Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Benin's scarification"

Ricinodendron heudelotii (Euphorbiaceae) is an oilseed plant with high socio-economic value. Unfortunately, the seed’s tegumentary dormancy causes low germination and severely limits its large-scale spread. Germination and juvenile growth of eleven provenances from Benin and Central African Republics were tested under four different pre-treatments (control, lime scarification, soaking in water for seven days and scarification followed by soaking in water for three days) in order to provide information for use in the reforestation and improvement of R. heudelotii. In a Fischer block with three replicates of ten seeds, the daily and final germination (nine months) was recorded and the cumulative germination rate, average germination time and survival rate were calculated. In addition, total height, diameters at the collar and above the cotyledons, internode length, total number of leaves and seedling internodes were measured quarterly. Germination and growth of juveniles were significantly different between provenances and pre-treatments. The highest germination rate (%) in short duration (d) was recorded with seeds both scarified and soaked for three days in water from Akouho (20%, 42.08 d), CRAPP (36.67%, 18.82 d), Agrimey (33.33%, 18.30 d), Ilikimou (26.67%, 19.94 d) and Woroko (26.67%, 19.25 d) and then lime scarified seeds from Massi (80%, 14.46 d), Itchede (80%, 21.29 d) and Lobaye (60%, 19.11 d). Seedlings from seeds that were scarified and soaked for three days in water showed optimal growth for all traits; Lobaye and CRAPP provenances showed the best height growth (33.22±1.45 and 31.96±1.15 cm) while Massi and Illikimou provenances showed the best growth in collar diameter (1.08±0.06 and 1.11±0.09 cm). Provenances and pre-treatments revealed a discrete variation in germination and growth of R. heudelotii. Scarification on the one hand and scarification coupled with soaking into the water for three days on the other hand, are the best pre-treatments to increase seedling production while the best provenances are Lobaye, Massi and Itchede. These provenances are potential seed sources for Forestation Program in Benin.

Today the concept of inclusion makes all educators responsible for creating supportive learning environment. In Benin schools, consensus is made to accept students with stigma. This article is to explore Benin EFL teachers ‘and students’ belief on the acceptance of two main categories of students with stigma (Woli and Hounyos). They are concerned with girls who are not allowed to be dressed on top and who keep scarification on their face and chest (Hounyos). The second category are members of celestial church, who keep their hair natural all their life without combing or brushing it (dreadlocks). They are known to be gifted and can predict future. Three public schools and one private school took part in this study. Questionnaire, interview, and classroom observation were used as an instrument in this research. Overall, nineteen students with stigma participated. The results from this research have shown that Benin EFL teachers adopt different approaches on the integration of those specific cases of students in the classroom. Suggestions are then formulated on how Benin EFL teachers should manage the concerned students.

While Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are endemic in West Africa, the prevalence of HBV/HIV coinfection and their associated risk factors in children remains unclear. In this review, we sought to assess HBsAg seroprevalence among 0- to 16-year-olds with and without HIV in West African countries and the risk factors associated with HBV infection in this population. Research articles between 2000 and 2021 that reported the prevalence of HBV and associated risk factors in children in West Africa were retrieved from the literature using the Africa Journals Online (AJOL), PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases as search tools. StatsDirect, a statistical software, was used to perform a meta-analysis of the retained studies. HBV prevalence and heterogeneity were then assessed with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test. Twenty-seven articles conducted across seven West African countries were included in this review. HBV prevalence among persons aged 0 to 16 years was 5%, based on the random analysis, given the great heterogeneity of the studies. By country, the highest prevalence was observed in Benin (10%), followed by Nigeria (7%), and Ivory Coast (5%), with Togo (1%) having the lowest. HBV prevalence in an HIV-infected population of children was (9%). Vaccinated children had lower HBV prevalence (2%) than unvaccinated children (6%). HBV prevalence with a defined risk factor such as HIV co-infection, maternal HBsAg positivity, undergoing surgery, scarification, or being unvaccinated ranged from 3–9%. The study highlights the need to reinforce vaccination of newborns, screening for HBV, and HBV prophylaxis among pregnant women in Africa, particularly in West Africa, to achieve the WHO goal of HBV elimination, particularly in children.

La scarification thérapeutique est une pratique très répandue au Bénin, en particulier au Sud du Bénin, où elle est utilisée pour prévenir et même très souvent pour guérir certaines maladies. En dépit de ses nombreuses vertus thérapeutiques, elle est rejetée par la médecine conventionnelle qui voit en elle de l'escroquerie, voire du charlatanisme. Le sceau du secret qui sous-tend d'ailleurs certaines pratiques qui la régissent ne lui rendent pas service. Il se pose à cet égard la question de la valeur de la scarification thérapeutique au regard de sa côte de popularité dans le Sud du Benin et celle des problèmes qu'elle charrie. Indiscutablement, cette pratique est perçue par certains comme irrationnelle et dangereuse, alors même qu'il s'agit d'une forme de rationalité qui peut être valorisée dans le but de renforcer les systèmes thérapeutiques. Deux rationalités thérapeutiques (moderne et traditionnelle) semblent donc théoriquement se fermer l'une à l'autre, portant du coup des préjudices au progrès de la médecine en général. En effet, la médecine moderne n'est pas présente partout ; elle n'a pas solution à tout, partout où elle se trouve. Ce qui demeure vrai de la médecine traditionnelle. Quoiqu'il en soit, la pratique de la scarification thérapeutique traditionnelle prévient et guérit des maladies, mais elle pose des problèmes d'éthique médicale, de bioéthique et se doit d'être réorganisée, assistée, encadrée et, pourquoi pas, introduite dans les écoles de formation, les hôpitaux en général et en particulier dans ceux du Bénin
Therapeutic scarification is a widespread practice in Benin, particularly in southern Benin, where it is used to prevent and often even cure certain diseases. Despite its many therapeutic virtues, it is rejected by conventional medicine, which sees it as a fraud or even charlatanism. The seal of secrecy that underpins some of its practices does it a disservice. This raises the question of the value of therapeutic scarification in view of its popularity in southern Benin and the problems it entails. Unquestionably, this practice is perceived by some as irrational and dangerous, even though it is a form of rationality that can be valorized to strengthen therapeutic systems. Two therapeutic rationalities (modern and traditional) therefore theoretically appear to be mutually exclusive, and this is detrimental to the progress of medicine in general. Modern medicine isn't everywhere; it doesn't have the solution to everything, wherever it is. The same is true of traditional medicine. Be that as it may, the practice of traditional therapeutic scarification prevents and cures illnesses, but it poses problems of medical ethics and bioethics and needs to be reorganized, assisted, supervised and, why not, introduced into training schools, hospitals in general and those in Benin in particular