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1
Suzuki, Tohru, Yoshihiro Otake, Satoko Uchimoto, Ayako Hasebe, and Yusuke Goto. "Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence Analysis." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is zoonotically transmissible among species, since BCoV-like viruses have been detected in wild ruminants and humans. BCoV causing enteric and respiratory disease is widespread in cattle farms worldwide; however, limited information is available regarding the molecular characterization of BCoV because of its large genome size, despite its significant economic impact. This study aimed to better understand the genomic characterization and evolutionary dynamics of BCoV via comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses through whole genome sequence analysis using 67 BCoV isolates collected throughout Japan from 2006 to 2017. On comparing the genomic sequences of the 67 BCoVs, genetic variations were detected in 5 of 10 open reading frames (ORFs) in the BCoV genome. Phylogenetic analysis using whole genomes from the 67 Japanese BCoV isolates in addition to those from 16 reference BCoV strains, revealed the existence of two major genotypes (classical and US wild ruminant genotypes). All Japanese BCoV isolates originated from the US wild ruminant genotype, and they tended to form the same clusters based on the year and farm of collection, not the disease type. Phylogenetic trees on hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE), spike glycoprotein (S), nucleocapsid protein (N) genes and ORF1 revealed clusters similar to that on whole genome, suggesting that the evolution of BCoVs may be closely associated with variations in these genes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of BCoV S genes including those of European and Asian BCoVs and human enteric coronavirus along with the Japanese BCoVs revealed that BCoVs differentiated into two major types (European and American types). Moreover, the European and American types were divided into eleven and three genotypes, respectively. Our analysis also demonstrated that BCoVs with different genotypes periodically emerged and predominantly circulated within the country. These findings provide useful information to elucidate the detailed molecular characterization of BCoVs, which have spread worldwide. Further genomic analyses of BCoV are essential to deepen the understanding of the evolution of this virus.
2
Hasoksuz, Mustafa, Konstantin Alekseev, Anastasia Vlasova, Xinsheng Zhang, David Spiro, Rebecca Halpin, Shiliang Wang, Elodie Ghedin, and Linda J. Saif. "Biologic, Antigenic, and Full-Length Genomic Characterization of a Bovine-Like Coronavirus Isolated from a Giraffe." Journal of Virology 81, no. 10 (March 7, 2007): 4981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02361-06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess large RNA genomes and exist as quasispecies, which increases the possibility of adaptive mutations and interspecies transmission. Recently, CoVs were recognized as important pathogens in captive wild ruminants. This is the first report of the isolation and detailed genetic, biologic, and antigenic characterization of a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a wild-animal park in the United States. CoV particles were detected by immune electron microscopy in fecal samples from three giraffes with mild-to-severe diarrhea. From one of the three giraffe samples, a CoV (GiCoV-OH3) was isolated and successfully adapted to serial passage in human rectal tumor 18 cell cultures. Hemagglutination assays, receptor-destroying enzyme activity, hemagglutination inhibition, and fluorescence focus neutralization tests revealed close biological and antigenic relationships between the GiCoV-OH3 isolate and selected respiratory and enteric bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. When orally inoculated into a BCoV-seronegative gnotobiotic calf, GiCoV-OH3 caused severe diarrhea and virus shedding within 2 to 3 days. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses were performed to assess its genetic relatedness to other CoVs. Molecular characterization confirmed that the new isolate belongs to group 2a of the mammalian CoVs and revealed closer genetic relatedness between GiCoV-OH3 and the enteric BCoVs BCoV-ENT and BCoV-DB2, whereas BCoV-Mebus was more distantly related. Detailed sequence analysis of the GiCoV-OH3 spike gene demonstrated the presence of a deletion in the variable region of the S1 subunit (from amino acid 543 to amino acid 547), which is a region associated with pathogenicity and tissue tropism for other CoVs. The point mutations identified in the structural proteins (by comparing GiCoV-OH3, BCoV-ENT, BCoV-DB2, and BCoV-Mebus) were most conserved among GiCoV-OH3, BCoV-ENT, and BCoV-DB2, whereas most of the point mutations in the nonstructural proteins were unique to GiCoV-OH3. Our results confirm the existence of a bovine-like CoV transmissible to cattle from wild ruminants, namely, giraffes, but with certain genetic properties different from those of BCoVs.
3
Bidokhti, Mehdi R. M., Madeleine Tråvén, Neel K. Krishna, Muhammad Munir, Sándor Belák, Stefan Alenius, and Martí Cortey. "Evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 2036–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.054940-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses demonstrate great potential for interspecies transmission, including zoonotic outbreaks. Although bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains are frequently circulating in cattle farms worldwide, causing both enteric and respiratory disease, little is known about their genomic evolution. We sequenced and analysed the full-length spike (S) protein gene of 33 BCoV strains from dairy and feedlot farms collected during outbreaks that occurred from 2002 to 2010 in Sweden and Denmark. Amino acid identities were >97 % for the BCoV strains analysed in this work. These strains formed a clade together with Italian BCoV strains and were highly similar to human enteric coronavirus HECV-4408/US/94. A high similarity was observed between BCoV, canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). Molecular clock analysis of the S gene sequences estimated BCoV and CRCoV diverged from a common ancestor in 1951, while the time of divergence from a common ancestor of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 was estimated to be 1899. BCoV strains showed the lowest similarity to equine coronavirus, placing the date of divergence at the end of the eighteenth century. Two strongly positive selection sites were detected along the receptor-binding subunit of the S protein gene: spanning amino acid residues 109–131 and 495–527. By contrast, the fusion subunit was observed to be under negative selection. The selection pattern along the S glycoprotein implies adaptive evolution of BCoVs, suggesting a successful mechanism for BCoV to continuously circulate among cattle and other ruminants without disappearance.
4
Prasad, Minakshi. "Jumping of Camelid Coronavirus in Bovines: A Report from Rural Area of Haryana, India." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 4, no. 3 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are generally species specific, but cross species transmission has been demonstrated experimentally. Several examples have represented the infection of humans by coronavirus. Most of the coronaviruses are found in domestic as well as wild animals, and it is possible that they arose in human population though zoonotic transmission. In the present study, we evaluated presence of bovine corona virus (BCoV) in bovine fecal samples and reported the infection using RT - PCR assay. BCoV was detected using trans - membrane (M) gene specific RT - PCR with 523 bp amplicon size. A total three hundred thirteen (313) bovine fecal samples were collected for the present study. Out of 313 buffalo fecal samples, 31 buffalo were found infected with coronavirus by RT - PCR assay. The results suggest that RT - PCR is sensitive and specific method to detect BCoV, especially in subclinical cases. These results were further c onfirmed by sequencing of PCR products. The phylogenetic analysis showed that BCoV strains ABT/16/BF/Bocv183, ABT/BF/16/Bocv164 and ABT/BF/16/Bocv86 have close association with bovine strains from USA and Japan. However, ABT/BF/16/Bocv167 strain formed a s eparate clad along with camelid coronavirus strains and revealed the cross species transmission from camel to bovine. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of interspecies transmission of coronavirus form camel to bovine.
5
Bok, Marina, Celina G. Vega, Matias Castells, Rodney Colina, Andrés Wigdorovitz, and Viviana Parreño. "Development of an IgY-Based Treatment to Control Bovine Coronavirus Diarrhea in Dairy Calves." Viruses 15, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) is a major pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Standard practice dictates that to prevent BCoV diarrhea, dams should be immunized in the last stage of pregnancy to increase BCoV-specific antibody (Ab) titers in serum and colostrum. For the prevention to be effective, calves need to suck maternal colostrum within the first six to twelve hours of life before gut closure to ensure a good level of passive immunity. The high rate of maternal Ab transfer failure resulting from this process posed the need to develop alternative local passive immunity strategies to strengthen the prevention and treatment of BCoV diarrhea. Immunoglobulin Y technology represents a promising tool to address this gap. In this study, 200 laying hens were immunized with BCoV to obtain spray-dried egg powder enriched in specific IgY Abs to BCoV on a large production scale. To ensure batch-to-batch product consistency, a potency assay was statistically validated. With a sample size of 241, the BCoV-specific IgY ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% and 98.2%, respectively. ELISA IgY Abs to BCoV correlated with virus-neutralizing Ab titers (Pearson correlation, R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Most importantly, a pilot efficacy study in newborn calves showed a significant delay and shorter duration of BCoV-associated diarrhea and shedding in IgY-treated colostrum-deprived calves. Calves were treated with milk supplemented with egg powder (final IgY Ab titer to BCoV ELISA = 512; VN = 32) for 14 days as a passive treatment before a challenge with BCoV and were compared to calves fed milk with no supplementation. This is the first study with proof of efficacy of a product based on egg powder manufactured at a scale that successfully prevents BCoV-associated neonatal calf diarrhea.
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Pratelli, Annamaria, Maria Stella Lucente, Marco Cordisco, Stefano Ciccarelli, Roberta Di Fonte, Alessio Sposato, Viviana Mari, et al. "Natural Bovine Coronavirus Infection in a Calf Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Viral Shedding, Immunological Features and S Gene Variations." Animals 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 3350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The evolution of a bovine coronavirus (BCoV) natural infection in a calf persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was described. The infected calf developed intermittent nasal discharge, diarrhea and hyperthermia. The total number of leukocytes/mL and the absolute differential number of neutrophils and lymphocytes resulted within the normal range, but monocytes increased at T28 (time 28 post-infection). Flow-cytometry analysis evidenced that the CD8+ subpopulation increased at T7 and between T28 and T35. BCoV shedding in nasal discharges and feces was detected up to three weeks post infection and high antibody titers persisted up to T56. The RNA BCoV load increased until T14, contrary to what was observed in a previous study where the fecal excretion of BCoV was significantly lower in the co-infected (BCoV/BVDV) calves than in the calves infected with BCoV only. We can suppose that BVDV may have modulated the BCoV infection exacerbating the long viral excretion, as well as favoring the onset of mutations in the genome of BCoV detected in fecal samples at T21. An extensive study was performed to verify if the selective pressure in the S gene could be a natural mode of variation of BCoV, providing data for the identification of new epidemic strains, genotypes or recombinant betacoronaviruses.
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Zhukhovitsky, Vladimir, Natalia Shevlyagina, Margarita Zubasheva, Leonid Russu, Vladimir Gushchin, Gennady Meerovich, and Marina Strakhovskaya. "Infectivity and Morphology of Bovine Coronavirus Inactivated In Vitro by Cationic Photosensitizers." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 15, 2022): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14051053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs), which cause gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in cattle, and are genetically related to the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, which is responsible for up to 10% of common colds, attract increased attention. We applied the method of photodynamic inactivation with cationic photosensitizers (PSs) to reduce the titers of BCoV and studied the morphological structure of viral particles under various modes of photodynamic exposure. The samples of virus containing liquid with an initial virus titer of 5 Log10 TCID50/mL were incubated with methylene blue (MB) or octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+) at concentrations of 1–5 μM for 10 min in the dark at room temperature. After incubation, samples were irradiated with LED (emission with maximum at 663 nm for MB or at 686 nm for Zn-PcChol8+) with light doses of 1.5 or 4 J/cm2. Next, the irradiation titrated virus containing liquid was studied using negative staining transmission electron microscopy. MB and Zn-PcChol8+ at concentrations of 1–5 μM, in combination with red light from LED sources in the low doses of 1.5–4.0 J/cm2, led to a decrease in BCoV titers by at least four orders of magnitude from the initial titer 5 Log10 TCID50/mL. Morphological changes in photodamaged BCoVs with increasing PS concentrations were loss of spikes, change in shape, decreased size of virus particles, destruction of the envelope, and complete disintegration of viruses. BCoV has been found to be sensitive to MB, which is the well-known approved drug, even in the absence of light.
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Lin, Ching-Hung, Cheng-Yao Yang, Meilin Wang, Shan-Chia Ou, Chen-Yu Lo, Tsung-Lin Tsai, and Hung-Yi Wu. "Effects of Coronavirus Persistence on the Genome Structure and Subsequent Gene Expression, Pathogenicity and Adaptation Capability." Cells 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses are able to establish persistence. However, how coronaviruses react to persistence and whether the selected viruses have altered their characteristics remain unclear. In this study, we found that the persistent infection of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), which is in the same genus as SARS-COV-2, led to alterations of genome structure, attenuation of gene expression, and the synthesis of subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) with a previously unidentified pattern. Subsequent analyses revealed that the altered genome structures were associated with the attenuation of gene expression. In addition, the genome structure at the 5′ terminus and the cellular environment during the persistence were responsible for the sgmRNA synthesis, solving the previously unanswered question regarding the selection of transcription regulatory sequence for synthesis of BCoV sgmRNA 12.7. Although the BCoV variants (BCoV-p95) selected under the persistence replicated efficiently in cells without persistent infection, its pathogenicity was still lower than that of wild-type (wt) BCoV. Furthermore, in comparison with wt BCoV, the variant BCoV-p95 was not able to efficiently adapt to the challenges of alternative environments, suggesting wt BCoV is genetically robust. We anticipate that the findings derived from this fundamental research can contribute to the disease control and treatments against coronavirus infection including SARS-CoV-2.
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Shakya, Ruchika, Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez, Lucy J. Robertson, and Mette Myrmel. "Bovine Enteroids as an In Vitro Model for Infection with Bovine Coronavirus." Viruses 15, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030635.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is one of the major viral pathogens of cattle, responsible for economic losses and causing a substantial impact on animal welfare. Several in vitro 2D models have been used to investigate BCoV infection and its pathogenesis. However, 3D enteroids are likely to be a better model with which to investigate host–pathogen interactions. This study established bovine enteroids as an in vitro replication system for BCoV, and we compared the expression of selected genes during the BCoV infection of the enteroids with the expression previously described in HCT-8 cells. The enteroids were successfully established from bovine ileum and permissive to BCoV, as shown by a seven-fold increase in viral RNA after 72 h. Immunostaining of differentiation markers showed a mixed population of differentiated cells. Gene expression ratios at 72 h showed that pro-inflammatory responses such as IL-8 and IL-1A remained unchanged in response to BCoV infection. Expression of other immune genes, including CXCL-3, MMP13, and TNF-α, was significantly downregulated. This study shows that the bovine enteroids had a differentiated cell population and were permissive to BCoV. Further studies are necessary for a comparative analysis to determine whether enteroids are suitable in vitro models to study host responses during BCoV infection.
10
Wensman, Jonas Johansson, and Maria Stokstad. "Could Naturally Occurring Coronaviral Diseases in Animals Serve as Models for COVID-19? A Review Focusing on the Bovine Model." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9120991.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of basic studies on coronaviruses (CoVs) in general, and severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in particular. CoVs have for long been studied in veterinary medicine, due to their impact on animal health and welfare, production, and economy. Several animal models using coronaviral disease in the natural host have been suggested. In this review, different animal models are discussed, with the main focus on bovine CoV (BCoV). BCoV is endemic in the cattle population worldwide and has been known and studied for several decades. SARS-CoV-2 and BCoV are both betacoronaviruses, where BCoV is highly similar to human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, encompassing the same virus species (Betacoronavirus 1). BCoV causes respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in young and adult cattle. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the similarities and dissimilarities between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2, as well as discussing the usage of BCoV as a model for human CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Zhu, Qinghe, Bin Li, and Dongbo Sun. "Advances in Bovine Coronavirus Epidemiology." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14051109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. BCoV has also been reported to cause a variety of animal diseases and is closely related to human coronaviruses, which has attracted extensive attention from both cattle farmers and researchers. However, there are few comprehensive epidemiological reviews, and key information regarding the effect of S-gene differences on tissue tendency and potential cross-species transmission remain unclear. In this review, we summarize BCoV epidemiology, including the transmission, infection-associated factors, co-infection, pathogenicity, genetic evolution, and potential cross-species transmission. Furthermore, the potential two-receptor binding motif system for BCoV entry and the association between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in this review. Our aim is to provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of BCoV infection throughout the world.
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Qiao, Jun, Qingling Meng, Xuepeng Cai, Chuangfu Chen, Zaichao Zhang, and Zhenzhong Tian. "Rapid detection of Betacoronavirus 1 from clinical fecal specimens by a novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638711425937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Betacoronavirus 1 (BCoV-1) is an important pathogen causing diarrhea in calves. In the current study, a novel reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid detection of BCoV-1 was successfully developed. The primers were designed to target the highly conserved fragment of BCoV-1 nucleocapsid gene. The assay displayed high specificity detecting only BCoV-1 with no cross reaction with other viruses. When 418 clinical samples from 6 different geographical areas of Xinjiang province were tested by the RT-LAMP method, the results indicated that this test is a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the detection of BCoV-1.
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Souza, Sibele Pinheiro de, Karen Miyuki Asano, Laura Yaneth Villarreal Buitrago, Sheila De Oliveira Souza Silva, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, and Paulo Eduardo Brandão. "Reação de hemi-nested RT-PCR dirigida ao gene da hemaglutinina-esterase do Coronavírus Bovino." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 47, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26832.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O coronavírus bovino (BCoV) é um vírus RNA simples fita, de sentido positivo, não segmentado com envelope constituído de uma camada dupla de lipídios com quatro proteínas (HE, S, E e M) que resultam no aspecto de coroa dos vírions. Como a HE (hemaglutinina-esterase) é uma proteína polimórfica com uma função de receptor aglutinante secundária, estudos sobre a diversidade do gene HE podem possibilitar maiores informações sobre a evolução e interação hospedeiro-parasita do BCoV. Uma reação de hemi-nested RT-PCR foi desenvolvida para a amplificação de um produto de 441pb do gene HE do BCoV (nt 543 ao 562). Temperaturas ótimas de hibridização foram testadas em um termociclador com gradiente para a reação de hemi-nested e utilizada no protocolo final. A sensibilidade analítica foi determinada por meio da diluição serial na base 10 do BCoV amostra Kakegawa (título HA: 256) em uma suspensão fecal negativa para BCoV, resultando positiva até a diluição de 10-6, mostrando uma alta sensibilidade analítica sem inibição na PCR. O protocolo final da hemi-nested RT-PCR foi aplicado a 21 amostras fecais de vacas previamente positivas para BCoV e o sequenciamento de DNA do produto de 441pb de 14 amostras resultaram em sequências com elevado escore do gene HE do BCoV após a análise no BLAST/n. Essa hemi-nested RT-PCR é uma ferramenta poderosa para estudos de diversidade filogenética de linhagens de campo de BCoV e para estudos comparativos entre os diferentes genes dos Coronavírus.
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Zhang, Yeping. "BCOV invariant and blow-up." Compositio Mathematica 159, no. 4 (March 28, 2023): 780–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x23007042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bershadsky, Cecotti, Ooguri and Vafa constructed a real-valued invariant for Calabi–Yau manifolds, which is now called the BCOV invariant. In this paper, we extend the BCOV invariant to such pairs $(X,D)$ , where $X$ is a compact Kähler manifold and $D$ is a pluricanonical divisor on $X$ with simple normal crossing support. We also study the behavior of the extended BCOV invariant under blow-ups. The results in this paper lead to a joint work with Fu proving that birational Calabi–Yau manifolds have the same BCOV invariant.
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Salem, Elias, Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran, Herve Cassard, Ben Hause, Sarah Maman, Gilles Meyer, and Mariette F. Ducatez. "Global Transmission, Spatial Segregation, and Recombination Determine the Long-Term Evolution and Epidemiology of Bovine Coronaviruses." Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is widespread in cattle and wild ruminant populations throughout the world. The virus causes neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, as well as upper and lower respiratory tract infection in young cattle. We isolated and deep sequenced whole genomes of BCoV from calves with respiratory distress in the south–west of France and conducted a comparative genome analysis using globally collected BCoV sequences to provide insights into the genomic characteristics, evolutionary origins, and global diversity of BCoV. Molecular clock analyses allowed us to estimate that the BCoV ancestor emerged in the 1940s, and that two geographically distinct lineages diverged from the 1960s–1970s. A recombination event in the spike gene (breakpoint at nt 1100) may be at the origin of the genetic divergence sixty years ago. Little evidence of genetic mixing between the spatially segregated lineages was found, suggesting that BCoV genetic diversity is a result of a global transmission pathway that occurred during the last century. However, we found variation in evolution rates between the European and non-European lineages indicating differences in virus ecology.
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PRAJAPATI, SAPNA, K. GURURAJ, DIMPLE ANDANI, ANJALI PACHORI, ASHOK KUMAR, and R. V. S. PAWAIYA. "Development of real-time RT-PCR assay for diagnosis of viral enteritis in neonatal goat kids." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98763.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a worldwide disease affecting primarily infants, young children and young ones of wide variety of mammalian and avian species. Diarrhoea in goat kids is most frequently found associated with Group A rotavirus (GARV) and another enteric pathogen bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a major viral pathogen associated with neonatal diarrhoea. Enteric BCoV replicates in epithelial cells of gut, destroying villi, resulting in severe, often bloody diarrhoea in calves. It requires highly sensitive and specific assays to diagnose the disease at field level. In the present study, a real-time reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed and validated for specific detection and quantification of GARV and BCoV with high sensitivity and specificity. For real-time RT-PCR, primers were designed to target nucleocapsid gene for BCoV; NSP4 gene and VP6 gene were designed for GARV using discontiguous conserved sequences. Real-time RT-PCR assay was standardized by serial dilution of positive GARV and BCoV RNA. The rotavirus real-time RT-PCR assay was found to be specific to rotavirus, but broadly reactive to GARV. The sensitivity of the assay for detecting rotavirus and BCoV in faecal samples and tissue sample was found to be high in such reactions. The real-time RT-PCR assay was effective in detecting GARV and BCoV in all positive samples obtained from sheds, farms and outbreaks. The results of this study demonstrate that the real-time RT-PCR assay for viral enteritis is broadly reactive, specific, and sensitive for detection of GARV and BCoV in faecal sample and tissue samples.
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Barry, Aline Fernandes, Alice Fernandes Alfieri, Danilo Tancler Stipp, and Amauri Alcindo Alfieri. "Bovine coronavirus detection in a collection of diarrheic stool samples positive for group a bovine rotavirus." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, spe (November 2009): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000700006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neonatal diarrhea is an important cause of economic losses for cattle farmers. The main viral etiologies of enteric diseases are group A rotaviruses (GARV) and the bovine coronavirus (BCoV). Although both viruses infect calves of the same age, the occurrence of mixed infections is still under studied. The present study describes the co-infection of BCoV and GARV in stool samples. Forty-four diarrheic fecal samples from calves up to 60 days old that had previously tested positive for GARV by SS-PAGE were analyzed using semi-nested PCR for BCoV. A product with 251 bp of the BCoV nucleoprotein gene was amplified in 15.9% (7/44) of the samples, demonstrating that co-infection is not an unusual event. These results reinforce the need for testing for both GARV and BCoV, even in fecal samples that previously tested positive for one virus.
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David, Dan, Nick Storm, Waksman Ilan, and Asaf Sol. "Characterization of Winter Dysentery Bovine Coronavirus Isolated from Cattle in Israel." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is the causative agent of winter dysentery (WD). In adult dairy cattle, WD is characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and a reduction in milk production. Therefore, WD leads to significant economic losses in dairy farms. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize local BCoV strains. BCoV positive samples, collected during 2017–2021, were used to amplify and sequence the S1 domain of S glycoprotein and the full hemagglutinin esterase gene. Based on our molecular analysis, local strains belong to different genetic variants circulating in dairy farms in Israel. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all local strains clustered together and in proximity to other BCoV circulating in the area. Additionally, we found that local strains are genetically distant from the reference enteric strain Mebus. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing molecular data on BCoV circulating in Israel.
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Hasoksuz, M., A. Kayar, T. Dodurka, and A. Ilgaz. "Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in Northwestern Turkey." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of diarrhoea in calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle. Serum, faecal and nasal swab samples were collected from a total of 96 cattle with clinical signs in 29 barns of 23 villages in Northwestern Turkey. The cattle were subdivided into 3 distinct age groups (0-30 days old, 4-12 months old and 2-7 years old). An indirect antigen-capture ELISA and an antibody-detection ELISA as well as geometric mean BCoV antibody titres were used to detect BoCV shed in the faeces and in the nasal secretions, respectively. Relationships between BCoV shedding and age group, seroconversion and clinical signs in cattle were also analysed. The rate of faecal shedding of BoCV was 37.1% (13/35) in 0-30 days old calves, 25.6% (10/39) in 4-12 months old feedlot cattle and 18.2% (4/22) in 2-7 years old cows. The overall rate of BCoV faecal shedding was 28.1% (27/96) in the cattle examined. Only one animal in the 4-12 months old age group was found to shed BoCV nasally. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) with respect to faecal shedding between the clinical signs and the age groups. BCoV antibody titre in 50% of all cattle was ≤ 100 as detected by ELISA while 27.1% of the cattle had high titres ranging between 1,600 and 25,600. The seroconversion rate was 7.3% (7/96) in animals shedding BoCV in the faeces and 42.7% (41/96) in cattle negative for faecal shedding as detected by ELISA, and 20.8% of cattle with no seroconversion shed BCoV in the faeces. There was no statistically significant association between seroconversion and nasal or faecal BCoV shedding. These findings confirm the presence of BCoV infections in Turkey. Further studies are needed to isolate BCoV strains in Turkey and to investigate their antigenic and genetic properties.
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Lin, Ching-Hung, Cheng-Yao Yang, Shan-Chia Ou, Meilin Wang, Chen-Yu Lo, Tsung-Lin Tsai, and Hung-Yi Wu. "The Impacts of Antivirals on the Coronavirus Genome Structure and Subsequent Pathogenicity, Virus Fitness and Antiviral Design." Biomedicines 8, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8100376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the global threat of SARS-CoV-2, much effort has been focused on treatment and disease control. However, how coronaviruses react to the treatments and whether the surviving viruses have altered their characteristics are also unanswered questions with medical importance. To this end, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), which is in the same genus as SARS-CoV-2, was used as a test model and the findings were as follows. With the treatment of antiviral remdesivir, the selected BCoV variant with an altered genome structure developed resistance, but its pathogenicity was not increased in comparison to that of wild type (wt) BCoV. Under the selection pressure of innate immunity, the genome structure was also altered; however, neither resistance developed nor pathogenicity increased for the selected BCoV variant. Furthermore, both selected BCoV variants showed a better efficiency in adapting to alternative host cells than wt BCoV. In addition, the previously unidentified feature that the spike protein was a common target for mutations under different antiviral treatments might pose a problem for vaccine development because spike protein is a common target for antibody and vaccine designs. The findings derived from this fundamental research may contribute to the disease control and treatments against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Asano, Karen M., Sibele P. Souza, Sheila O. S. Silva, Leonardo J. Richtzenhain, and Paulo E. Brandão. "Rapid detection of bovine coronavirus by a semi-nested RT-PCR." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 11 (November 2009): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009001100001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a member of the group 2 of the Coronavirus (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae) and the causative agent of enteritis in both calves and adult bovine, as well as respiratory disease in calves. The present study aimed to develop a semi-nested RT-PCR for the detection of BCoV based on representative up-to-date sequences of the nucleocapsid gene, a conserved region of coronavirus genome. Three primers were designed, the first round with a 463bp and the second (semi-nested) with a 306bp predicted fragment. The analytical sensitivity was determined by 10-fold serial dilutions of the BCoV Kakegawa strain (HA titre: 256) in DEPC treated ultra-pure water, in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and in a BCoV-free fecal suspension, when positive results were found up to the 10-2, 10-3 and 10-7 dilutions, respectively, which suggests that the total amount of RNA in the sample influence the precipitation of pellets by the method of extraction used. When fecal samples was used, a large quantity of total RNA serves as carrier of BCoV RNA, demonstrating a high analytical sensitivity and lack of possible substances inhibiting the PCR. The final semi-nested RT-PCR protocol was applied to 25 fecal samples from adult cows, previously tested by a nested RT-PCR RdRp used as a reference test, resulting in 20 and 17 positives for the first and second tests, respectively, and a substantial agreement was found by kappa statistics (0.694). The high sensitivity and specificity of the new proposed method and the fact that primers were designed based on current BCoV sequences give basis to a more accurate diagnosis of BCoV-caused diseases, as well as to further insights on protocols for the detection of other Coronavirus representatives of both Animal and Public Health importance.
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Studer, Eveline, Lutz Schönecker, Mireille Meylan, Dimitri Stucki, Ronald Dijkman, Melle Holwerda, Anna Glaus, and Jens Becker. "Prevalence of BRD-Related Viral Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Swiss Veal Calves." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071940.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prevention of bovine respiratory disease is important, as it may lead to impaired welfare, economic losses, and considerable antimicrobial use, which can be associated with antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of respiratory viruses and to identify risk factors for their occurrence. A convenience sample of 764 deep nasopharyngeal swab samples from veal calves was screened by PCR for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), influenza D virus (IDV), and influenza C virus (ICV). The following prevalence rates were observed: BRSV, 2.1%; BPI3V, 3.3%; BCoV, 53.5%; IDV, 4.1%; ICV, 0%. Logistic mixed regression models were built for BCoV to explore associations with calf management and housing. Positive swab samples were more frequent in younger calves than older calves (>100 days; p < 0.001). The probability of detecting BCoV increased with increasing group size in young calves. Findings from this study suggested that young calves should be fattened in small groups to limit the risk of occurrence of BCoV, although an extended spectrum of risk factors for viral associated respiratory disorders such as nutritional aspects should be considered in future studies.
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Brandão, A. M. M. P., L. Y. B. Villarreal, S. L. P. de Souza, L. J. Richtzenhain, and J. A. Jerez. "MIXED INFECTIONS BY BOVINE CORONAVIRUS, ROTAVIRUS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM IN AN OUTBREAK OF NEONATAL DIARRHEA IN BEEF CATTLE." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 74, no. 1 (January 3, 2007): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v74p0332007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT This article describes the role of bovine coronavirus, rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum in an outbreak of beef calf diarrhea in Presidente Epitácio, São Paulo State. Two out 9 fecal samples were positive to BCoV, 6 to C. parvum and 6 to rotavirus, with 4 rotavirus-C. parvumco-infections, 1 BCoV-C. parvumco-infection and 1 rotavirus-BCoV co-infection. These results show the need for a detailed survey of the etiology of diarrheas, aiming to evaluate the agents spread in a flock, allowing the design of prophylactic measures against gastroenteritis outbreaks.
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Kanno, Toru, Shinichi Hatama, Ryoko Ishihara, and Ikuo Uchida. "Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999 to 2006." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 1218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82635-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In total, 55 isolates of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were collected from cases of enteric and respiratory disease occurring between 1999 and 2006 in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein gene of these isolates, together with those of other known strains, classified the BCoV strains and isolates into four clusters. Recent field isolates display distinctive genetic divergence from the prototype enteric BCoV strains – Mebus, Quebec, Kakegawa, F15 and LY138 – and have diverged in three different aspects over 8 years. These data suggested that the genetic divergence in the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein has progressed considerably; thus, molecular analysis of this region should be useful in investigating the molecular epidemiology of BCoV. In addition, based on the differences in amino acids among the isolates, our study did not reveal the presence of certain genetic markers of pathogenicity and clinical symptoms in this polymorphic region.
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Duse, Anna, Anna Ohlson, Lena Stengärde, Madeleine Tråvén, Stefan Alenius, and Björn Bengtsson. "Associations between Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections and Productivity, Health Status and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Swedish Dairy Herds." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) affect dairy herds worldwide. In this study, effects on herd health, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were assessed. Herds were considered free of infection (FREE), recently infected (RI) or past steadily infected (PSI) based on antibody testing of milk from primiparous cows. Data from farm records, national databases, and AMR of fecal Escherichia coli from calves were used as outcome variables. Compared to BRSV FREE herds: BRSV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in young stock, a higher proportion of quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC), but a lower proportion of cows with fever. BRSV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in calves and young stock, a higher proportion of QREC and higher odds of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Compared to BCoV FREE herds: BCoV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in all ages, and of diarrhea in young stock and cows, and a higher proportion of cows with fever. BCoV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in young stock and cows and of cough in all ages. The results support previous research that freedom from BRSV and BCoV is beneficial for animal welfare and farm economy and possibly also mitigates AMR.
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Brunauer, Michael, Franz-Ferdinand Roch, and Beate Conrady. "Prevalence of Worldwide Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea Caused by Bovine Rotavirus in Combination with Bovine Coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium spp.: A Meta-Analysis." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multiple enteropathogens such as bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Escherichia coli K99 (ETEC) and Cryptosporidium spp. (Crypto) are the most common causes of calf diarrhoea during the first 30 days of animal age. Three weighted-stratified random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate the worldwide prevalence of mixed infections of the causative agents (i.e., BRV-BCoV, BRV-ETEC, BRV-Crypto) and their potential influencing factors. The meta-analysis covered 41 studies (94 sub-studies) in 21 countries that determined the presence or absence of mixed infections in global calf populations. The highest worldwide estimated pooled prevalence was identified for BRV-Crypto (6.69%), followed by BRV-BCoV (2.84%), and BRV-ETEC (1.64%). The chance of detecting BCoV in calves with diarrhoea was 1.83 higher in the presence of BRV compared to calves without BRV, whereby an inhibition effect (odds ratio: 0.77) was determined between BRV and Crypto infections. The diagnostic methods were identified as a significant influencing factor in the detection of all considered mixed infections, while the other analysed factors differed in relation to their effect on prevalence. In contrast to BRV-BCoV, the prevalence of BRV-ETEC and BRV-Crypto mixed infections followed the course of individual ETEC and Crypto prevalence related to the age class of the sampled animals.
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Stipp, Danilo Tancler, Aline Fernandes Barry, Alice Fernandes Alfieri, Lívia Bodnar, and Amauri Alcindo Alfieri. "Isolation in HRT-18 cells and molecular analysis of a BCoV strain from diarrheic feces of naturally infected calves." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, spe (November 2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000700007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) may cause acute diarrhea in newborn calves, leading to significant economic losses for cattle farmers. There are several diagnostic techniques used to detect BCoV in calf fecal samples, but virus isolation still has advantages for antigenic and genomic characterization. This study describes the isolation in HRT-18 cells and molecular characterization of Brazilian BCoV wild-type strains. Three fecal samples from diarrheic 30 day-old calves were inoculated in HRT-18 cell monolayers, which were then evaluated for HA titers and tested using semi-nested PCR followed by RFLP and sequencing. Two samples were successfully isolated and presented HA titers of 16 and 32 units per 25 mL. The results were confirmed using semi-nested PCR and RFLP. Molecular analyses identified a cell culture-adapted strain and a wild-type strain that were genetically similar (99%) to each other, but more distinct than BCoV strains circulating in other countries, even in the conserved N gene.
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ATEŞ, Özer, and Kadir YEŞİLBAĞ. "Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu." Journal of Research in Veterinary Medicine 41, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.30782/jrvm.1166863.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neonatal döneminde en önemli mortalite sebebi olan buzağı ishalleri birçok faktöre bağlı olarak gelişmekte ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’ de bugüne kadar yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda, viral etkenlerin yeni doğan buzağılarda önemli oranda neonatal ishal olgularına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şiddetli ishal ve neonatal ölümlerin görüldüğü buzağılarda çoklu viral enfeksiyonların rolü araştırıldı. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan dışkı örnekleri (n=16) üç farklı hücre hattında (MDBK, HRT-18 ve MA-104) virus izolasyonuna alınmıştır. Tüm örneklere 4 kör pasaj işlemi ve sonrasında IPMA testi uygulandı. Bu süreçte araştırılan enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) hücre kültüründe izolasyonu yapılamadı. Çalışma kapsamında dışkı örneklerinden PCR ve Ag ELISA testlerinin sonuçlarına göre, ishal semptomu gösteren 16 buzağıdan alınan dışkı örneklerinin 14 (%87,5) adedinde araştırılan enterik virusların en az bir tanesi tespit edildi. Araştırılan olgularda tek BRV enfeksiyonuna rastlanmazken; 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BCoV, 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BVDV, 2 (% 12,5) hayvanda tek BToV enfeksiyonu saptandı. Diğer yandan 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BRV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BCoV ve BToV, 4 (%25) hayvanda BCoV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BVDV ve BToV içeren ikili enfeksiyonlar saptandı. 1 (%6,25) hayvanda ise BVDV, BToV ve BCoV olmak üzere enterik virusların oluşturduğu üçlü enfeksiyon saptandı. SDS-PAGE testinde akrilamid jel üzerinde RNA segmentlerinin bant profillerine göre (4/2/3/2) tespit edilen rotavirusun grup A'da yer aldığı gösterildi. Ayrıca çalışmada da PCR testi ile pozitif saptanan rotavirusun, G10P[11] genotipine sahip olduğu, genotip spesifik primerler kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu araştırmada neonatal buzağı ishallerine sebep olabilen önemli viral etkenler olan BRV, BCoV, BVDV ve BToV’ un aynı işletmede eş zamanlı olarak görülebileceği ve şiddetli hastalık bulguları ve kayıplara neden olabileceği gösterilmiştir.
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Glotov, Alexander G., Aleksej V. Nefedchenko, Anton G. Yuzhakov, Svetlana V. Koteneva, Tatyana I. Glotova, Alina K. Komina, and Nikita Yu Krasnikov. "Genetic diversity of Siberian bovine coronavirus isolates (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: <i>Betacoronavirus-1: Bovine-Like coronaviruses</i>)." Problems of Virology 67, no. 6 (February 7, 2023): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are causative agents of diarrhea, respiratory diseases in calves and winter cow dysentery. The study of genetic diversity of these viruses is topical issue.
The purpose of the research is studying the genetic diversity of BCoV isolates circulating among dairy cattle in Siberia.
Materials and methods. Specimens used in this study were collected from animals that died or was forcedly slaughtered before the start of the study. The target for amplification were nucleotide sequences of S and N gene regions.
Results. Based on the results of RT-PCR testing, virus genome was present in 16.3% of samples from calves with diarrheal syndrome and in 9.9% with respiratory syndrome. The nucleotide sequences of S gene region were determined for 18 isolates, and N gene sequences - for 12 isolates. Based on S gene, isolates were divided into two clades each containing two subclades. First subclade of first clade (European line) included 11 isolates. Second one included classic strains Quebec and Mebus, strains from Europe, USA and Korea, but none of sequences from this study belonged to this subclade. 6 isolates belonged to first subclade of second clade (American-Asian line). Second subclade (mixed line) included one isolate. N gene sequences formed two clades, one of them included two subclades. First subclade included 3 isolates (American-Asian line), and second subclade (mixed) included one isolate. Second clade (mixed) included 8 sequences. No differences in phylogenetic grouping between intestinal and respiratory isolates, as well as according to their geographic origin were identified.
Conclusion. The studied population of BCoV isolates is heterogeneous. Nucleotide sequence analysis is a useful tool for studying molecular epidemiology of BCoV. It can be beneficial for choice of vaccines to be used in a particular geographic region.
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Nascimento, Urias Fagner Santos, Elizabete de Oliveira Lopes Melo, Vitoria Lorena de Matos Santana, Ana Paula Alves Melo, Yuri Rafael Teixeira de Souza Correia, João Vitor Oliveira Bomfim, Ana Carolina Trompieri Silveira Pereira, Gabriel Isaías Lee Tuñón, and Huber Rizzo. "Coronavírus bovino: Revisão." Pubvet 15, no. 6 (June 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v15n06a829.1-11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O Coronavírus bovino (BCoV) faz parte da família Coronaviridae e possui uma cadeia simples de RNA envelopado, podendo ter quatro ou cinco proteínas (M, Sm, He, S e I) que se projetam em uma dupla camada de lipídeos. Além das infecções entéricas relacionadas ao BCoV há também indícios de que ele seja agente de processos respiratórios as quais podem ser fatais em bovinos adultos. Inicialmente ele se replica causando infecções gastrointestinais e posteriormente afeta as os cornetos nasais, traqueia e pulmão. A transmissão do BCoV é horizontal direta, a partir de alimentos ou água contaminada com as fezes ou secreção respiratória contendo o vírus. Seu período de incubação é de três a sete dias, até aparecerem os sinais clínicos de diarreia, porém antes do surgimento dos novos sinais o animal já pode eliminar o vírus em grande quantidade em suas excreções. O diagnóstico pode ser através de ELISA, microscopia eletrônica, cultura viral, PCR e ensaio de hemaglutinação. A profilaxia das infecções por BCoV está relacionada a adoção de práticas corretas de manejo, além, da vacinação em bezerros e animais adultos. Constatou-se no presente trabalho que o coronavírus bovino (BCov) é o agente etiológico responsável por agir e/ou agravar infecções associadas a diarreia e doenças respiratórias em bovinos de todas as idades, sendo um vírus extremamente contagioso, que afeta a sanidade do rebanho e o setor econômico mundial por sua alta morbidade e significante de mortalidade entre os bezerros.
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Park, Gyu-Nam, SeEun Choe, Sok Song, Ki-Sun Kim, Jihye Shin, Byung-Hyun An, Soo Hyun Moon, Bang-Hun Hyun, and Dong-Jun An. "Characterization and Spike Gene Analysis of a Candidate Attenuated Live Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine." Animals 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14030389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The bovine coronavirus (BCoV) KBR-1 strain, obtained from calf diarrhea samples collected in 2017, belongs to group GIIa. To attenuate this strain, it was subcultured continuously (up to 79 times) in HRT-18 cells, followed by 80–120 passages in MDBK cells. The KBR-1-p120 strain harvested from MDBK cells at passage 120 harbored 13 amino acid mutations in the spike gene. Additionally, the KBR-1-p120 strain showed a high viral titer and cytopathogenic effects in MDBK cells. Seven-day-old calves (negative for BCoV antigen and antibodies) that did not consume colostrum were orally inoculated with the attenuated candidate strain (KBR-1-p120), or with KBR-1 passaged 10 times (KBR-1-p10) in HRT-18 cells. Calves inoculated with KBR-1-p10 had a low diarrhea score, and BCoV RNA was detected at 3–7 days post-inoculation (DPI). The virus was also present in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at autopsy; however, calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 had low levels of BCoV RNA in feces at 4–6 DPI, and no diarrhea. In addition, an extremely small amount of BCoV RNA was present in the jejunum and ileum at autopsy. The small intestines of calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 were emulsified and used to infect calves two more times, but pathogenicity was not recovered. Therefore, the KBR-1-p120 strain has potential as a live vaccine candidate.
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Morenikeji, Olanrewaju B., Ellis Strutton, Madeleine Wallace, Kahleel Bernard, Elaine Yip, and Bolaji N. Thomas. "Dissecting Transcription Factor-Target Interaction in Bovine Coronavirus Infection." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses are RNA viruses that cause significant disease within many species, including cattle. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infects cattle and wild ruminants, both as a respiratory and enteric pathogen, and possesses a significant economic threat to the cattle industry. Transcription factors are proteins that activate or inhibit transcription through DNA binding and have become new targets for disease therapies. This study utilized in silico tools to identify potential transcription factors that can serve as biomarkers for regulation of BCoV pathogenesis in cattle, both for testing and treatment. A total of 11 genes were identified as significantly expressed during BCoV infection through literature searches and functional analyses. Eleven transcription factors were predicted to target those genes (AREB6, YY1, LMO2, C-Rel, NKX2-5, E47, RORAlpha1, HLF, E4BP4, ARNT, CREB). Function, network, and phylogenetic analyses established the significance of many transcription factors within the immune response. This study establishes new information on the transcription factors and genes related to host-pathogen interactome in BCoV infection, particularly transcription factors YY1, AREB6, LMO2, and NKX2, which appear to have strong potential as diagnostic markers, and YY1 as a potential target for drug therapies.
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Kanno, Toru. "Bovine Coronavirus Infection: Pathology and Interspecies Transmission." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine diarrhea is one of the major diseases that cause major economic damage to farmers. There are many kinds of viral diseases that cause diarrhea in cattle. Among them, bovine coronavirus infection and bovine rotavirus infection are known as diseases that frequently occur throughout the world, and whose incidence and numbers of infected cattle are particularly large. Both viruses cause diarrhea in newborn calves, but bovine coronavirus (BCoV), lead to more economic damage because they also cause a type of diarrhea in adult cattle called winter dysentery (WD) and respiratory disease. However, since it is generally difficult to isolate coronaviruses from cultured cells, and these viruses have huge RNAs of about 30kb, research on coronaviruses, including genomic analysis, have not advanced sufficiently to cope with this problem. Recent reports have suggested that BCoV is able to overcome host range barriers with relative ease and even to transmit to humans. It has thus become necessary to consider their significance as zoonosis, even though much about the ecology of BCoV remains unknown. This paper will outline bovine coronavirus infection and describe BCoV characteristics that have been reported so far.
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Vijgen, Leen, Els Keyaerts, Elien Moës, Inge Thoelen, Elke Wollants, Philippe Lemey, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, and Marc Van Ranst. "Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus Transmission Event." Journal of Virology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 1595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.3.1595-1604.2005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with a genome of approximately 30 kb. Based on genetic similarities, coronaviruses are classified into three groups. Two group 2 coronaviruses, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), show remarkable antigenic and genetic similarities. In this study, we report the first complete genome sequence (30,738 nucleotides) of the prototype HCoV-OC43 strain (ATCC VR759). Complete genome and open reading frame (ORF) analyses were performed in comparison to the BCoV genome. In the region between the spike and membrane protein genes, a 290-nucleotide deletion is present, corresponding to the absence of BCoV ORFs ns4.9 and ns4.8. Nucleotide and amino acid similarity percentages were determined for the major HCoV-OC43 ORFs and for those of other group 2 coronaviruses. The highest degree of similarity is demonstrated between HCoV-OC43 and BCoV in all ORFs with the exception of the E gene. Molecular clock analysis of the spike gene sequences of BCoV and HCoV-OC43 suggests a relatively recent zoonotic transmission event and dates their most recent common ancestor to around 1890. An evolutionary rate in the order of 4 × 10−4 nucleotide changes per site per year was estimated. This is the first animal-human zoonotic pair of coronaviruses that can be analyzed in order to gain insights into the processes of adaptation of a nonhuman coronavirus to a human host, which is important for understanding the interspecies transmission events that led to the origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak.
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Conrady, Beate, Michael Brunauer, and Franz-Ferdinand Roch. "Cryptosporidium spp. Infections in Combination with Other Enteric Pathogens in the Global Calf Population." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most common worldwide diarrhoea-causing agents in neonatal calves are Cryptosporidium spp. (Crypto), bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F5 (K99) (ETEC). Crypto is a zoonotic pathogen of diarrhoea in humans, particularly for children and immunocompromised adults. Four weighted-stratified random-effect meta-analyses including meta-regression analyses were performed to calculate the worldwide mean prevalence of Crypto and associated concurrent infections with BRV, BCoV and ETEC, as well as their potential influencing factors. The meta-analysis incorporated 28 studies (56 substudies) in 17 countries that determined the presence or absence of concurrent infections with Crypto in the global calf population. Approximately half of all considered studies presented here were conducted in Europe independently of the type of infections with Crypto. Within Europe, the highest estimated mean Crypto-BRV prevalence was identified in Ireland (16.7%), the highest estimated mean Crypto-BCoV prevalence was detected in the United Kingdom (4.3%), and the highest estimated mean Crypto-ETEC prevalence across the literature was determined in Turkey (4.7%). The chance of detecting BRV, BCoV, and ETEC in calves with diarrhoea was 0.8 (confidence interval (CI): 0.6–1.0), 0.7 (CI: 0.5–1.0) and 0.6 (CI: 0.4–0.9) lower in the presence of Crypto compared to calves without Crypto. This may indicate an inhibitory effect between BRV, BCoV, ETEC, and Crypto in calves. The variance in the published prevalence across the literature can mainly be explained by the “diagnostic” factor (R2 min–max: 0.0–40.3%), followed by the “health status of the sampled animals” (R2 min–max: 1.4–27.3%) and “geographical region” (R2 min–max: 5.9–23.6%).
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Shaw, Brandon, and Derek Gatherer. "Candidate historical events for the emergence of Human Coronavirus OC43: A critical reassessment of the molecular evidence." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): e0285481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The “Russian Influenza”-coronavirus theory (RICT) proposes that the pandemic of 1889–1892, conventionally regarded as an influenza pandemic, was caused by the emergence of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) as a zoonosis of bovine coronavirus (BCoV). RICT is based on a Bayesian phylogenetic calculation of the date of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of HCoV-OC43 and BCoV. The theory also draws on comparison of both symptoms and some epidemiological parameters of the best studied coronavirus pandemic, i.e. COVID-19, with those reported in 1889–1892. The case is completed with circumstantial evidence involving a panzoonotic among cattle in the decade prior to the “Russian Influenza”, with characteristics suggesting it may have been caused by BCoV. In this paper, we review the Bayesian phylogenetic evidence for RICT, replicating previous studies and adding our own, in each case critically reviewing the suitability of the datasets used and the parameters applied. We conclude that the most probable date for the MRCA of HCoV-OC43 and BCoV is 1898–1902. This is a decade too late for compatibility with RICT but happens to coincide with another serious outbreak of respiratory illness, reported in both the USA and the UK, in the winter of 1899–1900.
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Raman, Sharmila, Peter Bouma, Gwyn D. Williams, and David A. Brian. "Stem-Loop III in the 5′ Untranslated Region Is a cis-Acting Element in Bovine Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNA Replication." Journal of Virology 77, no. 12 (June 15, 2003): 6720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.12.6720-6730.2003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Higher-order structures in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of plus-strand RNA viruses are known in many cases to function as cis-acting elements in RNA translation, replication, or transcription. Here we describe evidence supporting the structure and a cis-acting function in defective interfering (DI) RNA replication of stem-loop III, the third of four predicted higher-order structures mapping within the 210-nucleotide (nt) 5′ UTR of the 32-kb bovine coronavirus (BCoV) genome. Stem-loop III maps at nt 97 through 116, has a calculated free energy of −9.1 kcal/mol in the positive strand and −3.0 kcal/mol in the negative strand, and has associated with it beginning at nt 100 an open reading frame (ORF) potentially encoding an 8-amino-acid peptide. Stem-loop III is presumed to function in the positive strand, but its strand of action has not been established. Stem-loop III (i) shows phylogenetic conservation among group 2 coronaviruses and appears to have a homolog in coronavirus groups 1 and 3, (ii) has in all coronaviruses for which sequence is known a closely associated short, AUG-initiated intra-5′ UTR ORF, (iii) is supported by enzyme structure-probing evidence in BCoV RNA, (iv) must maintain stem integrity for DI RNA replication in BCoV DI RNA, and (v) shows a positive correlation between maintenance of the short ORF and maximal DI RNA accumulation in BCoV DI RNA. These results indicate that stem-loop III in the BCoV 5′ UTR is a cis-acting element for DI RNA replication and that its associated intra-5′ UTR ORF may function to enhance replication. It is postulated that these two elements function similarly in the virus genome.
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Takiuchi, Elisabete, Aline Fernandes Barry, Alice Fernandes Alfieri, Patrícia Filippsen, and Amauri Alcindo Alfieri. "An outbreak of winter dysentery caused by bovine coronavirus in a high-production dairy cattle herd from a tropical country." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, spe (November 2009): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000700008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a known cause of winter dysentery (WD) in adult cattle. The morbidity of the disease is high, that results in a significant decrease in milk production and consequently, economic losses. In the present study, we report on a classical outbreak of WD that affected a high-production Holstein dairy herd raised in a tropical country. The lactating batch included 154 cows, and 138 (90%) presented diarrhea in a short (nine days) period of time. Three (2%) cows died. The other batches of animals did not become ill. The evolution of the disease in the herd, including the clinical signs and epidemiological features, strongly suggested a WD case. Semi-nested PCR and RFLP confirmed that BCoV was the cause of the infection. Samples tested negative for all other enteric pathogens. This case report highlights the importance of BCoV in WD even in tropical countries such as Brazil.
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Jevšnik Virant, Monika, Danijela Černe, Miroslav Petrovec, Tomislav Paller, and Ivan Toplak. "Genetic Characterisation and Comparison of Three Human Coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, 229E) from Patients and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) from Cattle with Respiratory Disease in Slovenia." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses (CoV) are widely distributed pathogens of human and animals and can cause mild or severe respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. Antigenic and genetic similarity of some CoVs within the Betacoronavirus genus is evident. Therefore, for the first time in Slovenia, we investigated the genetic diversity of partial 390-nucleotides of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) for 66 human (HCoV) and 24 bovine CoV (BCoV) positive samples, collected between 2010 and 2016 from human patients and cattle with respiratory disease. The characterized CoV strains belong to four different clusters, in three separate human clusters HCoV-HKU1 (n = 34), HCoV-OC43 (n = 31) and HCoV 229E (n = 1) and bovine grouping only as BCoVs (n = 24). BCoVs from cattle and HCoV-OC43 were genetically the most closely related and share 96.4–97.1% nucleotide and 96.9–98.5% amino acid identity.
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Headley, Selwyn A., Werner Okano, Luciana C. Balbo, Rogério A. Marcasso, Thalita E. Oliveira, Alice F. Alfieri, Luiz C. Negri Filho, et al. "Molecular survey of infectious agents associated with bovine respiratory disease in a beef cattle feedlot in southern Brazil." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717739945.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated the occurrence of infectious pathogens during an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in a beef cattle feedlot in southern Brazil that has a high risk of developing BRD. Nasopharyngeal swabs were randomly collected from steers ( n = 23) and assessed for the presence of infectious agents of BRD by PCR and/or RT-PCR assays. These included: Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). Pulmonary sections of one steer that died with clinical BRD were submitted for pathology and molecular testing. The frequencies of the pathogens identified from the nasopharyngeal swabs were: H. somni 39% (9 of 23), BRSV 35% (8 of 23), BCoV 22% (5 of 23), and M. haemolytica 13% (3 of 23). PCR or RT-PCR assays did not identify P. multocida, M. bovis, BoHV-1, BVDV, or BPIV-3 from the nasopharyngeal swabs. Single and concomitant associations of infectious agents of BRD were identified. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in one steer that died; samples were positive for H. somni and M. haemolytica by PCR. H. somni, BRSV, and BCoV are important disease pathogens of BRD in feedlot cattle in Brazil, but H. somni and BCoV are probably under-reported.
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Shin, Jihye, SeEun Choe, Gyu-Nam Park, Sok Song, Ki-Sun Kim, Byung-Hyun An, Bang-Hun Hyun, and Dong-Jun An. "Isolation and Genetic Characterization of a Bovine Coronavirus KBR-1 Strain from Calf Feces in South Korea." Viruses 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in neonatal calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle, and respiratory disease in feedlot cattle, resulting in economic losses. A total of 16/140 calf diarrheic feces samples collected in South Korea between 2017 and 2018 were positive for BCoV. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete spike and hemagglutinin/esterase genes revealed that the 16 Korean BCoV strains belonged to group GIIa along with Korean strains isolated after 2000, whereas Korean BCoV strains isolated before 2000 belonged to group GI. Mice and goats inoculated with an inactivated KBR-1 strain (isolated from this study) generated higher antibody titers (96 ± 13.49 and 73 ± 13.49, respectively) when mixed with the Montanide01 adjuvant than when mixed with the Carbopol or IMS1313 adjuvants. Viral antigens were detected in the large intestine, jejunum, and ileum of calves inoculated with inactivated KBR-1 vaccine (104.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 days of post-challenge (DPC). However, no viral antigens were detected in calves vaccinated with a higher dose of inactivated KBR-1 strain (106.0 TCID50/mL) at 14 DPC, and they had high antibody titers and stable diarrhea scores. Currently, the group GIIa is prevalent in cows in South Korea, and although further research is needed in the future, the recently isolated KBR-1 strain has potential value as a new vaccine candidate.
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Amoroso, Maria Grazia, Giuseppe Lucifora, Barbara Degli Uberti, Francesco Serra, Giovanna De Luca, Giorgia Borriello, Alessandro De Domenico, et al. "Fatal Interstitial Pneumonia Associated with Bovine Coronavirus in Cows from Southern Italy." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An outbreak of winter dysentery, complicated by severe respiratory syndrome, occurred in January 2020 in a high production dairy cow herd located in a hilly area of the Calabria region. Of the 52 animals belonging to the farm, 5 (9.6%) died with severe respiratory distress, death occurring 3–4 days after the appearance of the respiratory signs (caught and gasping breath). Microbiological analysis revealed absence of pathogenic bacteria whilst Real-time PCR identified the presence of RNA from Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) in several organs: lungs, small intestine (jejunum), mediastinal lymph nodes, liver and placenta. BCoV was therefore hypothesized to play a role in the lethal pulmonary infection. Like the other CoVs, BCoV is able to cause different syndromes. Its role in calf diarrhea and in mild respiratory disease is well known: we report instead the involvement of this virus in a severe and fatal respiratory disorder, with symptoms and disease evolution resembling those of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes (SARS).
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Chouljenko, Vladimir N., X. Q. Lin, J. Storz, Konstantin G. Kousoulas, and Alexander E. Gorbalenya. "Comparison of genomic and predicted amino acid sequences of respiratory and enteric bovine coronaviruses isolated from the same animal with fatal shipping pneumonia." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-2927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The complete genome sequences are reported here of two field isolates of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), which were isolated from respiratory and intestinal samples of the same animal experiencing fatal pneumonia during a bovine shipping fever epizootic. Both genomes contained 31028 nucleotides and included 13 open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs). ORF1a and ORF1b encode replicative polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively, that contain all of the putative functional domains documented previously for the closest relative, mouse hepatitis virus. The genomes of the BCoV isolates differed in 107 positions, scattered throughout the genome except the 5′-UTR. Differences in 25 positions were non-synonymous and were located in all proteins except pp1b. Six replicase mutations were identified within or immediately downstream of the predicted largest pp1a-derived protein, p195/p210. Single amino acid changes within p195/p210 as well as within the S glycoprotein might contribute to the different phenotypes of the BCoV isolates.
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Deák, György, Raluca Prangate, Norazian Mohamed Noor, Monica Matei, Mădălina Boboc, Laura Lupu, Ecol Elena Holban, and Ramli Norazrin. "Evaluating Recovery Control Concentrations of Bovine Coronavirus (EVAg 015V-02282) Used for SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance." E3S Web of Conferences 437 (2023): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343702011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SARS-CoV-2 is a pathogenic strain of coronavirus which causes acute respiratory disease in humans. Community spread of COVID-19 was difficult to assess in the beginning of the pandemic, so new methods of detecting the virus had to be discovered. For this reason, national wastewater surveillance systems were implemented in order to detect the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, to establish such systems, there’s a need to standardize protocols for coronavirus concentration, as well as finding the optimal titre of BCoV, generally used as a recovery control. In our study, we used a strain of Betacoronavirus 1 (EVAg 015V-02282) provided by EVAg as our process control. In order to set up which concentration of the Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) will give the most conclusive results, we diluted the virus three times by the decimal method before running the samples in the QIAcuity Digital PCR (dPCR). The evaluation was made so that the BCoV concentration could be used for future studies.
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Möller, Stephanie, Janine Theiß, Thaira I. L. Deinert, Karoline Golat, Julian Heinze, Daniela Niemeyer, Ralf Wyrwa, Matthias Schnabelrauch, and Elke Bogner. "High-Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Prevent Coronavirus Replication." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are common among humans and many animals, causing respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, only a few antiviral drugs against CoVs are available. Especially for SARS-CoV-2, new compounds for treatment of COVID-19 are urgently needed. In this study, we characterize the antiviral effects of two high-sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 and bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are both members of the Betacoronavirus genus. The investigated compounds are based on hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) and exhibit a strong inhibitory effect against both CoVs. Yield assays were performed using BCoV-infected PT cells in the presence and absence of the compounds. While the high-sulfated HA (sHA3) led to an inhibition of viral growth early after infection, high-sulfated CS (sCS3) had a slightly smaller effect. Time of addition assays, where sHA3 and sCS3 were added to PT cells before, during or after infection, demonstrated an inhibitory effect during all phases of infection, whereas sHA3 showed a stronger effect even after virus absorbance. Furthermore, attachment analyses with prechilled PT cells revealed that virus attachment is not blocked. In addition, sHA3 and sCS3 inactivated BCoV by stable binding. Analysis by quantitative real-time RT PCR underlines the high potency of the inhibitors against BCoV, as well as B.1-lineage, Alpha and Beta SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the two high-sulfated GAG derivatives exhibit low cytotoxicity and represent promising candidates for an anti-CoV therapy.
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Alekseev, Konstantin P., Anastasia N. Vlasova, Kwonil Jung, Mustafa Hasoksuz, Xinsheng Zhang, Rebecca Halpin, Shiliang Wang, Elodie Ghedin, David Spiro, and Linda J. Saif. "Bovine-Like Coronaviruses Isolated from Four Species of Captive Wild Ruminants Are Homologous to Bovine Coronaviruses, Based on Complete Genomic Sequences." Journal of Virology 82, no. 24 (October 8, 2006): 12422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01586-08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT We sequenced and analyzed the full-length genomes of four coronaviruses (CoVs), each from a distinct wild-ruminant species in Ohio: sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), a waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), and a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The fecal samples from the sambar deer, the waterbuck, and the white-tailed deer were collected during winter dysentery outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea cases in 1993 and 1994 (H. Tsunemitsu, Z. R. el-Kanawati, D. R. Smith, H. H. Reed, and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3264-3269, 1995). A fecal sample from a sable antelope was collected in 2003 from an Ohio wild-animal habitat during the same outbreak when a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (GiCoV) was isolated (M. Hasoksuz, K. Alekseev, A. Vlasova, X. Zhang, D. Spiro, R. Halpin, S. Wang, E. Ghedin, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 81:4981-4990, 2007). For two of the CoVs (sambar deer and waterbuck), complete genomes from both the cell culture-adapted and gnotobiotic-calf-passaged strains were also sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetically, wild-ruminant CoVs belong to group 2a CoVs, with the closest relatedness to recent bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. High nucleotide identities (99.4 to 99.6%) among the wild-ruminant strains and recent BCoV strains (BCoV-LUN and BCoV-ENT, isolated in 1998) further confirm the close relatedness. Comparative genetic analysis of CoVs of captive wild ruminants with BCoV strains suggests that no specific genomic markers are present that allow discrimination between the bovine strains and bovine-like CoVs from captive wild ruminants; furthermore, no specific genetic markers were identified that defined cell cultured or calf-passaged strains or the host origin of strains. The results of this study confirm prior reports of biologic and antigenic similarities between bovine and wild-ruminant CoVs and suggest that cattle may be reservoirs for CoVs that infect captive wild ruminants or vice versa and that these CoVs may represent host range variants of an ancestral CoV.
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Zaharieva, Maya Margaritova, Pelagia Foka, Eirini Karamichali, Alexander Dimitrov Kroumov, Stanislav Philipov, Yana Ilieva, Tanya Chan Kim, et al. "Photodynamic Inactivation of Bovine Coronavirus with the Photosensitizer Toluidine Blue O." Viruses 16, no. 1 (December 27, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16010048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the group of enveloped positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses and are causative agents of respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and central nervous systems diseases in many host species, i.e., birds, mammals, and humans. Beta-CoVs revealed a great potential to cross the barrier between species by causing three epidemics/pandemics among humans in the 21st century. Considering the urgent need for powerful antiviral agents for decontamination, prevention, and treatment of BCoV infections, we turned our attention to the possibility of photodynamic inactivation with photosensitizers in combination with light irradiation. In the present study, we evaluated, for the first time, the antiviral activity of toluidine blue O (TBO) against Beta-coronavirus 1 (BCoV) in comparison to methylene blue (MB). First, we determined the in vitro cytotoxicity of MB and TBO on the Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line with ISO10993-5/Annex C. Thereafter, BCoV was propagated in MDBK cells, and the virus titer was measured with digital droplet PCR, TCID50 assay and plaque assay. The antiviral activity of non-toxic concentrations of TBO was estimated using the direct inactivation approach. All effects were calculated in MAPLE 15® mathematical software by developing programs for non-linear modeling and response surface analysis. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TBO after 72 h of incubation in MDBK cells was 0.85 µM. The antiviral activity of TBO after the direct inactivation of BCoV (MOI = 1) was significantly stronger than that of MB. The median effective concentration (EC50) of TBO was 0.005 µM. The cytopathic effect decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, from 0.0025 to 0.01 µM, and disappeared fully at concentrations between 0.02 and 0.3 µM of TBO. The number of virus particles also decreased, depending on the concentration applied, as proven by ddPCR analysis. In conclusion, TBO exhibits significant potential for direct inactivation of BCoV in vitro, with a very high selectivity index, and should be subjected to further investigation, aiming at its application in veterinary and/or human medical practice.
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Brandão, Paulo E., Laura Y. B. Villarreal, F. Gregori, Silvio L. P. de Souza, Marco A. E. Lopes, Cleise R. Gomes, Angelo J. Sforsin, et al. "On the etiology of an outbreak of winter dysentery in dairy cows in Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 10 (October 2007): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007001000002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Winter dysentery (WD) is a seasonal infectious disease described worldwide that causes a marked decrease in milk production in dairy cows. In the Northern hemisphere, where the disease is classically recognized, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has been assigned as a major etiologic agent of the disease. Nonetheless, in the Southern hemisphere, an in-deep etiological survey on WD cases had not been carried out. This study aimed to survey for BCoV by nested-RT-PCR, rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ELISA, bacteria by classical bacteriological methods and PCR for virulence factors and parasites by sugar flotation test on fecal samples of 21 cows from a farm during an outbreak of WD in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. BCoV was detected in all 21 samples, while rotavirus was detected in two symptomatic cows. Escherichia coli, Yersinia intermedia, Providencia rustigianii Proteus penneri, Klebsiella terrigena and Enterobacter aglomerans were detected in samples from both asymptomatic and healthy cows in different associations. The study of E. coli virulence factors revealed that the strains isolated were all apathogenic. Cysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Strongyloidea were detected at low numbers in four of the symptomatic cows, with one co-infestation. These results suggest BCoV as the main etiologic agent of the cases of WD in Brazil, a conclusion that, with the clinical and epidemiological patterns of the disease studied herein, match those already described elsewhere. These findings give basis to the development of preventive measures and contribute to the understanding of the etiology of WD.
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Hulswit, Ruben J. G., Yifei Lang, Mark J. G. Bakkers, Wentao Li, Zeshi Li, Arie Schouten, Bram Ophorst, et al. "Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 7 (January 24, 2019): 2681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809667116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 are endemic respiratory pathogens and, while related, originated from independent zoonotic introductions. OC43 is in fact a host-range variant of the species Betacoronavirus-1, and more closely related to bovine coronavirus (BCoV)—its presumptive ancestor—and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV). The β1-coronaviruses (β1CoVs) and HKU1 employ glycan-based receptors carrying 9-O-acetylated sialic acid (9-O-Ac-Sia). Receptor binding is mediated by spike protein S, the main determinant of coronavirus host specificity. For BCoV, a crystal structure for the receptor-binding domain S1A is available and for HKU1 a cryoelectron microscopy structure of the complete S ectodomain. However, the location of the receptor-binding site (RBS), arguably the single-most important piece of information, is unknown. Here we solved the 3.0-Å crystal structure of PHEV S1A. We then took a comparative structural analysis approach to map the β1CoV S RBS, using the general design of 9-O-Ac-Sia-binding sites as blueprint, backed-up by automated ligand docking, structure-guided mutagenesis of OC43, BCoV, and PHEV S1A, and infectivity assays with BCoV-S–pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis viruses. The RBS is not exclusive to OC43 and related animal viruses, but is apparently conserved and functional also in HKU1 S1A. The binding affinity of the HKU1 S RBS toward short sialoglycans is significantly lower than that of OC43, which we attribute to differences in local architecture and accessibility, and which may be indicative for differences between the two viruses in receptor fine-specificity. Our findings challenge reports that would map the OC43 RBS elsewhere in S1A and that of HKU1 in domain S1B.
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Szczepanski, Artur, Katarzyna Owczarek, Monika Bzowska, Katarzyna Gula, Inga Drebot, Marek Ochman, Beata Maksym, Zenon Rajfur, Judy Mitchell, and Krzysztof Pyrc. "Canine Respiratory Coronavirus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus OC43: Receptors and Attachment Factors." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite high similarity of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), bovine coronavirus, (BCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), these viruses differ in species specificity. For years it was believed that they share receptor specificity, utilizing sialic acids for cell surface attachment, internalization, and entry. Interestingly, careful literature analysis shows that viruses indeed bind to the cell surface via sialic acids, but there is no solid data that these moieties mediate virus entry. In our study, using a number of techniques, we showed that all three viruses are indeed able to bind to sialic acids to a different extent, but these molecules render the cells permissive only for the clinical strain of HCoV-OC43, while for others they serve only as attachment receptors. CRCoV and BCoV appear to employ human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-1) as the entry receptor. Furthermore, we identified heparan sulfate as an alternative attachment factor, but this may be related to the cell culture adaptation, as in ex vivo conditions, it does not seem to play a significant role. Summarizing, we delineated early events during CRCoV, BCoV, and HCoV-OC43 entry and systematically studied the attachment and entry receptor utilized by these viruses.