. A second experiment allowed us to precise the herbage allowance threshold below which energy supplementation is required. Under strip-grazing conditions it was estimated at 66 g DM.kg LW -1 .d -1 , which corresponds to a post-grazing height of 5.4 cm using sward stick. A third experiment has revealed the potential of secondary metabolites of sainfoin to reduce the nematode larval development, while no effect was observed with a short-term protein supplementation. These original results have practical implications for a better management of lactating saddle mares at pasture
Hilbert, Ghislaine. "Effets de la nutrition azotée et du stress hydrique sur la maturation et la composition en anthocyanes des baies de Vitis vinifera L. Au vignoble et en conditions contrôlées." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20995.
We studied the effect of nitrogen nutrition and water deficit on the ripening of berries and on anthocyanins biosynthesis in the berry skins of Merlot vines (Vitis vinifera L. ) The experiments have been performed either on vines cultivated in vineyard (permanent grass cover allowed simultaneous variation of nitrogen and water supply) or under controlled environmental conditions (grapevine fruiting cuttings and two-year-old potted vines). Better berry ripening was observed under nitrogen or water limited supply. Our work showed interactions between nitrogen nutrition and water supply and the whole mineral nutrition of vines (especially P and K). Under reduced water and nitrogen nutrition, an increase of anthocyanins skin content was observed while a high nitrogen supply seemed to inhibit the anthocyanins synthesis. However, this latter effect was not observed under watering constraint. Our results suggest that water and nitrogen supply have a regulatory effect on the activity of the enzymes involved in the first steps of anthocyanins pathway. Different profiles of the anthocyanins species were obtained depending on the levels of nitrogen nutrition and watering supply. The synthesis of the malvidin derivatives was increased by a reduced water supply and was decreased by a limited nitrogen nutrition. The environmental factors seem to act differently on the esterification steps of anthocyanins biosynthesis. A regulation of the anthocyanins catabolism has to be considered too. In the vineyard, the level of anthocyanins biosynthesis depends essentially on the climatic conditions of the year (vintage), the "Terroir" effect and the cultural practices
Paris, Emmanuelle. "L'alimentation de la femme enceinte et allaitante." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P101.
Le, Luyer Jérémy. "L'expression des gènes cibles dans le modelage osseux vertébral de la truite arc-en-ciel d'élevage : effets de différents apports en phosphore." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26121.
Dietary phosphorus (P) outputs from fish production can contribute to freshwater eutrophication. Due to the inaccuracy of the common tools used for estimating P requirement for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), P is still provided in excess in fish diets. Furthermore, we know that P plays a crucial role in regulating normal bone turnover; yet, questions have arisen regarding its role in the prevalence of vertebral deformities. To monitor both the short and long term response of the organism to a P-deficiency, rainbow trout were fed either a P-sufficient or a P-deficient diet over a 27 weeks period. Our results show that P-deficient fish displayed lower mineral status in scales and carcasses than P-sufficient fish as early as the second week of the experiment. Although during the first four weeks of feeding P-deficient diet, the mineralization status of the fish vertebrae was not significantly impaired, , at week 5, x-rays revealed that around 50% of P-deficient fish displayed abnormal vertebrae phenotypes. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind the appearance of vertebral malformations, we built the first transcriptome specific to bone tissue of rainbow trout. Sequencing was based on Illumina HiSeq-2000 technology. Functional analysis of this transcriptome revealed a remarkable conservation of key genes involved in bone regulation in vertebrates. Based on this reference, we could compare the gene expression in the vertebrae between deformed and normal fish at week 27. These results, combined with histological observations and common indicators of P status, suggest that P-deficiency in trout led to a reduced degree of mineralization of the vertebrae (without affecting matrix of resorption activity). The reduced degree of mineralization is possibly linked to higher expression of genes coding for Gla proteins, involved in the regulation of hydroxyapatite crystal fixation and growth. From an aquaculture perspective, these results might serve as a solid baseline for better management of P in production, opening to the possibility to strain selection as well as providing new tools for dietary-P level optimization for rainbow trout production.
Moro, Joanna. "Impact de la déficience en acides aminés indispensables sur le métabolisme protéique et énergétique, et identification de signatures métaboliques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB001.
The availability of protein sources for human nutri-tion is a major concern due to global demographics, economics and nutritional transitions. Protein intakes must cover the need for nine indispensable amino acids (IAA). It is important that this need is met in order to avoid situations of protein and energy me-tabolism imbalance. Various studies have been de-veloped to determine this need: nitrogen balance, the factorial method, and methods using stable iso-topes. However, these methods are difficult and invasive, and the obtained values of needs present significant differences. It is therefore necessary to develop more precise and non-invasive approaches, such as metabolomics, as recommended by the FAO.The objectives of this thesis are to assess the impact of protein and IAA (lysine and threonine) deficiency on protein and energy metabolism and to identify markers of deficiency for these two amino acids in the growing rat. Severe levels of deficiency (85%; 75%) in protein and lysine and threonine decrease weight and lean mass and increase food intake. These effects are associated with a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in energy metabolism in low protein diets. These effects seems to be mediated by FGF21. Analyses of metabolomics in urine show that variations in pipecolate and taurine indicate lysine and threonine deficiencies, respectively
Mathias, Virginie. "Communications et Informations sur l'alimentation et la nutrition dites bénéfiques pour la santé : les influences sur les savoirs et pratiques corporelles d'adultes vivant en France contemporaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20657/document.
Our survey studies the speeches on “healthy diet” in contemporary France.Whether they come from medical, scientific, political groups or from governmentalor not institutions, or from the population, they are polysemous.They build themselves in time and produce a social standard which relies onrecurring topics such as balance or the food variety.The idea of a healthy diet is supported by such myths as eternal youth, superman,social harmony and purity.With these choices, the subjects build up for themselves a plurality of dietaryidentities. Healthy food models are in connection with the region of residence, thephysical status, the religion, the sex, the age and the social images of food.The food identity, process of differentiation and resemblance evolves and bringspeople to the renunciation of themselves to go and meet the other one, his or herfood universe and become “one equal to the other one".We draw eaters' portraits put on a diet by their society and who feel an appetite fortheir health in social interaction. Then, we illustrate messages on “the healthydiet” with collective and also individual reinterpretations. People are going to payattention to the information and the communications on food and the nutrition saidbeneficial for health from the moment these messages fit their way of life.Eating is a sign of the physical intention of the human being. Food makes a"healthy" sexual body. However in the contemporary world food releases negativeaspects: the food risks. Nowadays, arise from food fears even nutritional diseasesat the "normal" man.A healthy diet is a control lever for the manipulation of the subjects and revealactors' logics. Biomedical tools serve then a dominant physical aesthetics andprovide an "idealized" human body along with “medical care”. Is health anappearance of aesthetic beauty?
Vieux, Florent. "Qualité nutritionnelle et impact carbone des choix alimentaires individuels : le cas Français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5056.
Health and environment are, with economy and social concerns, two pillars of food sustainability whose compatibility is discussed. They can be estimated through nutritional quality and carbon footprint respectively. In this thesis, we propose to analyze the convergence between nutrition and environment by adopting two different approaches. First, we have estimated the effect of modifying individual food choices on diet-related carbon footprint. Second, by classifying the individuals based on the nutritional quality of their diet, we compared the diet-related carbon footprint among the classes of individuals. First, we have shown that changes in food choices may not be an efficient strategy for reducing the diet-related carbon footprint. Second, the level of carbon footprint did not differ much according to the nutritional quality of diets. A high quality diet even seems associated with a higher carbon footprint.The results lead to question the idea commonly found in the food and nutrition literature that there is a “natural” convergence between promotion of public health and environmental protection. Our approach is original because we have taken into account the variability of realistic individual food consumptions and we estimated the nutritional quality of diets with precision. This topic is a vast field of researches which has to be explored urgently
Clero, Delphine. "Intérêt d'une supplémentation nutritionnelle adaptée dans l'optimisation de la performance physique de travail du chien d'utilité." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066175/document.
Nutrition is a key point in order to maintain performance during operationnal missions in the service dog, who often faces intense periods of work, followed by short resting periods, with a high number of working periods during several consecutive days. To optimise performance, reduce pathologies related to an intense physical exercise and mental stress and improve recovery, nutrition is now considered as one of the most important point in those elite athletes. This work objective were : (1) to develop a nutritionnal supplementation to set and maintain physical conditions when distributed before and during physical exercise, focusing our approach on the necessary adaptation to the specific metabolism involved during the exercise ; (2) to develop a nutritionnal supplementation for the recovery period, distributed just after the exercise and study the consequences of its distribution on biological markers during short term recovery period. The first supplement develop in this work contain short and medium chains fatty acids associated with an antioxidant complex. Given one hour before the work, and after a twenty minutes run during a continuous running test performed on search and rescue dogs, this supplement shows positive impacts on cardiovascular parameters, an increase of triglycerids at the onset of exercise, a reduction of plasmatic expression of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the supplemented group. Our second study focusses on postexercise nutritionnal supplementation in the military dog, in order to observe impacts on a mix of maltodextrins (1.5g/kg body weight) and proteins (0.3g/kg body weight) provided just after the exercise, during three periodsof intense exercise separated by one hour rest periods during a single day. Our results include a reduction of plasmatic inflammatory markers production and of mucular lesions markers in the supplemented group. Further studies are required in order to adapt nutitionnal supplementation to each type of exercise (endurance, mix, resistance), by testing different qualitative and quantitative inputs. They will also permit to precise optimal timing for its distribution (single or fractionned inputs, timing before or after the exercise), and to adapt it to environmental conditions (especially hot climate, that is a cause of numerous problems for service dogs sent to oversees operations)
Bianchi, Clélia. "Élaboration et évaluation d’une méthode de conseils alimentaires personnalisés et pas-à-pas visant à améliorer l’adéquation nutritionnelle des régimes de femmes enceintes en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA025/document.
Pregnancy is a specific period in life characterized by an increase in nutrient needs that should be met for the health of both the mother and her baby. During this period, women would be keener on adopting healthier dietary practices. The objective of this thesis was to study these different aspects of nutrition during pregnancy and to design and evaluate a tailored, stepwise dietary advice method which aims to improve the nutrient adequacy of the diet of French pregnant women. The PANDiet score, a diet quality index, has been adapted to pregnancy by using the nutrient requirements established for this period. It has been shown that the absence of qualitative changes in a woman’s diet in the beginning of pregnancy prevented the maintenance of the nutrient adequacy. Three types of tailored dietary changes were then designed. They proved to be efficient in improving the nutrient adequacy of the diet. The more efficient the type of dietary changes was, the less acceptable it was by pregnant women. Thus, a trade-off has been considered to select the two types of dietary changes that were the most acceptable by pregnant women while showing efficiency in the improvement of the nutrient adequacy of their diet. These two types of tailored dietary changes, which respectively involved modifications of the amount consumed of foods and substitutions of foods within the same food subgroup, have been proposed to French pregnant women during a randomized controlled trial. Furthermore, qualitative data revealed that pregnant women sought for positive and trustworthy information about nutrition-related in order to contribute towards the well-being of both their baby and themselves. In the randomized controlled trial, the approach proposing tailored dietary advice, generated in a stepwise process, in addition to generic dietary guidelines proved to be more efficient in improving the nutrient adequacy of the diet of pregnant women than the approach using only generic dietary guidelines. Furthermore, according to semi-directive interviews led with some women included in the randomized controlled trial, it appeared that dietary counseling during pregnancy resulted in solving the confusion related to nutrition issues
David, Marie-France. "Les besoins d'intervention en nutrition des adolescentes enceintes à faible revenu de la Région de Québec /." 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766706391&sid=45&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Pagé, Mélanie. "Les déterminants des choix alimentaires à Moose Factory." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17214.
Loiselle, Amélie. "Pratiques, préoccupations, besoins et perceptions en relation avec l’alimentation : le cas des haltes-garderies communautaires du Québec." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23656.
Background: Today, most women have entered the workplace and child care is a daily part of most children's lives. These are a key environments in promoting healthy lifestyle habits. The haltes-garderies communautaires (HGC)are frequented by many children, some of whom are vulnerable, and have not yet been studied in Quebec with respect to their practices, concerns, needs and perceptions related to feeding and nutrition in early childhood. Objective: To describe the practices and identify the concerns, needs and perceptions of the HGC of Quebec related to the feeding of children attending these places. Methodology: In the winter of 2018, a self-administered questionnaire, in electronic format, was sent to representatives of the 242 HGC that are members of the Association des haltes-garderies communautaires du Québec. Ethical approval was obtained from the Comité d’éthique de la recherche en santé of the University of Montreal. Results: A total of 104 HGCs responded to the survey for a participation rate of approximately 43%. The socio-economic background of parents is the most reported barrier to promoting healthy eating habits. Several proposed training themes generated interest among more than 75% of HGC. Themes related to parent / educator interactions are the most desired. The two preferred formats for educational tools are the sharing of resources or exemplary activities developed by other HGC and texts that are easy to print for staff. Discussion: The special situation of children living in a context of vulnerability and communication to parents seem to be important issues in HGC. Educators in HGC feel the need to be more equipped on several topics in nutrition, such as good hygiene and salubrity practices. Tool formats using digital technology correspond to the needs reported by day care staff for training and information sharing.
Dussault, Valérie. "Les produits de santé naturels : les perceptions, les pratiques de consultation et les besoins de formation de nutritionnistes du Québec." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12404.
Background. Natural Health Products (NHPs) are becoming an increasing interest within the population. Health professionals, including nutritionists, must keep up to date with this trend in order to properly advise users and limit the risks associated with their use. Objective. Explore Quebec’s nutritionist’s experiences, perceptions and their training needs about NHPs. Methods. An electronic survey was administered to members of the Professional Order of Dietitians of Quebec through Fluid Survey. The 21 questions were designed to identify personal experiences, attitudes towards NHPs and towards their clientele that consume them, identify which sources of information they rely on and their training needs. Results. A total of 295 nutritionists completed the questionnaire. Among these, 93 % have already received questions on NHPs. Approximately 91 % of nutritionists admitted using or having used NHPs and at least 94 % said they recommended them. Also, 95 % of the sample would like to receive more information on NHPs. Finally, they have a positive perception as to their role regarding this subject, since 77 % indicated that the nutritionist should be a reliable source of information for NHPs. Conclusion. The major findings of our study are that Quebec’s nutritionists’ roles related to NHPs are not clearly defined. They need training on NHPs in order to be able to advise the population and, thus, form a new field of expertise for nutritionists.
Meunier, Véronique. "Perceptions et besoins du personnel des services de garde en milieu scolaire québécois en lien avec le contexte du repas à l’école et la promotion de saines habitudes alimentaires." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19152.
Context: Since 1985, the main objective of the Association des services de garde en milieu scolaire du Québec (ASGEMSQ) has been to improve the quality of child care services in schools so that each child could develop in an environment that contributes to its well-being and growth. In partnership with Québec en forme, ASGEMSQ joined a national movement searching to promote healthy lifestyles and initiated actions leading to the development of environment conductive to healthy eating and physical activities in school child care services. To this end, child care providers definitively play a decisive role. Objective: The main objectives of this research are to study the perceptions of school-age child care providers in Quebec with regards to the meal period and the factors that may impair its development, as well as to identify their training needs in nutrition. Methodology: During fall 2014, an electronic survey was sent to 1655 child care providers from Quebec schools. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were conducted (SPSS, version 17.01). Results: In total, 624 responses were obtained, a 38% response rate. The meal context appears to be a relatively pleasant moment for the majority of children and educators. Different obstacles had statistically significant relationship with the perception of the meal context as being enjoyable for the majority of children, namely failure from parents to comply with instructions regarding lunch box content, children personal eating pace, the need to appropriately support children with special needs, non-compliance to the school code of conduct and the general attitude of the school's staff. The results show considerable interest from child care providers in various nutrition training activities. Moreover, specific training themes have a statistically significant relationship with obstacles related to a favorable meal context and to certain characteristics of the environment likely to impact them. Conclusion: The data confirm training needs and the importance to support partnerships with school and parents so that the meal context represents enjoyable moments. Elementary school day care is an environment to be documented. It constitutes a living environment that a majority of children experiment on a daily base. In collaboration with child-care center managers, school principals and parents, actions can be planned to create environments that support the adoption of healthy lifestyles. This transversal study conducted in Quebec's elementary schools contributed to the study on the importance of the environments on overall healthy lifestyles.
Lake, Jennifer. "Vers une nouvelle approche pour établir les besoins nutritionnels minimaux (en particulier ceux en P) de la truite arc-en-ciel (oncorhynchus mykiss) à l'aide de puces génétiques /." 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24521/24521.pdf.