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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 22 червня 2024

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1

Hamama, Islam, Masa-yuki Yamamoto, Mohamed N. ElGabry, Noha Ismail Medhat, Hany S. Elbehiri, Adel Sami Othman, Mona Abdelazim, Ahmed Lethy, Sherif M. El-hady, and Hesham Hussein. "Investigation of near-surface chemical explosions effects using seismo-acoustic and synthetic aperture radar analyses." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 3 (March 2022): 1575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009406.

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Chemical explosions are ground truth events that provide data, which, in turn, can enhance the understanding of wave propagation, damage assessment, and yield estimation. On 4 August 2020, Beirut, Lebanon was shocked by a catastrophic explosion, which caused devastating damage to the Mediterranean city. A second strong chemical explosion took place at the Xiangshui, China chemical plant on 21 March 2019. Both events generated shock waves that transitioned to infrasound waves, seismic waves, as well as hydroacoustic signals with accompanying T-phases in the case of the Beirut event. In this work, the seismo-acoustic signatures, yields, and associated damage of the two events are investigated. The differentiainterferometry synthetic aperture radar analysis quantified the surface damage and the estimated yield range, equivalent to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [C7H5(NO2)3] (TNT), through a “boom” relation of the peak overpressure was evaluated. Infrasound propagation modeling identified a strong duct in the stratosphere with the propagation to the west in the case of the Beirut-Port explosion. In the case of the Xiangshui explosion, the modeling supports the tropospheric propagation toward the Kochi University of Technology (KUT) sensor network in Japan. Although the Beirut yield (202–270 ± 100 tons) was slightly larger than the Xiangshui yield (201 ± 83.5 tons), the near-source damage areas are almost the same based on the distribution of damaged buildings surrounding the explosions.
2

Nemer, Tony S. "The Beirut Port Explosion: A Geoscience Perspective." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 2093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210051.

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3

Rigby, S. E., T. J. Lodge, S. Alotaibi, A. D. Barr, S. D. Clarke, G. S. Langdon, and A. Tyas. "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media." Shock Waves 30, no. 6 (September 2020): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z.

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Abstract Rapid, accurate assessment of the yield of a large-scale urban explosion will assist in implementing emergency response plans, will facilitate better estimates of areas at risk of high damage and casualties, and will provide policy makers and the public with more accurate information about the event. On 4 August 2020, an explosion occurred in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. Shortly afterwards, a number of videos were posted to social media showing the moment of detonation and propagation of the resulting blast wave. In this article, we present a method to rapidly calculate explosive yield based on analysis of 16 videos with a clear line-of-sight to the explosion. The time of arrival of the blast is estimated at 38 distinct positions, and the results are correlated with well-known empirical laws in order to estimate explosive yield. The best estimate and reasonable upper limit of the 2020 Beirut explosion determined from this method are 0.50 kt TNT and 1.12 kt TNT, respectively.
4

Gebran, Anthony, Elissa Abou Khalil, Mohamad El Moheb, Obey Albaini, Mohamad El Warea, Rand Ibrahim, Karin Karam, et al. "The Beirut Port Explosion Injuries and Lessons Learned." Annals of Surgery 275, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000005322.

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5

Ghalib, Hafidh A. A., Gordon Kraft, Abdulmutaleb Alchalbi, and Robert Wagner. "Seismic Location of the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Chemical Explosion." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 1 (October 13, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210123.

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Abstract On 4 August 2020 Lebanon’s capital, Beirut, was rocked by a sequence of colocated fires and chemical explosions that left hundreds of people dead, thousands injured and homeless, demolished the city’s seaport, and heavily damaged the surrounding neighborhoods and businesses. The event was well recorded by many regional seismic stations in and around the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using a network of 58 stations, 105 regional seismic phases, and a Bayesian methodology places the event at 1.8 km south of the ground-truth location, the seaport warehouse. Achieving this accuracy is significant, considering very limited local seismic data were available to use in this study. The location bias is attributed, in large part, to a small but statistically significant difference in the Moho velocity for sea paths compared with continental paths. The depth to the Moho is generally consistent with the iasp91 model. Concurrent to the port explosion is a series of unrelated small explosions, 11 s apart, attributed to a seismic survey that was being carried out at the time in the eastern Mediterranean Sea using air guns.
6

Itani, Rania. "A crisis amidst many others: COVID-19 response satisfaction during the economic collapse and post-Beirut port explosion in Lebanon." Journal of Public Health and Development 22, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55131/jphd/2024/220102.

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The COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon has been compounded by the economic collapse and devastating ‎Beirut port explosion, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of ‎the Lebanese population with the government's response to the pandemic and evaluate the public ‎perception of the economic crisis and the Beirut port blast's impact on the COVID-19 situation. This is a web-based cross-sectional study that utilized a self-administered questionnaire comprising closed-ended ‎questions with predefined response options. To identify predictors of the governmental response score, a ‎multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. A total of 2,384 participants were enrolled, with a mean ‎COVID-SCORE of 15.38 ± 5.28 (out of 40 points). The majority of participants‎‏ ‏‎ (2,163, 90.7%) expressed ‎mistrust in the Lebanese government's ability to effectively address unexpected health threats related to the ‎COVID-19 pandemic. Two-thirds of the participants (1,849, 77.6%) ‎ believed that the economic crisis had ‎impacted the government's response to the pandemic. Nearly 70% of the participants perceived that the ‎Beirut port explosion contributed to COVID-19 transmission. Government mistrust, along with the ‎economic crisis impact, were significantly associated with lower satisfaction scores (P < 0.001). This study ‎revealed a significant level of dissatisfaction among the Lebanese population regarding the government's ‎response to the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring a lack of trust in its ability to effectively manage the ‎crisis. The compounding challenges arising from the Beirut port explosion, economic collapse, and depleted ‎resources have further impeded Lebanon's ability to navigate the pandemic successfully. Urgent ‎interventions and collaborative efforts are required to effectively manage the economic and political ‎repercussions, rebuild a resilient healthcare system, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Lebanon. ‎
7

Blanch, Richard J., Robert A. Mazzoli, and Keith Porter. "Ophthalmic Injuries in the Port Explosion in Beirut, Lebanon." JAMA Ophthalmology 139, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2707.

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8

Jayalakshmi, S., B. Jayanthi, and R. Ezhilarasi. "Assessment of air quality and damage caused after an anthropogenic disaster in the city of Beirut." MATEC Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338401003.

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Air pollution is an important cause of concern and has a significant impact on health as well as the environment. Air pollutants are released into the atmosphere by various sources, and the concentration in cities is mainly due to anthropogenic sources like emissions from industries, factories, vehicles, fossil fuel combustion, waste production, etc. But certain high episodes of air pollution can be witnessed in cities which can cause serious threats to human beings and the environment. Remote sensing is one of the sustainable measures, which allows the integration and presentation of useful information at various temporal and spatial scales. This tool can be helpful in understanding and managing natural disasters and man-made risks contributing to air pollution. Analyzing the cause of such high pollution episodes can help to take necessary steps to reduce the emissions, and damage or to take precautions to avoid man-made disasters. One such incident of an explosion of ammonium nitrate in a port had a long-lasting impact on the air quality in Beirut where the average concentration of air pollution already exceeds WHO threshold limits. This paper explores the concentration of aerosols and NO2, before and after the incident of an explosion that took place in Beirut. Assessment of the damage near the port caused by the explosion in Beirut was done using a change detection technique for which an algorithm was developed. Due to the non-availability of field data for the study area of Beirut, the algorithm was developed and validated for Chennai city and extended to Beirut. The aerosol and NO2 concentration data were extracted from sentinel-5p/TROPOMOI and validated with ground data through regression analysis. The results obtained from this study can be used as an early warning system and decision support system for mitigating loss due to the explosion.
9

Jahami, Ali, Jana Halawi, Yehya Temsah, and Lina Jaber. "Assessment of Soil–Structure Interaction Effects on the Beirut Port Silos Due to the 4 August 2020 Explosion: A Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Approach." Infrastructures 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8100147.

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Blast loadings have become the subject of research in recent decades due to the threats they pose to the surrounding medium. On 4 August 2020, a huge explosion occurred in the Port of Beirut that led to massive damages in the medium surrounding it. Researchers have conducted studies in order to estimate the equivalent explosive mass as well as the damage extent left on structures; however, the studies considered the soil–structure interaction by simple methods. For that, this paper aims to understand the effect of explosion on the grain silo structure present at the port with an emphasis on the soil–structure interaction effects. The structure consists of a group of silos resting on a raft footing that is supported by group of driven piles. A soil–structure model analysis is performed in order to investigate the soil behavior, the damage extent in piles, and the soil–structure interaction due to the Beirut explosion using the CEL (Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian) approach that suits events involving large deformation. The analysis is performed using the ABAQUS/Explicit FEM software (version 6.14) taking into account the properties of soil medium, the contact algorithm at the soil–structure interface, and the boundary conditions in order to better simulate the real field conditions and ensure accurate results. The work is primarily validated through site data such as the crater size and silo damage.
10

Sukkarieh, Georges, Corinne Lahoud, Ralph Ghorayeb, Mariana Abi Karam, Yara Succarieh, Maher Saleh, and Alexandre Jalkh. "Characteristics of open eye injuries in the Beirut Port explosion." Injury 52, no. 9 (September 2021): 2601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2021.07.031.

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11

Khoury, Christy, Alexander Owen‐Smith, Una Joh, Yiran Duan, and Jeff Hemsley. "Multi‐Modal Crisis Discourse and Collective Sensemaking on TikTok." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (October 2023): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.781.

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ABSTRACTAn explosion at the Port of Beirut resulted in over 200 fatalities and displaced many more. Hundreds recorded and thousands shared the event, sparking discourse across social media. We provide a mixed‐methods analysis of 26 TikTok videos about the port explosion. Our study involved a semiotic analysis of the videos and a content analysis of the related 21,150 comments. The discourse surrounding the explosion extends a growing body of literature on the role of TikTok in disseminating crisis‐related information. We use a collective sensemaking framework to investigate how TikTok contributes to the understanding of an event. The authors find that Middle Eastern content creators contributed more to collective sensemaking about the event than non‐Middle Eastern creators. We additionally examine the current state of collective sensemaking on TikTok and provide platform implications.
12

El-Hussein, Mahmoud, Cima Hamieh, Michelle Estephan, and Nagi Souaiby. "August 4th Beirut Port Explosion. Challenges of mass casualty hospital management." Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives 5, no. 4 (December 2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pxur.2021.04.006.

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13

Geha, Carmen, Fida Kanaan, and Najat Aoun Salib. "Breaking the Cycle: Existential Politics and the Beirut Explosion." Middle East Law and Governance 12, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-12030007.

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Abstract This essay was written in the wake of the Beirut port explosion on August 4th, 2020. We explore the extent to which activists, academics, and practitioners can find a way to break the cycle of corruption caused by decades of sectarian power-sharing. Through our own story and experience of breaking our own cycle of hopelessness and transcending disciplinary boundaries, we document and analyze how we can create an evidence-based, community-led, and locally-driven roadmap for Beirut’s recovery. The essay focuses on our experience creating and building Khaddit Beirut (the shake-up) amidst multiple crises and in doing so opening up the university to the grievances of a devasted community. In doing so we review existing literature about what we already know about Lebanon’s political system and explain why breaking the cycle is as much an existential project as it is a political struggle.
14

Saleh, Elizabeth. "Guns, gangs and metal: The double‐edged sword of protection inside Beirut's scrap economies." Anthropology Today 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12863.

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In Beirut, the role of ‘local strong men’, known as the masoul, has significantly transformed, particularly in Lebanon's financial crisis and since the devastating Beirut port explosion in August 2020. Traditionally, these armed henchmen, affiliated with mainstream political parties, have exerted control over the scrap metal industry, from collection to transportation. However, the increasing profitability of scrap metal, notably copper and iron – long‐standing leading exports – has led to new forms of ‘local strong men’, termed ‘asabet (gangs). These groups have escalated violence, breaking from what was previously considered normative behaviour. This article examines these evolving protection practices and their implications for Lebanon's sociopolitical landscape.
15

Zaiter, Manar, Abir Ayoub, Assaad Mohana, Ali Guermazi, and Mohamed Jarraya. "Beirut port explosion: unusual presentation of bilateral blast-related extensor mechanism rupture." Skeletal Radiology 50, no. 7 (January 27, 2021): 1479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03707-2.

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16

Mansour, Hana A., Eugenie Bitar, Youssef Fares, Assad A. Makdessi, Antoine Maalouf, Mahmoud El Ghoul, Mohamad A. Mansour, et al. "The Beirut Port explosion: injury trends from a mass survey of emergency admissions." Lancet 398, no. 10294 (July 2021): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01246-0.

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17

Maalouf, Fadi T., Riwa Haidar, Fatima Mansour, Martine Elbejjani, Joseph El Khoury, Brigitte Khoury, and Lilian A. Ghandour. "Anxiety, depression and PTSD in children and adolescents following the Beirut port explosion." Journal of Affective Disorders 302 (April 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.086.

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18

Charara, R., and J. El-Khoury. "The psychiatric impact of the 2020 beirut port explosion on civilians and relief workers." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.387.

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IntroductionOn August 4th 2020, a massive port explosion shook Beirut, killing at least 200, injuring more than 6,000 people and leaving more than a quarter of a million living in unfit homes. Various factors can participate in the severity of mental health outcomes of a disaster including the number of injuries, the degree of property destruction, unexpectedness of the occurrence of the event, and the type of the disaster.ObjectivesThe main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (acute stress disorder) and major depression at 1 and 6 months following the Beirut explosion. The secondary aim is to determine predictors of PTSD incidence among civilians and relief workers affected by the disaster.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with data collected via an online survey through convenience sampling. People will be recruited via social media platforms. To achieve a power of 80% and a two-sided significance of 5% and because gender differences will be explored, assuming a design effect (deff) of 2.5, a minimum sample of 960 participants would be needed. The survey will include sociodemographic data, questions about exposure levels to trauma and a psychiatric symptom inventory. Pearson’s Chi Square test will be used to examine the association between categorical variables and regression models will be run to examine the associations while controlling for confounders, including age, gender and others.ResultsThe results from both rounds of data collection (months 1 and 6) will be available in late March 2021.Conclusionsto follow based on resultsDisclosureNo significant relationships.
19

Mhanna, Mariam, Christian-Joseph El Zouki, Abdallah Chahine, Sahar Obeid, and Souheil Hallit. "Dissociative experiences among Lebanese university students: Association with mental health issues, the economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Beirut port explosion." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): e0277883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277883.

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Background Dissociative experiences are psychological manifestations characterized by a loss of connection and continuity between thoughts, emotions, environment, behavior, and identity. Lebanon has been facing indescribable events in the last few years, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Beirut explosion, a crushing economic crisis with the highest inflation rate the country has known in over three decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between dissociative experiences and post-traumatic stress symptoms from the economic crisis, the Beirut blast, the COVID-19 pandemic, and other mental health issues in a sample of Lebanese university students. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 419 active university students (18–35 years) from all over Lebanon (May and August 2021). The respondents received the online soft copy of a survey by a snowball sampling technique through social media and messaging apps. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES-II), the PTSD Checklist Specific Version (PCL-S), the Financial Wellbeing Scale, the Beirut Distress Scale, the Lebanese Anxiety Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results The two-factor model of the DES fitted best according to CFI, RMSEA and χ2/df values, but modestly according to TLI. The two factors were absorption and amnesia/depersonalization. Higher stress (Beta = 0.95) and more PTSD from the Beirut blast (Beta = 0.29) and from the economic crisis (Beta = 0.23) were significantly associated with more absorption. A personal history of depression (Beta = 6.03), higher stress (Beta = 0.36) and more PTSD from the Beirut blast (Beta = 0.27) and from the COVID-19 pandemic (Beta = 0.16) were significantly associated with more amnesia/depersonalization. Conclusion Significant rates of dissociative experiences and their sub-manifestations (amnesia/depersonalization and absorption) were found among Lebanese university students, with remarkable co-occurrence of a traumatic/stressful pattern, whether on an individual (history of PTSD) or a collective level (Post-traumatic manifestations from Beirut blast, COVID-19 pandemic and/or economic crisis), or whether correlated to an acute single event or to certain chronic stressors, or even to a personal history of depression. Such findings must raise the attention to serious mental and psychosocial alteration in the Lebanese national identity.
20

Hindi, Nadine. "City Sediments in Beirut: An Urban Ecology Perspective." Journal of Mediterranean Cities 3, no. 1 (October 8, 2023): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/mediterranean-cities_vol3no1_8.

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Cities are products of urbanization processes, economic changes, technology and climate change. Adversely, in specific contexts, they are affected by wars’ enduring physical effect, long after armed conflicts are over. Hence cities are perceived as dynamic organisms, in continuous change of spatial abandonment, neglect and regeneration process, unfolding a continuum of space and time. In tandem between urban ecology and the urban history specificities, this paper addresses Beirut as a case study in its actual condition, and the different representations of the informal resurgence of green areas. It follows a methodology of identification and mapping of the different urban sediments which constituted over time potential reservoirs for urban ecology. These include previous war demarcation line, train tracks traces, cemeteries, destroyed wheat silos following the 2020 port explosion and other liminal spaces. This approach brings in a new perspective for approaching urban ecology differently according to the urban contexts historiography
21

Maalouf, Fadi, Riwa Haidar, Fatima Mansour, Martine Elbejjani, Joseph ElKhoury, Brigitte Khoury, and Lilian Ghandour. "50.12 The Mental Health Impact of the Beirut Port Explosion on Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 60, no. 10 (October 2021): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.09.393.

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22

Zhao, Yi-Bo, Nathalie Hayeck, Najat A. Saliba, Claudia Schreiner, Markus Zennegg, Fuze Jiang, Renato Figi, Davide Bleiner, and Jing Wang. "Any Long-term Effect of the Beirut Port Explosion on the Airborne Particulate Matter?" Aerosol and Air Quality Research 23 (2023): 220395. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220395.

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23

Skinner, Chloe. "‘The Spatial Void Could be a Chance to Recreate’: Queer Visual Activism in the Fallout of the Beirut Blast." Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20897/jcasc/12753.

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On August 4<sup>th</sup>, 2020, Beirut was torn apart by a chemical explosion at its port. The blast was a consequence of dire government negligence – killing over 200 people, injuring a further 6,500, and causing massive destruction. Although the catastrophic effects of the blast were felt across the whole of Beirut, those areas most significantly affected – particularly the neighbourhoods of Mar Mikhael, Gemmayze and Geitawi – were among the most queer-friendly areas in Beirut, in which ‘queer bodies [could be] safely visible’ in the otherwise ‘hyper-(hetero)sexualized city’ (Aouad and Abed, 2021: 3). Intersecting with the realities of an economic crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, the devastation of queer safe spaces as a result of the blast precipitated deep material and indeed existential losses across the diverse queer communities of Beirut.<br /> This article engages with the process of visual activism in the fallout of the Beirut blast, exploring specifically the affective and temporal dimensions of creation against the backdrop of spatial destruction. Analysing the work of three Lebanese visual practitioners from Beirut, I explore how they navigate the terrains of material loss, traumatic grief, reclamation, and resistance through their art and activism. I examine the evolution from immediate adaptation to humanitarian activism post-blast – quickly organised through the mobilisation of existing networks of artists and activists – to the grappling with grief and trauma through artistic outputs, and finally the ongoing work of reclamation and recreation within a particular spatial context. Analysing both loss and rebuilding, this article serves to foreground the voices, work, and strategies of queer and feminist visual activists as they reclaim space and reassert their presence amidst the trauma and material wreckage of the Beirut blast.
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Elmajzoub, Yasmine. "Beirut Heritage Initiative: Safeguarding the City’s Built Heritage After the August 4, 2020, Port Explosion." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.518.

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The devastating explosion in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020 will forever be engraved in the memory of the Lebanese people. Within moments, a city with over 5,000 years of history was in ruins. Aside from the terrible casualties, the blast impacted one of the largest concentrations of heritage buildings in the city, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. For this reason Beirut Heritage Initiative (BHI) was established in an attempt to help restore the city’s built heritage and to preserve both the urban and the social fabric of the damaged neighborhoods. BHI’s first mission was focused on emergency works such as rapid sheltering and consolidation of damaged buildings to prevent further damage due to the winter weather. After this emergency phase, BHI has engaged in partial reconstructions to enable vulnerable inhabitants to return to their homes, and a third phase has focused on full restoration projects for highly damaged buildings.
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Alrashidi, Wafaa. "Strategies in Translating Collocations in Political Texts: Case study of the Beirut Port Explosion 2020." International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 23, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes.v23i2.461.

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: The present study examines the strategies used by Saudi undergraduate students when translating adjective plus noun collocations and verb plus object collocations in political texts from English into Arabic. An English proficiency test, along with a translation test, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the students. The translation test consisted of 10 English collocations selected from 53 random extracts from two online articles on the BBC and The Guardian websites, focusing on the Beirut port explosions in August 2020. The results show that the literal translation technique was highly dominant in translating both types of classification. This indicates that students encounter some obstacles when it comes to determining the correct equivalents in Arabic. However, the data show that sometimes literal translation can sometimes be adequate in translating the political collocations in both types. The data also reveal that a synonymy strategy was adopted more frequently in translating the verb + object than the noun + adjective. This is mainly because the frequency of (un)restrictedness of collocation errors may be limited in political texts because the structure of political texts is different from that of other texts, in the sense that it has a limited number of culture-specific collocations that are frequently translated, and therefore an equivalent can easily be found in the target language.
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Al-Shaer, Ahmad Abdulkareem, and Mohammad S. Al-Ghafli. "A Comprehensive Exploration of Chemical Inventory: Multifaceted Challenges and Profound Insights." International Journal of Supply Chain Management 12, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59160/ijscm.v12i3.6193.

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This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted challenges and profound insights associated with chemical inventory. It highlights the critical findings and contributions in the areas of safety, efficiency, and compliance within chemical inventory facilities. By emphasizing the importance of robust risk assessments, implementation of safety measures, adherence to regulatory frameworks, and development of comprehensive emergency response plans, this paper aims to foster safer, more efficient, and compliant chemical inventory environments. Drawing attention to the tragic Beirut port explosion in 2020, this paper underscores the urgent need to address the challenges inherent in chemical inventory and presents valuable insights to mitigate potential hazards.
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Yu, Gending, Yulan Wang, Liang Zheng, Jiale Huang, Jingling Li, Lingzhu Gong, Rongguo Chen, Wei Li, Jiulai Huang, and Yih-Shing Duh. "Comprehensive study on the catastrophic explosion of ammonium nitrate stored in the warehouse of Beirut port." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 152 (August 2021): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.05.030.

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28

Al Daia, Roula, and Hala Khayr Yaacoub. "Beirut port blast: an escapable disaster in more than one way." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2020-0388.

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Complexity academic level The blast at Beirut Port on the 4th of August was the cherry on the cake in a series of disastrous governmental failures manifested in the of lack of trust, an unprecedented economic crisis, hyperinflation, financial fallout, political bottle necks, toxic environmental situation and a vertical cleavage between the government and the people. The blast resulted in billions of dollars in losses both at the port and the surrounding Beirut area, destroyed more than 300,000 housing units, displaced their residents, ruined many artifacts of cultural heritage, injured thousands of people and killed hundreds. Definitely, it was a case of negligence in the storage of the Ammonium Nitrate, corruption, irresponsible leadership or all of these together. However, investigations are still underway to pinpoint the responsible individuals and to bring them to justice. This case looks at potential ways that could have prevented the blast, by questioning the reasons behind the non-voicing out of objections against the nature of the material stored unsafely for several years in Container 12 at the Port. Through the lens of Hadi Karim, a fictional character, the authors lead the readers to consider the disaster’s characterization, as well as applicable disaster management frameworks. The case also emphasizes the role of public leadership and leads the readers to consider measures and processes that could have been abided by to prevent the disaster. Case overview Against the backdrop of the recent Beirut Port explosion, this case examines how events unfolded leading up to the tragedy, highlighting how it could have been avoided, as well as the managerial and ethical dimensions involved. Leaning objectives At the end of the case, students will be able to: 1. Characterize the disaster in terms of type and nature. 2. Analyze the blast by referring to the relevant disaster management frameworks. 3. Analyze the critical role of ethical and transformational leaders pre and post disaster. 4. Reflect on the role of employees in preventing disasters mainly through whistleblowing. Social implications Shedding the light on an avoidable disaster, drawing lessons to avoid the occurrence of such events in the future, and raising awareness on disaster management and on whistleblowing as a tool in the ethical leader’s toolbox. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 10: Public Sector Management.
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Khanal, Lekh Nath, and Jeevan Regmi. "Physical and chemical analysis of Beirut ammonium nitrate blast: A concern of particulate matter in atmosphere." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v10i2.43449.

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Chemical disasters are caused by improper management, handling, transportation, and sudden accidents. The massive explosion of ammonium nitrate silo in the port of Beirut on August 4, 2020, has threatened the world with the loss of 220 people, about 6500 injuries, huge property loss, and environmental contamination. This paper aims to summarize the major ammonium nitrate accidents in the past 100 years in the world. We analyzed the accidents in terms of frequency, causes, property loss, and deaths. We reported 43 accidents in which 7 accidents triggered more than 100 casualties. Altogether seven terrorist attacks with ammonium nitrate are reported leading to the death of 411 people and huge loss of assets. The explosion releases a large amount of energy and produces a variety of gases along with nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and a lot of particulate matter (PM), which significantly contributes to air pollution. The size and amount of PM imposes negative impact on environment like low visibility, decreased solar radiation and adverse health impacts like chronic respiratory, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other human diseases. Proper management and safety measures with stringent regulations at national and international level is warranted for the safe and sustainable use of industrial chemicals.
30

Rafferty, Michael. "Relational Urbanisation, Resilience, Revolution: Beirut as a Relational City?" Urban Planning 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i1.4798.

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The destruction of Beirut’s port and large areas of the inner city following the August 2020 explosion occurred amid (and has exacerbated) an unprecedented national economic and social crisis portending another potential phase of urban “reconstruction” and a national political revolution. Critical scholars have highlighted the shortcomings of urban planning and governance in the city after the Lebanese civil war, particularly in terms of housing, infrastructure, and social inequalities, especially between the urban core and periphery. Beirut’s post-war reconstruction(s), guided by blended-scale governance (i.e., public/private, confessional/political, national/local) and a real estate-oriented growth model have neither managed to completely restore nor efface the city’s erstwhile status as an entrepôt of regional and international economic, cultural, and political importance but have instigated processes of rapid urbanisation and uneven development. These processes, historical trajectories, political and socio-economic dialectics, and shifts in urban political economy render Beirut relevant to the nascent empirical category of “relational cities,” i.e., cities whose geographical-historical profiles position them as urban nodes connecting regional-global-national systems of flows under globalised capitalism. This article positions Beirut in the context of the debate on relational urbanisation for empirical exploration, and also points to the evental possibilities for alternative geographies that flow from the October 2019 protests.
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Stennett, Chris, Sally Gaulter, and Jackie Akhavan. "An Estimate of the TNT‐Equivalent Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) of the Beirut Port Explosion Using Publicly‐Available Tools and Data." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 45, no. 11 (October 21, 2020): 1675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000227.

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Malak, Fadi, Ahmad Rifai, Rana Baydoun, Bilal Nsouli, and Dimitar Dimitrov. "Chemical safety and security after Beirut Port explosion: Part1 - State of the art of legal framework and authorization policy." Safety Science 144 (December 2021): 105456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105456.

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Eid-Sabbagh, Karim, and Ulrich Ufer. "Critical political economy of the public infrastructure crisis in Lebanon." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 30, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.30.3.70.

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In this interview, Karim Eid-Sabbagh and Ulrich Ufer discuss how the case of the public infrastructure crisis in Lebanon highlights the importance of including analytical dimensions of critical political economy and global financial dynamics in technology assessment alongside a technology-society-governance perspective – in particular when focusing on the Global South. The Lebanese crisis has built up through long-term structural problems that include the legacies of colonialism, the country’s peripheral position in global capital relations, elite nepotism, sectarian strife, and the state’s dependency on international donor funding to build and maintain public infrastructure. These have coincided with short-term disintegration and disaster events over the past two years: mass migration, countrywide anti-government protests in fall 2019, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020, the destruction of large parts of the country’s capital by the devastating explosion in the port of Beirut in August 2020, and the spiraling devaluation of the Lebanese currency.
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Ali, Tarig, Mohamed Abouleish, Rahul Gawai, Nasser Hamdan, and Ahmed Elaksher. "Ammonium nitrate explosion at the main port in Beirut (Lebanon) and air pollution: an analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen dioxide." Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 7, no. 1 (February 26, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41207-022-00296-5.

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BAN, JUN HWA, JONG HEE KIM, KI MIN KANG, and YOUNG JUN CHEON. "A Study on the Oxidizing Hazard of Ammonium Nitrate by Use Types Through Analysis of the Explosion Accident Case in Beirut Port, Lebanon." Magazine of Fire Investigation Socity of Korea 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31345/fisk.2024.15.1.2.

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36

Haddad, Matheus Nohra, Andréa Cynthia Santos, Christophe Duhamel, and Amadeu Almeida Coco. "Intelligent Drone Swarms to Search for Victims in Post-Disaster Areas." Sensors 23, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 9540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23239540.

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This study presents the Drone Swarms Routing Problem (DSRP), which consists of identifying the maximum number of victims in post-disaster areas. The post-disaster area is modeled in a complete graph, where each search location is represented by a vertex, and the edges are the shortest paths between destinations, with an associated weight, corresponding to the battery consumption to fly to a location. In addition, in the DSRP addressed here, a set of drones are deployed in a cooperative drone swarms approach to boost the search. In this context, a V-shaped formation is applied with leader replacements, which allows energy saving. We propose a computation model for the DSRP that considers each drone as an agent that selects the next search location to visit through a simple and efficient method, the Drone Swarm Heuristic. In order to evaluate the proposed model, scenarios based on the Beirut port explosion in 2020 are used. Numerical experiments are presented in the offline and online versions of the proposed method. The results from such scenarios showed the efficiency of the proposed approach, attesting not only the coverage capacity of the computational model but also the advantage of adopting the V-shaped formation flight with leader replacements.
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Anas, S. M., Mehtab Alam, and Mohammad Umair. "Air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, on the ground and buried shallow underground blast-resistant shelters: A review." International Journal of Protective Structures 13, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 99–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20414196211048910.

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Weak political systems and poor governance in certain developing countries are found to have a war-like environment where structures are being targeted by blasts and bombs. Industrial blasts due to frail know-how and mishandlings are also quite common. Recent accidental explosions like that occurred at the Beirut Port, Lebanon (August 2020); ammunition depot in the outskirt of the Ryazan City of Russia (November 2020) are of concern for the safety of adjacent building infrastructure and their users. Such intense loading events cause damage to certain elements of a structure which may result in disproportionate or progressive collapse. It necessitates a clear understanding of the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it, and response of the target structure under such loadings. In this study, the state of research on air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, and on the ground and buried shallow blast-resistant shelters are presented. The phenomenon of the self-Mach-reflection of the explosion, loading parameters and empirical blast models available in the open literature followed by the damage criteria for the buildings subjected to the underground blasting and available peak particle velocity (PPV) prediction models have been discussed. To make the application of advanced materials such as fibrous concrete, ultra-high performance concrete, FRP composites, etc., it is important to comprehend the existing blast/shock-resistant shelters and their response under such loading. The shelters are primarily designed by incorporating features of the materials like high degree of deformability/ductility, use of the shock-isolation panels and the mechanism for controlling crack formations. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future studies are summarised. This paper presents prospects to engineers, town planners, researchers, policymakers and members of the core drafting sectional committees to understand the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it.
38

Bartenev, Vladimir. "European Donors in the Arab World: Redistribution of Resources and Roles." Contemporary Europe 99, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620207689.

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The article explores official development assistance flows from European countries to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and highlights certain specifics and the logic of redistribution of resources and roles between the largest European donors throughout the 2010s – since the Arab Spring, which transformed the political landscape of the entire region. This trend is explained by uneven dynamics of the donor activities of three states with a direct access to the Mediterranean – France, Italy and Spain ‒ and other countries. This dynamic seems to be caused by differences in domestic economic and political environment and dissimilarities in motivation and strategy which manifested themselves in allocation of resources between MENA and other regions, humanitarian and non-humanitarian assistance, various sectors, sub-regions and recipient countries. The Arab Spring made these dissimilarities even more acute and created an illusion of a conscious 'division of labour'. However, leading European powers – Germany, France and the United Kingdom – compete actively with each other as well as with non-European actors. A wide range of new and unexpected challenges such as a recent destabilization in the countries to a lesser extent affected by the Arab Spring (Algeria, Sudan, Lebanon and Iraq), escalation of tensions in the Eastern Mediterranean, a devastating explosion in the Beirut port etc., notwithstanding mid- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, might make this competition even more dynamic.
39

Jaber Chehayeb, Rachel, Shashwat Kala, Huwayda Abou Ghannam, Ghassan Hasan, and Joe Salloum. "The evolving Lebanese drug crisis: Trends in drug availability and affordability for common outpatient diseases from 2019 to 2023." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): e0002538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002538.

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Since 2019, Lebanon has been suffering from an enduring economic crisis, that in conjunction with the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Beirut Port Explosion, has had catastrophic consequences on many facets of the Lebanese healthcare system. However, few studies have operationalized the impact of the crisis on drug availability and affordability. This is particularly relevant given that Lebanon imports approximately 95% of pharmaceutical products. Toward this end, we evaluated trends in outpatient drug availability and affordability in the context of monthly mean income at three time points throughout the evolving economic crisis (pre-crisis-August 2019, early crisis- August 2021, most recent-April 2023). Drugs used to treat the most common causes of mortality in Lebanon were selected from the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)’s List of Essential Medications. Drug pricing was obtained from the Lebanese MOPH National Drug Database. We found large increases in drug prices, as a percentage of mean monthly income, after subsidies on chronic disease medications were removed. Diabetes and COPD drugs were the least affordable in 2023, amounting to 21.03% and 15.43% of mean monthly income, respectively. We also highlight great shortages in drugs across classes, particularly in mood-stabilizing psychiatric drugs and basal and bolus insulin. Our findings highlight the growing financial burden of chronic disease treatment in Lebanon and the importance of implementing both short- and long-term solutions to mitigate the impact of the crisis on public health.
40

Gorbunova, Natalia M. "LEBANON: A NEW PHASE OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-269-279.

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The events of recent years in Lebanon reflect important changes in the country’s political and social life. In this regard, it is important to understand what caused the new aggravation of the crisis in Lebanese society. Perhaps this is no longer just a crisis. What does the saltpeter explosion in the port of Beirut, which destroyed half of the capital, show? What reforms are demanded by the Lebanese who have taken to the streets of cities? What does the Lebanese political establishment offer its citizens and can it transform the country’s long-established traditional system of government and governance in order to overcome the main obstacles to its economic and social development? In theory, Lebanon could well become a modern, prosperous country it was in the past. But will the Lebanese elite be able to sign a new contract with society? Peaceful demands and protests of the Lebanese grew into direct confrontation with the security forces of the state. The radicalization of these protests forced the authorities to satisfy some of the demands of a significant part of the population, primarily young people. However, the main requirements — new parliamentary and presidential elections with the condition of admission to them of all candidates, regardless of their religious and party affiliation — were not even discussed in the ruling elite. Recent events in Lebanon have convincingly shown that the role and significance of this small Middle Eastern state in the political alignment of forces in the region far exceeds its size and is not without reason attracting the closest attention of the main international players. The struggle for influence in the Middle East depends not least on how and in what time frame the Lebanese Republic will restore its economy and the harmony of all sectors of society.
41

Kheir, Wajiha Jurdi, Shady T. Awwad, Alaa Bou Ghannam, Ali A. Khalil, Perla Ibrahim, Elza Rachid, Nasrine Anais El Salloukh, et al. "Ophthalmic Injuries After the Port of Beirut Blast—One of Largest Nonnuclear Explosions in History." JAMA Ophthalmology 139, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2742.

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42

Hoteit, Maha, Youssef Al-Atat, Hussein Joumaa, Suheir El Ghali, Rania Mansour, Reem Mhanna, Fatima Sayyed-Ahmad, Pascale Salameh, and Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh. "Exploring the Impact of Crises on Food Security in Lebanon: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 8753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168753.

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This study aims to explore the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among Lebanese households since the ordeals of COVID-19, economic crisis, and Beirut port explosions. At the core of the study, a mobile application entitled Nutrition Assessment System (NAS) that simplified the data collection was used as toolkit and a technical test was carried out in all Lebanese governorates between November 2020 and March 2021. Findings show that food insecurity is an immediate problem for households in Beirut and in many governorates in Lebanon. Nine in every 16 households ate less than 2 meals per day and more than 70% of them skipped their meals to spare food. Even though half the population studied had a low food consumption score, 82.4% of the people were not relying on livelihood coping strategies. However, more than three out of ten of these households relied on at least three food-based coping strategies. In addition, as for the livelihoods, this assessment found that most Lebanese households reported a drop in income along with an expansion in debt incurrence in the last 24 months to be able to buy food. Improving food security in Lebanon requires effort not only on the part of the government, but through regional and international actions.
43

Itani, Rania, Muhammad Azeem, and Nawazish Mirza. "Arab Spring and COVID-19: Ex post facto examination of the Lebanese banking sector (the contemporary stakeholder analysis)." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.11.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of Lebanese banks to address the economic challenges posed by COVID-19. These banks faced the disturbances of the 2011 Arab Spring, and these two crises have resulted in similar economic conditions, leading to an assessment of how Lebanese banks are dealing with the pandemic-led challenges. Exploratory analysis revealed the common features in the two events, and confirmatory analysis examined the hypotheses underlying a theoretical framework. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data helped to scrutinize the two events. Content analysis of data collected from semi-structured interviews with seven senior banking professionals confirms that the Lebanese banking sector’s experience gained during the Arab Spring is a valuable asset for bankers, the Banque du Liban (BDL), and the government, which can be used to anticipate and deal with the COVID-driven economic crisis. The study finds three key moderating factors: trust deficit, inherited characteristics of the economy, and fiscal and monetary policy. Most of these conditions are permanent in nature and require long-term planning. As this research was conducted before the catastrophe caused by the August 2020 Beirut explosion, no aspects of the financial consequences to the Lebanese banking sector and economy resulting from this immerse shock are included.
44

Mansour, Hana, Eugenie Bitar, Youssef Fares, Assad Makdessi, Antoine Maalouf, Mahmoud El Ghoul, Mohamad Mansour, et al. "Beirut Port Ammonium Nitrate Explosion." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3719078.

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45

"A Brief Report on the Beirut Port Explosion." Mediterranean Journal of Emergency Medicine & Acute Care, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52544/2642-7184(1)4001.

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Over the past year, Beirut has witnessed a civil revolution, the COVID-19 pandemic, its worst economic crisis in decades, and most recently one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history. This explosion had devastating effects on the city’s social, economic, and health infrastructure.
46

Mansour, Ahmad M., Youssef Koaik, Claude Maroun, and Joseph Y. Bakhach. "Orthosis use after Beirut Port ammonium nitrate explosion." Prosthetics & Orthotics International Publish Ahead of Print (March 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pxr.0000000000000104.

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47

Daou, Dolly. "Research, Design, Action: The Story of a City’s Identity." DIID, no. 76 (May 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/diid7622q.

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Beirut Identity is a humanitarian Competition that was initiated to support the Lebanese community after the explosion in the port of Beirut that occurred on August 4th, 2020. Action Design Research (ADR) methodology combined with entrepreneurship education were used as the main drivers to generate real-life impactful projects for the Lebanese community. This Competition reflects my own ‘out of the mainstream’ career trajectory and my vision to create purposeful community projects combining design with actionable knowledge. Beirut Identity raised awareness of the destruction caused by Beirut’s port explosion and invited winning participants to implement their projects with Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO). Supported by a global multi-disciplinary team of co-organisers and participants, the Beirut’s Identity methodology led to the launch of the Citi-Zen-s In Crisis Competition in 2021, regenerating a flow of innovation to help other communities in crisis. This paper will discuss how the action design research methodology that was applied in the Beirut Identity Competition directed participants to design impactful community projects to help rebuild the identity of a disaster zone.
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El Khoury Malhame, Myriam, Dunia A. Harajli, Dorota Reykowska, and Rafal Ohme. "Traumatic Effect of Beirut Port Explosion on Lebanese People's Experiences." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3929408.

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Sadek, Salah, Mayssa Dabaghi, Timothy M. O’Donnell, Paolo Zimmaro, Youssef M. A. Hashash, and Jonathan P. Stewart. "Impacts of 2020 Beirut Explosion on Port Infrastructure and Nearby Buildings." Natural Hazards Review 23, no. 2 (May 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000550.

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Issa, Elio, Francesca El Choueiry, Maryline Alhajj, Khodor Shbaklo, and Carmel Bouclaous. "A Qualitative Investigation of University Students’ Experience of the Beirut Port Explosion." Journal of Loss and Trauma, October 5, 2023, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2023.2264785.

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