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1
Beckers, Joris, Simon Weekx, Philippe Beutels, and Ann Verhetsel. "COVID-19 and retail: The catalyst for e-commerce in Belgium?" Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 62 (September 2021): 102645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102645.
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Fobe, Jean-Michel. "Legal Aspects of E-commerce in the Air Transport Industry in Belgium – the Belgian Travel Organisation Litigation." Air and Space Law 26, Issue 6 (October 11, 2001): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/386869.
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Cárdenas, Iván, Joris Beckers, and Thierry Vanelslander. "E-commerce last-mile in Belgium: Developing an external cost delivery index." Research in Transportation Business & Management 24 (September 2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2017.07.006.
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Martiny, Victor-Gaston. "Que sont ces sculptures bruxelloises devenues ?" Bulletin de la Classe des Beaux-Arts 6, no. 1 (1995): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/barb.1995.20265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Immediately after Belgian independence, Brussels' new role as the capital of the kingdom required it to erect a large number of public edifices necessary for the proper running of the country. Most of these monuments were decorated with sculptures representing the arts, industry, and commerce, then rapidly expanding. This decorative aspect also spilled over onto the facades of simple buildings, which the Dutch period had purified to the point of plainness. But Belgium was not yet a hundred years old when progress in everything very quickly rendered earlier architectural choices obsolete. Artistic taste too had evolved. Demolished with few scruples to make way for more rational buildings without exterior decoration, stations, post offices, market halls and even a large number of private houses were demolished and the sculptures adorning them in most cases dispersed to parks and public spaces. Others were simply abandoned to demolition gangs and their fate remains uncertain. This article sets out to trace these sculptures, certain of them designed by artists fleeing from the glory of the 19th century. and commerce, then rapidly expanding. This decorative aspect also spilled over onto the facades of simple buildings, which the Dutch period had purified to the point of plainness. But Belgium was not yet a hundred years old when progress in everything very quickly rendered earlier architectural choices obsolete. Artistic taste too had evolved. Demolished with few scruples to make way for more rational buildings without exterior decoration, stations, post offices, market halls and even a large number of private houses were demolished and the sculptures adorning them in most cases dispersed to parks and public spaces. Others were simply abandoned to demolition gangs and their fate remains uncertain. This article sets out to trace these sculptures, certain of them designed by artists fleeing from the glory of the 19th century.
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Marciniak, Piotr. "Five key differences between chambers of commerce in United Kingdom, Belgium and Poland." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 4 (44) (December 14, 2023): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2023.4.44.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chambers of commerce play an important role for entrepreneurs and the economy. However, their position, organization, effectiveness and tasks vary from country to country. The challenges of the 21st-century economy require the strengthening of chambers so that they can effectively support business. We should look for possible improvements. Chambers are usually categorized into three main models: Anglo-Saxon, continental and mixed. An additional public (or administrative) model is sometimes added. The analysis of the literature shows, however, that the assignment of chambers to models is sometimes arbitrary or customary. This results in different classification of some countries into specific models – e.g. Poland is assigned to the Anglo-Saxon or mixed model, while Spain is placed in the continental model, although some features of their chambers indicate the properties of the mixed model. The systematic confusion stems from the fact that the current taxonomy is too general to address effectively some of the most important differences between chambers operating in more than 200 countries. But more important is that its design does not provide tools and information that (in the increasing complexity of today’s economy) could support the development of chambers based on the results of comparative research. This article outlines a set of the key differences between British, Polish and Belgian chambers of commerce with several references to Canadian and US chambers. They are all private law and generally listed as Anglo-Saxon model members. But there are major differences between them. It’s important to examine foreign systems when changes to the domestic chambers are considered. It should be clear that there is no single and common framework that can be just replicated. Each country’s history, economy and social norms must be considered before changes are made. This is why comparative studies are the key to finding the best improvements for local needs.
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Scutariu, Adrian-Liviu, Ștefăniță Șuşu, Cătălin-Emilian Huidumac-Petrescu, and Rodica-Manuela Gogonea. "A Cluster Analysis Concerning the Behavior of Enterprises with E-Commerce Activity in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The planning of activities of e-commerce enterprises and their behavior has been influenced by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The behavior of e-commerce enterprises has been highlighted at the level of EU countries through an analysis elaborated on four variables: the value of e-commerce sales, cloud computing services, enterprises that have provided training to develop/upgrade the ICT skills of their personnel, e-commerce, customer relationship management (CRM) and secure transactions. Using the hierarchical clustering method, analysis was carried out on these variables to identify certain economic and behavioral patterns of e-commerce activity from 2018 and 2020. The study of the relationships involved in the e-commerce activity of these enterprises is reflected in models of the economic behavior of 31 European states in relation to the targeted variables. The results show that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are strongly manifested in the direction of the evolution of each indicator but differ from one country to another. The trends depend on the level of development and the particularities of each country’s economy in adapting to the repercussions reported in relation to the level of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is highlighted by the significant regrouping of countries in 2020 compared with 2018 in relation to the average values of the indicators. The results show that, in 2020, the most significant percentages of the value of e-commerce sales were recorded in Belgium, Ireland and Czechia, as in 2018. In e-commerce, customer relationship management and secure transactions, Denmark and Sweden were superior in 2020 to the countries mentioned above, which were dominant in 2018. For the other two indicators, Finland and Norway were the top countries included in the analysis in both years. The conclusion supports the continuous model of e-commerce enterprise behavior in order to meet the requirements of online customers.
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van der Weide, Martin, and Christophe Coulie. "The Digitalization of the Issuing Process of Certificates of Origin in the Netherlands and Belgium: Is a 100% Digitalization Rate Possible and How? Why Issuing Certificates of Origin Electronically Do." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 10 (October 1, 2019): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More and more countries are digitalizing the issuing of non-preferential Certificates of Origin (CO). The Netherlands and Belgium have both build up a robust experience in this field. Digitalizing is a necessary evolution as more and more Customs and logistic processes are running electronically. As with all digitalization processes challenges, on technical level but also on human level, need to be dealt with. While coping with these challenges at the same time one needs to anticipate to new developments as blockchain and artificial intelligence. All this is no longer possible on a national level but needs the support and coordination of an international body. On the level of CO the International Chamber of Commerce has taken up this challenge.
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Laponce, Jean. "Politics and the Law of Babel." Social Science Information 40, no. 2 (June 2001): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901801040002001.
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The world language system is profoundly affected by the increase in the frequency and density of communication on a world scale. Most of the languages spoken today are not expected to survive the century and most of those surviving will lose or fail to get control of some higher functions of communication, notably in the fields of commerce and science. The minority languages best able to resist the pressure of more powerful competitors are those having a government as their champion, and their best overall protective strategy remains territorialization, either within the boundaries of a unilingual state or, in the case of multilingual societies, on the territorial model of Switzerland and Belgium that juxtaposes rather than mixes languages at the regional level.
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Hopkin, David. "Legends of Lace: Commerce and Ideology in Narratives of Women’s Domestic Craft Production." Fabula 62, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2021): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2021-0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Although a relatively recent invention (c. 1500), many legends have accumulated around the origins of lace, more than have been recorded for other crafts. Almost every region involved in pillow or needle lace had its own origin story: I will concentrate on those circulating in Italy, Catalonia, France, Belgium, and England. Lacemaking was a poorly paid, dispersed and overwhelmingly female occupation, but none the less it had a strong craft tradition, including the celebration of particular saints’ feastdays. The legends drew on elements of this work culture, and especially the strong connections to royal courts and the Catholic Church, but they did not originate among lacemakers themselves. Rather they were authored by persons – lace merchants and other patrons – who in the nineteenth century took on the task of defending homemade lace in its drawn-out conflict with machine-made alternatives. Legends first circulated in print, in lace histories, newspapers and magazines, before transferring to other media such as the stage, historical pageants, even the visual arts. More recently they have continued to propagate on the web. While not originally oral narratives, they behave much like legends in oral storytelling environments: they are usually unsourced; they accumulate and shed motifs; they adapt to new circumstances and audiences. They were told with the intention of creating a special status for handmade lace, and to mobilize protectors and consumers.
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Geurden, Bart, Jeroen Cant, and Joris Beckers. "Food Accessibility in the Suburbs of the Metropolitan City of Antwerp (Belgium): A Factor of Concern in Local Public Health and Active and Healthy Aging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 15754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315754.
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Population aging and declining birth rates are key demographic trends of the 21st century. While the overall life expectancy and healthy life years increase, the quality of life and functional capacity worsens due to non-communicable diseases strongly related to aging. Therefore, aging citizens are often vulnerable to food insecurity. The aim of this paper is to provide insights into the physical accessibility of fresh food and possible alternatives within the setting of an aging society in Antwerp (Belgium), a metropolitan city at the heart of the EU Reference Site ‘Three Rivers Food Delta’. We demonstrate that a large number of the Antwerp suburban areas in which 15 to 25% of current inhabitants are already over 65 years old are confronted with problematic physical accessibility of food due to long walking distances to the nearest food shop. E-commerce has the potential to provide better access to fresh food. This is especially relevant for people with specific needs, such as health-related diets, dysphagia, and/or limited mobility. However, e-commerce introduces new inequalities, as those who would benefit the most from digital accessibility currently use it least. Hence, the organization of fresh food access requires a more thoughtful organization of the ‘last mile’ and possible alternatives to home delivery. This makes food accessibility an urgent factor of concern in public health and healthy aging in the Antwerp suburban areas.
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DeGaspari, John. "Infrared Recycler." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 04 (April 1, 2000): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-apr-5.
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Salyp N.V., an automotive recycling company in Eiper, Belgium, has developed a mechanical sorting system whose purpose is to recover the mixed thermoplastic portion of automotive shredder residue. Salyp is marketing franchises of its recycling technology to automotive shredders worldwide. The company also envisions an End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Foundation, in which auto shredder customers and other interested groups, including government agencies, will help to establish standards for thermoplastics that are reclaimed from auto-shredder residue. Yet the company must overcome a tough hurdle if it’s going to sell its idea to the estimated 200 auto shredders that do business in the United States. A specific section within the law prohibits the manufacture, processing, use or reuse, or distribution in commerce of printed circuit boards (PCB). Salyp plans to combine its thermoplastic sorting system with a system developed by Argonne Lab for the recycling of polyurethane foam. Foam is the third material stream, after metal oxides and thermoplastics, in the initial sorting of shredder waste.
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Ntsoane, Lefa Sebolaisi. "The Registration of Special Notarial Bonds under the Security by Means of Movable Property Act and the Publicity Principle: Lessons from Developments in Belgium." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 21 (January 19, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a2389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many people do not own immovable property to offer as security but do have movable property which can be offered as security for the repayment of a debt. In today’s world where the costs of a motor car can exceed that of a house, the increasing value of movable things makes it a popular and appropriate security object. Under the common law pledge, delivery of the movable property from the pledgor (debtor) to the pledgee (creditor) has to take place in order for the pledgee to acquire a real security right in the property. Delivery of the property is aimed at ensuring compliance with the publicity principle. The principle of publicity entails that the existence of a real security must be known to the public. With the aim to promote commerce, certain countries have taken the initiative in reforming their laws on pledge to allow the debtor to retain possession of the movable property that serves as security. Furthermore, technology has advanced to a level where national registration systems which can be accessed easily and at minimal costs can be established. The South African legislature enacted the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. This Act deemed a duly registered notarial bond over specified movable property to have been delivered as if delivery has in fact taken place thereby substituted the common law delivery requirement with registration in the Deeds Office. On 30 May 2013, the Belgian House of Representatives adopted a Belgian Pledge Act which allows for a non-possessory pledge on movable property subject to registration in a newly created public register called the Electronic Pledge Register. This article therefore examines the efficacy of the registration system of special notarial bonds in South African law and whether this form of registration complies with the publicity principle looking at the developments of a computerised registration system taking place in Belgium.
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РЕЗНИКОВ С.Н., РЕЗНИКОВ С. Н., ЕФРЕМЕНКО И. Н. ЕФРЕМЕНКО И.Н., and ТИЩЕНКО И. А. ТИЩЕНКО И.А. "REGIONALIZATION OF EU INTERNET COMMERCE AND LOCAL DOMINANCE OF EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC PLATFORMS." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(165) (June 25, 2024): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2024.165.4.085.
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В статье представлен анализ особенностей европейской модели развития Интернет-торговли, которая занимает срединное положение между США с глобально доминирующими маркетплейсами (Amazon, eBay) и китайским онлайн-ритейлом, в котором емкий внутренний рынок обеспечил ускоренную институционализацию национальных платформ Alibaba и JD.com, конкуренция со стороны которых создает высокий барьер входа в зарегулированный онлайн-сегмент потребительского рынка. Авторы обосновывают условия и предпосылки локального доминирования торговых площадок в Европе, eCommerce рынок которой показывает разную скорость развития и проникновения на севере и юго-востоке, имеющих неодинаковую логистистическую базу для распределения товарных отправок. Это формирует особый институционально-рыночный профиль европейского eCommerce, торговые площадки которого имеют региональную локализацию продаж Allegro (Польша), Bol.com (Нидерланды, Бельгия), Otto (Германия), Ciscount.com, Fnac (Франция), eMAG (Румыния). Исключение составляют только немецкая Zalando (локализация продаж в Италии, Франции, Нидерландах и Польше), ManoMano (Италия, Испания, Германия и Великобритания), а также Etsy. Все это позволяет авторам принципиальные различия в динамике, тенденциях развития и консолидации Интернетторговли Европы относительно, прежде всего, США и Китая, где маркетплейсы занимают не только большую долю, но и имеют глобально диверсифицированный бизнес (США). The article presents an analysis of the features of the European e-commerce development model, which occupies a middle position between the United States with globally dominant marketplaces (Amazon, eBay) and Chinese online retail, in which a capacious domestic market provided accelerated institutionalization of national Alibaba platforms and JD.com, competition from which creates a high barrier to entry into the regulated online-a segment of the consumer market. The authors substantiate the conditions and prerequisites for the local dominance of trading platforms in Europe, the eCommerce market, which shows different rates of development and penetration in the north and south-east, having a different logistic base for the distribution of shipments. This forms a special institutional and market profile of the European eCommerce, whose trading platforms have a regional localization of sales - Allegro (Poland), Bol.com (Netherlands, Belgium), Otto (Germany), Ciscount.com , Fnac (France), eMAG (Romania). The only exceptions are German Zalando (sales localization in Italy, France, the Netherlands and Poland), ManoMano (Italy, Spain, Germany and Great Britain), as well as Etsy. All this allows the authors to make fundamental differences in the dynamics, trends in the development and consolidation of e-commerce in Europe relative, first of all, to the USA and China, where marketplaces occupy not only a large share, but also have a globally diversified business (USA).
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Horsmans, Vincent, and Guy Horsmans. "Arbitration and Crisis." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 7, Issue 27 (September 1, 2010): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2010042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT: The economic crisis didn't affect Brazil as it did in United States and in Europe. Brazil took an advantage of this period and became a leadership among others developing countries (I). Consequently, people who work with international commerce were obliged to find better ways to protect humanistic goals of law. Thereby, they were led to analyze the legal education, essentially the methods of comparative law, in addition to the role of the jurists, who were forced to put into practice creativity and imagination in theirs researches and actions (II). Jointly the crisis, many innovations had arisen to overcome the situation. There are many examples: in France was established a mediation process to resolve credit disputes, which improves the society and became an indispensable item in the commercial life; in Belgium had commenced a great debate about the solutions presented by public authorities to deal with the situation of the principal bank of the country (III). Talking about this context of economic crisis we choose to approach the arbitration crisis according to the sign of Phillipe Fouchard: the excess of the diversions and litigation related arbitral proceedings withdraw the specificity and the value of arbitration. We adopted the solutions proposed by professors Jens Damman and Henry Hansmann. We worked, by this article, to suggest a creation of a public and international legal authority specialized in economic subject. This authority must get some inspiration by the lessons and explore the possibilities opened by international arbitration (IV). Our great wish is to see our Brazilian friends working in this project, exercising the functions of artisans and exhilarating in a legal laboratory, without the one, the G20 will hardly promote a global economy full of solidarity.
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Rulli, Daniel. "Campaigning In 1928." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.31.1.42-46.
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While the military and political accomplishments of World War I were clearly limited, the war, nonetheless, established a foundation for unparalleled economic growth in the United States during the 1920s. A significant consumer economy grew as many Americans worked fewer hours, earned higher salaries, invested in the stock market, and bought everything from washing machines to Model T Fords. This culture of consumerism in the 1920s changed the politics of American society and set the tone for American attitudes about economic political issues for decades to come. In the early 1920s, President Warren G. Harding's policies were generally conservative, especially regarding taxes, tariffs, immigration restriction, labor rights, and business regulation. Continuing Republican policies, President Calvin Coolidge included federal tax cuts and high tariffs. The expansive economy of the 1920s was fueled by the use of factory machine manufacturing and standardized mass production. The economic boom also resulted from the effects of World War I on technology, scientific management, the rapid increase in worker productivity, the psychology of mass consumption (with installment credit) behind the purchase of radios, motion picture tickets, electric appliances, and automobiles. Certainly, federal policies that supported big business with high tariffs, cutbacks in the authority of the Federal Trade Commission to regulate unfair trade practices, and the reduction of corporate and personal income taxes contributed to the boom as well. It was with this backdrop that Herbert Hoover and Al Smith squared off in the election of 1928. Hoover was born in Iowa and orphaned as a child. He began a career as a mining engineer soon after graduating from Stanford University in 1895. Within twenty years he had used his engineering knowledge and business skills to make a fortune as an independent mining consultant. In 1914, Hoover administered the American Relief Committee and during World War I he headed the Commission for Relief in Belgium and the U.S. Food Administration and was chairman of the Interallied Food Council. After the war he directed the American Relief Administration. Then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt said of Hoover in 1920, "He is certainly a wonder and I wish we could make him President of the United States. There could be no better one." In 1919 Hoover founded the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University. As Secretary of Commerce in the Harding and Coolidge administrations from 1921 to 1929, Hoover was widely celebrated for his leadership. The man who had fed Belgium, had run the U.S. Food Administration, revolutionized the Department of Commerce, and ministered to victims of the 1927 Mississippi flood appeared the ideal candidate in 1928. Hoover seemed more practical than Woodrow Wilson, glowed with respectability compared to the Harding administration, was easily more inspired than Coolidge, and was generally considered more "purely American" than his Democratic opponent, New York Governor Alfred E. Smith.
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Alomar, Mohamad Amin, and Christian de Visscher. "E-public procurement: Which factors determine its acceptance by small- to medium-sized enterprises and large companies in Belgium?" International Review of Administrative Sciences 85, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852317703466.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dematerialisation of public procurement (hereinafter, e-procurement) is one of the most innovative public management initiatives in Europe today. However, according to European statistics, the acceptance of this new public procurement technique by private companies remains very limited. Furthermore, despite the existence of an abundant literature dealing with the acceptance of technology, for example, in the field of e-commerce, very few studies have addressed the field of e-procurement. The aim of this article is to analyse the latter by making a distinction between the acceptance determinants of e-procurement by small- to medium-sized enterprises, on the one hand, and by large companies, on the other. Based on several theories on the acceptance of innovation in general, and on the acceptance of technology in particular – the Technology Acceptance Model, the Innovation Diffusion Theory and the model of Iacovou et al. – we developed a model and tested it on a sample of firms. The results of the survey, covering 695 small- to medium-sized enterprises and 126 large companies in Belgium, have enabled us to identify four main factors that can account for about 33.4% of the total variability in the acceptance of e-procurement by small- to medium-sized enterprises. In addition, we have identified two factors that could account for around 28.5% of the total variability of e-procurement acceptance by large firms. Points for practitioners Our study was able to account for about 33.4% of the total variability of e-procurement acceptance by small- to medium-sized enterprises and 28.5% by large companies. Identifying the determinants of this acceptance by distinguishing between small- to medium-sized enterprises and large companies can help decision-makers at the political and administrative level to develop a more effective action plan to promote the adoption of this new procurement technology, and thus to make the most of the benefits expected from it.
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Salomons, Arthur. "Deformalisation of Assignment Law and the Position of the Debtor in European Property Law." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 5 (October 1, 2007): 639–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: In the last two decades, several European countries have altered the general provisions on assignment or introduced new forms of assignment, in order to facilitate emerging financial instruments that involve the transfer of claims, especially securitisation. This is brought about by deformalisation, i.e. the abolition of formal requirements for the validity of assignment or the introduction of a new form of assignment with fewer formalities. The deformalisation relates inter alia to the requirement of notification of the debtor of the claim. In order to assess whether the interests of the debtor were harmed by this deformalisation, the position of the debtor between assignment and notification is described, analysed and compared for several European countries (France, England and Wales, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Italy, Spain, Germany, Switzerland) as well as for the United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade of 2001, the third part of the Principles on European Contract Law of 2003 and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts of 2004. It is concluded that the deformalisation movement was not in itself detrimental to the position of the debtor: the only exception is the situation in the handful of legal systems in which payment by the debtor to the assignee does not lead to his discharge when he was not instructed to do so, notwithstanding the fact that he had gained knowledge of the assignment by means other than notification. Résumé: Durant les deux dernières décennies, plusieurs pays européens ont modifié leurs dispositions générales sur la cession ou ont introduit des nouvelles formes de cession de créance afin de faciliter les instruments financiers émergents qui impliquent le transfert de créances et spécialement leur titrisation. Ceci a conduit à une déformalisation, par exemple, par l’abolition des exigences de formes pour la validité des cessions ou l’introduction d’une nouvelle forme de cession avec des formalités réduites. La déformalisation se rapporte entre autres à l’obligation de notification au débiteur de la créance. Afin de déterminer si cette déformalisation nuit aux intérêts du débiteur, sa situation entre cession et notification est décrite, analysée et comparée pour plusieurs pays européen (France, l’Angleterre et le Pays de Galles, les Pays-Bas, Belgique, Norvège, Italie, Espagne, Allemagne, Suisse), de même que pour la Convention des Nations Unies sur la cession de créances dans le commerce international de 2001, la troisième partie les Principes du Droit Européen des Contrats de 2003 et les Principes d’UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international de 2004. L’auteur conclut que le mouvement de déformalisation n’est pas en luimême dommageable quant à la situation du débiteur; la seule exception étant celle d’une poignée de juridictions dans lesquelles le paiement par le débiteur au cessionnaire n’entraíne pas sa décharge quand il n’avait pas reçu l’instruction de le faire ainsi, nonobstant le fait qu’il soit au courant de la cession par d’autres moyens que la notification. Zusammenfassung: In den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten haben zahlreiche europäische Staaten die allgemeinen Bestimmungen im Hinblick auf die Abtretung verändert oder aber eine neue Formen der A
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Stephan Seeling, Christel Egner-Duppich, Michele Palm, Manuel Seeger, and Johannes B. Ries. "Challenges and Opportunities Facing Light Pollution: Smart Light-Hub Interreg." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030063.
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Light pollution is a well-known problem because of its negative impacts on human health, flora, and fauna. From an ecological and engineering point of view, the literature states to consider the following aspects: (1) the light intensity; (2) the composition of the spectrum; (3) the time and duration of lighting to optimize the time of illumination with the available technologies; (4) the periods of lighting and the control cone; (5) the height and spacing between the light sources to optimize the space between the light sources, to reduce the flow of light and unnecessary energy consumption; (6) the environmental impact studies on-site; and (7) the analysis of real needs and less standardized approaches, examining the evolution of use and habits of light consumption. Accordingly, we want to present the SMART LIGHT-HUB (INTERREG) project, which pretends, during the next 3 years (2019–2021), to deliver smart lighting systems to reach the widest possible public, such as companies active in the relevant subject areas. We are setting up an R&D network in the Grande Région (Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and France) to facilitate the emergence of new collective solutions to needs that are not addressed in the private and public sectors, in terms of lighting. We are planning exchange workshops, which serve to complete the project, concerning the interested parties on the ground (public authorities, chambers of commerce and industry, local authorities, public–private sector, private companies, etc.) and external participants representing the final consumers. We also want to work on restoring a protected nighttime environment (i.e., continuous areas of “nocturnal/black corridors” for animals that cannot tolerate artificial light).
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Wang, Guiguo, and Rajesh Sharma. "The International Commercial Dispute Prevention and Settlement Organization: A Global Laboratory of Dispute Resolution with an Asian Flavor." AJIL Unbound 115 (2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.82.
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The Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation announced the establishment of the International Commercial Dispute Prevention and Settlement Organization (ICDPASO) in 2019. The ICDPASO was coordinated by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the China Chamber of International Commerce, together with industrial and commercial organizations and legal service agencies from over thirty countries and regions including the European Union, Italy, Singapore, Russia, Belgium, Mexico, Malaysia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Myanmar. It was launched on 15 October 2020. As its title indicates, ICDPASO's mandate to provide dispute resolution services is not confined to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries but includes resolving any disputes that the parties entrust to its jurisdiction. The ICDPASO aims to serve as a “legal hub” to resolve commercial and investment disputes effectively, efficiently, and practically. Unlike other multilateral dispute resolution forums, it is intended to provide an Asian-centric multilateral dispute resolution forum. This essay, the first on the subject of the ICDPASO, discusses how the ICDPASO can serve as a global laboratory for experimenting and innovating in dispute resolution with the potential to impact the landscape of international law, in particular its innovative use of mediation, good offices, and appeal processes to prevent and resolve disputes arising from the BRI. As BRI projects aim to establish infrastructure and digital connectivity within BRI countries and regions for trade and development, this essay argues that the dispute resolution process under the ICDPASO should take into account the overall development of a country or region. The essay concludes that the ICDPASO will be a game changer by introducing an Asian way of resolving disputes.
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Kyshakevych, Bohdan, Natalia Maksyshko, Kostiantyn Hrytsenko, Ivan Voronchak, and Bohdan Demediuk. "ANALYZING THE EFFICIENCY OF DIGITALIZATION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES ACROSS EU COUNTRIES USING DEA MODELS." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 3, no. 56 (June 30, 2024): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.3.56.2024.4344.
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The process of digitizing businesses involves ongoing investments and additional costs, leading to the inevitable inquiry into the economic impact of digital transformation. Specifically, it's important to evaluate how this process contributes to the economic growth of nations. The article introduces a method for creating a ranking of European countries according to the economic benefits derived from digitalizing businesses of different scales. To achieve this, DEA models were developed to measure the effectiveness of digital adoption by small and medium-sized enterprises and larger corporations. For input variables, we selected metrics that reflect the extent of business digitalization, specifically, the proportion of SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) with a high digital intensity index (DII), the percentage of SMEs utilizing cloud technologies, and the contribution of SME turnover to the overall e-commerce turnover. The output variables chosen were metrics indicative of a country's economic health: GDP per capita, the ratio of exports to GDP, and the international investment position. The evidence demonstrates that due to significant differences in size, economic advancement, and digitalization levels among EU countries, the VRS model more adeptly accommodates these disparities. This approach permits the evaluation of each country's performance based on its unique situation and potential for development, without consideration of its economic magnitude. In 2022, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Malta, and Belgium emerged as the frontrunners in digital intensity among SMEs, with nearly 40% of businesses exhibiting a high degree of digital engagement. Among these leaders, only Malta and the Netherlands achieved the highest efficiency in leveraging digitalization for economic growth, as determined by the VRS model that considers variable returns to scale. It was shown, that the economic effect of digital transformation on large enterprises in EU countries is more substantial than on small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Lodge, J. "EC environment guide, 1994 by The EC Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce in Belgium, Unipub, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, MD 20706-4391, U.S.A. Paper, 199 + iii pages. Price $45.00." Atmospheric Environment 28, no. 15 (August 1994): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90408-1.
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Bick, Geoff, and Fran Heathcote. "Drink the Duchess: marketing challenges and opportunities encountered when SMEs internationalise." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2019-0158.
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Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: first, identify the characteristics of born-global SMEs, and how these characteristics facilitate their global expansion shortly after the company’s inception. Second, demonstrate that companies work with limited resources, typically and notably newly established companies, and that these resources should be allocated according to a carefully determined strategy. The resources focussed on in this case pertain to marketing. Third, examine entrepreneurial marketing and its various manifestations. An understanding of how this type of marketing is used by companies for international expansion is expected. Fourth, assess the role of digital marketing and how social media forms an important part of digital marketing. Particular attention is paid to the use of digital marketing, notably social media, in international expansion. Fifth, develop critical thinking skills with respect to strategic business decisions, such as whether to expand a business into foreign markets or to consolidate locally; and how best to penetrate foreign markets, given the nuances and complexities specific to these markets. Case overview/synopsis This teaching case is about The Duchess, a recently developed and launched virgin alcohol-free and sugar-free gin and tonic beverage. The adult soft drink was originally launched in South Africa, and just 18 months later became available in international markets (the UK and Belgium). The founders and protagonists of the case, Johannes le Roux and Inus Smuts, face the dilemmas of creating a competitive local brand while also looking to access new markets and internationalise as a born-global firm. Complexity academic level The target audience for this case comprises students enrolled in tertiary business education programmes who have already had some sort of work experience and hands-on exposure to real-world business. MBA and EMBA students, as well as those enrolled in post-graduate studies specific to marketing, international commerce and entrepreneurship, would be suitable candidates. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing
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Juchniewicz, Joanna. "Najwyższa Rada Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości Królestwa Belgii." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 119 (January 20, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.119.1.
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THE HIGH COUNCIL OF JUSTICE IN THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUMThe High Council of Justice of the Kingdom of Belgium is a constitutional body, autonomous from the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. The Council commenced its activities in 2000 and its tasks include setting the requirements for the training of judges and prosecutors, submitting motions for the appointment of judges, issuing opinions on draft acts, performing audits in the judiciary and processing individual complaints against the activities of judicial authorities. The composition of the High Council of Justice refl ects the multinational structure of the state, each of the communities has equal representation in the Council. The members of the Council are selected from among judges, prosecutors and representatives of Belgian society.
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Galand, Pierre. "Le CNAPD — Belgique." VI. Pour un nouvel internationalisme, no. 12 (January 18, 2016): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1034574ar.
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En parcourant l’histoire d’une coordination pacifique, le lecteur percevra son caractère original dans les années 70 en tant que regroupement pluraliste des progressistes. Il verra que le débat et la mobilisation autour des thèmes du désarmement, de la reconversion et du commerce des armes, de l’objection de conscience, ont été jumelés à ceux des luttes de libération, de la solidarité Nord-Sud et des libertés démocratiques. C’est sur la base de ces thèmes que dès 1977, le CNAPD se lance dans le débat « Désarmer pour développer », débat qui va s’articuler principalement autour de la mobilisation antimissiles, ces cinq dernières années.
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Huybrechts, Benjamin, and Alex Nicholls. "Le rôle de la certification dans le développement de collaborations entre acteurs aux logiques partiellement distinctes : le cas du commerce équitable." La Responsabilité Sociale de L’entreprise comme système ordonné dans un environnement chaotique 25, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1077789ar.
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Comment la certification éthique affecte-t-elle les collaborations entre des partenaires aux logiques institutionnelles partiellement distinctes, par exemple des entreprises de commerce équitable et des entreprises de la grande distribution ? En comparant des collaborations avec et sans recours à la certification du commerce équitable en Belgique, nous observons que cette certification permet de multiplier et de standardiser ces collaborations. Néanmoins, elle maintient également les rapports de pouvoir dans leur dimension économique et limite le potentiel d’enrichissement mutuel. En l’absence de certification, les négociations sont spécifiques à chaque collaboration, ce qui entrave leur réplication mais permet un plus grand enrichissement mutuel des partenaires.
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Deom, Diane, and Pierre Nihoul. "Les marchés publics : concurrence, transparence et neutralité." Colloque : L'État en marche, transparence et reddition de comptes 36, no. 4 (October 31, 2014): 801–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027172ar.
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Les contrats des autorités publiques belges obéissent tant au droit commun qu’aux règles particulières fixées par le législateur. Les auteurs décrivent et commentent les règles applicables au marché public en Belgique et vérifient dans quelle mesure celles-ci répondent aux préoccupations sociales, environnementales et éthiques, ainsi qu’aux exigences du commerce équitable.
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Lachenaud, Olivier, and Régine Fabri. "In memoriam : Paul Bamps (1932–2019)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1689.
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In memoriam: Paul Bamps (1932–2019)
Paul Bamps (1932–2019), former head of the Vascular Plants Department at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, passed away last year at the age of 87. A survey is presented here of his distinguished scientific career – started in the 1950s in the Congo and continued within the Botanic Garden from the 1960s onwards – and of his outstanding contribution to African botany. Twenty-six species and one genus of plants have been named in his honour. A list of his scientific publications is presented in appendix, as well as a list of taxa and combinations which he published and a list of taxa named after him.
Paul Bamps (1932–2019), ancien chef du département des plantes vasculaires au Jardin botanique national de Belgique, est décédé l’année dernière à l’âge de 87 ans. Nous présentons ici un aperçu de son éminente carrière scientifique – commencée dans les années 1950 au Congo et poursuivie au sein du Jardin botanique à partir des années 1960 – et de sa contribution exceptionnelle à la botanique africaine. Vingt-six espèces et un genre de plantes ont été nommés en son honneur. Une liste de ses publications scientifiques est présentée en annexe, ainsi qu’une liste des taxons et combinaisons qu’il a publiés et une liste des taxons portant son nom.
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Wayens, Benjamin, and Jean-Pierre Grimmeau. "L’influence du tourisme sur la géographie du commerce de détail en Belgique." Belgeo, no. 3 (September 30, 2003): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.16710.
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Loy, Walter. "A further note on the Belgica project." Polar Record 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007730.
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Rossouw, Jannie. "Private shareholding: An analysis of an eclectic group of central banks." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i1.1329.
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Although the title seems to be a contradictio in terminis, this paper identifies a small, eclectic number of central banks with private shareholders about which little has been published. It is shown that only the central banks of Belgium, Greece, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States (US) Federal Reserve allow shareholding other than by the government of the respective countries, although not in all instances by the general public. This paper considers private shareholding in this eclectic group of central banks, despite the trend of nationalising central banks that commenced in 1935. Private shareholding is defined as shareholding in a central bank by any party other than the respective government or governments (e.g. the European Central Bank) where the central bank is located.Large differences in the classes of shareholders of these eclectic central banks and differences in their approaches to dividend payments are highlighted in the paper. The conclusions reached are, firstly, that investment only in the shares of the central banks of Belgium and Greece (albeit only for residents in the latter instance) can be regarded as growth investments. Secondly, shareholding in the Italian central bank has been used to recapitalise ailing commercial banks. Thirdly, shareholders play no role in the formulation and implementation of monetary policy. Lastly, the shareholding structure of these banks contributes to improved governance in the case of the central banks of Belgium, Greece, Italy, South Africa, Switzerland and Turkey, but no evidence can be found that central banks with shareholders in any way outperform central banks without shareholders.
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Seraïdari, Katerina. "L'internationalisation du goût. Activités marchandes des immigrés grecs en Belgique et en Australie." Emulations - Revue de sciences sociales, no. 26 (September 25, 2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/emulations.026.08.
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L’article analyse le rôle que les immigrés grecs ont joué en Australie et en Belgique en ce qui concerne la croissance des échanges alimentaires, le rapprochement des comportements de consommation et l’élargissement du répertoire culinaire. Dans les deux cas, l’internationalisation apparaît comme une stratégie marchande permettant à un commerce fondé par des immigrés d’être viable. La juxtaposition de ces deux terrains révèle également que l’internationalisation se présente sous deux formes tant complémentaires que contradictoires : une forme qui maintient les barrières nationales et qui ethnicise, tout en s’appuyant sur l’exoticisation ; et une forme qui tend à refuser la spécificité nationale et à neutraliser tout ce qui apparaissait jusqu’alors exotique.
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Friedlander, Michael, Katrin Marie Sjoquist, Dirkje Willemien Sommeijer, Lisa Bailey, Julie Martyn, Kim Gillies, Linda R. Mileshkin, et al. "PARAGON: Phase II study of aromatase inhibitors in women with potentially hormone responsive recurrent/metastatic gynecologic neoplasms: ANZGOG 0903." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): TPS5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.tps5614.
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TPS5614 Background: Many gynaecological cancers of different pathological type express estrogen and/or progesterone hormone receptors (ER/PR). Reports of tumour response and clinical benefit with hormonal therapies show variable rates of activity. There is a need to prospectively study the role of aromatase inhibitors in women with potentially hormone responsive recurrent gynaecological cancers to establish response rates, clinical benefit, quality of life (QoL) and identify predictors of response. Methods: PARAGON is phase II Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup trial lead by the Australia New Zealand Gynaecological Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK and the Belgian Gynaecological Oncology Group. The study is designed to facilitate research in rare tumours. The protocol allows postmenopausal women with recurrent gynaecological cancers to enrol into one of 7 subgroups; epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with only rising CA125 after first line chemotherapy, platinum resistant/refractory EOC, low grade EOC, endometrial carcinomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, miscellaneous sarcomas and granulosa cell tumours and other sex cord stromal tumours. ER/PR positivity must be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Each subgroup will enrol 25-50 patients with defined stopping rules based on response and reviewed by independent data monitoring committee (IDMC). Eligible patients receive 1 mg anastrozole daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Primary objective: clinical benefit (partial or complete response or stable disease). Secondary objectives: progression free survival, response duration, QoL, toxicity. Blood and tumour samples are being collected for translational studies and confirmation of ER/PR positivity. Recruitment commenced in 2011 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. One hundred and fourteen of 350 planned patients have been enrolled to January 2013. In November 2012 IDMC recommended continuing recruitment to the EOC with rising Ca125 only and resistant/refractory subgroups based on review of activity outcomes for the first 25 patients. The trial will open in Belgium in April 2013. ACTRN12610000796088 Clinical trial information: 12610000796088.
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Symakov, Volodymyr S. "Features of world experience in the management of e-commerce enterprises as subjects of innovative entrepreneurship." Economies' Horizons, no. 3(10) (September 30, 2019): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.3(10).2019.212851.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the world experience in the management of e-commerce enterprises as subjects of innovative entrepreneurship and study their content. Methodology. The study used generalizations, comparisons and systematic methods. Results. In the article the specifics of the world experience in the management of e-commerce enterprises as subjects of innovative entrepreneurship are analyzed. The experience of this topic in the leading countries of the world is studied. The list of features of this question is defined. Practical meaning. It is argued that the significant reorientation of world trade to online sales channels due to the impact of quarantine restrictions associated with the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 could significantly affect the real level of sales in 2020, adjusting it upwards. It is noted that the industrial revolution turned agrarian societies into production centers and changed people's work and the standard of living they could expect. The digital revolution has also changed the way people communicate, shop and work. Referring to the experience of e-commerce companies, which are directly affected by the digital transformation on the nature and intensity of their activities in both strategic and operational dimensions, it should be noted that digital business strategies continue to review traditional retail through multichannel capabilities. Prospects for further research. Statistics show that mobile commerce, especially the use of mobile applications, is becoming increasingly important in the development of online sales strategies. Yes, Amazon is the leading mobile application for online stores in the United States. At the same time, Amazon singles out a list of development risks that are quite obvious to all retailers operating in the e-commerce environment, primarily related to the implementation of international transactions, which the author cites in the article. The author gives an example of successful European experience in managing an e-commerce company, namely the company “C&A” – a Belgian-German-Dutch network of retail clothing stores. Also interesting is the Chinese e-commerce platform Aliexpress, the international online platform Alibaba (aliexpress.com), which was launched in 2010, and Taobao, the online platform Alibaba C2C (taobao.com), which was founded in May 2003. It is noted that almost 80% of small and medium enterprises consider sales on social networks as a proven strategy to increase revenue.
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Mérenne-Schoumaker, Bernadette. "Impact des mutations de commerce sur la hiérarchie des polarités commerciales. L'exemple de la Belgique." Hommes et Terres du Nord 4, no. 1 (1998): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/htn.1998.2649.
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Hamez, Grégory. "Le commerce du tabac à Adinkerke (Belgique) : la frontière franco-belge investie par les Britanniques." Belgeo, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2006): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.11085.
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Lilkoff, Lubin. "Le règlement des litiges commerciaux dans un système sans tribunaux de commerce : l'expérience québécoise." Les Cahiers de droit 24, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042559ar.
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Quebec's Civil Code acknowledges the existence of a dual regime including both civil and commercial juridical operations. This distinction, which is derived from French Law, also exists in Belgian and German Law. These countries have created specialized commercial courts or tribunals with jurisdiction over commercial matters. They are staffed with judges drawn from business. One may ask how in fact a dualistic system of this nature functions in Quebec, given the absence of such special commercial tribunals. It may be noted that although there is no body of commercial law dealing exclusively with traders, there exists in fact a system of business law comprehensive enough to apply also to non-traders (Part I). In addition, the informal nature of the procedural rules, as well as the background of the judges who are selected mainly from the ranks of practising lawyers, permits one to discern a close resemblance between litigation before these courts and the conduct of trials before commercial tribunals (Part II).
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Brajato, Nicola. "Questioning Masculinity and the Gender Binary in Fashion." Journal of Bodies, Sexualities, and Masculinities 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jbsm.2023.040107.
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Abstract This article introduces the work of Belgian designer Glenn Martens as creative director of the Paris-based brand Y/Project and its “unisex” approach to fashion. Drawing on queer theory and theories of non-binary and genderqueer identities, the proposed investigation addresses the power of fashion in rethinking bodily gender boundaries and in imagining possible escapes from the tyranny of the gender binary in fashion. To do so, I propose a qualitative multidimensional reading of the brand, in which I look at how Martens critically questions normative assumptions about masculinity and the male dressed body. The analysis takes into consideration the Y/Project e-commerce with its structure and positioning in the online retailing system, the design of garments, and the visuality of fashion shows.
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Stanford, Charlotte A. "Robert Bork, Late Gothic Architecture: Its Evolution, Extinction, and Reception. Architectura Medii Aevi, X. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2018, 552 pp, 337 b&w and 332 color ill." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.164.
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In studies of Gothic architecture, structures categorized as “late” (that is, begun after the mid-fourteenth century) have traditionally received little attention by scholars. Gothic, it has even been argued, <?page nr="546"?>was decadent and dying by the fifteenth century. This new study by Robert Bork demonstrates, however, that up until the 1530s throughout Western European lands, vibrant and viable building projects were completed, continued, and even commenced in the manner known as “late Gothic.”
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Schwab, Pierre-Nicolas. "Interview mit Dr. Pierre-Nicolas Schwab, RTBF, Chairman der Big Data Initiative (BDI) der European Broadcasting Union (EBU)." MedienWirtschaft 16, no. 2 (2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/1613-0669-2019-2-12.
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Dr. Pierre-Nicolas Schwab ist bei RTBF, dem französischsprachigen öffentlich-rechtlichen Sender in Belgien, für Big Data verantwortlich. Zu seinen Aufgaben gehören die Erhebung, der Schutz und die Analyse von Daten sowie die Erstellung von Algorithmen. Seit 2016 leitet er vorrangig die Bemühungen zur Umsetzung der DSGVO. Dazu gehören die Neugestaltung datenbezogener Kommunikation, die Sicherstellung der Dokumentation von Algorithmen, die Festlegung einer „algorithm governance“ und von leitenden Werten sowie die Architektur zur Speicherung von Nutzerdaten. Im Juli 2017 wurde er zum Vorsitzenden der Big Data Initiative (BDI) der Europäischen Rundfunkunion (EBU) gewählt. In dieser Rolle betreut er gemeinsam mit anderen Kolleginnen und Kollegen die Aktivitäten der EBU-Mitglieder im Bereich Big Data und algorithmische Empfehlungen sowie den Wissenstransfer zwischen den Mitgliedern. Dr. Pierre-Nicolas Schwab hat einen MSc, einen MBA in Strategie und einen PhD in Quantitative Marketing. Als Gründer der Marktforschungsagentur IntoTheMinds hat er rund 80 Aufträge in verschiedenen Branchen (Einzelhandel, Telekommunikation, E- und M-Commerce, Media, IT, Banken usw.) ausgeführt und dabei seine Leidenschaft für Daten und qualitative Methoden kombiniert, um das Kundenverhalten besser zu verstehen.
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Derinöz, Sabri, and Laura Calabrese. "Parler de diversité. La construction journalistique d’un problème public dans les médias belges francophones." SHS Web of Conferences 138 (2022): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213801015.
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Le mot diversité est devenu omniprésent dans les discours contemporains en Belgique francophone. En analysant, manuellement et à l’aide d’un logiciel d’analyse lexicométrique, un corpus de presse s’étalant sur une période de 20 ans à partir du début des années 2000, moment où le mot dans son usage contemporain commence à apparaître, cette recherche montre comment est cadrée la diversité dans les médias belges francophones et comment est construit le problème public y étant lié. L’analyse montre que le problème de la diversité se construit progressivement dans les médias, à mesure que certains acteurs promeuvent la question et que les journalistes couvrent ces événements et événements discursifs. Le concept est éclairé par différents acteurs, agendas et politiques, du monde de la culture à celui des entreprises. En résulte une variété d’usages qui ajoute progressivement au sens du mot diversité et à la collocation diversité culturelle.
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Kuswoyo, Toni, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, and Slamet Hartono. "DAMP AI( HAMBATAN NON-TARIF TERHADAP PERMINT AAN EKSPOR UDANG INDONESIA KE UNI EROPA." Agro Ekonomi 14, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16740.
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This research was aimed to determine theforms of the non-tarifbarrier and its impact to the Indonesian shrimp export demand to the European Union (EU), beside the other factors as constructor of demand function. This research used secondary data (lime series) during 23 years (1984-2006): shrimp export volume (Qd), shrimp export price (Px), domestic shrimp price (Pd), crab export price (Pk), exchange rate from the importing countries, and commerce regulations which is peiformed by EU as dummy variables. The data collected from DKP, BPS, Depdag, internet, and other relevant institutions. Peculiarly, the dummy variable grouped into 6 groups: RASFF (DI), contaminant (D2), certain substances & residues (D3), health conditions & food hVf!iene rules (D4), HCCP (D5), and marketinf! standards (D6).This research used the multiple regression analysis model, with the tolerant time (!gg) I year from tfor several dummy variables. Analysis were conducted at 6 markets: UE as a whole, Dutch, United Kingdom (UK), French, Germany, and Belgia and Luxemburg. Testing of the classical assumptions conducted by the econometric criterions is covering the economic and statistic criterions. The estimation of the regression parameters conducted by the smallest square method (ordinarv least SQuare. OLS) and model repaired as the effect of existence of the first order autocorrelation by a comand "auto". The equation model related to the Coob-Douglas model, was transformed into the natural logarithm model in order to easiZv analyzed in package program of statistics.Result of the analysis indicated that the commerce regulations applied by the EU, which its vary to each state, entirely has the negative impact to the Indonesian shrimp export to the UE, except D4 for the UK that shown the positive impact. Several regulations known newly indicated the effect which itsformed into Jgg or its impact is newly felt I year after the regulations enter into force. Thefact strengthen the assumption that applying of commerce regulations by the UE can be the disguised restriction to trade, in this case included to the non tarifbarrier. The sixth groups of the regulationswere very related to the food security and traceability aspect, or in its bearing with the WTO agreements were very related to the SPS and TBT aspect. This invention also strengthen the assumption that non-tarif barrier which newly developed by the advanced countries to control the importation from the other countries were deal with the food security and traceability aspect, or the SPS and TBT aspect. The quantitative non- tarif barrier, example import quota or embargo, were rarer in used. Ap-parently, the EU doesn't wishtoooutspokenin theeffort to control its commerce with the other countries.Realizedor not, in thepresentnon-tarif barrier haveimportantposition to determinewhetheror not thefluent of theinternational trade
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Lefèvre, Bruno, and Louis Wiart. "Les hubs eWTP d’Alibaba : une stratégie globale d’articulation d’écosystèmes locaux." Les Enjeux de l'information et de la communication N° 21/1, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/enic.028.0071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cet article cherche à caractériser le processus de territorialisation des activités d’Alibaba dans le monde, à travers la construction de hubs logistiques en Asie (Chine, Malaisie), en Europe (Belgique) et en Afrique (Rwanda, Éthiopie). Les implantations d’Alibaba se traduisent par la signature d’accords avec les pouvoirs publics locaux dans le cadre de l’initiative eWTP (Electronic World Trade Platform), un programme de coopération public-privé lancé en 2016 et adossé aux services d’e-commerce du groupe chinois. Dans cette recherche, nous entendons montrer la manière dont le développement international d’Alibaba s’effectue par la mobilisation d’écosystèmes économiques locaux, euxmêmes intégrés et articulés à la stratégie globale du groupe industriel, au sein desquels se construisent des rapports de force matériels et symboliques.
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Ancelet, Barry-Jean. "Le rôle des religieux dans la préservation du français : l’exception louisianaise." Port Acadie, no. 24-25-26 (October 31, 2013): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019146ar.
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Contrairement à ce qui s’est passé dans la plupart des régions francophones de l’Amérique du Nord et jusqu’à assez récemment, l’Église catholique en Louisiane n’a pas soutenu la langue française ni les écoles, malgré la présence de nombreux prêtres, frères et soeurs de la France, du Québec et de la Belgique. De plus, parmi les chercheurs qui y ont recueilli des contes, des chansons et des traditions populaires, on ne compte aucun religieux. Au contraire, dès la fin de la guerre de Sécession, l’Église catholique a commencé à se transformer et se traduire en anglais, anticipant la langue du nouveau pays, et recrutant des prêtres anglophones, surtout des Irlandais. Certains prêcheurs baptistes, surtout Elie Werner, ont noté cette lacune et ils ont commencé à attirer des Cadiens avec des programmes de radio et des services en français. Les folkloristes qui ont réalisé les collections ethnologiques qui se trouvent dans les archives de nos jours furent plutôt des militants francophiles comme Alan Lomax, Harry Oster, Ralph Rinzler et Élizabeth Brandon de l’extérieur, et Alcée Fortier, Corinne Saucier, Calvin Claudel, Catherine Blanchet et Irene Whitfield de l’intérieur. L’effort pour préserver le français en Louisiane est surtout venu du domaine public (écoles, législature, manifestations culturelles, etc.) sans l’aide de l’Église catholique.
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Gill, Brian. "Charles De Kempeneer (c.1852–1884), preparator: one of Auckland Museum’s earliest employees." Records of the Auckland Museum 53 (December 20, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32912/ram.2018.53.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Henry Ward, the American businessman and trader in natural history specimens, visited Auckland Museum in 1881 and subsequently helped the museum to recruit a preparator. Correspondence between Ward and the museum’s curator, Thomas Cheeseman, shows that the first preparator sent by Ward was the Belgian, Charles De Kempeneer, who had worked previously for about seven years at both the “Royal Museum”, Brussels, and at Ward’s establishment in Rochester, New York State. De Kempeneer started at Auckland Museum in July 1882 for a trial period of about three months until October 1882, the museum having insufficient funds to pay him for longer. He then got work with the Macleay collection in Sydney (Australia) but negotiated with Cheeseman a permanent position at Auckland Museum, whose finances had been improved by the Costley Bequest of 1884. De Kempeneer returned to Auckland to commence work but died on arrival, a tragic loss of a talented young man. By virtue of his short-term engagement, De Kempeneer ranks as one of Auckland Museum earliest employees and the museum’s archival record of the Cheeseman correspondence has enabled a memory of him to be recovered.
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Puri, Randhir, MB Bellad, and JC Shravage. "Cotton (Umbilical) Tape as Suture Material for Cervical Cerclage: A Case Series." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2, no. 2 (2010): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Introduction The present case series was an attempt to find out cotton (umbilical) tape usefulness as suture material for cervical encerclage as it is presterilized, easily visible and economical. Methods Objective To determine utility of cotton tape as suture material for cervical cerclage. Study design: A case series. Place KLES Hospital and District Hospital, Belgaum. Period 1997 to 2001. Inclusion criteria Singleton pregnancy, gestational age by USG (14-26 weeks), H/o 2nd trimester abortions, H/o Pre-term labor, elective cerclage. Exclusion criteria Medical diseases, multiple pregnancy, emergency encerclage, fetal anomalies by USG, not willing to provide consent. Outcome Gestational age at delivery, fetal survival, morbidity [white discharge per vagina (PV), cervical dystocia, puerperal pyrexia]. Intervention Cerclage with cotton tape. Technique Modified Mc Donald's: The suture is commenced from the posterior surface of the cervix and knot is put in the posterior surface. Results 89.3% (25 women) had term deliveries, i.e. 37 to 40 weeks, 7.1% (2 women) had spontaneous delivery at 36 weeks and one women (3.6%) had pre-term delivery at 30 weeks with the fetal survival was 96.4%. Conclusion The present case series proves that the simple economical cotton (umbilical) tape is effective as a suture material for cervical encerclage. However a larger randomized trial can confirm these findings.
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Brunner, Thomas, Émilie Mineo, Jean-François Nieus, and Bart Verroken. "L’apparition du chirographe échevinal dans le nord de la France. Autour du plus ancien original tournaisien conservé (1218)." Bulletin de la Commission royale d'histoire. Académie royale de Belgique 188, no. 1 (2022): 55–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bcrh.2022.4425.
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La réattribution à l’échevinage de la Cité de Tournai d’un chirographe émis entre décembre 1217 et avril 1218 (Lille, Archives départementales du Nord, J 362) jette un nouvel éclairage sur les premiers chirographes échevinaux dans cette ville, dont les fonds communaux ont brûlé en 1940 : cet acte est en effet le plus ancien original conservé et le premier en français de cette juridiction. Cette reconnaissance de dette pour l’achat de 80 muids de blé à deux bourgeois de Douai par Mathieu ii, seigneur d’Ère en Tournaisis, reflète le dynamisme du commerce régional de grains au début du XIIIe siècle. Mais son étude permet surtout d’aborder la question, mal étudiée, de l’apparition de cette forme documentaire propre aux villes du nord de la France et de la Belgique actuels. La chronologie des premiers chirographes tournaisiens fait ici l’objet d’une révision. Apparus en latin peu avant 1200, ces actes passent au français dès la seconde décennie du XIIIe siècle. Parmi les autres villes pionnières du chirographe, seule Saint-Omer a aussi connu une phase latine, attestée en 1209-1210. À Saint-Quentin et Arras, on ne conserve que des actes vernaculaires, à partir de 1218 et 1221. Même chose à Douai, où la dette de Mathieu d’Ère démontre que le genre était connu avant son adoption locale en 1224. Le chirographe échevinal est apparu dans une région dynamique, très urbanisée, en contact étroit avec l’Angleterre, mais également marquée par des conflits entre le roi et les comtes de Flandre qui ont pu susciter un besoin accru de garanties par l’écrit.
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CHATELLIER, V., P. MAGDELAINE, and Y. TRÉGARO. "La compétitivité de la filière volaille de chair française : entre doutes et espoirs." INRA Productions Animales 28, no. 5 (January 14, 2020): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2015.28.5.3043.
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La filière avicole française, qui bénéficie encore d’une croissance de la demande intérieure, a enregistré une baisse de sa production au cours de la dernière décennie, surtout en dindes. Cette évolution traduit une perte de compétitivité par rapport à d’autres pays, notamment européens, particulièrement structurés en termes productif et industriel et dynamiques en termes d’innovations et de réseaux commerciaux. Les importations françaises de viande de volailles, qui proviennent en priorité de pays voisins (Allemagne, Belgique et Pays-Bas) et beaucoup plus marginalement des grands acteurs du commerce mondial (Brésil, USA, Thaïlande…), sont devenues préoccupantes. Elles représentent, en 2014, plus de 30% de la consommation intérieure contre un peu moins de 15% en 2000. Si la balance commerciale de la France en viande de volailles avec les pays tiers (hors Union Européenne) demeure positive, rien n’est acquis pour le futur. A court terme, la mise à zéro des restitutions n’a pas encore produit tous ses effets et les exportateurs français ont bénéficié depuis mi-2014 d’une parité entre l’euro et le dollar favorable. A moyen terme, la concurrence entre les grandes zones exportatrices pourrait s’accentuer en raison des différentiels de compétitivité, de l’ouverture croissante des marchés et de la sensibilité des flux commerciaux à l’évolution des parités monétaires. Le nombre de pays clients de la France est limité, ce qui accentue le niveau de dépendance à des considérations ciblées d’ordre géopolitique ou économique. Enfin, l’évolution récente des règles européennes relatives aux aides à l’export peut fragiliser les produits historiquement bénéficiaires. En conclusion, une attention est portée aux principales raisons d’espérer pour la filière avicole française : une forte dynamique de la demande mondiale ; un marché français à forte valeur ajoutée sur certains créneaux (volaille de qualité) ; l’amorce d’une restructuration de la filière française qui devrait favoriser une reconquête au moins partielle du marché domestique.
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Simmons, Matt. "THE NAPOLI INCIDENT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-1063.
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ABSTRACT MSC Napoli, a United Kingdom-flagged container ship got in trouble during storms in the English Channel on January 18th 2007, whilst en route from Belgium to Portugal carrying approximately 2300 containers, some of which contained dangerous goods. Severe gale force winds caused serious damage to her hull and flooded the engine room. The 26 Man crew was evacuated and the vessel taken under tow, the vessel'S destination was Portland port near Weymouth. En route to Portland, the vessel condition worsened and a decision was made by the SOSREP (Secretary of State'S representative) to deliberately beach the vessel in Lyme bay to prevent the vessel sinking and becoming a major navigational hazard and pollution catastrophe. To counter any oil release, under direction of the environment group, preventative booming was carried out at the river Axe and the river Brit; four other sites were inspected to check the feasibility of booming. These were the estuaries of the Exe, Otter, Teign, and Sid. Removal of the oil from the ships tanks commenced on January 23rd, this operation was able to take place due to favorable winds from the North and North West. Containment and recovery vessels, as well as a vessel fitted with a dispersant spray system, were on location. This system was used on January 24th, following a release of HFO during the lightering operation. A dispersant protocol had previously been produced which gave set of guidelines and persons to contact prior to any operation. Once given permission, a test spray was carried out and the results observed and reported back. Due to the observed results observed, permission was given to spray the slick. With the risk of containers entering the water, oil containment operations with offshore boom was not possible, but container collection plan was put forward using available vessels and anchoring points, a very different type of recovery operation. The author will recount his onsite experiences gained during his leadership of the operation. The accounts of this incident are the views of the author and OSRL EARL.
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Chu, Jackie, Joanne V. Glinsky, Hueiming Liu, Marsha Ben, Annemie I. Spooren, Sharon Roberts, Lydia W. Chen, et al. "Early and Intensive Motor Training for people with spinal cord injuries (the SCI-MT Trial): protocol of the process evaluation." BMJ Open 13, no. 8 (August 2023): e072219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionPeople with spinal cord injury receive physical rehabilitation to promote neurological recovery. Physical rehabilitation commences as soon as possible when a person is medically stable. One key component of physical rehabilitation is motor training. There is initial evidence to suggest that motor training can enhance neurological recovery if it is provided soon after injury and in a high dosage. The Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial is a pragmatic randomised controlled trial to determine whether 10 weeks of intensive motor training enhances neurological recovery for people with spinal cord injury. This pragmatic randomised controlled trial will recruit 220 participants from 15 spinal injury units in Australia, Scotland, Italy, Norway, England, Belgium and the Netherlands. This protocol paper describes the process evaluation that will run alongside the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial. This process evaluation will help to explain the trial results and explore the potential facilitators and barriers to the possible future rollout of the trial intervention.Methods and analysisThe UK Medical Research Council process evaluation framework and the Implementation Research Logic Model will be used to explain the trial outcomes and inform future implementation. Key components of the context, implementation and mechanism of impact, as well as the essential elements of the intervention and outcomes, will be identified and analysed. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected and triangulated with the results of the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial to strengthen the findings of this process evaluation.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial and process evaluation has been obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Northern Sydney Local Health District (New South Wales) in Australia (project identifier: 2020/ETH02540). All participants are required to provide written consent after being informed about the trial and the process evaluation. The results of this process evaluation will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12621000091808); Universal Trial Number (U1111-1264-1689).
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Van Poppel, Frans. "Seasonality of work, religion and popular customs: the seasonality of marriage in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Netherlands." Continuity and Change 10, no. 2 (August 1995): 215–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000002678.
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Cet article présente une étude régionale et sociale des fluctuations saisonnières du mariage aux Pays-Bas, à partir des actes de mariage relevés pour une vingtaine de municipaliés entre 1812 et 1912.On commence par examiner les statistiques publiées qui sont disponibles par province et pour l'ensemble des Pays-Bas, puis on procède à une analyse plus détaillée selon les groupes socio-économiques et les régions. Il en ressort que deux facteurs fondamentaux interviennent dans les différences de saisonnalité des mariages observées entre provinces et groupes sociaux: ce sont les contraintes ecclésiastiques et les variations de la saisonnalité du travail. Pour mesurer avec précision l'impact des interdits émanents du droit canon, on a suivi une procédure qui tient compte des variations détaillées, d'une annee sur l'autre, des périodes d'interdit. Dans les régions catholiques, il n'y a pratiquement pas de différences de comportement selon les groupes socio-économiques dans le respect des périodes interdites; il est clair que les variations régionales ne sont que la marque des différences de confession religieuse dans la population. Au cours de la période étudiée, les effets de la sécularisation ne sont pas encore sensibles.L'idée d'un modèle ‘continental’ de la saisonnalité du manage est mise sérieusement en doute: le fait d'éviter les manages de mai, trait qui était jusqu'à présent considéré comme une caractéristique majeure du modèle européen, ne concerne en réalite nullement les Pays-Bas, non plus que l'Allemagne, l'Angleterre ou la Belgique. Nous pensons que la popularité des mariages de mai reflète l'adhésion a un rythme de travail saisonnier bien caractéristique et lié a l'importance de ce mois dans les coutumes folkloriques.