Статті в журналах: "BATTERY CHARGING APPLICATIONS"

1

Kiswantono, Agus. "Design of Atmega2560 Charge Controller Battery Using Static Bicycle." JEEE-U (Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA) 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2023): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeeeu.v7i1.1666.

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At this time charging system has been increasingly advanced. advance with technological developments. One of them is the use of microcontrollers whose. applications are growing rapidly their application in charging. Battery Charge Controller is a charging device, to adjust the input voltage and output voltage of the battery so as not to overcharge and overdischarge. In this study, a battery charging control system with inputs produced by a pedal power plant was designed to drain the power from the power cycling generator to the Arduino Uno Microcontroller atmega 2560. The test that have been done on the Battery Charge Controller obtained a voltage of 14 volts, which causes the power supply to the load to be stable.

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2

Křivík, Petr, Petr Baca, and Jiri Kazelle. "Measurement of Impedance of AGM Solar Battery for RAPS Applications." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0151ecst.

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The paper deals with the measurement of the cell impedance parameters during discharging and charging of the AGM 200Ah 6V Sun Power lead acid battery. Real and imaginary part of impedance of the battery were measured by PEIS method. Results of the impedance changes during discharging and charging were plot to Nyquist diagrams. Important values - ohmic resistance RS, charge transfer resistance RCT, double layer capacity CDL and Warburg coefficient σ were found during discharging and charging of the solar battery.

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3

D’Souza, Joseph Brian, and Bharathi A. Rao. "MPPT in Battery Charging for PV Applications." IJIREEICE 4, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijireeice/ncaee.2016.53.

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4

Kwak, Bongwoo, Myungbok Kim, and Jonghoon Kim. "Add-On Type Pulse Charger for Quick Charging Li-Ion Batteries." Electronics 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020227.

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In this paper, an add-on type pulse charger is proposed to shorten the charging time of a lithium ion battery. To evaluate the performance of the proposed pulse charge method, an add-on type pulse charger prototype is designed and implemented. Pulse charging is applied to 18650 cylindrical lithium ion battery packs with 10 series and 2 parallel structures. The proposed pulse charger is controlled by pulse duty, frequency and magnitude. Various experimental conditions are applied to optimize the charging parameters of the pulse charging technique. Battery charging data are analyzed according to the current magnitude and duty at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz frequency conditions. The proposed system is similar to the charging speed of the constant current method under new battery conditions. However, it was confirmed that as the battery performance is degraded, the charging speed due to pulse charging increases. Thus, in applications where battery charging/discharging occurs frequently, the proposed pulse charger has the advantage of fast charging in the long run over conventional constant current (CC) chargers.

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5

Mohajer, Sara, Jocelyn Sabatier, Patrick Lanusse, and Olivier Cois. "Electro-Thermal and Aging Lithium-Ion Cell Modelling with Application to Optimal Battery Charging." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114038.

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This paper deals with optimal charging versus aging minimization for lithium-ion batteries. The optimal charging strategy proposed involves charging controllers whose design relies on a battery model. The model, especially designed for automotive battery management systems applications, is recalled in this paper. It provides the voltage response of a cell to an input current. It also models side reactions that produce degradation mechanisms and thus decrease battery performance. Side reaction modelling involves taking into account the temperature cell variations, which are thus also modelled. The association of the three above-mentioned sub-models leads to an electro-thermal battery aging model used to design an optimal charging strategy that simultaneously takes into account the minimization of charging time and maximization of battery lifetime. Thus, to achieve a charging controller that manages battery health, an appropriate charging trajectory was computed by solving an optimization problem minimizing aging. Then, a charge control loop was designed. The nonlinear behavior of the battery was taken into account through the linearization of the electro-thermal aging model in different operating conditions. To take into account the resulting linear model family, the CRONE design methodology was used. The principles of this methodology are recapped and the design of the charging control loop is explained. The efficiency of the resulting charge controller is illustrated by several simulations.

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6

Ahmad, Afaq, Muhammad Khalid, Zahid Ullah, Naveed Ahmad, Mohammad Aljaidi, Faheem Ahmed Malik, and Umar Manzoor. "Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 9471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249471.

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The rise of the intelligent, local charging facilitation and environmentally friendly aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) has grabbed the attention of many end-users. However, there are still numerous challenges faced by researchers trying to put EVs into competition with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The major challenge in EVs is quick recharging and the selection of an optimal charging station. In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses on discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). Similarly, the selection of CS is evaluated on the basis of battery charging as well as battery swapping services. This review also covered plug-in charging technologies including residential, public and ultra-fast charging technologies and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. In a comprehensive and detailed manner, the applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities.

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7

López, José Pablo Rodriguez, Miguel Ángel Zapata Sánchez, Cristian Geovani Coutiño Utrilla, Arturo Paniagua Balcázar, Adolfo López Sánchez, and Jorge Alberto Briceño Mena. "A 3-states mode lead-acid battery charger simulation for medical applications." South Florida Journal of Development 3, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 6128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n5-033.

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The design and simulation of a battery charger is presented, for medical applications using three-state mode charge, containing a Buck converter and a lead-acid battery. Implementing Proportional Integral (PI) controllers, to modify the duty cycle of the Buck converter, in such a way that the battery is subjected to the 3 states during the charging process, the PI controller reference changes for each of the 3 states. In this way the battery is subjected to the 3 states with a single PI controller. In order to predict the current and voltage values to which it would be subjected in the real system in a charging process with this algorithm, it was possible to obtain the battery charge graphs, which describe all the voltage and current values. that the actual battery will undergo in a 3-state charge. Concluding that the charging current is maintained at adequate values, however there is a possibility that in state 2, the voltage exceeds the tolerated overvoltage value, so it is recommended to reduce the voltage reference in state 2.

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8

Muthusamy, K., P. Rajesh, and B. Gokulavasan. "An Enhanced Method of Contactless Charging of Railway Signaling Torch Light." International Journal of Communications 15 (September 23, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9107.2021.15.5.

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Wireless charging, also known as contactless charging (for shorter range), is a method of supplying energy to electrical devices by sending electricity via an air gap. Wireless charging methods have advanced recently, and commercial solutions have been developed, providing a potential option to overcome the energy bottleneck of typically portable battery-powered gadgets. Due to its simplicity and improved user experience, this technology is attracting a wide range of applications, from low-power gadgets to high-power electric cars. However, including wireless charging into the systems raises a number of difficult challenges in terms of implementation, scheduling, and power management. One such application is to convert the existing system of traditional battery powered railway signaling torchlight into a rechargeable type contactless charging system. This provides a better way of increasing the life time of the product and has better compactness. A rechargeable Li-ion battery must be installed in lieu of the old non-rechargeable battery. To achieve satisfactory efficiency, the magnetic resonance coupling technology of contactless charging can be utilized. Through a shorter air gap, electrical power is transmitted from the charging module (main coil) to the Torchlight (secondary coil). Overall, the present system's cost, size are reduced and lifetime is increased.

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9

Tan, Rodney H. G., Chee Kang Er, and Sunil G. Solanki. "Modeling of Photovoltaic MPPT Lead Acid Battery Charge Controller for Standalone System Applications." E3S Web of Conferences 182 (2020): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018203005.

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This paper presents the circuitry modeling of the solar photovoltaic MPPT lead-acid battery charge controller for the standalone system in MATLAB/Simulink environment. A buck topology is utilized as a DC-DC converter for the charge controller implementation. The maximum power of the photovoltaic panel is tracked by the Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm. The battery charge controller charges the lead-acid battery using a three-stage charging strategy. The three charging stages include the MPPT bulk charge, constant voltage absorption charge, and float charge stage. The performance analysis of the model is carried out in the following aspects, there are MPPT tracking performance, battery charging performance and overall charge controller efficiency performance are benchmarked with commercial MPPT charge controller for validation. The performance result shows that the MPPT is capable to track to the PV panel maximum point at any solar irradiance variation within 0.5 seconds with maximum power tracking efficiency up to 99.9 %. The three-stage charging strategy also successfully demonstrated. The overall charge controller average efficiency achieved up to 98.3 % which matches many high end commercial solar PV MPPT charge controller product specifications. This validated model contributes to a better sizing of PV panel and battery energy storage for the small and medium standalone PV system.

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10

Jouybari-Moghaddam, Hessamoddin. "Influence of electric vehicle charging rates on transformer derating in harmonic-rich battery charger applications." Archives of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-012-0037-8.

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Abstract A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.

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11

Li, Xiaoyu, Wen Hua, Jindong Tian, and Yong Tian. "A Multi-Particle Physics-Based Model of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Fast-Charging Control Application." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (October 17, 2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040196.

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The charging safety of electric vehicles is an area of focus in the electric automobile industry. For the purpose of ensuring safety, charging electric vehicles as soon as possible is a goal pursued by the public. In order to ensure the safety of electric vehicles during fast charging and to reduce the cycle life decay of the battery, a simplified multi-particle lithium-ion battery model is proposed, based on the pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model. The model was developed by considering heterogeneous electrochemical reactions in the negative electrode area. The Butler–Volmer (BV) kinetic equation and the distribution of the pore wall flux in the negative electrode is approximated by the quasi-linear approximation method. Furthermore, this paper also analyzes the conditions of lithium precipitation from the negative electrode of a lithium-ion battery in the case of high charging rates, which has a certain reference significance for fast-charging control applications. The experimental and simulation results show that the model has a high simulation accuracy and can reflect the heterogeneity of electrochemical reactions in the negative electrode of the battery. The model can be adapted to fast-charging control applications.

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12

Rachid, Aziz, Hassan El Fadil, Khawla Gaouzi, Kamal Rachid, Abdellah Lassioui, Zakariae El Idrissi, and Mohamed Koundi. "Electric Vehicle Charging Systems: Comprehensive Review." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010255.

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The high-voltage battery is a crucial element for EV traction systems. It is the primary energy source that must be regularly recharged to reach the autonomy declared by the manufacturer. Therefore, an EV charging system is required to ensure the battery charging process. This review thoroughly investigates the available EV charging technologies and the most popular batteries for EV applications. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: the classification and topologies of electric vehicle chargers are examined, an overview of the current EV charging standards is provided, the state-of-the-art of EV charging couplers is discussed, and the most widely used batteries in EV applications are reviewed.

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13

Koutroulis, E., and K. Kalaitzakis. "Novel battery charging regulation system for photovoltaic applications." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 151, no. 2 (2004): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20040219.

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14

Raghunadh, N., K. Venkateswarlu, O. Nagasai, B. Venkatasai, A. Venkatasai, K. Venkatarao, K. SowjanKumar, and G. V. K. Murthy. "P-V Based Off-Board Electric Vehicle Battery Charger." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management 9, no. 1 (2022): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.1.110.

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Research on renewable energy based Electric Vehicle battery charging system is booming in the automobile industry in recent years. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources leads to the grid connected renewable energy systems for Electric Vehicle battery charging applications. In this paper, a photovoltaic array-fed off-board battery charging system using a bidirectional interleaved DC-DC converter is proposed for light-weight electric vehicles. This off-board charging system is capable of operating in dual mode, thereby supplying power to the electric vehicles battery from the photovoltaic array in standstill conditions and driving the DC load by the electric-vehicle battery during running conditions. This dual mode operation is accomplished by the use of a three-phase bidirectional direct-current. The model of the proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software.

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15

Yang, Shuangcheng, Xiangtian Deng, Jianghua Lu, Zhixuan Wu, and Kai Du. "Light-Load Efficiency Optimization for an LCC-Parallel Compensated Inductive Power Transfer Battery Charger." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122080.

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) techniques have gained wide acceptance across a range of battery charging applications such as cell phones, cardiac pacemakers, and electric vehicles. In a wireless battery charging system, a constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charging strategy, regardless of the variation of the battery load which may roughly range from a few ohms to several hundred ohms, is typically adopted to ensure the safety, durability, and performance of the battery. However, system efficiency drops significantly as the load increases in CV mode, especially at very light-load conditions. This paper proposes an efficiency optimization method for an LCC-parallel compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) battery charging system without the help of any additional power converter and control method. The equivalent circuit and resonant conditions of the LCC-parallel compensation topology are firstly analyzed to achieve the load-independent CV output at a zero phase angle (ZPA) operating frequency. Over the full range of CV charging mode, the efficiency of the LCC-parallel resonant tank circuit is analyzed and optimized. An IPT battery charger prototype with 48 V charging voltage and 1 A charging current is implemented. A measured DC–DC transfer efficiency of greater than 90.48% is achieved during the whole CV charging profile.

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16

Gao, Zhiming, Zhenhong Lin, and Oscar Franzese. "Energy Consumption and Cost Savings of Truck Electrification for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Applications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2628, no. 1 (January 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2628-11.

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An evaluation was made of the application of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and GenSet plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to Class-7 local delivery trucks and GenSet PHEV for Class-8 utility bucket trucks over widely real-world driving data performed by conventional heavy-duty trucks. GenSet refers to a PHEV range extension mode in which the PHEV engine is used only to generate electricity and charge the battery if the PHEV battery is out of electrical energy. A simulation tool based on vehicle tractive energy methodology and component efficiency for addressing component and system performance was developed to evaluate the energy consumption and performance of the trucks. As part of this analysis, various battery sizes combined with different charging powers on the e-trucks for local delivery, and utility bucket applications were investigated. The results show that the e-truck applications not only reduce energy consumption but also achieve significant energy cost savings. For delivery e-trucks, periodic stops at delivery sites provide sufficient time for battery charging, and for this reason, a high-power charger is not necessary. For utility bucket PHEV trucks, energy consumption per mile of bucket truck operation is typically higher because of longer idling times and extra high idling load associated with heavy utility work. The availability of en route charging is typically lacking at the worksites of bucket trucks; thus, the battery size of these trucks is somewhat larger than that of the delivery trucks studied.

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17

Çalışkan, Eser, and Ozgur Ustun. "Smart Efficiency Tracking for Novel Switch—LLC Converter for Battery Charging Applications." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051861.

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In this study, a novel smart efficiency tracking (SET) algorithm for GaN-based LLC resonant converter for quick battery charging of light electric vehicles is proposed. Conventional frequency modulation (FM) method, single pulse width modulation method (S-PWM) and discontinuous operation mode method (DOM) are used to track the converter efficiency which varies for different loading conditions during the battery charging process. First, the charging modes are explained to define the efficiency variation clearly. Then, the theoretical background of GaN-based LLC resonant converter is presented and the details of design study are given. Third, the principles of three different switching control strategies, the modeling study and the simulation results are put forward. Finally, the details of the implementation of three different switching strategies are presented for the validation of the study. Furthermore, the implementation of the design and its impact on battery charging are discussed. The proposed efficiency tracking method is validated with a 20% efficiency increase for the low loading conditions of GaN-based LLC converter.

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18

G., Shwetha, and Guruswamy K P. "A Study on PWM Rectifier for Battery Charging Applications – A Review." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 5 (June 30, 2022): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e3608.0611522.

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Electric Vehicles (EV) are becoming more popular in present scenario because it can be easily charged using charger. Thus, the chargers play a vital role in EV vehicle. Hence, many distinct types of EV charging technologies have been developed so far. This paper reviewes an effective and quick charging approach which extends the life cycle of a battery with high charging efficiency. This article also presents about characteristics of charger in terms of converter topologies, modulation schemes and control algorithms.

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19

Balamurugan, P., Prakhar Agarwal, Devashish Khajuria, Devbrat Mahapatra, S. Angalaeswari, L. Natrayan, and Wubishet Degife Mammo. "State-Flow Control Based Multistage Constant-Current Battery Charger for Electric Two-Wheeler." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (April 25, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4554582.

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Battery charging is a greater challenge in the emerging electric vehicle domain. A newer multistage constant-current (MSCC) charging technique encompassing state-flow control tool-based design is implemented for charging the battery of an electric two-wheeler. MSCC method allows for faster charging and reduced battery degradation per charge. The designed controller incorporates line current power factor correction, thereby limiting the total harmonic distortion (THD) in line current and reactive power. The control strategy for battery charging has been developed using the state flow chart approach for implementing MSCC. The model has been formulated and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control monitors the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery, age, and thermal behavior due to the charging strategy. The results show that the proposed charging technique with a state flow control approach gives effective and efficient output with reduced THD. Simulation results disclose that the desired parameters are controllable, stable, and effective within the operational limits.

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20

A. Mustaza, M. S., M. A. M. Ariff, and Sofia Najwa Ramli. "An extensive review of energy storage system for the residential renewable energy system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i1.pp242-250.

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Energy storage system (ESS) plays a prominent role in renewable energy (RE) to overcome the intermittent of RE energy condition and improve energy utilization in the power system. However, ESS for residential applications requires specific and different configuration. Hence, this review paper aims to provide information for system builders to decide the best setup configuration of ESS for residential application. In this paper, the aim is to provide an insight into the critical elements of the energy storage technology for residential application. The update on ESS technology, battery chemistry, battery charging, and monitoring system and power inverter technology are reviewed. Then, the operation, the pro, and cons of each variant of these technologies are comprehensively studied. This paper suggested that the ESS for residential ESS requires NMC battery chemistry because it delivers an all-rounded performance as compared to other battery chemistries. The four-stages constant current (FCC) charging technique is recommended because of the fast charging capability and safer than other charging techniques reviewed. Next, the battery management system (BMS) is recommended to adapt in advance machine learning method to estimate the state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH) and internal temperature (IT) to increase the safety and prolong the lifespan of the batteries. Finally, these recommendations and solutions aimed to improve the utilization of RE energy in power system, especially in residential ESS application and offer the best option that is available on the shelf for the residential ESS application in the future.

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21

Farah, Fouad, Mustapha El Alaoui, Abdellali Elboutahiri, Mounir Ouremchi, Karim El Khadiri, Ahmed Tahiri, and Hassan Qjidaa. "A new Li-ion battery charger with charge mode selection based on 0.18 um CMOS for phone applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1994-2002.

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A new architecture of Li-Ion battery charger with charge mode selection is presented in this work. To ensure high efficiency, good accuracy and complete protection mode, we propose an architecture based on variable current source, temperature detector and power control. To avoid the risk of damage, the Li- Ion batteries charging process must change between three modes of current (trickle current (TC), constant current (CC), and constant voltage (CV)) in order to charge the battery with degrading current. However, the interest of this study is to develop a fast battery charger with high accuracy that is able to switch between charging modes without reducing its power efficiency, and to guarantee a complete protection mode. The proposed charger circuit is designed to control the charging process in three modes using the charging mode selection. The obtained results show that the Li-ion batteries can be successfully charged in a short time without reducing their efficiency. The proposed charger is implemented in 180 nm CMOS technology with a maximum charging current equal to 1 A and a maximum battery voltage equal to 4.22 V, (with input range 2.7-4.5 V). The chip area is 1.5 mm2 and the power efficiency is 90.09 %.

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22

Tran, Bang, Joshua Ovalle, Karl Molina, Ruben Molina, and Ha Thu Le. "Solar-Powered Convenient Charging Station for Mobile Devices with Wireless Charging Capability." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 20 (August 23, 2021): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2021.20.29.

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Mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and music players, have been increasingly popular. There is a strong demand for charging stations for these devices, especially in public places, such as bus stops, parks, beaches, schools, hospitals, and playgrounds. This project designs a convenient charging station for the mobile devices. It is renewable and supportive for diverse charging needs. The system key design parameters are: 200-W solar panel, 12-V 900-Wh deep-cycle lead acid battery, 300-W 120-VAC pure sine-wave inverter, 8 outlets (2 wireless, 4 DC USB and 2 AC). It aims to supply an average load of 175Wh. A prototype of the station is built and tested. The testing results show that the station works properly. The control system switches the outlets on and off accurately based on the battery available energy. On a sunny day, with the solar panel and the battery operational, the system can support a full load of 150Wh until the sun is gone. When operating without the solar panel using the fully-charged battery, the system can last at least 1.5 hours. The station can serve as a convenient power source. It helps promote the use of solar energy that is beneficial to the environment

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23

Ilieva, Iliana, and Bernt Bremdal. "Utilizing Local Flexibility Resources to Mitigate Grid Challenges at Electric Vehicle Charging Stations." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 3506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123506.

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Charging of electric vehicles (EVs) on a large scale can cause problems for the grid. Utilizing local flexibility resources, such as smart charging, stationary battery, vehicle-to-grid applications, and local generation can be an efficient way to contain the grid challenges and mitigate the need for grid reinforcement. Focusing on the INSPIRIA charging station located in Norway, this paper investigates the possibility of coping with imminent grid challenges by means of local flexibility. First, the potential grid challenges are estimated with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. Second, cost and performance for the various local flexibility sources are presented. Third, an analysis of the choice of battery, charging process, and battery economy are provided. Finally, the paper discusses the optimal mix of flexibility resources to efficiently mitigate grid challenges at the INSPIRIA charging station.

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24

Kadirvel, Kanchana, Raju Kannadasan, Mohammed H. Alsharif, and Zong Woo Geem. "Design and Modeling of Modified Interleaved Phase-Shifted Semi-Bridgeless Boost Converter for EV Battery Charging Applications." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032712.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are set to become one of the domestic transportation systems that are highly preferred over conventional vehicles. Due to the huge demand for and cost of fuel, many people are switching over to EVs. Companies such as Tesla, BMW, Audi, and Mercedes have started marketing EVs. These EVs need charging stations to charge the batteries. The challenges for EV batteries require the implementation of features such as fast charging, long-run utilization, reduced heat emission, a light weight, and a small size. However, fast charging using conventional converters generates an imbalance in current injection due to the passive component selection. In this study, a converter is proposed that uses an interleaved network that provides a balanced current injection; i.e., an improved interleaved phase-shifted semi-bridgeless boost converter (IIPSSBBC) is designed for EV battery charging applications. The suggested approach is mathematically designed using MATLAB/Simulink (2021) software. The result shows that the battery charging current achieves about 16.5 A, which is relatively more than conventional systems. Moreover, the charging time of the proposed converter is about 6 hrs for a 50 Ah battery with a discharge load capacity of 5000 W, which is relatively less than the conventional method. In a nutshell, compared with conventional converters, the IIPSSBBC performs better, and, notably, the charging speed and current injection are increased by two times the amount. Further, a prototype hardware model is developed to assess the performance of the proposed converter.

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25

Tutunea, Dragos, Dumitru Ilie, Laurentiu Racila, and Cristina Rotea. "Experimental investigation on the alternator charging capacity for automotive applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012036.

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Abstract This research paper investigates the use of an automotive alternator on an experimental stand to evaluate the capacity to load the battery and produce electricity for car systems. The efficiency was calculated by measuring the electric power supplied to the battery for different regimes of speed. Various aspects regarding the efficiency of energy conversion by using an alternator were also discussed. The stand uses an electric motor with various transmission ratios to rotate the alternator. The speed was recorded with a digital tachometer and the energy consumption of the electric motor with a digital wattmeter. The results obtained showed that the increase in alternator speed generated more electricity and improved the load of the battery.

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Faudzi, Ahmad Aiman Mohd, Siti Fauziah Toha, Rabiatuladawiah Abu Hanifah, Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah, and Nor Azam Kamisan. "An interleaved DC charging solar system for electric vehicle." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2414-2422.

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This paper investigates the performance of conventional boost converter, 2-phase interleaved boost converter and 3-phase interleaved boost converter for renewable energy applications especially for solar-powered energy. The advantages of using coupled inductors in interleaved boost converters include increased system efficiency, reduced core size, and also reduced overall current and voltage ripples which increases the lifetime of renewable energy resources. In this paper, the uses of boost converters have been focused explicitly on the interleaved DC-DC charging from a solar-powered battery into electric vehicle (EV) battery storage. Hence, this paper aims to investigate a suitable charging process mechanism from a photovoltaic (PV) battery storage system into EV powered battery system. Using the application of a boost converter with reduced ripple current and ripple voltage decreases switching losses and increases conversion efficiency. The simulation is carried out by using Simulink/MATLAB to evaluate the performance of each boost converter. The results successfully demonstrate the ability of the proposed charging system with an energy efficiency of 90%.

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Kumar Pandey, Neeraj, and Rashmi Sharma. "Bidirectional Converter for Charging /Discharging of Battery." Journal of Futuristic Sciences and Applications 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/jfsa.312001.

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A better option for V2G and G2V compatibility is a bidirectional dc/dc on-board charger for EV battery discharging/charging application. Isolated converters favour working with high power densities over a wide variety of loads, which is advantageous for EV applications. For all power switches in both directions, the bidirectional converter executes the stepup and stepdown operation at zero voltage switching. There are two different types of architectures—direct and indirect architectures—that can be used to link EVs to the grid. The EV and the grid system operator only have one communication channel to use under the direct architecture. The indirect architecture, on the other hand, calls for communication between the grid operator and a middle system (sometimes referred to as an aggregator). In this essay, we focus on the earlier design. Electric vehicles (EVs) engage in continuous charge-discharge cycles when they connect to the grid to carry out various V2G services. The expense related to the EV batteries’ deterioration needs to be examined and assessed, therefore these cycles may be of major concern to the owners of the vehicles. In light of this, the battery cycle life (CL) must be taken into account while talking about the battery’s deterioration.

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Dhanavade, Monali. "Fast Battery Charger For Electric Vehicle With Solar Energy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45696.

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Abstract: The paper goes through the fundamentals of fast EV battery charging equipment as well as difficulties related to charging installations for road electric vehicles. The findings of the study are based on the prospect of EV charging stations being unified in smart networks, which connect the main grid with distributed power plants, renewable energy sources, stationary electrical storage devices, and electric loads. The study will look at the characteristics of several types of DC storage devices that will be used in stationary and on-board applications. A user-selectable charging current rate is illustrated in its simplest form. The ultra-fast DC ev battery charging architecture was also given special examination, as it appears to be a viable solution to the problem.

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Guo, Jia, Yaqi Li, Kjeld Pedersen, and Daniel-Ioan Stroe. "Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175220.

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Understanding the aging mechanism for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is crucial for optimizing the battery operation in real-life applications. This article gives a systematic description of the LiBs aging in real-life electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, the characteristics of the common EVs and the lithium-ion chemistries used in these applications are described. The battery operation in EVs is then classified into three modes: charging, standby, and driving, which are subsequently described. Finally, the aging behavior of LiBs in the actual charging, standby, and driving modes are reviewed, and the influence of different working conditions are considered. The degradation mechanisms of cathode, electrolyte, and anode during those processes are also discussed. Thus, a systematic analysis of the aging mechanisms of LiBs in real-life EV applications is achieved, providing practical guidance, methods to prolong the battery life for users, battery designers, vehicle manufacturers, and material recovery companies.

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Kalyanasundaram, V., George S. Fernandez, K. Vijayakumar, and S. Vidyasagar. "A two stage battery charger for EV charging applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp593-599.

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Electric power generation and consumption are indicating an unprecedented change in recent decades. Electrical power industry and transportation sector lie at the core of this development and hence this change. This change is one of the major causes of polluting environmental and global warming. So, to decrease the dependency on conventional fuels and greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the globe are actively finding alternative energy resources. It will help to develop clean and green energies to build a sustainable society. Simultaneously, energy utilization in the field of transportation is witnessing a change from fossil fuel to electricity-based fuel. Electrified transportation system is a solution to endorse sustainable energy development and addressing environmental pollution, global warming issues. In this paper, an EV battery charger is designed with a two-stage charging model to achieve good efficiency. The design is simulated by using MATLAB simulation and compared with the existing model. The simulation results show that the proposed model is superior to the traditional model.

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31

Gemma, Filippo, Giulia Tresca, Andrea Formentini, and Pericle Zanchetta. "Balanced Charging Algorithm for CHB in an EV Powertrain." Energies 16, no. 14 (July 23, 2023): 5565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145565.

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The scientific literature acknowledges cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converters as a viable alternative to two-level inverters in electric vehicle (EV) powertrain applications. In the context of an electric vehicle engine connected to a DC charger, this study introduces a state of charge (SOC)-governed method for charging li-ion battery modules using a cascaded H-bridge converter. The key strength of this algorithm lies in its ability to achieve balanced charging of battery modules across all three-phase submodules while simultaneously controlling the DC charger, eliminating the need for an additional intermediate converter. Moreover, the algorithm is highly customizable, allowing adaptation to various configurations involving different numbers of submodules per phase. Simulative and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed charging algorithm, validating its practical application.

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32

B. Ravi, Kumar, Naidu P. Guruvulu, G. Hanumanthu, Sai Pramodh Ch. Rama, T. Jyotsna, and P. Harika. "Passive balancing in battery management system for electrical vehicles." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 16, no. 3 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.16.3.19437.

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Due to the peak energy and power density, the battery is a leading energy source for electric vehicles. Among various battery chemistries, Li-ion batteries have emerged as serious competitors in the field of electric vehicles. The battery cells are connected in series or parallel to increase voltage and current in a battery pack for electric vehicle applications. The heart of a battery-operated electric vehicle is the battery control system. The series-connected cells in a battery pack must preserve each cell's original potential under ideal charging and discharging conditions. If the potential of connected cells is not balanced, the charging and discharging of cells in the pack will be affected, bringing up the issue of cells that are out of balance due to inherent and extrinsic factors. Using active and passive cell balancing techniques can solve this issue. The right cell balancing technique can shorten the battery pack's equalization time and enhance its ageing. This paper explains the parameters of a battery, the function of the BMS, and different cell balancing techniques for use in electric vehicle applications.

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33

Balachandran, Arvind, Tomas Jonsson, and Lars Eriksson. "DC Charging Capabilities of Battery-Integrated Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Maximum Tractive Power." Electricity 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2023): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity4010005.

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The increase in the average global temperature is a consequence of high greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, using alternative energy carriers that can replace fossil fuels, especially for automotive applications, is of high importance. Introducing more electronics into an automotive battery pack provides more precise control and increases the available energy from the pack. Battery-integrated modular multilevel converters (BI-MMCs) have high efficiency, improved controllability, and better fault isolation capability. However, integrating the battery and inverter influences the maximum DC charging power. Therefore, the DC charging capabilities of 5 3-phase BI-MMCs for a 40-ton commercial vehicle designed for a maximum tractive power of 400 kW was investigated. Two continuous DC charging scenarios are considered for two cases: the first considers the total number of submodules during traction, and the second increases the total number of submodules to ensure a maximum DC charging voltage of 1250 V. The investigation shows that both DC charging scenarios have similar maximum power between 1 and 3 MW. Altering the number of submodules increases the maximum DC charging power at the cost of increased losses.

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34

Aydin, Emrullah, Mehmet Timur Aydemir, Ahmet Aksoz, Mohamed El Baghdadi, and Omar Hegazy. "Inductive Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144962.

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Nowadays, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is receiving more attention in the automotive sector, introducing a safe, flexible and promising alternative to the standard battery chargers. Considering these advantages, charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries using the WPT method can be an important alternative to plug-in charging systems. This paper focuses on the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) method, which is based on the magnetic coupling of coils exchanging power from a stationary primary unit to a secondary system onboard the EV. A comprehensive review has been performed on the history of the evolution, working principles and phenomena, design considerations, control methods and health issues of IPT systems, especially those based on EV charging. In particular, the coil design, operating frequency selection, efficiency values and the preferred compensation topologies in the literature have been discussed. The published guidelines and reports that have studied the effects of WPT systems on human health are also given. In addition, suggested methods in the literature for protection from exposure are discussed. The control section gives the common charging control techniques and focuses on the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, which is usually used for EV battery chargers.

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35

Rkik, Iliass, Mohamed El khayat, Hafsa Hamidane, Abdelali Ed-Dahhak, Mohammed Guerbaoui, and Abdeslam Lachhab. "An intelligent lead-acid battery closed-loop charger using a combined fuzzy controller for PV applications." E3S Web of Conferences 297 (2021): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129701033.

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This paper presents the modeling of an intelligent combined MPPT and Lead-Acid battery charger controller for standalone solar photovoltaic systems. It involves the control of a DC/DC buck converter through a control unit, which contains two cascaded fuzzy logic controllers (FLC), that adjusts the required duty cycle of the converter according to the state of charge and the three stage lead acid battery charging system. The first fuzzy logic controller (FLC1) consists of an MPPT controller to extract the maximum power produced by the PV array, while the second fuzzy controller (FLC2) is aimed to control the voltage across the battery to ensure the three stage charging approach. This solution of employing two distinct cascaded fuzzy controllers surmounts the drawbacks of the classical chargers in which the voltage provided to the lead acid battery is not constant owing to the effects of the MPPT control which can automatically damage the battery. Thus, the suggested control strategy has the benefit of extracting the full power against the PV array, avoiding battery damage incurred by variable MPPT voltage and increasing the battery’s lifespan.

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36

Qays, Md Ohirul, Yonis Buswig, Hazrul Basri, Md Liton Hossain, Ahmed Abu-Siada, Md Momtazur Rahman, and S. M. Muyeen. "An Intelligent Controlling Method for Battery Lifetime Increment Using State of Charge Estimation in PV-Battery Hybrid System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 8799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248799.

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In a photovoltaic (PV)-battery integrated system, the battery undergoes frequent charging and discharging cycles that reduces its operational life and affects its performance considerably. As such, an intelligent power control approach for a PV-battery standalone system is proposed in this paper to improve the reliability of the battery along its operational life. The proposed control strategy works in two regulatory modes: maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode and battery management system (BMS) mode. The novel controller tracks and harvests the maximum available power from the solar cells under different atmospheric conditions via MPPT scheme. On the other hand, the state of charge (SOC) estimation technique is developed using backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm under BMS mode to manage the operation of the battery storage during charging, discharging, and islanding approaches to prolong the battery lifetime. A case study is demonstrated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme which shows only 0.082% error for real-world applications. The study discloses that the projected BMS control strategy satisfies the battery-lifetime objective for off-grid PV-battery hybrid systems by avoiding the over-charging and deep-discharging disturbances significantly.

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37

Mishra, Anjanee K., Saurabh Shukla, Bhim Singh, and Ahmad Al Durra. "A Reactive Power Compensated Control Scheme for Solar-Assisted EV Fast-Charging Applications." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (June 1, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6723610.

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The main objective of this work is to develop an efficient reactive power compensated control technique for a fast-charging scheme for electric vehicle(s) (i.e., level-3 charging). The developed charging technique has the four-quadrant power flow operation with the simultaneous assurance of the compensated reactive power control. The developed charging infrastructure scheme involves a solar panel and 3-phase grid to charge the E-mobility. A DC-DC boost converter is used to achieve maximum power tracking (MPPT) of a solar PV array, and a 3-phase grid-tied bidirectional voltage source converter (VSC) is utilized to provide the bulk of power to charge the EV. The 3-phase VSC has multiple functionalities including grid side power quality (PQ) improvement with reactive power compensation, seamless flow of power from the grid to EV, and solar to grid or battery to grid (V2G) operation. This scheme also facilitates tariffs earned by discharging solar energy to the grid with additional benefits of reactive power compensation. An arrangement is also made to tackle grid failure conditions during battery discharging mode by connecting a load for ancillary purposes. The effectiveness of this charging scheme is first examined in MATLAB/Simulink environment and then validated on developed hardware.

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38

Carloni, Andrea, Federico Baronti, Roberto Di Rienzo, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Effect of the DC-Link Capacitor Size on the Wireless Inductive-Coupled Opportunity-Charging of a Drone Battery." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102621.

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Wireless inductive-coupled power transfer and opportunity battery charging are very appealing techniques in drone applications. Weight and size are very critical constraints in drones, so the battery and the on-board electronics must be as light and small as possible. The on-board components involved in the resonant inductive-coupled wireless power transfer usually consist of the secondary coil, the compensation capacitor, the bridge rectifier, the LC-filter and the battery. This paper suggests a sizing of the LC-filter capacitor that improves the charging power of the battery. In addition, further on-board space and size is saved by using the stray inductance of the battery as filtering inductor. LTSpice simulations and experimental tests carried out on the prototype of a wireless power transfer circuit shows the dependency of the power delivered to the battery on the filter capacitor size. Finally, it is found that the power transfer to the battery is maximized by choosing the capacitor value that sets the LC-filter resonant frequency close to the double of the excitation frequency of the wireless charging. The drawback is a large current and voltage ripple in the battery.

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39

Reddy, Kondreddy Sreekanth, and Sreenivasappa Bhupasandra Veeranna. "Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter for electric vehicle battery charging applications." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp773-782.

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In this paper, a modified full bridge dual inductive coupling (LCL) resonant converter for electric vehicles (EVs) battery charging applications is proposed. The main objective of the proposed topology is to operate the converter in constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) mode during battery charging. The presented topology's uniqueness comprises the following: i) isolated charging and power factor correction (PFC), ii) to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) for inverter switches, iii) reduction of number of rectifier diodes to reduce the conduction and switching losses, and iv) reducing the magnetizing current. The output voltage dependence of resonant converter is reduced using a PFC converter against the variations of the alternating current (AC) grid input voltage. The variations of the wide range output voltage and load is compensated by a small variation in switching frequency. The proposed topology's detailed operation is simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink tool.

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Hayajneh, Hassan S., Maximiliano Lainfiesta Herrera, and Xuewei Zhang. "Design of combined stationary and mobile battery energy storage systems." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): e0260547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260547.

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To minimize the curtailment of renewable generation and incentivize grid-scale energy storage deployment, a concept of combining stationary and mobile applications of battery energy storage systems built within renewable energy farms is proposed. A simulation-based optimization model is developed to obtain the optimal design parameters such as battery capacity and power ratings by solving a multi-objective optimization problem that aims to maximize the economic profitability, the energy provided for transportation electrification, the demand peak shaving, and the renewable energy utilized. Two applications considered for the stationary energy storage systems are the end-consumer arbitrage and frequency regulation, while the mobile application envisions a scenario of a grid-independent battery-powered electric vehicle charging station network. The charging stations receive supplies from the energy storage system that absorbs renewable energy, contributing to a sustained DC demand that helps with revenues. Representative results are presented for two operation modes and different sets of weights assigned to the objectives. Substantial improvement in the profitability of combined applications over single stationary applications is shown. Pareto frontier of a reduced dimensional problem is obtained to show the trade-off between design objectives. This work could pave the road for future implementations of the new form of energy storage systems.

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Hariyadi, Arif, Awan Nugroho, and Suwarno Suwarno. "The origin of cycle life degradation of a lead-acid battery under constant voltage charging." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp986-993.

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Due to its low cost and recycle-ability, the lead-acid battery is widely used in mobile and stationary applications. Despite much research on lead-acid batteries, the effect of charging voltage on the degradation mechanism requires further investigation. In particular, the origin of cycle life degradation remains unclear. In the present work, by using electrochemical tests and materials characterization, we studied the effect of charging voltage at voltages slightly higher than the open-circuit potential (OCP) i.e., 103-107% OCP, on the battery life cycle. The highest degradation was observed at 105% OCP charging voltage. Based on the materials characterization results, we found that the degradation of a lead-acid battery is influenced by the amount of hard sulfate and the sulfate particles' size.

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42

Al-Nabulsi, Jamal. "Auto-wireless battery charging system for medical and healthcare applications." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2022.08.24.

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43

Han, Sekyung, Soohee Han, and Hirohisa Aki. "A practical battery wear model for electric vehicle charging applications." Applied Energy 113 (January 2014): 1100–1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.062.

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44

Kocabaş, Tuğbey, Ayberk Özden, İlker Demiroğlu, Deniz Çakır, and Cem Sevik. "Determination of Dynamically Stable Electrenes toward Ultrafast Charging Battery Applications." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9, no. 15 (July 11, 2018): 4267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01468.

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45

Karuppa Samy, A., and S. Jeyadevi. "Fuzzy Logic Based Battery Power Management for PV and Wind Hybrid Power System." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2014.3.1.787.

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This paper proposes an approach for the hybrid solar photovoltaic and wind power system in Battery management for stand-alone applications. Battery charging process is nonlinear, time-varying with a considerable time delay so it is difficult to achieve the best energy management performance by using traditional control approaches. A fuzzy control strategy for battery charging or discharging used in a renewable power generation system is analyzed in the paper. To improve the life cycle of the battery, fuzzy control manages the desired state of charge (SOC). A fuzzy logic-based controller to be used for the Battery SOC control of the designed hybrid system is proposed and compared with a classical PI controller for the performance validation. The entire designed system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink Environment.

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46

Monteiro, Luiz Eduardo Cotta, Hugo Miguel Varela Repolho, Rodrigo Flora Calili, Daniel Ramos Louzada, Rafael Saadi Dantas Teixeira, and Rodrigo Santos Vieira. "Optimization of a Mobile Energy Storage Network." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010186.

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This paper introduces the mobile battery network for electronic devices through powerbanks in a city, and proposes an optimization model to find the optimum site and set-up of the network considering costumers demand, logistics components, the batteries degradation, and terminal’s charger regime. To this end, a series of degradation tests were carried out on lithium-ion batteries, in four different charger regimes, in which the battery voltage amplitude and the charging electric current were varied. The results of these tests were incorporated into the optimization model as the depreciation rate and charge time over battery life. The mathematical modeling innovates by including new components designed specifically for this new problem: battery availability according to charging time; different types of customer service; objective function modeling that includes the logistical costs of battery relocation, terminal maintenance, and battery depreciation. The results indicate that the network performance using batteries in the fastest charging configuration tends to have a positive impact on their efficiency and profitability. The model can be used as a reference for other applications that require recharge points that enable the use of mobile batteries, such as electric scooters, electric bicycles, and drones, among others.

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47

Hegazy, Omar, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Joeri Van Mierlo, and Philippe Lataire. "Modeling and analysis of different control techniques of conductive battery chargers for electric vehicles applications." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2013-0382.

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Анотація:

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze and simulate the control techniques that can be used to control the on-board conductive battery chargers (OCBCs) for electric vehicles applications. This paper also provides a comparative study of these control techniques. Design/methodology/approach – Battery chargers would play an important role in the development of new battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The control techniques of these OCBCs can significantly influence the BEV performance during the charging mode from the ac grid. In addition, the proper selection of control systems of the OCBCs has a great impact on the power quality of the AC grid during the charging period. Therefore, this paper presents the analysis of different control techniques that are commonly used to control the battery chargers. In addition, a comparative study of different control techniques of the OCBCs for BEVs is provided. Findings – The results have demonstrated that it is possible to significantly improve the efficiency, power factor and total harmonic distortion by using proportional-integral control and proportional-resonant control. The digital control can be used to validate the selected control technique. Originality/value – The main objective of this paper is to analyze the different control methods that can be used to control the OCBCs during charging mode from the ac grid. In addition, this paper presents a comparative analysis between these control methods. In this paper, a digital control based on TMS320F2808 DSP is used to implement the proper control method for OCBCs.

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48

Cho, In-Ho, Pyeong-Yeon Lee, and Jong-Hoon Kim. "Analysis of the Effect of the Variable Charging Current Control Method on Cycle Life of Li-ion Batteries." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12153023.

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Applications of rechargeable batteries have recently expanded from small information technology (IT) devices to a wide range of other industrial sectors, including vehicles, rolling stocks, and energy storage system (ESS), as a part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance convenience. The capacity of rechargeable batteries adopted in individual products is meanwhile increasing and the price of the batteries in such products has become an important factor in determining the product price. In the case of electric vehicles, the price of batteries has increased to more than 40% of the total product cost. In response, various battery management technologies are being studied to increase the service life of products with large-capacity batteries and reduce maintenance costs. In this paper, a charging algorithm to increase the service life of batteries is proposed. The proposed charging algorithm controls charging current in anticipation of heating inside the battery while the battery is being charged. The validity of the proposed charging algorithm is verified through an experiment to compare charging cycles using high-capacity type lithium-ion cells and high-power type lithium-ion cells.

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Suryadi, Aris, Didik Notosudjono, Dede Suhendi, and Ubaedy Rachmat. "Application of Indirect Battery Charging Control System in Hybrid Small Power Plant." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 54, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540114.

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Electrical energy is a basic human need and its use continues to increase, it is necessary to seek and utilize alternative to meet these energy needs, among others, by combining wind energy and solar energy. In its application, this hybrid power plant requires a battery as a storage medium and a controller as a regulator. There is a controller designed for the direct control type, where the electrical energy from the power plant to the hybrid source will not be directly channeled to the battery but through the MOSFET first, so that charging and disbursement of power consumption on the battery can be regulated. When the battery is fully charged, the system voltage controller will read the parameters to be adjusted and will disconnect the hybrid power source to the battery to prevent overcharge. The controller switches and regulates battery power usage to the load. The battery charging control system uses the PWM method using a MOSFET as the driving circuit and the ATMega 32 microcontroller as the system controller.

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Gallardo-Lozano, Javier, Abdul Lateef, Enrique Romero-Cadaval, and M. Isabel Milanés-Montero. "Active Battery Balancing for Battery Packs." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2013-0006.

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AbstractIn electric vehicle applications, it is necessary to use series strings of batteries since the required voltage is higher than the one that can be obtained from a single battery. Due to several factors, imbalance of batteries in these battery systems is usual and an important factor that has to be taken into account. Many balancing methods have been developed with a lot of different advantages, but all of them also have a lot of disadvantages such as complexity and/or high cost, which are the common problems that can be found in most of these equalization methods. In the present work, a low cost and very simple equalization method is proposed, in which a novel control is applied to a shunting transistor topology. It allows the transistors to regulate the amount of current that goes through each battery cell in the string depending on their State of Charge (SOC), during the charging process. This control ensures that the least charged cells to be charged faster, and the most charged ones to be charged more slowly. Design criteria are discussed and simulation results are carried out in a generic battery low power application which proves the control method. Fast equalization with a low complexity and cost is obtained

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