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1
Bhat, Irfan Nissar, and Er Harish Dogra. "Beamforming for 5G Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18405.
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Pradhan, Devasis, A. Dash, Hla Myo Tun, Naw Khu Say Wah, and Thandar Oo. "A Sustainable Key Enabler for mm-Wave Beamforming in 5G Environment." Journal of VLSI Design and Signal Processing 8, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jovdsp.2022.v08i03.002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fifth Era (5G) Innovation is a new age of versatile organizations. In this paper, assessments in versatile correspondence innovation are introduced. In every development, numerous difficulties were confronted that were caught with the assistance of cutting edge portable organizations. Among every one of the beforehand existing versatile organizations, 5G gives a high velocity web office, whenever, anyplace, for everybody. 5G is marginally unique because of highlights, for example, interconnecting individuals, and controlling gadgets, items, and machines. 5G versatile framework will bring different degrees of execution and capacity, which will act as new client encounters and interface new ventures. The mm-Wave beamforming configuration lessens the expense and power utilization which is lined up with an energy-productive plan vision of 5G. In this paper, we track the advancement in crossover beamforming for enormous MIMO correspondences with regards to framework models of the half breed handsets' designs, the computerized and simple beamforming lattices with the conceivable radio wire arrangement situations and the mixture beamforming in heterogeneous network (HetNET). This article gives a brief description about key enablers to enhance the beamforming in 5G network.
3
Matalatala, Michel, Margot Deruyck, Emmeric Tanghe, Luc Martens, and Wout Joseph. "Performance Evaluation of 5G Millimeter-Wave Cellular Access Networks Using a Capacity-Based Network Deployment Tool." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3406074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The next fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication networks comes with a set of new features to satisfy the demand of data-intensive applications: millimeter-wave frequencies, massive antenna arrays, beamforming, dense cells, and so forth. In this paper, we investigate the use of beamforming techniques through various architectures and evaluate the performance of 5G wireless access networks, using a capacity-based network deployment tool. This tool is proposed and applied to a realistic area in Ghent, Belgium, to simulate realistic 5G networks that respond to the instantaneous bit rate required by the active users. The results show that, with beamforming, 5G networks require almost 15% more base stations and 4 times less power to provide more capacity to the users and the same coverage performances, in comparison with the 4G reference network. Moreover, they are 3 times more energy efficient than the 4G network and the hybrid beamforming architecture appears to be a suitable architecture for beamforming to be considered when designing a 5G cellular network.
4
García-Fernández, Miguel Á., and David A. Sánchez-Hernández. "Beamforming Evaluation of 5G User Equipment through Novel Key Performance Indicators." Electronics 10, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several standards exist for testing the radiated “over the air” (OTA) performance of 5G User Equipment (UE) devices. All these standards are limited to a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) evaluation of the 5G device. With 5G networks and devices already deployed and in operation, it becomes necessary to develop realistic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) and beamforming performance metrics for 5G UEs. Since the most important feature of 5G is beamforming, this paper reviews the main challenges to realistically evaluate 5G device performance and proposes several novel key performance indicators (KPIs). The results obtained by some measurements show that it is possible to derive figures of merit that address the complexity of beamforming and MIMO-based 5G performance of devices in a much better way compared with the existing SISO KPIs, and that academia should provide advanced future research on these more realistic KPIs for the industry to face the challenges ahead with a better analysis of the problem in hand.
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Aidong Yang, Xinlang Yue, Mohan Wu, and Ye Ouyang. "A dynamic Q-learning beamforming method for inter-cell interference mitigation in 5G massive MIMO networks." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 2, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/kxft3962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Beamforming is an essential technology in 5G Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MMIMO) communications, which are subject to many impairments due to the nature of wireless transmission channel. The Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) is one of the main obstacles faced by 5G communications due to frequency-reuse technologies. However, finding the optimal beamforming parameter to minimize the ICI requires infeasible prior network or channel information. In this paper, we propose a dynamic Q-learning beamforming method for ICI mitigation in the 5G downlink that does not require prior network or channel knowledge. Compared with a traditional beamforming method and other industrial Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods, the proposed method has lower computational complexity and better convergence efficiency. Performance analysis shows the quality of service improvement in terms of Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) and the robustness towards different environments.
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Shim, Seong-Joon, Seulgi Lee, Won-Seok Lee, Jae-Hyun Ro, Jung-In Baik, and Hyoung-Kyu Song. "Advanced Hybrid Beamforming Technique in MU-MIMO Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 5961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a high performance wireless commmunication technology in MU-MIMO systems. The millimeter wave (mmWave) communication technology was considered for the future wireless communication systems such as the fifth-generation new radio (5G NR). In 5G NR, the mmWave communication technology was studied to increase the use of wide bandwidth and the data rate. Therefore, MU-MIMO systems can be used in mmWave. To decrease the complexity of conventional digital beamforming system, the hybrid beamforming system was studied. In particular, the proposed hybrid beamforming system improves the error performance and average sum rate in partially connected structure (PCS) hybrid beamforming system. The proposed PCS hybrid beamforming system forms variously combined beam patterns using the information of azimuth and elevation angles for the multi-paths according to the number of bits. In addition, the azimuth and elevation angles among the formed beam patterns are estimated according to the received signal strength (RSS). In the simulation results, the proposed PCS hybrid beamforming system has better error performance and the average sum rate than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.
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A, Sasi, and Santhiya P. "Dynamic Location Modelling in 3D Beamforming for 5G Mobile Communications." Computer Engineering and Applications Journal 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18495/comengapp.v4i1.116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mobile communication system is designed to provide reliable communication with more number of services and with low cost among multiple users. Due to limited frequency spectrum and resources, mobile communication requires more development in case of both establishing communication and maintenance in service quality. To fulfill these requirements, 5G mobile communication is being developed to provide high quality reliable communication and quality of service, by using beamforming model. As the trend of next generation mobile communication, 3D directional transmission is considered to give enhanced coverage model and reusability of frequency. Phase arrayed antenna is used in this beamforming model to give orthogonal communication among users. In this paper, a new modeling of beamforming is applied to give a new dimension by considering altitude with potential field strategy. Here phase arrayed antenna is replaced by 3-D smart antenna to improve the performance of 5G mobile communications. Performance evaluation outcomes 3D beamforming leads 2D beamforming in terms of communication delay, and uplink downlink throughput.
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Dmitriyev, Edgar, Eugeniy Rogozhnikov, Natalia Duplishcheva, and Serafim Novichkov. "Calculating Beamforming Vectors for 5G System Applications." Symmetry 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The growing demand for broadband Internet services is forcing scientists around the world to seek and develop new telecommunication technologies. With the transition from the fourth generation to the fifth generation wireless communication systems, one of these technologies is beamforming. The need for this technology was caused by the use of millimeter waves in data transmission. This frequency range is characterized by heavy path loss. The beamforming technology could compensate for this significant drawback. This paper discusses basic beamforming schemes and proposes a model implemented on the basis of QuaDRiGa. The model implements a MIMO channel using symmetrical antenna arrays. In addition, the methods for calculating the antenna weight coefficients based on the channel matrix are compared. The first well-known method is based on the addition of cluster responses to calculate the coefficients. The proposed one uses the singular value decomposition of the channel matrix into clusters to take into account the most correlated information between all clusters when calculating the antenna coefficients. According to the research results, the proposed method for calculating the antenna coefficients allows an increase in the SNR/SINR level by 8–10 dB on the receiving side in the case of analog beamforming with a known channel matrix.
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M. Tabra, Yasmine, and Bayan Sabbar. "Hybrid MVDR-LMS beamforming for Massive MIMO." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i2.pp715-723.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>With the high speed of communication in LTE-5G, fast beamforming techniques need to be adopted. The training time required to form and steer the main lobes toward 5G multiple users must be short. Least-Mean-Square (LMS) training time is not suitable to work with in LTE-5G, but it has a good performance in forming multiple beams to large number of users and producing nulls in the interference direction. In this paper, an optimized hybrid MVDR-LMS beamforming algorithm is proposed to reduce the time required to estimate the antenna’s weights. This optimization is made by the benefit of previously set weights calculated using MVDR algorithms. The performance of the proposed hybrid MVDR-LMS algorithm tested using MATLAB 2016a.</p>
10
Serafino, Giovanni, Claudio Porzi, Fabio Falconi, Sergio Pinna, Marzio Puleri, Antonio D'Errico, Antonella Bogoni, and Paolo Ghelfi. "Photonics-Assisted Beamforming for 5G Communications." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 30, no. 21 (November 1, 2018): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2018.2874468.
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Yan, Shengli. "Research on 5G-Oriented Wireless Sensor Array of Millimeter Hybrid Beam Sensing Terminal." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2716475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the rapid development of information technology, facing the problems and new challenges brought by mobile Internet and Internet of things technology, as one of the key technologies of 5G, millimeter-wave mobile communication (28/38/60/70 GHz) which can realize gigabit (GB/s, or even higher) data transmission rate has also attracted extensive attention of wireless researchers all over the world, it has quickly become a research hotspot in the field of wireless communication. In the millimeter-wave massive MIMO downlink wireless sensor system, a block diagonal beamforming algorithm based on the approximate inverse of Neumann series is improved to obtain complete digital beamforming. Then, when designing hybrid beamforming, channel estimation and high-dimensional singular value decomposition are required for traditional analog and digital hybrid beamforming. A low complexity hybrid beamforming scheme is designed. An improved gradient projection algorithm is proposed in the design of analog beamforming, which can solve the problem of high computational complexity and less damage to guarantee and rate. Simulation results show that the hybrid beam terminal of the sensor reduces the number of RF links required for full digital beamforming and is as close to the spectral efficiency performance of full digital beamforming as possible. The results show that the performance of the designed hybrid beamforming scheme can still be close to that of the pure digital beamforming scheme without involving channel estimation and SVD decomposition.
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Rajaram, Akashkumar, Rabia Khan, Selvakumar Tharranetharan, Dushantha Jayakody, Rui Dinis, and Stefan Panic. "Novel SWIPT Schemes for 5G Wireless Networks." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we present a few novel simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) schemes that can be effectively used in various 5G wireless network implementations. First, we study the possibility of integrating distributed energy beamforming with the data rate fairness beamforming in a cooperative communication system with multiple cooperative relays and multiple destination users communicating simultaneously. We show that the system exploits significant performance gain using such a joint energy and data rate fairness beamforming scheme. Further, we propose an enhanced version of the SWIPT scheme, the energy-efficient modulation-based non-orthogonal multiple access (M-NOMA) SWIPT scheme, and observe its system efficiency in terms of more harvested energy. Finally, we consider an energy-harvesting SWIPT scheme where the channel response is estimated using the energy-harvesting signal as pilots superimposed on the information signal. For such a scheme, we compute the optimum transmit power ratio between the pilot and information signals under varying SNR conditions and improve the accuracy of the decoding process at the reception.
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Lee, Hyukjun, Wonjae Ryu, Wonjin Sung, and Jonghyun Park. "Beamforming for Rotated 3D Multipanel Array Structures for 5G NR MIMO Transmission." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (July 7, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2830792.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
5G new radio (NR) provides enhanced transmission capabilities to transceivers by utilizing the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with a significantly increased number of antenna elements. Such transmission requires massive arrays to perform accurate high-gain beamforming over the millimeter-wave frequency band. There is no fixed form of array structures for 5G NR base stations, but they are likely to include multiple subarrays or panels for practicality of implementation and are expected to cover the user equipment (UE) in various locations. In this paper, we propose an array structure to transmit signals over the three-dimensional (3D) space in an isotropic fashion for all types of UEs in ground, aerial, and high-rise building locations, by employing panels on surfaces of a polyhedron. We further derive exact beamforming equations for the proposed array and show the resulting beams provide improved receiver performance over the exiting conventional beamforming. The presented beamforming expressions can be applied to an arbitrary multipanel array with massive antenna elements.
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Mongay Batalla, Jordi, Mustafa Moshin, Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis, Krzysztof Wesołowski, George Mastorakis, and Karolina Krzykowska-Piotrowska. "On Deploying the Internet of Energy with 5G Open RAN Technology including Beamforming Mechanism." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072429.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Internet of Energy is the deployment of IoT technology within energy systems (including distributed power monitoring and measuring points, energy plant sensors, points of distribution) to increase the efficiency of the whole infrastructure while decreasing energy waste. Due to criticality and the extension of the Internet of Energy, it needs an underlying network with vast coverage and high-efficiency parameters. In this paper, we argue that the 5G network is suitable for the Internet of Energy and present a concrete 5G implementation based on Open RAN that may gain in flexibility while reducing costs. In our simulations, we model and validate beamforming mechanism in Open RAN 5G and show that beamforming may achieve high-efficiency parameters that the Internet of Energy requires.
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Ali, M. Saad, Hamna Naveed, Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi, Nosherwan Shoaib, and Vincent F. Fusco. "Substrate-Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) Rotman Lens Beamformer for 5G/B5G Applications." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-band allocations in the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) frequency spectrum offer high-capacity wireless information transmission as required by fifth generation (5G) communication standards. Among different beamforming structures, the Rotman lens (RL) is an attractive passive-microwave-lens-based beamforming network due to its low fabrication cost, reliability, design simplicity and wide-angle scanning capabilities. Conventionally, the RL is implemented using microstrip line (MSL) technology for which there are inherent radiation losses that become severe when operating in mm-Wave 5G frequency bands. In this context, a novel substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL)-based RL is designed, fabricated and tested, for accurate beamforming with extremely low feed line insertion loss. This article presents a complete design, development and performance analysis of an SICL-based RL beamformer. By using an SICL, isolation of up to 15 dB is achieved between the input beam ports of the RL, while the mutual coupling is kept at less than 20 dB. The SICL design shows a −10 dB insertion loss between the array and beam ports when compared to the same RL developed using MSL technology having an insertion loss of −15 dB. Due to the use of low-loss SICL technology, a realized gain of up to 14.2 dBi is achieved with an excellent scanning capability of −30 to 30 degrees, verifying for the first time the beamforming capabilities associated with SICL technology. The operational frequency band is 20–45 GHz, while the center operating frequency is 26 GHz making it appropriate for above 6-GHz 5G New Radio (NR) operating bands n257 (26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz), n258 (24.25 GHz to 27.5 GHz), n261 (27.5 GHz to 28.35 GHz) and n260 (37 GHz to 40 GHz). Owing to the low-loss and stable beamforming performance, the SICL RL is suitable for mm-Wave 5G and is extendable to B5G applications.
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Mohsin, Mustafa, Jordi Mongay Batalla, Evangelos Pallis, George Mastorakis, Evangelos K. Markakis, and Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis. "On Analyzing Beamforming Implementation in O-RAN 5G." Electronics 10, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The open radio access network (O-RAN) concept is changing the landscape of mobile networks (5G deployment and 6G research). O-RAN Alliance’s suggestions that O-RAN can offer openness and intelligence to the traditional RAN vendors will enable the capability for multi-vendors to re-shape the RAN structure and optimize the network. This paper positions the main research challenges of the O-RAN approach in regards to the implementation of beamforming. We investigate the O-RAN architecture and the configurations of the interfaces between O-RAN units and present the split options between the radio and distributing units in terms of O-RAN specification and 3GPP standards. From this point, we discuss the beamforming methods in O-RAN, addressing challenges and potential solutions, and suggest the introduction of the zero-forcing equalizer as a precoding vector in the channel-information-based beamforming method. This may be one of the solutions for achieving flexibility in a high-traffic communication environment while reducing the radio unit interferences caused by implanting the precoding in the open radio unit.
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Xie, Yi, Bo Li, Xiaoya Zuo, Zhongjiang Yan, and Mao Yang. "Performance analysis for 5G beamforming heterogeneous networks." Wireless Networks 26, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1846-5.
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Marinho, Diogo, Raul Arruela, Tiago Varum, and João N. Matos. "Software-Defined Radio Beamforming System for 5G/Radar Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 7187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the flexibility of software-defined radio (SDR) techniques applied to an array of antennas, this article presents a beamforming architecture designed to operate in millimeter-wave bands (28 GHz), with possible applications in radar and 5G systems. The system structure, including its main constituents such as the radio frequency (RF) frontend modules, the radiating elements as well as the baseband processing on the host computer are widely described. Beamforming is achieved by digitally controlling the signals that feed the antennas. The experimental measurements performed in an anechoic chamber validate the proposed approach.
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Ali, Usman, Giuseppe Caso, Luca De Nardis, Konstantinos Kousias, Mohammad Rajiullah, Özgü Alay, Marco Neri, Anna Brunstrom, and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto. "Data-Driven Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks." Future Internet 14, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14080239.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance.
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Qian, Guanyu, Weikun Liu, Dengfeng Hao, and Wei Li. "Key Technologies for Beamforming in Millimeter Wave Communication System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2031, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2031/1/012029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Millimeter wave (mmWave) is one of the key technologies of 5G. It can solve the problem of insufficient spectrum resources. However, mmWave links are easily affected by the environment, such as the user equipment (UE) mobility, link blocking, etc. Moreover, the path loss and atmospheric absorption will also cause a great loss to the channel quality. Dealing with these challenges, beamforming is an effective solution. This paper tracks the progress of beamforming in mmWave communication system, including hybrid beamforming structure, mmWave channel state information (CSI) acquisition, and beam management methods during UE movement. We explore the applicability of different beamforming technologies, and discuss the future challenges in this domain.
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Wu, Lan, Juan Xu, Lei Shi, Yi Shi, and Wenwen Zhou. "Optimize the Communication Cost of 5G Internet of Vehicles through Coherent Beamforming Technology." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (May 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Edge computing, which sinks a large number of complex calculations into edge servers, can effectively meet the requirement of low latency and bandwidth efficiency and can be conducive to the development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, a large number of edge servers mean a big cost, especially for the 5G scenario in IoV, because of the small coverage of 5G base stations. Fortunately, coherent beamforming (CB) technology enables fast and long-distance transmission, which gives us a possibility to reduce the number of 5G base stations without losing the whole network performance. In this paper, we try to adopt the CB technology on the IoV 5G scenario. We suppose we can arrange roadside nodes for helping transferring tasks of vehicles to the base station based on the CB technology. We first give the mathematical model and prove that it is a NP-hard model that cannot be solved directly. Therefore, we design a heuristic algorithm for an Iterative Coherent Beamforming Node Design (ICBND) algorithm to obtain the approximate optimal solution. Simulation results show that this algorithm can greatly reduce the cost of communication network infrastructure.
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Fokin, Grigoriy A. "SIMULATION OF ULTRA DENSE 5G RADIO ACCESS NETWORKS WITH BEAMFORMING." T-Comm 15, no. 5 (2021): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-5-4-21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we investigate the connectivity and probability of successful radio reception in the Poisson model of a 5G ultra-dense radio access network formed by devices with the possibility of location aware beamforming. The difference be-tween the proposed model and the existing prototypes is the complex account for the gains of devices, as well as the influence of radio wave propagation losses, slow and fast fading in the radio channel on the performance of the radio access network. The study is carried out for sessions of directional and omni-directional radio communication, and the beamforming mode is based on the preliminary positioning of neighboring devices. Mathematical modeling of a set of simultaneously operating radio lines in the Poisson model of an ultra-dense 5G radio access network makes it possible to estimate the gain in connectivity and the probability of successful radio reception when forming a beam based on preliminary positioning of devices in comparison with the case of omnidirectional antennas. The results of mathematical modeling of a ultra-dense radio access network with devices equipped with six-element circular antenna arrays showed a significant increase in connectivity indicators and the probability of successful radio reception in comparison with the case of omnidirectional antennas and confirmed the possibility of spatial multiplexing of simultaneous transmissions with a territorial separation of devices on 20% of the range of radio coverage based on the signal-to-noise ratio criterion. The result of the study is the establishment of the dependences of the connectivity and the probability of successful radio reception for an ultra-dense 5G radio access network, built on the basis of devices operating in the adaptive diagramming mode, as well as confirmation of the possibilities of spatial multiplexing of simultaneously operating transceiver devices with their territorial separation by 20% of the range of radio coverage based on the signal-to-interference ratio criterion. The obtained dependences of connectivity and the probability of successful radio reception allows to scientifically substantiate construction of an initial approximation of ultra-dense 5G radio access network from devices with the possibility of beamforming based on positioning, taking into account practical recommendations for their territorial diversity with an ultra-dense distribution.
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Sun, Wenbin, Mingliang Tao, Xin Yang, Tao Zhang, Chuang Han, and Ling Wang. "Joint User Scheduling, Relay Selection, and Power Allocation for Multi-Antenna Opportunistic Beamforming Systems." Entropy 23, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23101278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Opportunistic beamforming (OBF) is a potential technique in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) that can boost the performance of communication systems and encourage high user quality of service (QoS) through multi-user selection gain. However, the achievable rate tends to be saturated with the increased number of users, when the number of users is large. To further improve the achievable rate, we proposed a multi-antenna opportunistic beamforming-based relay (MOBR) system, which can achieve both multi-user and multi-relay selection gains. Then, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the achievable rate. Nevertheless, the optimization problem is a non-deterministic polynomial (NP)-hard problem, and it is difficult to obtain an optimal solution. In order to solve the proposed optimization problem, we divide it into two suboptimal issues and apply a joint iterative algorithm to consider both the suboptimal issues. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed system achieved a higher achievable rate than the conventional OBF systems and outperformed other beamforming schemes with low feedback information.
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Borse, Indrabhan, and Hitendra Patil. "Adaptive Beamforming Model for 5G High Speed Networks using Millimeter Wave Communication in Uplink." Review of Computer Engineering Research 9, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/76.v9i4.3160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Future generation cellular communications will require increased data rates and transmission using millimeter waves (MMWs), which are an emerging concept to meet this need. The MMW frequencies offer the potential for orders of magnitude capacity improvements. However, MMW network connections are more susceptible to blocking, and they suffer from rapid quality differential. The major limitation of offering multiconnectivity in MMWs is the necessity of tracking the direction of every link with its suitable timing and power. Beamforming enables wireless communications, even with higher frequency bands such as the MMW frequency band. The main purpose of this article is to develop an adaptive beamforming approach for 5G millimeter-wave networks. MMW communication efficiency is improved by enhancing the narrowband weights of adaptive beamforming. Here, the Shark Smell Optimization (SSO) and Bird Swarm Algorithm (BSA) are combined to improve the weight update approach of the new Salp-Bird Swarm Optimization (S-BSO) to achieve adaptiveness in beamforming. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested Salp-Bird Swarm Optimization (S-BSO), an experimental comparison is carried out with the current models.
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Qi, Fei, Xuetian Zhu, Xinran Zhang, and Songlin Sun. "Hybrid Multicast Transmission for Public Safety Network in 5G." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4306356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigate the application of wireless multicast technology in public safety network (PSN) in future wireless communication system. The hybrid unicast/multicast transmission system is proposed and analyzed in 3D massive multi-input multioutput (MIMO) channel. The mutual coupling channel model is adopted under the different antenna array configuration scenarios. The proposed hybrid system adopts multicast beamforming in the multicast groups as well as multiuser-MIMO (MU-MIMO) linear precoding in the unicast group to increase system throughput. The null space method based interference cancellation is further performed between each group to eliminate signal leakage generated from each group. Comparisons between two types of antenna array configurations, different channel models, linear precoding as well as multicast beamforming, and user grouping strategies for multicast services are presented and analyzed by simulation.
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Antony, Hyils Sharon Magdalene, and Thulasimani Lakshmanan. "Secure Beamforming in 5G-Based Cognitive Radio Network." Symmetry 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101260.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cognitive radio network (CRN) and non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) is a significant system in the 5G wireless communication system. However, the system is an exceptional way for the cognitive users to secure a communication from the interferences in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-NOMA-based cognitive radio network. In this article, a new beamforming technique is proposed to secure an information exchange within the same cells and neighboring cells from all intervened users. The interference is caused by an imperfect spectrum sensing of the secondary users (SUs). The SUs are intended to access the primary channels. At the same time, the primary user also returns to the channel before the SUs access ends. This similar way of accessing the primary channel will cause interference between the users. Thus, we predicted that the impact of interferences would be greatly reduced by the proposed technique, and that the proposed technique would maximize the entire secrecy rate in the 5G-based cognitive radio network. The simulation result provides better evidence for the performance of the proposed technique.
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Abohamra, Yousef Ali, M. R. Soleymani, and Yousef R. Shayan. "Using Beamforming for Dense Frequency Reuse in 5G." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 9181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2892381.
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Schwarz, Stefan, and Markus Rupp. "Exploring Coordinated Multipoint Beamforming Strategies for 5G Cellular." IEEE Access 2 (2014): 930–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2353137.
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Londhe, Gayatri D., and Vaibhav S. Hendre. "An Effective Kalman Based Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO System by Using 2D Overlapped Partially Connected Sub-Array Structure." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 5G mobile communication networks, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology plays a key role. To deal with the problem of path loss that happens in the mmWave band, competent beamforming employing a large antenna array is required. Fully digital beamforming approaches currently require separate radio frequency chains (RF chains) for each antenna, which adds to the computational complexity and hardware expense. In a multi-user environment, fully digital beamforming suffers from a larger antenna array layout, whereas analog beamforming solutions are prone to numerous performance concerns. Hybrid beamforming, on the other hand, offers a promising solution for multi-user mmWave communication. This work proposes a two-dimensional overlapping partially connected (2D-OPC) sub-array structure to reduce the antenna structure's hardware complexity and cost. The suggested technique comprises several sub-arrays that are overlapped in 2D space in the form of a Uniform Planar Array (UPA). The suggested scheme's performance is assessed using Kalman-based hybrid beamforming, which exhibits a considerable increase in spectral efficiency when compared to existing hybrid beamforming techniques. The suggested technique, which uses Kalman based hybrid beamforming and 2D-OPC provides 3.14% and 4.96% improvement over the MMSE hybrid beamforming and ZF pre-coding technique respectively.
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Sulyman, Ahmed Iyanda, and Calvin Henggeler. "Physical Layer Security for Military IoT Links Using MIMO-Beamforming at 60 GHz." Information 13, no. 2 (February 20, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the concept and practicality of internet-of-things (IoT) link security enhancements using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming solutions at the physical layer of the wireless system. Large-scale MIMO and beamforming techniques have been studied extensively in the context of 5G cellular systems. The concept of utilizing these transmission techniques for security enhancements in cellular IoT systems, however, have not yet been fully explored. This article will list a variety of options that may be explored in realizing more secure IoT links using MIMO-beamforming techniques. The paper provides a valuable tutorial for both engineers and researchers working in this field.
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Yusup, Nurina Leila, Eka Setia Nugraha, and Petrus Kerowe Goran. "Perancangan Antena Mikrostrip Rectangular Array Untuk Teknologi 5G Pada Frekuensi 28 GHz." Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 11, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v11i2.10814.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Teknologi 5G memanfaatkan spektrum millimeter wave untuk menyediakan kapasitas, kecepatan data, dan cakupan yang luas untuk koneksi secara menyeluruh. 3GPP release 15 menyatakan teknologi beamforming dapat memenuhi karakteristik jaringan 5G karena dapat meningkatkan 5G broadcast dan traffic beam coverage. Beamforming merupakan proses penggabungan sinyal pada elemen array untuk membentuk sinar radiasi (beam radiation) dan menyelaraskan fasa sinyal untuk membentuk beam pada arah tertentu. Butler matrix adalah salah satu teknik yang digunakan pada beamforming yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan beda fasa disetiap elemen dari antena yang dirancang, sehingga arah radiasi yang dihasilkan dapat fokus pada arah yang dibutuhkan. Pada penelitian ini dirancang antena mikrostrip rectangular array dengan pemodelan MIMO 4x4 dan metode butler matrix. Perancangan butler matrix 4x4 menggunakan 2 skenario perancangan, kemudian menentukan skenario terbaik untuk digabungkan dengan antena mikrostrip array MIMO 4x4. Hasil simulasi didapatkan return loss pada pada elemen 1, elemen 2, elemen 3 dan elemen 4 sebesar -14,504 dB, -6,71 dB, -6,79 dB dan -15,129 dB. VSWR sebesar 1,46; 2,716; 2,687 dan 1,424. Gain sebesar11,1 dBi; 10,8 dBi; 10,8 dBi dan 11 dBi. Pola radiasi secara unidirectional dengan arah radiasi antena yang berbeda-beda, dilihat dari sudut pandang elevasi arah pancar utama pada sudut 0,0o; 8,0o; 8,0o; dan 22,0o. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan butler matrix 4x4 pada perancangan antena mikrostrip array MIMO 4x4 dapat meningkatkan nilai gain dan mendapatkan pola radiasi antena yang terarah dengan arah radiasi yang berbeda-beda.
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Lialios, Dimitrios I., Nikolaos Ntetsikas, Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis, Constantinos L. Zekios, Stavros V. Georgakopoulos, and George A. Kyriacou. "Design of True Time Delay Millimeter Wave Beamformers for 5G Multibeam Phased Arrays." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) technology is likely the key enabler of 5G and early 6G wireless systems. The high throughput, high capacity, and low latency that can be achieved, when mm-Waves are utilized, makes them the most promising backhaul as well as fronthaul solutions for the communication between small cells and base stations or between base stations and the gateway. Depending on the channel properties different communication systems (e.g., beamforming and MIMO) can accordingly offer the best solution. In this work, our goal is to design millimeter wave beamformers for switched beam phased arrays as hybrid beamforming stages. Specifically, three different analog beamforming techniques for the frequency range of 27–33 GHz are presented. First, a novel compact multilayer Blass matrix is proposed. Second, a modified dummy-ports free, highly efficient Rotman lens is introduced. Finally, a three-layer true-time-delay tree topology inspired by microwave photonics is presented.
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Quan, Xiaoya. "QoS-Aware Power Allocation for Multi-UAV Aided Networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2113, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2113/1/012012.
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Abstract UAV base stations (UAVBS’s) have been proposed as a revolution for the new architecture of 5G networks. The UAVBS’s can be deployed as access points to provide wireless services to users in emergency scenarios. However, it is challenging to solve the highly coupled problem for UAVBS deployment and power allocation. In the meanwhile, the hybrid analog and digital beamforming is leverage to reduce the hardware cost for beamforming in 5G networks. In this work, we first use k-means algorithm to solve the 3D placement of UAVBS’s by exploiting the optimal coverage altitude. Next, power allocation problem is resolved using the difference-of-two-convex functions (D.C.) programming algorithm. Furthermore, the quality of service (QoS) for each user is guaranteed by adjusting the transmitted power. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
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Mohammed, Saleem Latteef, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Sadik Kamel Gharghan, Imran Khan, and Mahmoud Albreem. "Robust Hybrid Beamforming Scheme for Millimeter-Wave Massive-MIMO 5G Wireless Networks." Symmetry 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11111424.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wireless networks employing millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technologies are a key approach to boost network capacity, coverage, and quality of service (QoS) for future communications. They deploy symmetric antennas on a large scale in order to enhance the system throughput and data rate. However, increasing the number of antennas and Radio Frequency (RF) chains results in high computational complexity and more energy requirements. Therefore, to solve these problems, this paper proposes a low-complexity hybrid beamforming scheme for mmWave Massive-MIMO 5G wireless networks. The proposed algorithm is on the basis of alternating the minimum mean square error (Alt-MMSE) hybrid beamforming technique in which the orthogonal properties of the digital matrix were designed, and then the MSE of the transmitted and received signal was reduced. The phase of the analog matrix was obtained from the updated digital matrix. Simulation results showed that the proposed hybrid beamforming algorithm had better performance than existing state-of-the-art algorithms, and similar performance with the optimal digital precoding algorithm.
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Et.al, Vincent Yong Kai Loung. "Capacity Estimation for 5G Cellular Networks." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 4530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1842.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper outlines the requirements for 5G cellular networks driven by the combination of increasing throughput demand, improving coverage and the capacity estimation for wireless access in the next decade. Deployment of 5G networks will emerge between 2020 to 2030 in many countries and will be built upon existing sites. 5G will offer great benefits for both consumers and industries to achieve a ‘hyper connected society’ capable of zero-distance connectivity between people and connected machines. The applications, the use cases as well as the massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output technologies, for example antenna beamforming and network densification to enhance the system capacity and mobility of 5G cellular networks are discussed in this paper
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Yoo, Junhyuk, Wonjin Sung, and In-Kyung Kim. "2D-OPC Subarray Structure for Efficient Hybrid Beamforming over Sparse mmWave Channels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6680566.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a key technology of 5G new radio (NR) mobile communication systems. Efficient beamforming using a large antenna array is important to cope with the significant path loss experienced in the mmWave spectrum. The existing fully digital beamforming scheme requires a separate radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna, which results in an excessive hardware cost and consumption power. Under these circumstances, hybrid beamforming which approaches the performance of fully digital beamforming while reducing the complexity is a promising solution for the mmWave multiuser transmission. By extending the existing hybrid beamforming strategies, this paper proposes a novel architecture which effectively reduces the hardware cost and complexity for large antenna arrays. The proposed scheme includes multiple subarrays in the form of uniform planar array (UPA) which are allowed to be overlapped in the two-dimensional space. The corresponding antenna structure is referred to as the two-dimensional overlapped partially connected (2D-OPC) subarray structure. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme to suggest performance-complexity trade-offs in designing versatile antenna arrays for efficient beamforming over the mmWave channel.
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Fokin, Grigoriy, and Dmitriy Volgushev. "Model for Interference Evaluation in 5G Millimeter-Wave Ultra-Dense Network with Location-Aware Beamforming." Information 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14010040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Location-Aware Beamforming (LAB) in Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) is a breakthrough technology for 5G New Radio (NR) and Beyond 5G (B5G) millimeter wave (mmWave) communication. Directional links with narrow antenna half-power beamwidth (HPBW) and massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) processing systems allows to increase transmitter and receiver gains and thus facilitates to overcome high path loss in mmWave. Well known problem of pencil beamforming (BF) is in construction of precoding vectors at the transmitter and combining vectors at the receiver during directional link establishing and its maintaining. It is complicated by huge antenna array (AA) size and required channel state information (CSI) exchange, which is time consuming for vehicle user equipment (UE). Knowledge of transmitter and receiver location, UE or gNodeB (gNB), could significantly alleviate directional link establishment and space division multiple access (SDMA) implementation. Background of SDMA is in efficient maintenance of affordable level of interference, and the purpose of this research is in signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) evaluation in various 5G UDN scenarios with LAB. The method, used to evaluate SIR, is link level simulation, and results are obtained from publicly released open-source simulator. Contribution of research includes substantiation of allowable UE density, working with LAB. Practical implications include recommendations on terrestrial and angular separation of two UE in 5G UDN scenarios.
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Deepa, S., J. Jeneetha Jebanazer, S. Rajakumar, J. Mercy Sheeba, and J. Rryan. "Investigations on spectral efficiency of muticellnetworks using hybrid beamforming." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i2.pp826-835.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<span>Millimeter wave communication systems with antenna beamforming facilitates practical solutions to the capacity crunch issues in the upcoming 5G wireless networks. Multi-cell dense networks are prone to three major interferences-inter-cell, intra-cell and Inter layer interference-the most dominating being the inter-cell interference. This paper focuses to alleviate inter-cell interference using hybrid beamforming (HBF) approach, leveraging coordinated multipoint (CoMP) technique, thereby improving the SE of 5G networks. Simulation results show HBFpeforms in par with optimal weights, making it a suitable candidate for 5G networks. As the number of data streams is increased from Ns=1 to 4 for 0 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) with Nt=64 and Nr=16, the SE increases from 9.5557 bits/s/Hz to 26.423 bits/s/Hz for optimal weights and from 9.1885 bits/s/Hz to 19.763 bits/s/Hz and hybrid weights, respectively. The second set of experiments are conducted to study the effect of number of transmit antennas on spectral efficiency (SE). The results show that as the number of transmit antennas is increased from Nt=16 to 64 for 0 dB SNR, with Nr=16 and Ns=4, the SE increases from 17.735 bits/s/Hz to 26.423 bits/s/Hz and 13.750 bits/s/Hz to 19.763 bits/s/Hz for optimal weights and hybrid weights, respectively.</span>
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Kim, Jun Suk, Jae Sheung Shin, Sung-Min Oh, Ae-Soon Park, and Min Young Chung. "System Coverage and Capacity Analysis on Millimeter-Wave Band for 5G Mobile Communication Systems with Massive Antenna Structure." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/139063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of a millimeter-wave band defined as a 30–300 GHz range is significant element for improving performance of 5th generation (5G) mobile communication systems. However, since the millimeter-wave signal has peculiar propagation characteristics especially toward non-line-of-sight regions, the system architecture and antenna structure for 5G mobile communications should be designed to overcome these propagation limitations. For realization of the 5G mobile communications, electronics and telecommunications research institute (ETRI) is developing central network applying various massive antenna structures with beamforming. In this paper, we have introduced the central network and evaluated the system coverage and capacity through C++ language-based simulations with real geospatial information.
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Yadav, Ranjeet, and Ashutosh Tripathi. "3D MIMO Beamforming Using Spatial Distance SVM Algorithm and Interference Mitigation for 5G Wireless Communication Network." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.296717.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent decades, Multiple Input Multiple Output beamforming is deliberated as the vital technology enablers for 5G mobile radio services. Since, it provides noticeable improvement regarding throughput and coverage measures in 5G networks. Primarily, executed 3D MIMO beamforming using the modified Support Vector Machine algorithm which forms beam effectually to the users. The interference is mitigated in two stages that are small cell interference and macro cell interference by measuring the interference power from the cells. To provide better security to the data transmitted over Device-to-Device communication, Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm is used. The results attained from the simulations are auspicious in terms of metrics including throughput, Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). From the simulation results, we prove that our ML-3DIM method increases throughput, SINR, SNR by up to 20%, 30% and 35% respectively compared to the existing methods including PABM, ULABM, and NOMA.
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ANJAL, B., BHARATHI R. DIVYA, RANJINI S. HARSHITHA, and JEYAN R. DHANAN. "DUAL-BAND BEAMFORMING ARRAY ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS." i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering 11, no. 4 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jele.11.4.18171.
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Md Jizat, Noorlindawaty, Zubaida Yusoff, Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy, and Yoshihide Yamada. "5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide." F1000Research 10 (December 23, 2021): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Beamforming is a key element of 5G that uses advanced antenna technologies to focus a wireless signal to a defined direction. Butler Matrix (BM) as a beamforming network is used to control the beam direction by utilizing the amplitude and the output phase. A particular technique for designing BM is through substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which is used to realize the bilateral edge wall vias where the waveguide mode propagates through to support the current flow and reduce the loss of surface wave. Unlike conventional BM, the proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180° to control the amplitude and phase shifting. This results in an optimized transmission amplitude and output phase difference. The BM also circumvents any crossover, to provide minimal losses. The hybrid coupler exhibits Sii and Sij characteristics at 28 GHz, with values of -27.35 dB for return loss, -3.9 dB for insertion loss, -3.2 dB for coupling, and -26.54 dB for the isolation. In the BM design, high transmission efficiency is observed where the return loss is less than -10 dB, while minimal transmission amplitudes are obtained within the values of ‒6 ± 3 dB. The three-port BM is designed using SIW with minimal loss and the phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. The three consecutive beams with the gains of 11.1 dBi for port 1 excitation, 9.06 dBi for port 2 excitation and 10.4 dBi for port 3 excitation is achieved when the antenna array is fed to the BM, and each of the radiated beams has beam angles of 0, -27 and 27 degrees.
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A. Saraereh, Omar, and Ashraf Ali. "Beamforming Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave 5G Wireless Networks." Computers, Materials & Continua 70, no. 3 (2022): 5383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2022.021724.
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Maheshwari, Mukesh Kumar, Mamta Agiwal, Navrati Saxena, and Abhishek Roy. "Flexible Beamforming in 5G Wireless for Internet of Things." IETE Technical Review 36, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2017.1381048.
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Al-Sadoon, Mohammed A. G., Mohammad N. Patwary, Yasser Zahedi, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Ahmad Aldelemy, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "A New Beamforming Approach Using 60 GHz Antenna Arrays for Multi-Beams 5G Applications." Electronics 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111739.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent studies and research have centred on new solutions in different elements and stages to the increasing energy and data rate demands for the fifth generation and beyond (B5G). Based on a new-efficient digital beamforming approach for 5G wireless communication networks, this work offers a compact-size circular patch antenna operating at 60 GHz and covering a 4 GHz spectrum bandwidth. Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M–MIMO) and beamforming technology build and simulate an active multiple beams antenna system. Thirty-two linear and sixty-four planar antenna array configurations are modelled and constructed to work as base stations for 5G mobile communication networks. Furthermore, a new beamforming approach called Projection Noise Correlation Matrix (PNCM) is presented to compute and optimise the fed weights of the array elements. The key idea of the PNCM method is to sample a portion of the measured noise correlation matrix uniformly in order to provide the best representation of the entire measured matrix. The sampled data will then be utilised to build a projected matrix using the pseudoinverse approach in order to determine the best fit solution for a system and prevent any potential singularities caused by the matrix inversion process. The PNCM is a low-complexity method since it avoids eigenvalue decomposition and computing the entire matrix inversion procedure and does not require including signal and interference correlation matrices in the weight optimisation process. The suggested approach is compared to three standard beamforming methods based on an intensive Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate its advantage. The experiment results reveal that the proposed method delivers the best Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) augmentation among the compared beamformers.
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Hefnawi, Mostafa. "Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) employing massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the network capacity and coverage of next-generation 5G cellular networks. However, the use of traditional fully-digital MIMO beamforming methods, which require one radio frequency (RF) chain per antenna element, is not practical for large-scale antenna arrays, due to the high cost and high power consumption. To reduce the number of RF chains, hybrid analog and digital beamforming has been proposed as an alternative structure. In this paper, therefore, we consider a HetNet formed with one macro-cell base station (MBS) and multiple small-cell base stations (SBSs) equipped with large-scale antenna arrays that employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming. The analog beamforming weight vectors of the MBS and the SBSs correspond to the the best-fixed multi-beams obtained by eigendecomposition schemes. On the other hand, digital beamforming weights are optimized to maximize the receive signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the effective channels consisting of the cascade of the analog beamforming weights and the actual channel. The performance is evaluated in terms of the beampatterns and the ergodic channel capacity and shows that the proposed hybrid beamforming scheme achieves near-optimal performance with only four RF chains while requiring considerably less computational complexity.
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Dangi, Ramraj, Praveen Lalwani, Gaurav Choudhary, Ilsun You, and Giovanni Pau. "Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.
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Ciflikli, Cebrail. "Combining Alamouti Scheme with Block Diagonalization Beamforming precoding for 5G Technology over Rician Channel." Infocommunications journal, no. 1 (2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2019.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wireless communication faces a number of adversities and obstacles as a result of fading and co-channel interference (CCI). Diversity with beamformer techniques may be used to mitigate degradation in the system performance. Alamouti space-time-block-code (STBC) is a strong scheme focused on accomplishing spatial diversity at the transmitter, which needs a straightforward linear processing in the receiver. Also, high bit-error-rate (BER) performance can be achieved by using the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with beamforming technology. This approach is particularly useful for CCI suppression. Exploiting the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can improve the STBC through the use of a beamforming precoding. In this paper, we propose the combination between Alamouti STBC and block diagonalization (BD) for downlink multi-user MIMO system. Also, this paper evaluates the system performance improvement of the extended Alamouti scheme, with the implementation of BD precoding over a Rayleigh and Rician channel. Simulation results show that the combined system has performance better than the performance of beamforming system. Also, it shows that the combined system performance of extended Alamouti outperforms the combined system performance without extended Alamouti. Furthermore, numerical results confirm that the Rician channel can significantly improve the combined system performance.
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Bonato, Marta, Laura Dossi, Emma Chiaramello, Serena Fiocchi, Gabriella Tognola, and Marta Parazzini. "Stochastic Dosimetry Assessment of the Human RF-EMF Exposure to 3D Beamforming Antennas in indoor 5G Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041751.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deployment of near future 5G networks will introduce modifications in the population’s exposure levels to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). The present work aimed to face the challenge of studying the exposure variability in the presence of an access point (AP) at 3.7 GHz with 64 patch elements uniform planar array antenna and 3D beamforming capability. The novelty introduced in the methodology of the exposure’s evaluation was the combining of traditional computational methods with a new approach based on stochastic dosimetry, called polynomial chaos kriging method, in order to estimate the exposure levels for 1000 different antenna beamforming patterns with low computational efforts. The simulations were evaluated considering a child model and computing the specific absorption rate (SAR) in different tissues. The analysis of the results highlighted a high exposure variability scenario depending on the beamforming patterns of the array antenna and identified the ranges of elevation and azimuth angles of the main antenna beam that may cause the highest levels of exposure.
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Alzubaidi, Noor, and Ismael Sharhan Hubri. "Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Dynamic Power Allocation in 5G Networks." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol10.iss2.297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The thought of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are given as a potential radio access method for versatile correspondence networks past the fourth era (4G). As opposed to current long haul development radio access procedures, non-symmetrical different access involves the power space for client multiplexing at the transmitter and utilizations a successive obstruction dropping recipient as the pattern collector conspire, considering future cell phone advancement. Non-symmetrical different access is feasible to serve various clients simultaneously and recurrence. For 5G wireless communication networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and millimeter wave (mm-Wave) communications are interesting technologies. The performance of partially connected hybrid beamforming (PC-H-BF), a low-cost partially connected hybrid beamforming (H-BF) with a quick convergence sub-optimal power allocation algorithm, was explored in this work. A low-cost hybrid beam forming technique, as well as a dynamic threshold users' grouping mechanism, were created. In addition, to boost information flow, the sub-optimal inert-beam and intra-beam dynamic power allocation tasks are implemented using a low-complexity iterative maximization technique.