Книги з теми "Behaviour change outcomes"
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1
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1999.
2
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1991.
3
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
4
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1996.
5
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
6
Robinson, Patricia J. Real behavior change in primary care: Improving patient outcomes and increasing job satisfaction. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2010.
7
Khan, M. E. Shaping demand and practices to improve family health outcomes: Designing a behavior change communication strategy in India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2012.
8
L, Chamberlain Linda, and Bütz Michael R, eds. Clinical chaos: A therapist's guide to nonlinear dynamics and therapeutic change. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel, 1998.
9
Peace Corps (U.S.). The positive deviance nutrition guide for Peace Corps volunteers: A community-based approach to behavior change for improved nutrition outcomes. [Washington, D.C.]: Peace Corps, 2014.
10
Pyka, Andreas, and Uwe Cantner. Foundations of Economic Change: A Schumpeterian View on Behaviour, Interaction and Aggregate Outcomes. Springer, 2017.
11
Pyka, Andreas, and Uwe Cantner. Foundations of Economic Change: A Schumpeterian View on Behaviour, Interaction and Aggregate Outcomes. Springer, 2018.
12
H, Hall Richard. Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, 1987.
13
Merrell, Christine, and Kapil Sayal. ADHD and school. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0044.
Анотація:
Within the school environment, teachers are well placed to identify children who exhibit ADHD symptoms. Universal school-based screening for ADHD is, however, not recommended. Teachers’ ratings of children’s behaviour at age 5 have been found to predict later academic outcomes. Longitudinal research suggests that inattention is substantively and significantly associated with poor academic outcomes whereas hyperactivity is not significantly related to later academic attainment, and impulsivity might be advantageous. Symptoms of inattention remain largely stable over time but symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity change. Whilst the school environment can present significant challenges for children with ADHD, advice and guidance to teachers about how to help children with inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviour to succeed in the classroom can facilitate more positive behavioural and academic outcomes. There is a need for research that assesses long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of school-based interventions as well as the impact of transition into secondary schooling.
14
Tolbert, Pamela S., and Richard Hall. Organizations : Structures, Processes and Outcomes: International Edition. Pearson Education, Limited, 2008.
15
Mukherjee, Ishani, and Nilanjana Mukherjee. Designing for Sustainable Outcomes: Espousing Behavioural Change into Co-production Programs. Taylor and Francis, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/30547.
16
Baldwin, Austin S., and Margarita Sala. Perceived Satisfaction with Health Behavior Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0004.
Анотація:
Perceived satisfaction with health behavior change is defined as the overall assessment of the various positive and negative experiences and outcomes that result from engaging in the target behavior. Perceived satisfaction is theorized to be a critical predictor of health behavior change maintenance. It is therefore important to understand both (1) determinants of satisfaction and (2) the effect of satisfaction on health behavior change maintenance. This chapter reviews evidence across several different behavioral domains suggesting that perceived satisfaction is an important predictor of health behavior change maintenance. However, evidence to date is not yet clear on why people are satisfied with the changes they make or how best to intervene on this construct.
17
Strosahl, Kirk D., Patricia J. Robinson, and Debra A. Gould. Real Behavior Change in Primary Care: Improving Patient Outcomes and Increasing Job Satisfaction. New Harbinger Publications, 2011.
18
Yates, Patsy. Communication in the context of cancer as a chronic disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0027.
Анотація:
Changes in cancer treatment and improved survival rates mean that cancer is often experienced as a chronic condition. This chapter draws on contemporary models of chronic disease management, which define the capabilities required to promote self-management and identify the specific communication practices that achieve optimal outcomes for individuals living with a long-term condition. These capabilities require health professionals to provide person-centred care and achieve individual behavioural as well as organizational/system change. Communication skills which reflect these capabilities in practice include open questions and reflective listening, empathy and sensitivity to patient needs, and sharing of information. Communication skills to support motivational interviewing, collaborative problem identification, and organizational change, including communicating within a multidisciplinary team, are critical to achieving optimal outcomes for people living with cancer. These communication practices enable the patient to be a partner as they adjust to new health challenges, and a changed social and psychological context.
19
Sargent, Thomas J. Rational Expectations and the Reconstruction of Macroeconomics. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158709.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the rational expectations reconstruction of macroeconomics. In particular, it examines how the hypothesis of rational expectations has been used to develop econometric models that take into account that people's behavior patterns will vary systematically with changes in government policies—the rules of the game. The chapter looks at two examples that illustrate the general presumption that the systematic behavior of private agents and the random behavior of market outcomes both will change whenever agents' constraints change, as when government policy or other parts of the environment change. The first example deals with investment decision, and the second concerns the inflationary effects of government deficits. The chapter also considers the implications of the rational expectations approach for the ways in which policymakers and their advisers think about the choices confronting them.
20
Gertler, Meric S. Institutions, Geography, and Economic Life. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.12.
Анотація:
Institutional approaches to understanding economic activity have become widespread in recent years. Both economists and economic geographers have embraced the idea that institutions shape, constrain, and enable economic behaviour, and that the nature of this relationship will vary according to the institutional architecture of particular geographical spaces. While much work has focused on national institutions, geographers have shown interest in the role and influence of regional institutions in shaping economic behaviour. Economists have largely confined their analysis to how formal national institutions shape aggregate outcomes of nation states. While geographers have begun to focus on the question of how regional institutions interact with national institutions, the analysis still remains preliminary and tentative. Equally pressing questions pertain to the processes of institutional change—both regional and national, the role and influence of individual agency, and the extent to which the path and direction of institutional evolution are predictable.
21
Crosier, Adam, and Dominic McVey. Evaluation of social marketing programmes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter considers why we evaluate, and the nature of evaluation. It also explores criticisms and limitations of evaluation and looks at the role of evaluation research as part of social marketing and behaviour change programmes. The chapter sets out how to construct an evaluation using a six-step approach, ensuring that it is an integral part of the programme from the outset. It also investigates the nature and contribution of formative, process, and summative evaluation in social marketing, which ensure that both the quantitative outcomes of an intervention and emerging insights into the process can be used to inform future projects and programmes.
22
Bohnet, Iris, Benedikt Herrmann, Maliheh Paryavi, Anh Tran, and Richard Zeckhauser. Improving Outcomes in the Trust Game. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0013.
Анотація:
This chapter examines how people in Oman, the United States, and Vietnam deal with trust situations. It offers two trust-fostering mechanisms—a mitigation-based approach (“insurance”), decreasing the principal’s cost of betrayal, and a prevention-based approach (“bonus”), increasing the agent’s benefits of trustworthiness. What choices principals make were measured, as well as how agents respond to them and how both parties’ behaviors compare to a situation where insurance or bonus was assigned by chance. About two-thirds of our principals prefer the safety of the insurance mechanism and about one-third prefer sending a bonus, making themselves vulnerable to the agent. This vulnerability pays off by tripling the likelihood of trustworthiness compared to when insurance is chosen. Still, when a bonus is chosen, only about half of the agents reward trust. This fraction is insufficient to make the principals whole. In terms of expected payoffs principals would be better off with insurance.
23
Martin, Jeffrey J. Theory of Planned Behavior and Stages of Change Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0035.
Анотація:
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and stages of change (SOC) models have been used to predict physical activity (PA) in people with disabilities. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the TPB and SOC models and the research findings stemming from testing them in people with impairments. The health action process approach (HAPA), designed with individuals with disabilities, is also introduced, along with suggested future research using the HAPA. The HAPA is in many ways a meta-theory, as it incorporates many constructs from theories discussed here and in other chapters. For instance, various forms of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, coping, planning, and social support are all included in the HAPA. In addition, the HAPA includes a three-stage model in which people are labeled as pre-intenders, intenders, or actors. Researchers intending to use the SOC theories and the TPB should know that they have come under criticism, and these criticisms are addressed in the chapter.
24
Mullan, Killian. A Child's Day. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201697.001.0001.
Анотація:
We routinely judge how well children are doing in their lives by how they spend their time, yet we know remarkably little about it. This rigorous review of four decades of data provides the clearest insights yet into the way children use their time. With analysis of changes in the time spent on family, education, culture and technology, as well as children's own views on their habits, it provides a fascinating perspective on behaviour, well-being, social change and more. This is an indispensable companion to the work of policy makers, academics and researchers, and anyone interested in the daily lives of children. The book begins by tracing some of the major strands of social change thought to have had an impact on different areas of children's daily time use. The past several decades have witnessed rapid social, economic, and technological change, widely thought to have affected many aspects of children's daily lives. It then examines the relationship between children's time use and outcomes relating to their health, development, and well-being, drawing together strands of thought from the sociology of childhood and research on child well-being. The book discusses overall trends in children's time doing homework and study. It examines associations between children's time use and a range of different health outcomes, and moves on to investigate the context of children's daily life linked to family, in particular concentrating on the time children spend at home and with parents. It evaluates children's time using technology, and focuses on the affective component of subjective well-being, specifically in connection with how children feel about how they spend their time. In conclusion, the book identifies areas of expected change as well as other areas of surprising stability. It reveals how change and stability in children's time use blend together to comprise a child's day, uncovering also the multi-layered contexts of a child's day.
25
Shaping demand and practices to improve family health outcomes in Northern India: A framework for behavior change communication. New Delhi: Population Council, 2011.
26
Konopasek, Lyuba, Marcy Rosenbaum, John Encandela, and Kathy Cole-Kelly. Evaluating communication skills training courses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0062.
Анотація:
This chapter describes strategies for designing programme evaluation for communication skills training courses. It draws on the communication literature to demonstrate evaluation approaches including use of control groups, validated instruments, and observation methods. The logic model is introduced as a tool to ensure that evaluation is aligned with programme plans. Kirkpatrick’s four levels of programme evaluation are used to analyse training outcomes. Kirkpatrick’s Level 1 evaluates learners’ reaction to training. Level 2 evaluates changes in the learners’ attitudes, such as self-efficacy, knowledge and skills, including assessment by standardized patients. Level 3 assesses change in communication behaviours in the context of patient care, and Level 4 measures changes in patient outcomes, including patient satisfaction. Examples of each Kirkpatrick level are provided in this chapter, along with their strengths and limitations.
27
Broadbent, Jeffrey. Comparative Climate Change Policy Networks. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.38.
Анотація:
This chapter explains the method of policy network (PN) analysis and its benefits (and limits) for cross-national comparative analysis. The purpose of the PN approach is to understand how the structure of relationships among organizations engaged in a policy domain affects the content of policy and outcomes. The chapter illustrates the use of the PN method with reference to the ongoing cross-national project Comparing Climate Change Policy Networks (Compon). Global climate change constitutes an (un)naturally occurring quasi-experiment; in the face of a common threat, the various societies have exhibited divergent responses to reducing the cause, carbon emissions. This research project and network method can provide knowledge helpful to global negotiations as well as open up new vistas on thorny theoretical questions about the behavior and outputs of political systems.
28
Martin, Leslie R., and M. Robin DiMatteo. Social Influence and Health. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.17.
Анотація:
Early in the lives of children, parental influences are strong, and interventions targeting parents are essential to behavior change. In adolescence, peers emerge as critical additions to the influence of family members; their influence can support the growth and maintenance of positive health behaviors, or it can encourage unhealthy choices. Social groups continue to feature prominently in various ways throughout adulthood. A crucial role is played by supportive social networks in the improvement and maintenance of a wide variety of health behaviors, and the availability of normative information affects health choices. Health care providers hold a good deal of power in the practitioner–patient relationship and influence their patients toward health outcomes in a variety of ways. Finally, system-level influences such as public health programs, health-related media messages, and educational interventions can help motivate individuals toward ideal health behaviors.
29
Chamberlain, L. Clinical Chaos: A Therapist's Guide To Non-Linear Dynamics And Therapeutic Change. Routledge, 1998.
30
Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth, and Elizabeth Smart. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823209.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter begins with a description of how the legal services market has undergone an era of change with the Solicitors Regulation Authority’s (SRA) introduction of a new code of conduct on 6 October 2011, referred to as the outcomes-focused regulation code (OFR Code) and briefly looks at the proposed changes expected to come into force in August 2018. It considers what being a member of the profession and a good solicitor means, the Handbook, and the OFR Code in general. It then looks at the practical application of the OFR Code and the principles, outcomes, and indicative behaviours in the OFR Code which are most relevant to readers at this stage of their legal career as a student and trainee.
31
Olsen, Jan Abel. Determinants of (inequalities in) health: an overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter provides an overview of the determinants of (ill) health, which in turn help explain observed inequalities in health across population groups. It includes a graphical representation of three sets of determinants along an ‘outside–inside own control’ continuum: genetic endowments are health preconditions and reflect a ‘biological lottery’ over which people have no control; the social environment reflects a ‘social lottery’ over which people have some control; while health-related behaviour is something people have much control over. This framework forms the basis for a discussion of which causes of ill health people might be held responsible for, and which causes that are avoidable, and hence considered to represent an unfair inequality. A brief discussion is included on the various normative arguments that attempt to change the focus of social justice from equality in health outcomes to equality of health opportunities.
32
Railsback, Steven F., and Bret C. Harvey. Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195285.001.0001.
Анотація:
Ecologists now recognize that the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems are strongly affected by adaptive individual behaviors. Yet until now, we have lacked effective and flexible methods for modeling such dynamics. Traditional ecological models become impractical with the inclusion of behavior, and the optimization approaches of behavioral ecology cannot be used when future conditions are unpredictable due to feedbacks from the behavior of other individuals. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to state- and prediction-based theory, or SPT, a powerful new approach to modeling trade-off behaviors in contexts such as individual-based population models where feedbacks and variability make optimization impossible. This book features a wealth of examples that range from highly simplified behavior models to complex population models in which individuals make adaptive trade-off decisions about habitat and activity selection in highly heterogeneous environments. The book explains how SPT builds on key concepts from the state-based dynamic modeling theory of behavioral ecology, and how it combines explicit predictions of future conditions with approximations of a fitness measure to represent how individuals make good—not optimal—decisions that they revise as conditions change. The resulting models are realistic, testable, adaptable, and invaluable for answering fundamental questions in ecology and forecasting ecological outcomes of real-world scenarios.
33
Hellwig, Timothy, Yesola Kweon, and Jack Vowles. Democracy Under Siege? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846208.001.0001.
Анотація:
For the worlds democracies, the Global Financial Crisis of 2008–9 was catalyst for the most precipitous economic downturn in eight decades. This book examines how the GFC and ensuing Great Recession affected the workings of mass politics in the established democracies. The initial wave of research on the crisis concluded it did little to change the established relationships between voters, parties, and elections. Yet, nearly a decade since the initial shock, we are witnessing a wave of political changes, the extent to which has not been fully explained by existing studies. How did the economic malaise bear on the political preferences of citizens? This book pushes against the received wisdom by advancing a framework for understanding citizen attitudes, preferences, and behaviour. We make two main claims. First, while previous studies of the GFC tend to focus on an immediate impact of the crisis, we argue that economic malaise had a long-lasting impact. In addition to economic shock, we emphasize that economic recovery has a significant impact on citizens assessment of political elites. Second, we argue that unanticipated exogenous shocks like the GFC grant party elites an opening for political manoeuvre through public policy and rhetoric. As a result, political elites have a high degree of agency to shape public perceptions and behaviour. Political parties can strategically moderate citizens economic uncertainty, mobilize/demobilize voters, and alter individuals political preferences. By leveraging data from over 150,000 individuals across over 100 nationally representative post-election surveys from the 1990s to 2017, this book tests these research claims across a range of outcomes, including economic perceptions, policy demands, political participation, and the vote.
34
DeSombre, Elizabeth R. Incentives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636272.003.0003.
Анотація:
Incentives for environmental behavior are skewed from the beginning: making a good environmental choice is often more costly, or more difficult, than engaging in environment-harming behavior, simply because of the inherent characteristics of environmental issues. Incentives against environmental behavior are also created as a side effect of other policy choices: subsidies and other policy decisions decrease the cost of behavior that have environmentally problematic consequences. Changing incentive structures such that the environmentally preferred outcome is less expensive or more convenient than the alternative can make a major difference in behavior. This change is frequently, although not exclusively, undertaken through policy intervention. When incentive structures change, behavior is likely to change, even without a widespread adjustment in values, attitudes, or even knowledge. A good first step to changing environmental behavior, therefore, is to get the incentives right.
35
Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Introducing the ARC Organizational Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter describes the ARC model of three core strategies for developing effective human service organizations. These include (1) embedding guiding organizational principles, (2) providing organizational component tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, and (3) developing shared mental models. ARC’s strategies provide the tools and the reasoning to guide behaviors and processes among organizational members that ensure improved service quality and outcomes. These strategies are reviewed as part of ARC’s orchestrated and structured process to improve OSC (i.e., the cultures and climates that influence attitudes, decision making and behavior in organizations). The chapter identifies mechanisms of change that highlight the alignment of organizational priorities with the ARC principles, fostering relationships that provide availability, responsiveness, and continuity, as well as developing innovation capacity to adopt new technologies and approaches.
36
Cheatle, Martin D., and Lara Dhingra. Biopsychosocial Approach to Improving Treatment Adherence in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600075.003.0006.
Анотація:
Up to 53% of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain demonstrate medication nonadherence, and many are nonadherent with behavior-change interventions for pain, presenting a significant challenge to providers managing this population and compromising patient-reported outcomes related to treatment efficacy, symptom control, and quality of life. Patients with chronic pain are often highly complex and present with numerous medical and psychological comorbidities. Many of these comorbidities, including mood, sleep, and substance use disorders, in addition to maladaptive coping with pain and varied clinician, health system, and family-related factors, can influence adherence to pain interventions. This chapter applies a biopsychosocial framework to guide the clinical assessment of nonadherence behaviors in chronic pain, including the identification of risk factors, mechanisms, and underlying processes of nonadherence, and presents strategies providers can potentially implement to enhance patient adherence to pharmacologic and behavioral therapies for pain management.
37
Capaldi, Deborah M., and Hyoun K. Kim. Comorbidity of Depression and Conduct Disorder. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.015.
Анотація:
Both depression and conduct disorders are relatively prevalent and are related to poor long-term outcomes. Despite being characterized by very different symptoms, it is well established that these two disorders co-occur at higher rates than expected by chance, resulting in poorer adjustment for the individual than would result from either problem alone. The termcomorbidityis usually reserved to refer to the association of diagnosed disorders, whereasco-occurrencerefers more broadly to the association of levels of symptoms of conduct problems and depression, which are usually calculated with means or possibly symptoms counts. In the past two decades, researchers have focused particularly on the following issues regarding the comorbidity of depression and conduct disorder: (1) possible causal associations of the two problem behaviors (i.e., do depressive disorders tend to onset after conduct disorders or vice versa); (2) theory regarding causes of the association (i.e., common versus unique risk factors for these two problem behaviors); (3) changes across development (i.e., with age); (4) risks from diagnosed disorders versus symptoms that do not reach diagnostic criteria; (5) outcomes or prognosis (e.g., are outcomes more severe for co-occurring problems than for either problem alone, are there distinct patterns of outcomes associated with co-occurring problems). Within each of these areas there is considerable interest in moderation of effects by gender or gender similarities and differences. This chapter reviews findings pertaining to these issues and presents suggestions for future research. In addition, assessment approaches and clinical implications are discussed.
38
Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Improving Organizational Social Contexts for Effective Human Services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0001.
Анотація:
Emphasizing five basic points, this chapter summarizes what the authors have learned in their development of evidence-based organizational strategies. First, human service organizations vary in their social contexts, and those differences affect the way services are provided. Second, the social contexts of human services can be changed with organizational strategies, and those changes can improve service quality and outcomes. Third, organizational social contexts are essential for innovation because they reflect the power of social systems to promote changes in individual behavior. Fourth, organizational research illustrates that social contexts affect the implementation of best practices to improve effectiveness. Fifth, strategies for improving an organization’s capacity for innovation build upon a century of work on improving organizational effectiveness that has direct implications for human services. This chapter introduces the ARC strategies that include: (1) key organizational principles, (2) organizational components that drive innovation, and (3) mental models to support improvement efforts.
39
Williamson, Ariel A., Nancy G. Guerra, and Noel L. Shadowen. From School Bullying to Dating Violence. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.22.
Анотація:
This chapter conceptualizes school-based, peer-to-peer bullying as a coercive relational process, in which bullies instrumentally use aggressive interpersonal tactics to influence, change, or dominate others in order to attain desired outcomes. We explain how this coercive process occurs on multiple levels, both within the bully-victim dyad and within the peer group context. We then discuss how the nature and desired outcomes of bullying change according to school setting and developmental period, drawing on empirical research that highlights the increasingly sexualized nature of bullying during early adolescence. Finally, we link sexual harassment and bullying behaviors during adolescence to risk for involvement in coercive relationships and processes in adulthood, and review the implications of this work for evidence-based bullying prevention programs.
40
Wright, Kathryn, Clare Firth, Lucy Crompton, Helen Fox, Frances Seabridge, Susan Wigglesworth, and Elizabeth Smart. 1. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787662.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter begins with a description of how the legal services market has undergone an era of change with the Solicitors Regulation Authority’s (SRA) introduction of a new code of conduct on 6 October 2011, referred to as the outcomes-focused regulation code (OFR Code). It considers what being a member of the profession and a good solicitor means, the Handbook, and the OFR Code in general. It then looks at the practical application of the OFR Code and the principles, outcomes, and indicative behaviours in the OFR Code which are most relevant to readers at this stage of their legal career as a student and trainee.
41
Kağıtçıbaşı, Çiğdem, and Zeynep Cemalcılar. Context Shapes Human Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on human behavior by studying the role of the distal environment on developmental processes. Social class, or more specifically socioeconomic status, is an all-encompassing context that has great significance in engulfing human phenomena. This chapter first reviews extant psychological literature on the deleterious effects of low social class on development and presents three studies as cases in point, demonstrating the significant impact of the context and contextual change on behavior. Kağıtçıbaşı’s theory of family change proposes three models of family: family of interdependence, family of independence, and family of emotional interdependence. Parenting, however, directly reflects family characteristics. Thus family change theory has led to a theory of the autonomous-related self. The chapter also presents research illustrating the impact of the objective environment and in particular the detrimental effects of low socioeconomic status on various developmental, social, and academic outcomes of Turkish samples.
42
Holmqvist, Rolf. Client and Therapist Reports. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.36.
Анотація:
Testing efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatment requires valid and reliable methods for describing change. There are three main issues in rating outcome: First, from what perspective should the ratings be made (client, therapist, society)? Second, what level should the measurement target (concrete behavior or thought, syndrome, or global change)? Third, should outcome be described nomothetically (with standardized instruments) or ideographically? Despite many proposals over the years, there is still no consensus about instruments that make comparisons between studies comparable. Some scales have, however, become standard for specific disorders. Comparisons of ratings by clients and therapists show moderate agreement about presenting problems, perception of the process (e.g., alliance), and outcome. One reason for imperfect agreement may be different formulations and instruments for each participant. Another reason could be that clients and therapists have different perspectives on how to describe problems and therapy activities conceptually. It may be important to distinguish between clients’ and therapists’perceptionsof agreement, for instance about activities in therapy and goals, andactualagreement on specific behaviors and targets. Although agreement may be important, recent theories and studies have emphasized that a mutual therapeutic endeavor can be characterized as an ongoing negotiation between client and therapist. The negotiation in itself may be a potent therapeutic tool. Therapists are encouraged to follow the development of clients’ ratings of both symptoms and alliance continuously during treatment in order to modify the treatment in accordance with the current level of symptoms as well as the clients’ perspective on the therapeutic collaboration.
43
Roberson, Loriann, Carol T. Kulik, and Rae Yunzi Tan. Effective Diversity Training. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0019.
Анотація:
Diversity training is an important and widely used component of organizational diversity management initiatives. This chapter reviews theory and research on diversity training design, delivery, evaluation, and effectiveness. The review suggests that in the past 10 to 15 years of research, advancements have been made on several fronts. The research literature on diversity training includes frameworks for pretraining needs assessment, learning models to guide diversity training design choices, and empirical evidence of diversity training’s impact on training outcomes. However, the review also notes two major shortcomings. First, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on short-term changes in trainees’ knowledge and attitudes, neglecting longer-term changes in their skills and behavior. Second, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on individual-level learning outcomes, neglecting its impact on team- and organization-level outcomes. These shortcomings are unlikely to be addressed unless scholars and practitioners engage in more collaborative field-based research on diversity training.
44
DeLong, John P. Predator Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.001.0001.
Анотація:
Predator-prey interactions form an essential part of ecological communities, determining the flow of energy from autotrophs to top predators. The rate of predation is a key regulator of that energy flow, and that rate is determined by the functional response. Functional responses themselves are emergent ecological phenomena – they reflect morphology, behavior, and physiology of both predator and prey and are both outcomes of evolution and the source of additional evolution. The functional response is thus a concept that connects many aspects of biology from behavioral ecology to eco-evolutionary dynamics to food webs, and as a result, the functional response is the key to an integrative science of predatory ecology. In this book, I provide a synthesis of research on functional responses, starting with the basics. I then break the functional response down into foraging components and connect these to the traits and behaviors that connect species in food webs. I conclude that contrary to appearances, we know very little about functional responses, and additional work is necessary for us to understand how environmental change and management will impact ecological systems
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Doyle, Julie, Nathan Farrell, and Michael K. Goodman. Celebrities and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.596.
Анотація:
Since the mid-2000s, entertainment celebrities have played increasingly prominent roles in the cultural politics of climate change, ranging from high-profile speeches at UN climate conferences, and social media interactions with their fans, to producing and appearing in documentaries about climate change that help give meaning to and communicate this issue to a wider audience. The role afforded to celebrities as climate change communicators is an outcome of a political environment increasingly influenced by public relations and attuned toward the media’s representation of political ideas, policies, and sentiments. Celebrities act as representatives of mass publics, operating within centers of elite political power. At the same time, celebrities represent the environmental concerns of their audiences; that is, they embody the sentiments of their audiences on the political stage. It is in this context that celebrities have gained their authority as political, social, and environmental “experts,” and the political performances of celebrities provide important ways to engage electorates and audiences with climate change action.More recently, celebrities offer novel engagements with climate change that move beyond scientific data and facilitate more emotional and visceral connections with climate change in the public’s everyday lives. Contemporary celebrities, thus, work to shape how audiences and publics ought to feel about climate change in efforts to get them to act or change their behaviors. These “after data” moments are seen very clearly in Leonardo DiCaprio’s documentary Before the Flood. Yet, with celebrities acting as our emotional witnesses, they not only might bring climate change to greater public attention, but they expand their brand through neoliberalism’s penchant for the commoditization of everything including, as here, care and concern for the environment. As celebrities build up their own personal capital as eco-warriors, they create very real value for the “celebrity industrial complex” that lies behind their climate media interventions. Climate change activism is, through climate celebrities, rendered as spectacle, with celebrities acting as environmental and climate pedagogues framing for audiences the emotionalized problems and solutions to global environmental change. Consequently, celebrities politicize emotions in ways that that remain circumscribed by neoliberal solutions and actions that responsibilize audiences and the public.
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Wilson, Mary. Study of the outcome of assessment being used as a brief intervention for drug takers in community based addiction/drug services: Looking at changes in level of drug use : risk behaviour, situational confidence and readiness to change.. 1995.
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Chassin, Laurie, Clark C. Presson, Jonathan T. Macy, and Steven J. Sherman. Cigarette Smoking from Adolescence to Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0014.
Анотація:
In this chapter, findings from a long-term, cohort-sequential, multigenerational study of cigarette smoking are used to illustrate the importance of a developmental approach for (1) understanding trajectories of smoking behavior (in relation to other forms of tobacco use) and the conditions and challenges of the developmental periods that show transitions in smoking status (particularly adolescent smoking onset and challenges for parents with adolescent children), (2) understanding heterogeneity in these trajectories because differing trajectories may have different etiological underpinnings as well as different implications for the intergenerational transmission of smoking, (3) recognizing that development unfolds within the larger context of societal and historical change and that societal change can influence outcomes, and (4) considering development within a family systems and multigenerational context.
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Mandel, Rachel, and Ruth Gerson. Adolescence. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0010.
Анотація:
Adolescence is a time of remarkable change—a time of physical and emotional growth with many potential problems. It is a turbulent yet universal stage of life, and mental health providers can be flummoxed in approaching, diagnosing, and treating adolescents, with the ongoing question of “What is normal adolescent behavior?” Providers sometimes lose sight of central issues in adolescent life, such as school, family, trauma, foster care, and burgeoning responsibilities. This chapter provides a case example of a typical teen presentation in the emergency department and uses it to illustrate the complexity of adolescent mental health issues. Favorable outcomes are possible when clinicians are mindful of the special needs of this age group, including risky behavior, the impact of bullying, and academic stress, and when clinicians can navigate the corresponding systems of care.
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Chamberlain, L. Clinical Chaos: A Therapist's Guide To Non-Linear Dynamics And Therapeutic Change. Routledge, 1998.
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Danielson, Michael S. Migration and Subnational Politics in Mexico. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter begins with a review of the literature on the relationship between migration and hometown democracy. Migration can affect the politics of sending places through both direct and indirect channels, and the nature of migrant impact has been found to both enhance and weaken democracy. Four hypothesized channels of migrant political influence are then identified. These include the “mode of engagement” (with whom do migrants form alliances?); “attitudes, behaviors, and ideologies” (how does migration experience change migrants?); representation (what kind of migrants engage?); and unintended consequences (the aggregate impact of migrant engagement depends on the reactions of non-migrants). After discussing these mechanisms, and their potentially democracy-enhancing and democracy-weakening outcomes, the chapter outlines a process model of migrant-led political change, which provides a framework to analyze continuity and change in Mexican municipal politics in the face of migration.