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1
Zhao, Huabin, Dong Xu, Shuyi Zhang, and Jianzhi Zhang. "Widespread Losses of Vomeronasal Signal Transduction in Bats." Molecular Biology and Evolution 28, no. 1 (August 6, 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq207.
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2
Kurta, Allen, Gary P. Bell, Kenneth A. Nagy, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Water balance of free-ranging little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) during pregnancy and lactation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study provides the first measurements of daily water flux in free-ranging bats during pregnancy and lactation. We used the wash-out rate of tritiated water from the body water pool to calculate daily water flux in 10 pregnant and 14 lactating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Average water influx was 6.16 ± 0.47 (SE) mL/day during pregnancy and 6.91 ± 0.37 mL/day during lactation; average efflux was 6.27 ± 0.44 and 7.07 ± 0.36 mL/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. Using data from the literature, we partitioned daily flux into major components. Our calculations indicated that most (> 62%) water influx was preformed water in the insect diet. Drinking water represented 23–26% of daily influx. Although previous studies indicated that evaporative losses greatly exceeded urinary losses in laboratory-maintained M. lucifugus, urinary and evaporative losses were comparable in our free-ranging bats. Urinary losses represented 46% of water efflux during pregnancy and 35% during lactation. Over 80% of all water efflux occurs during the 8-h night.
3
da Silva Schreiber, Maicon, and Juliana Fachinetto. "PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RABIES VIRUS (RABIES LYSSAVIRUS) VARIANTS FROM TWO DIFFERENT HOST SPECIES." Veterinária e Zootecnia 31 (January 13, 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2024.v31.1537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that affects several mammals. Bats are recognized hosts of the rabies virus, and their main food source is the blood of other mammals, particularly cattle. During feeding, bats transmit the virus to cattle, which are victims of the disease, contributing to economic losses and increasing the risk of infection for humans. Based on this affinity in the rabies cycle between bats and cattle, the objective of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of rabies virus samples in cattle and bats. The G gene of the rabies virus was chosen for this study because it is directly related to the infection process. Nucleotide sequences of the viral G gene were selected from GenBank for samples obtained from infected cattle and bats. Maximum parsimony analyses were conducted using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software. The Maxima Parsimony tree indicated a phylogenetic relationship between the G genes of both hosts, indicating that the virus evolved from bats to cattle. Analysis of parsimoniously informative sites revealed that the viral G gene carried specific mutations in each host. Knowledge of the evolutionary relationships between the rabies virus and its hosts is critical for identifying potential new hosts and the possible routes of infection for humans.
4
Zhu, Dan, Yingying Liu, Lixin Gong, Man Si, Qiuya Wang, Jiang Feng, and Tinglei Jiang. "The Consumption and Diversity Variation Responses of Agricultural Pests and Their Dietary Niche Differentiation in Insectivorous Bats." Animals 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2024): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14050815.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Insectivorous bats are generalist predators and can flexibly respond to fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of insect prey. To better understand the effects of bats on arthropod pests, the types of pests eaten by bats and the response of bats to insect prey need to be determined. In this study, we performed DNA metabarcoding to examine prey composition and pest diversity in the diets of four insectivorous species of bats (Hipposideros armiger, Taphozous melanopogon, Aselliscus stoliczkanus, and Miniopterus fuliginosus). We evaluated the correlation between bat activity and insect resources and assessed dietary niche similarity and niche breadth among species and factors that influence prey consumption in bats. We found that the diets of these bats included arthropods from 23 orders and 200 families, dominated by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. The proportion of agricultural pests in the diet of each of the four species of bats exceeded 40% and comprised 713 agricultural pests, including those that caused severe economic losses. Bats responded to the availability of insects. For example, a higher abundance of insects, especially Lepidoptera, and a higher insect diversity led to an increase in the duration of bat activity. In areas with more abundant insects, the number of bat passes also increased. The dietary composition, diversity, and niches differed among species and were particularly significant between H. armiger and T. melanopogon; the dietary niche width was the greatest in A. stoliczkanus and the narrowest in H. armiger. The diet of bats was correlated with their morphological and echolocation traits. Larger bats preyed more on insects in the order Coleoptera, whereas the proportion of bats consuming insects in the order Lepidoptera increased as the body size decreased. Bats that emitted echolocation calls with a high peak frequency and duration preyed more on insects in the order Mantodea. Our results suggest that dietary niche differentiation promotes the coexistence of different bat species and increases the ability of bats to consume insect prey and agricultural pests. Our findings provide greater insights into the role of bats that prey on agricultural pests and highlight the importance of combining bat conservation with integrated pest management.
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Jiao, Hengwu, Libiao Zhang, Huan-Wang Xie, Nancy B. Simmons, Hui Liu, and Huabin Zhao. "Trehalase Gene as a Molecular Signature of Dietary Diversification in Mammals." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 10 (July 16, 2019): 2171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Diet is a key factor in determining and structuring animal diversity and adaptive radiations. The mammalian fossil record preserves phenotypic evidence of many dietary shifts, whereas genetic changes followed by dietary diversification in mammals remain largely unknown. To test whether living mammals preserve molecular evidence of dietary shifts, we examined the trehalase gene (Treh), which encodes an enzyme capable of digesting trehalose from insect blood, in bats and other mammals with diverse diets. Bats represent the largest dietary radiation among all mammalian orders, with independent origins of frugivory, nectarivory, carnivory, omnivory, and even sanguivory in an otherwise insectivorous clade. We found that Treh has been inactivated in unrelated bat lineages that independently radiated into noninsectivorous niches. Consistently, purifying selection has been markedly relaxed in noninsectivorous bats compared with their insectivorous relatives. Enzymatic assays of intestinal trehalase in bats suggest that trehalase activity tends to be lost or markedly reduced in noninsectivorous bats compared with their insectivorous relatives. Furthermore, our survey of Treh in 119 mammal species, which represent a deeper evolutionary timeframe, additionally identified a number of other independent losses of Treh in noninsectivorous species, recapitulating the evolutionary pattern that we found in bats. These results document a molecular record of dietary diversification in mammals, and suggest that such molecular signatures of dietary shifts would help us understand both historical and modern changes of animal diets.
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Carvalho, William D., Elizabete C. Lourenço, Júlia L. Luz, Bruna S. Xavier, Angélica V. Yantén, and Luciana M. Costa. "Giving Wings to Sustainability: Brazil Needs to Consider Bats as Suppressors of Agricultural Pests and Tropical Disease Vectors." Sustainability 16, no. 14 (July 9, 2024): 5858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16145858.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Insect-eating bats play a crucial role in agriculture and public health by suppressing populations of agricultural pests and disease vectors. These ecosystem services promoted by insect-eating bats are essential in a world that seeks sustainability in agricultural production and the management of urban areas. Despite Brazil’s status as one of the largest agricultural producers globally, research using insect-eating bats for pest control is lacking. This review underscores the importance of filling this knowledge gap and provides guidelines for future research. Bats exhibit diverse feeding habits and consume significant quantities of insects, including agricultural pests. While studies in the USA and Europe have highlighted insect-eating bats’ role in reducing agricultural losses, research in Brazil is limited. Challenges include the need for more advanced diet analysis techniques, such as DNA metabarcoding, and understanding bat habitat use in agricultural and urban landscapes. Research on natural and artificial roosts’ effectiveness and population dynamics is also essential. Integrating bat conservation into agricultural sustainability requires investment in technological methods, valuation of ecosystem services, population monitoring, habitat use studies and environmental education. Financial incentives and collaboration between sectors are crucial for advancing research and implementing bat-friendly practices in agriculture, ultimately enhancing biodiversity conservation and production sustainability in Brazil.
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Liu, Yang, Huihui Xu, Xinpu Yuan, Stephen J. Rossiter, and Shuyi Zhang. "Multiple Adaptive Losses of Alanine-Glyoxylate Aminotransferase Mitochondrial Targeting in Fruit-Eating Bats." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 6 (January 19, 2012): 1507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss013.
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Miková, Edita, Katarína Varcholová, Sándor Boldogh, and Marcel Uhrin. "Winter diet analysis in Rhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera)." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0199-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe investigated the winter food of Mediterranean horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus euryale) in four winter cave roosts in southern Slovakia and northern Hungary and investigated the relationship between food and ambient temperature. The bats were active during the whole winter period and they produced excrement throughout the entire hibernation period, even when outside temperatures dropped below zero. The guano was in two forms, containing (1) prey items and (2) non-prey items. The identifiable items belonged to lepidopteran species, but only one was identified, on the basis of the genital fragments, the moth Colotois pennaria, which was the main prey species in autumn and early winter. Our results shed light on the extraordinarily high level of activity in this bat species during winter hibernation, which in temperate regions is a strategy that enables bats to survive when prey is reduced or absent. In R. euryale, the torpor in the course of hibernation is not continuous and our results help to explain how energy losses caused by bat movements are covered.
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Shen, Bin, Tao Fang, Mengyao Dai, Gareth Jones, and Shuyi Zhang. "Independent Losses of Visual Perception Genes Gja10 and Rbp3 in Echolocating Bats (Order: Chiroptera)." PLoS ONE 8, no. 7 (July 18, 2013): e68867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068867.
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Kłys, Grzegorz, and Joanna Makuchowska-Fryc. "Wintering Conditions and Heat Loss during Hibernation in the Brown Long-Eared Bat." Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14020716.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to estimate heat loss in the brown long-eared bat during hibernation depending on the refugioclimate conditions. The measured values of refugioclimate parameters were: ambient temperature (Ta) 3–10 °C, relative humidity (Rh) 74–98% and air velocity (v) 0.06–0.95 m/s. Heat loss was calculated using convective heat transfer equations. Mean heat loss amounted to 4 W/m2. The results were compared to the heat loss calculated based on the fat burned during hibernation. Bats flying into underground systems during the hibernation period were captured and their body mass was measured. A loss of body mass of 2.6 g over the 126 days of hibernation was observed. Heat loss equalled 3.115 W/m2K.The presented method of calculating energy expenditure allows for non-invasive monitoring of the heat and fat losses of bats during hibernation. Such research may find application in designing artificial wintering sites.
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Orłowska, Anna, Marcin Smreczak, Patrycja Potyrało, Arkadiusz Bomba, Paweł Trębas, and Jerzy Rola. "First Detection of Bat Astroviruses (BtAstVs) among Bats in Poland: The Genetic BtAstVs Diversity Reveals Multiple Co-Infection of Bats with Different Strains." Viruses 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Astroviruses (AstVs) are common pathogens of a wide range of animal hosts, including mammals and avians, causing gastrointestinal diseases, mainly gastroenteritis and diarrhea. They prompt a significant health problem in newborns and young children and economic losses in the poultry sector and mink farms. Recent studies revealed a growing number of bat species carrying astroviruses with a noticeable prevalence and diversity. Here, we demonstrate the first detection of bat astroviruses (BtAstVs) circulating in the population of insectivorous bats in the territory of Poland. Results: Genetically diverse BtAstVs (n = 18) were found with a varying degree of bat species specificity in five out of 15 bat species in Poland previously recognized as BtAstV hosts. Astroviral RNA was found in 12 out of 98 (12.2%, 95% CI 7.1–20.2) bat intestines, six bat kidneys (6.1%, 95% CI 2.8–12.7) and two bat livers (2.0%, 95% CI 0.4–7.1). Deep sequencing of the astroviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region revealed co-infections in five single bat individuals with highly distinct astrovirus strains. Conclusions: The detection of highly distinct bat astroviruses in Polish bats favors virus recombination and the generation of novel divergent AstVs and creates a potential risk of virus transmission to domestic animals and humans in the country. These findings provide a new insight into molecular epidemiology, prevalence of astroviruses in European bat populations and the risk of interspecies transmission to other animals including humans.
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Mialhe, Paulo Jacques, Luiz Eduardo Moschini, and Diego Peruchi Trevisan. "VAMPIRE BAT DESMODUS ROTUNDUS SHELTERS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL." Veterinária e Zootecnia 28 (September 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.609.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is the main transmitter of domestic herbivorous rabies, which causes economic losses in cattle raising, being a serious public health problem. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows the spatial monitoring of these bats shelters, which is an efficient way to prevent and control rabies. This study located shelters of D. rotundus in the Eastern Center region of São Paulo state and identified the types of shelters used (natural or artificial), their proximity to water, sexual composition, and population estimated of the colonies. Searches were carried out by colonies of vampire bats in natural and artificial shelters during 2002 to 2004, covering 18 municipalities. After located, the shelters were georeferenced, being recorded the nature of the shelter (natural or artificial), use (shelters of males, maternities, digestive) and estimated population. The data were incorporated into a GIS, producing a thematic map of the shelter’s location and their distance from the local water bodies. There were found 1.567 D. rotundus distributed in 94 shelters, where only six shelters (6.38%) were natural (caves). Most shelters (79.78%) were sparsely populated, with up to 15 bats, including male shelters (46 shelters) and 30 maternities (63.82% of maternities). Five shelters (5.37%) had between 50 and 100 bats and only two shelters (2.15%) had a population greater than 100 bats. Six shelters (6.38%) were inhabited houses, which is a concern for public health, as these may constitute a source of dangerous contamination for domestic and human carnivores. All the shelters were at a distance of up to 2 km of rivers or streams. The high percentage of artificial shelters found is a consequence of the intensification of the anthropic changes that increase the supply of food and shelter to D. rotundus, which associated with a large drainage network favors the dispersion of this species of bat in the region. The proximity of all D. rotundus shelters to the drainage network corroborates other studies in São Paulo state, where the areas close to the main rivers generally favor the existence of a larger number of shelters.
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Leroux, Camille, Kévin Barré, Nicolas Valet, Christian Kerbiriou, and Isabelle Le Viol. "Distribution of common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) activity is altered by airflow disruption generated by wind turbines." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): e0303368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mechanisms underlying bat and bird activity peaks (attraction) or losses (avoidance) near wind turbines remain unknown. Yet, understanding them would be a major lever to limit the resulting habitat loss and fatalities. Given that bat activity is strongly related to airflows, we hypothesized that airflow disturbances generated leeward (downwind) of operating wind turbines–via the so-called wake effect–make this area less favorable for bats, due to increased flight costs, decreased maneuverability and possibly lower prey abundance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified Pipistrellus pipistrellus activity acoustically at 361 site-nights in western France in June on a longitudinal distance gradient from the wind turbine and on a circular azimuth gradient of wind incidence angle, calculated from the prevailing wind direction of the night. We show that P. pipistrellus avoid the wake area, as less activity was detected leeward of turbines than windward (upwind) at relatively moderate and high wind speeds. Furthermore, we found that P. pipistrellus response to wind turbine (attraction and avoidance) depended on the angle from the wake area. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in airflows around operating wind turbines can strongly impact the way bats use habitats up to at least 1500 m from the turbines, and thus should prompt the consideration of prevailing winds in wind energy planning. Based on the evidence we present here, we strongly recommend avoiding configurations involving the installation of a turbine between the origin of prevailing winds and important habitats for bats, such as hedgerows, water or woodlands.
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Golpira, Hiwa, Francisco Rovira-Más, Hemin Golpira, and Verónica Saiz-Rubio. "Mathematical model-based redesign of chickpea harvester reel." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 19, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): e0203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021191-16391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim of study: This paper presents a mathematical modeling approach to redesign the reels of chickpea harvesters for harvest efficiency.Area of study: A prototype chickpea harvester was designed and evaluated on the Dooshan farm of the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.Material and methods: The strategy used for reducing harvesting losses derived from the dynamic study of the reel applied to the chickpea harvester. The machine was designed such that bats of a power take-off (PTO)-powered reel, in conjunction with passive fingers, harvest pods from anchored plants and throw the pods into a hopper. The trochoid trajectory of the reel bats concerning reel kinematic index, and plant height and spacing was determined for redesigning the reel.Main results: This kinematic design allowed an estimation of the reel orientation at the time of impact. The experimentally validated model offers an accurate and low computational cost method to redesign harvester reels.Research highlights: The new chickpea harvester implemented with a four fixed-bat reel, a height of 40 cm above the ground for the reel axis, and featuring a kinematic index of 2.4 was capable of harvesting pods with harvesting efficiency of over 70%; a significant improvement in harvesting performance.
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Golpira, Hiwa, and Rafael R. Sola-Guirado. "Data-Driven Simulator: Redesign of Chickpea Harvester Reels." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conventional redesign methodologies applied on the grain harvester headers for the mechanical harvesting of chickpeas cause its progress to not be as rapid and technological. This paper presents a hybrid modeling-optimization methodology to design harvester reels for efficient chickpea harvesting. The five fabricated headers were tested in both real and virtual modeling environments to optimize the operational parameters of the reel for minimum losses. Harvesting losses data gathered from chickpea fields over ten years of trials were fed into a fuzzy logic model, which in turn was merged with simulated annealing to develop a simulator. To this end, simulated annealing was used to produce combinations of reel diameter and number of bats, to be fed into the fuzzy model until achieving a minimum harvesting loss. The proposed model predicts the reel structure measured in-field evaluation, which fits well with the previously established mathematical model. A significant improvement in harvesting performance, 71% pod harvesting, validates the benefits of the proposed fuzzy-simulated annealing approach to optimize the design of grain harvester headers.
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Abrahamczyk, S., D. Souto-Vilarós, and S. S. Renner. "Escape from extreme specialization: passionflowers, bats and the sword-billed hummingbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1795 (November 22, 2014): 20140888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A striking example of plant/pollinator trait matching is found between Andean species of Passiflora with 6–14-cm-long nectar tubes and the sword-billed hummingbird, Ensifera ensifera , with up to 11-cm-long bills. Because of the position of their anthers and stigmas, and self-incompatibility, these passionflower species depend on E. ensifera for pollination. Field observations show that the bird and plant distribution match completely and that scarcity of Ensifera results in reduced passionflower seed set. We here use nuclear and plastid DNA sequences to investigate how often and when these mutualisms evolved and under which conditions, if ever, they were lost. The phylogeny includes 26 (70%) of the 37 extremely long-tubed species, 13 (68%) of the 19 species with tubes too short for Ensifera and four of the seven bat-pollinated species for a total of 43 (69%) of all species in Passiflora supersection Tacsonia (plus 11 outgroups). We time-calibrated the phylogeny to infer the speed of any pollinator switching. Results show that Tacsonia is monophyletic and that its stem group dates to 10.7 Ma, matching the divergence at 11.6 Ma of E. ensifera from its short-billed sister species. Whether pollination by short-billed hummingbirds or by Ensifera is the ancestral condition cannot be securely inferred, but extremely long-tubed flowers exclusively pollinated by Ensifera evolved early during the radiation of the Tacsonia clade. There is also evidence of several losses of Ensifera dependence, involving shifts to bat pollination and shorter billed birds. Besides being extremely asymmetric—a single bird species coevolving with a speciose plant clade—the Ensifera / Passiflora system is a prime example of a specialized pollinator not driving plant speciation, but instead being the precondition for the maintenance of isolated populations (through reliable seed set) that then underwent allopatric speciation.
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Rabie, Paul A., Brandi Welch-Acosta, Kristen Nasman, Susan Schumacher, Steve Schueller, and Jeffery Gruver. "Efficacy and cost of acoustic-informed and wind speed-only turbine curtailment to reduce bat fatalities at a wind energy facility in Wisconsin." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): e0266500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266500.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current research estimates hundreds of thousands of turbine-related bat fatalities in North America annually. In an effort to reduce impacts of wind energy production on bat populations, many facilities implement operational curtailment strategies that limit turbine blade rotation during conditions when nighttime wind speeds are low. Incorporating real-time bat activity data into wind speed-only curtailment (WOC) strategies may increase operational flexibility by allowing turbines to operate normally when bats are not present near turbines. We evaluated costs and benefits of implementing the Turbine Integrated Mortality Reduction (TIMR) system, an approach that informs a curtailment-triggering algorithm based on wind speed and real-time bat acoustic data, compared to a WOC strategy in which turbines were curtailed below 4.5 meters per second (m/s) at a wind energy facility in Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin. TIMR is a proprietary system and we had no access to the acoustic data or bat call analysis software. Operational parameters for the TIMR system were set to allow curtailment at all wind speeds below 8.0 m/s during the study period when bats were acoustically detected. Overall, the TIMR system reduced fatalities by 75% compared to control turbines, while the WOC strategy reduced fatalities by 47%. An earlier analysis of the same TIMR data neglected to account for carcasses occurring outside the plot boundary and estimated an 84.5% fatality reduction due to the TIMR system. Over the study period, bat activity led to curtailment of TIMR turbines during 39.4% of nighttime hours compared to 31.0% of nighttime hours for WOC turbines, and revenue losses were approximately 280% as great for TIMR turbines as for turbines operated under the WOC strategy. The large cost difference between WOC and TIMR was driven by the 4.5 m/s versus 8.0 m/s wind speed thresholds for curtailment, but our study site has a relatively low average wind speed, which may also have contributed; other wind operators considering the TIMR system will need to consider their ability to absorb production losses in relation to their need to reduce bat fatality rates.
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MIROSŁAW, PAWEŁ, and MIROSŁAW POLAK. "New pestiviruses of animals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 01 (2019): 6176–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Viruses of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, are believed to be among the main factors causing economic losses in cattle and pig breeding. Their genomes, consisting of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity and a length of approximately 12.3 kb, have one open reading frame that encodes from 11 to 12 proteins. The virion is surrounded by a lipid membrane. According to the official classification, the genus Pestivirus includes four species: bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and border disease virus (BDV). To date, several genetically related viruses have been identified, but not yet included in the official classification. They include: giraffe pestivirus isolated from an animal with symptoms of mucosal disease and from cell cultures originating from Kenya, Pronghorn virus from an antelope, HoBi-like viruses detected for the first time in fetal bovine serum and Bungowannah virus causing losses in the Australian domestic pig population. It is suspected that new strains detected in Turkish goat and sheep herds and in Tunisian sheep pox vaccines also belong to pestiviruses. Next-generation sequencing has made it possible to identify another atypical pestivirus of pigs, as well as to discover strains infecting other animals beyond the order of Artiodactyla, such as rats or bats. New emerging strains may pose a threat to the livestock industry.
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Malik, Yashpal S., Sudipta Bhat, Parvaiz S. Dar, Shubhankar Sircar, Kuldeep Dhama, and Raj K. Singh. "Evolving Rotaviruses, Interspecies Transmission and Zoonoses." Open Virology Journal 14, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357902014010001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Evolutionary biology has become one of the imperative determinants explaining the origin of several viruses which were either identified decades back or are recognized lately using metagenomic approaches. Several notifiable emerging viruses like influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Hendra, Nipah and Zika viruses have become the leading causes of epidemics and losses thereto in both human and animals. The sufferings are higher due to gastroenteritis causing viruses including Astrovirus, Calicivirus, Enterovirus, Kobuvirus Picobirnavirus, Sapelovirus, Teschovirus, and many more. Notably, the majority of the emerging viruses enclose RNA genome and these are more prone for insertions/mutation in their genome, leading to evolving viral variants. Rapidity in viral evolution becomes a big hitch in the development process of successful vaccines or antiviral. The prominent gastroenteric virus is rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented nature of genome enabling higher reassortment events and generates unusual strains with unique genomic constellations derivative of parental rotavirus strains. Although most rotaviruses appear to be host restricted, the interspecies transmission of rotaviruses has been well documented across the globe. The nocturnal bats have been accepted harbouring many pathogenic viruses and serving as natural reservoirs. Indications are that bats can also harbour rotaviruses, and help in virus spread. The zooanthroponotic and anthropozoonotic potential of rotaviruses has significant implications for rotavirus epidemiology. Hitherto reports confirm infection of humans through rotaviruses of animal origin, exclusively via direct transmission or through gene reassortments between animal and human strain of rotaviruses. There is a need to understand the ecology and evolutionary biology of emerging rotavirus strains to design effective control programs.
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Razgour, Orly, Brenna Forester, John B. Taggart, Michaël Bekaert, Javier Juste, Carlos Ibáñez, Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Roberto Novella-Fernandez, Antton Alberdi, and Stéphanie Manel. "Considering adaptive genetic variation in climate change vulnerability assessment reduces species range loss projections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 21 (May 6, 2019): 10418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820663116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Local adaptations can determine the potential of populations to respond to environmental changes, yet adaptive genetic variation is commonly ignored in models forecasting species vulnerability and biogeographical shifts under future climate change. Here we integrate genomic and ecological modeling approaches to identify genetic adaptations associated with climate in two cryptic forest bats. We then incorporate this information directly into forecasts of range changes under future climate change and assessment of population persistence through the spread of climate-adaptive genetic variation (evolutionary rescue potential). Considering climate-adaptive potential reduced range loss projections, suggesting that failure to account for intraspecific variability can result in overestimation of future losses. On the other hand, range overlap between species was projected to increase, indicating that interspecific competition is likely to play an important role in limiting species’ future ranges. We show that although evolutionary rescue is possible, it depends on a population’s adaptive capacity and connectivity. Hence, we stress the importance of incorporating genomic data and landscape connectivity in climate change vulnerability assessments and conservation management.
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Fan, Bin, Bin Tang, Zhihao Qu, and Baoliu Ye. "Network Coding Approaches for Distributed Computation over Lossy Wireless Networks." Entropy 25, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In wireless distributed computing systems, worker nodes connect to a master node wirelessly and perform large-scale computational tasks that are parallelized across them. However, the common phenomenon of straggling (i.e., worker nodes often experience unpredictable slowdown during computation and communication) and packet losses due to severe channel fading can significantly increase the latency of computational tasks. In this paper, we consider a heterogeneous, wireless, distributed computing system performing large-scale matrix multiplications which form the core of many machine learning applications. To address the aforementioned challenges, we first propose a random linear network coding (RLNC) approach that leverages the linearity of matrix multiplication, which has many salient properties, including ratelessness, maximum straggler tolerance and near-ideal load balancing. We then theoretically demonstrate that its latency converges to the optimum in probability when the matrix size grows to infinity. To combat the high encoding and decoding overheads of the RLNC approach, we further propose a practical variation based on batched sparse (BATS) code. The effectiveness of our proposed approaches is demonstrated by numerical simulations.
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Hoffmeister Júnior, Wilson. "ZOONOSIS CONTROL POLICY IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL (PART 1)." Journal of Law, Public Policies, and Human Sciences 2, no. 3 (October 2021): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/jlpphs.2021.v02.n03_05_hoffmeister_pgs.26_27.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The scientist, graduated in veterinary medicine, coordinator of the Herbivorous Rabies Control Program, Wilson Hoffmeister Júnior, was interviewed. The Inspector of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, and Rural Development (SEAPDR) of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, which develops one of the work fronts of sanitary defense. Objective: to analyze the work of prevention and control of rabies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Methods: the interview was formulated using the Herbivorous Rabies Control Program (PNCRH-RS) as an information base. Results and Discussion: The PNCRH-RS is a public policy program that has operated for decades in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and it has contributed to the elimination of certain types of rabies in the state. In addition to keeping rabies transmitted by vampire bats under control, preventing or reducing economic losses, and ensuring the health and quality of the herd in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusions: the uninterrupted continuity of the PNCRH-RS guaranteed the economic viability of rural producers, increased their profitability, and ensured animal health and public health in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
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Júnior, Wilson Hoffmeister. "ZOONOSIS CONTROL POLICY IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL (PART 2)." Journal of Law, Public Policies, and Human Sciences 3, no. 4 (May 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/jlpphs.2022.v03.n04_01_hoffmeister_.pgs.01_10.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: This is the transcription of the interview with the scientist, graduated in veterinary medicine, coordinator of the Herbivorous Rabies Control Program, Wilson Hoffmeister Júnior, was interviewed. The Inspector of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, and Rural Development (SEAPDR) of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, which develops one of the work fronts of sanitary defense. Objective: to analyze the work of prevention and control of rabies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Methods: the interview was formulated using the Herbivorous Rabies Control Program (PNCRH-RS) as an information base. Results and Discussion: The PNCRH-RS is a public policy program that has operated for decades in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and it has contributed to the elimination of certain types of rabies in the state. In addition to keeping rabies transmitted by vampire bats under control, preventing or reducing economic losses, and ensuring the health and quality of the herd in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusions: the uninterrupted continuity of the PNCRH-RS guaranteed the economic viability of rural producers, increased their profitability, and ensured animal health and public health in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
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Niedermann-Meier, Sarah, Manuela Mordini, Rita Bütler, and Peter Rotach. "Habitatbäume im Wirtschaftswald: ökologisches Potenzial und finanzielle Folgen für den Betrieb." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Habitat trees are important elements to maintain forest biodiversity. An effective way to provide habitats for species depending on old growth structures may be the conservation of a certain number of habitat trees integrated in managed forests. It has been suggested to maintain at least five such habitat trees per hectare for this purpose. In order to evaluate the number of existing potential trees as well as the financial consequences for the forest owner, we sampled all trees greater than 40 centimetres at breast height on sample plots of the forest inventory in the forest of Baden, Switzerland. Based on a catalogue of important traits of old trees which are important for the survival of five groups of organisms (insects, birds, bats, lichen, fungi), we assessed the ecological value of all trees. We also estimated their economic value in terms of net wood value for each tree. Results show that the conservation of five currently existing habitat trees per hectare would cause significant financial losses for the owner, amounting to 850 Swiss francs per hectare or 170 francs per tree in our example. Moreover, ecological values of many of these trees would be rather low because there are not enough suitable trees to select from. Ecologically valuable trees most likely were removed during tending of stands. Instead of general demands like for example five trees per hectare it seems more effective to concentrate on the currently existing ecologically valuable trees only. Financial losses may need to be covered by public funding in cases where they are high. Moreover, management of habitat trees needs to be planned on a long-term basis. Conservation and promotion of a certain number of habitat trees need to be integrated in tending concepts from early developmental stages.
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Johnson, Christine K., Peta L. Hitchens, Pranav S. Pandit, Julie Rushmore, Tierra Smiley Evans, Cristin C. W. Young, and Megan M. Doyle. "Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1924 (April 8, 2020): 20192736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal–human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.
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Srinidhi, S., P. Pramod, Yamini Singh, Sayar Singh, Lilly Ganju, and Bhuvnesh Kumar. "Wildlife Collisions to Aircraft in India a Comparative Analysis of Hazardous Species Involved in Different Time Periods." Defence Life Science Journal 5, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.5.15650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wildlife strikes (mainly birds, but also includes bats and other mammals on the ground) with aircraft isa serious economic and safety concern in the aviation industry. The solution to the problem can be evolved byidentifying the species involved in the incidents/ accidents. In the Indian context, such an attempt was started in1980. In the recent past, the Indian Air Force adopted the DNA Bar-coding technology to identify the species involved. The extent of the problems faced by the country and involvement of different species in various time blocks has been compared with the objective of analyzing changes over different periods to gauge the changes and assess the future requirements. The data indicates that over the years, the number of strikes has increased manifold in the civil aviation sector. The number of species involved in strikes has almost doubled. The serious strikes due to Vultures have nearly disappeared and their place has been mainly taken over by Black Kites. In the recent past, Black Kites are the cause of the highest damages and also have the highest probability of causing damages (61.17%) when struck. Adoption of DNA Barcoding technology has helped to identify the species in incidents where minimal bird remnants were found. Although the number of accidents has decreased, the economical losses continue to rise due to the high cost of modern aircraft.
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Zahid, Hafsa, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Mashal M. Almutairi, Muhammad Ateeq, Tetsuya Tanaka, Shun-Chung Chang, Chien-Chin Chen, and Abid Ali. "Argas persicus and Carios vespertilionis Ticks Infesting Ducks, Domestic Fowls and Bats in Pakistan: First Report on Molecular Survey and Phylogenetic Position of Borrelia anserina." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2023): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Argasid ticks have the vectorial potential for transmitting disease-causing pathogens to avian hosts, resulting in economic losses that may not be fully estimated. Borrelia species are the responsible agents of borreliosis in poultry, animals and humans. Our previous studies have reported a high prevalence of Argas persicus infesting domestic fowls in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. However, molecular screening and genetic characterization of Borrelia spp. in A. persicus have been neglected in Pakistan. In this study, we focused on the molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Borrelia spp. associated with A. persicus ticks infesting domestic fowls and ducks, and Carios vespertilionis infesting bats in selected districts of KP. Overall, 1818 ticks, including females (415; 23%), males (345; 19%), nymphs (475; 26%) and larvae (583; 32%), were collected from 27 locations in nine districts (Peshawar, Mardan, Swabi, Charsadda, Chitral, Lakki Marwat, Bannu, Bajaur and Hangu) from domestic fowls, ducks and their shelters, and bats. A subset of 197 ticks was selected for DNA extraction and PCR to amplify fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase (cox) gene for ticks and flagellin B (flaB) for the detection and genetic characterization of associated Borrelia spp. Among these, only Borrelia anserina DNA was detected in 40 ticks (27.2%) of different life stages, where highest prevalence was found in female ticks (18; 45%), followed by nymphs (12; 30%), larvae (7; 17.5%) and males (3; 7.5%). Tick infestation in shelters (1081; 77%) was higher than on hosts (323; 23%). The resultant cox amplicons of A. persicus showed 100% identity with the same species reported from Pakistan, China, Iran, Kenya, Kazakhstan, Algeria and Egypt and C. vespertilionis show 100% identity with the species reported from Pakistan, China, Japan, Kenya, Vietnam, Spain, Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Hungry, and clustered with the aforementioned species in the phylogenetic tree. The obtained Borrelia sequences showed 100% identity with B. anserina and revealed a close resemblance to the relapsing fever group and clustered in a monophyletic clade with B. anserina from India, Iran and Brazil in a phylogenetic tree. These results establish the first molecular characterization of B. anserina in A. persicus infesting domestic fowls and ducks in the region, as well as their shelters. To effectively control zoonotic consequences, country-wide surveillance research should be encouraged to screen soft ticks infesting various birds for associated pathogens.
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Gerez, Cassio, Eduardo Coelho Marques Costa, and Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho. "Distribution Network Reconfiguration Considering Voltage and Current Unbalance Indexes and Variable Demand Solved through a Selective Bio-Inspired Metaheuristic." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051686.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Operation of distribution networks involves a series of criteria that should be met, aiming for the correct and optimal behavior of such systems. Some of the major drawbacks found when studying these networks is the real losses related to them. To overcome this problem, distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) is an efficient tool due to the low costs involved in its implementation. The majority of studies regarding this subject treat the problem by considering networks only as three-phase balanced, modeled as single-phase grids with fixed power demand, which is far from representing the characteristics of real networks (e.g., unbalanced loads, variable power and unbalance indexes). Due to the combinatorial nature of the problem, metaheuristic techniques are powerful tools for the inclusion of such characteristics. In this sense, this paper proposes a study of DNR considering balanced and unbalanced systems with variable power demand. An analysis of the direct influence of voltage unbalance index (VUI) and current unbalance index (CUI) is carried out for unbalanced cases. To solve the DNR problem, a selective bio-inspired metaheuristic based on micro bats’ behavior named the selective bat algorithm (SBAT) is used together with the EPRI-OpenDSS software (California, US, EPRI). Tests are initially conducted on balanced systems, aiming to validate the technique proposed for both demands and state their differences, and then they are conducted on unbalanced systems to study the influence of VUI and CUI in the DNR solution.
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Greenwald, Howard P. "Public responses to a comprehensive smoking ban." Drugs and Alcohol Today 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-01-2015-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report public reactions to a total workplace smoking ban, including smoking behavior, attendance at bars and clubs, and attitudes toward a broader ban. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys were conducted in two adjacent jurisdictions, one of which instituted a total workplace smoking ban. Surveys took place before (n=1,609) and after (n=1,600) enactment of the ban in the relevant jurisdiction. Findings – No change in smoking prevalence occurred in the jurisdiction enacting the ban. Strong majorities of non-smokers supported the ban, while strong majorities of smokers expressed opposition. In the jurisdiction that enacted the ban, smokers who appeared to be high-volume consumers at bars and clubs were most likely to report reducing attendance at these establishments and to oppose the ban. Research limitations/implications – Surveys depend on accurate self-reporting of behavior and attitudes. Practical implications – Some bars and clubs may incur financial losses due to smoking bans. A core of strong opponents can undermine public consensus regarding smoking bans. Licensing a limited number of bars and clubs to allow smoking can safeguard this consensus. Social implications – Limited smoking bans can serve as a means of harm reduction, as non-smokers are protected from environmental tobacco smoke, and accommodation of smokers reduces their motivation to oppose bans. Originality/value – This investigation makes use of detailed data on the public’s thinking and reactions to a comprehensive smoking ban and is a before-after study with controls.
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Edwards, Caitlin E., Boyd L. Yount, Rachel L. Graham, Sarah R. Leist, Yixuan J. Hou, Kenneth H. Dinnon, Amy C. Sims, et al. "Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus replication in primary human cells reveals potential susceptibility to infection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 43 (October 12, 2020): 26915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001046117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zoonotic coronaviruses represent an ongoing threat, yet the myriads of circulating animal viruses complicate the identification of higher-risk isolates that threaten human health. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly discovered, highly pathogenic virus that likely evolved from closely related HKU2 bat coronaviruses, circulating in Rhinolophus spp. bats in China and elsewhere. As coronaviruses cause severe economic losses in the pork industry and swine are key intermediate hosts of human disease outbreaks, we synthetically resurrected a recombinant virus (rSADS-CoV) as well as a derivative encoding tomato red fluorescent protein (tRFP) in place of ORF3. rSADS-CoV replicated efficiently in a variety of continuous animal and primate cell lines, including human liver and rectal carcinoma cell lines. Of concern, rSADS-CoV also replicated efficiently in several different primary human lung cell types, as well as primary human intestinal cells. rSADS-CoV did not use human coronavirus ACE-2, DPP4, or CD13 receptors for docking and entry. Contemporary human donor sera neutralized the group I human coronavirus NL63, but not rSADS-CoV, suggesting limited human group I coronavirus cross protective herd immunity. Importantly, remdesivir, a broad-spectrum nucleoside analog that is effective against other group 1 and 2 coronaviruses, efficiently blocked rSADS-CoV replication in vitro. rSADS-CoV demonstrated little, if any, replicative capacity in either immune-competent or immunodeficient mice, indicating a critical need for improved animal models. Efficient growth in primary human lung and intestinal cells implicate SADS-CoV as a potential higher-risk emerging coronavirus pathogen that could negatively impact the global economy and human health.
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NAZAR, MW, FU REHMAN, H. ASIF, HA HASHMI, A. REHMAN, M. ARSHAD, K. HUSSAIN, M. SHAHZAD, Z. ULLAH, and M. AWAIS. "PROGRESSIVE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE ELIMINATION OF RABIES AMONG THE STRAY DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS) POPULATION IN PAKISTAN." Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2024, no. 1 (May 14, 2024): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stray dogs are integrally linked with rabies transmission, and a sizeable unmanaged dog population hinders rabies control program planners. Dog population management (DPM) is one of the best strategies to control rabies transmission, improve health management, and lower the population size of stray dogs. The threat of rabies is very serious due to free-roaming dogs. Foxes, skunks, groundhogs, raccoons, and house bats are rabies vector species and can carry rabies virus without showing any symptoms. Rabies is a life-threatening disease that affects thousands of losses worldwide every year. World Rabies Day is an international awareness campaign coordinated by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC). In Pakistan, there are reportedly 3 million stray dogs. More than one million dog bite cases are reported annually throughout Pakistan. About 600 dog bite cases are reported daily in the Sindh province, Pakistan. Due to an uncontrolled number of stray dogs, many serious problems arise related to public health, socio-economic, and political issues. The Animal Act of 1890 provides a specific defense against cruelty and establishes its importance in Pakistani culture. Developing long-term and supportable strategies is imperative to overcome the stray animal population worldwide. To overcome the rabies issue in Pakistan, the government should implement projects on breeding control of stray dogs through spaying and neutering surgeries. The government should also provide proper shelters for dogs and rabies vaccines. There is a need to be aware of basic preventive measures such as disinfectants and rabies vaccination. Public awareness, rabies vaccination, and dog sterilization at the national level are crucial factors in preventing rabies and managing the dog population in Pakistan.
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Kirkland, P. D., A. J. Read, M. J. Frost, and D. S. Finlaison. "Bungowannah virus – a probable new species of pestivirus – what have we found in the last 10 years?" Animal Health Research Reviews 16, no. 1 (June 2015): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252315000031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBungowannah virus was discovered following an outbreak of stillbirths and sudden death in young pigs. Affected animals consistently showed a myocardopathy with signs of cardiac failure. After virus isolation and PCR investigations were unsuccessful, direct fetal inoculation was undertaken. Nucleic acid purified from serum from infected fetuses was subjected to sequence-independent single-primer amplification and nucleic acid sequencing. Sequences consistent with a pestivirus were obtained. The entire genome was identified but was genetically remote from the recognized pestivirus species. This virus was not recognized by pan-pestivirus reactive monoclonal antibodies but was subsequently detected in cell cultures by immunoperoxidase staining using convalescent sow serum. Experimental infections of sows at different stages of gestation reproduced the myocarditis syndrome. Pre-weaning losses of 70 and 29% were observed following infection at days 35 and 90, respectively. Piglets infected at day 35 were shown to be persistently infected, while chronic infections were observed after fetal infection at day 55. Chronically infected piglets showed growth retardation and were viremic for up to 7 months. Myocarditis was associated with infection in late gestation (day 90). Non-pregnant sheep and cattle have been experimentally infected but with no evidence of disease. Infection of pregnant cattle in early gestation resulted in both maternal and fetal infection, but all infected fetuses mounted an antibody response to the virus. Analysis of the nucleic acid sequence confirmed that Bungowannah has a number of changes not observed in other pestiviruses. Genes encoding some of the structural proteins remain fully functional when inserted into a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) backbone. Cell culture-based studies have shown that Bungowannah virus will grow in cells extending from humans to bats as well as farm animals.
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Yadav, Ruchi. "MUTATIONAL CONSERVATION, EVOLUTIONARY AND FUNCTIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF PROTO-ONCOGENE c-FOS." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(4).464.471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
c-Fos protein has a function in different types of cancers and is expressed mostly in neurons. It is a human homolog of the viral oncogene. c-Fos is a member of the FOS gene family, these genes interact with the JUN family member to form transcription factors and play a major role in neurons cell development. These genes were also used as an early marker, in neuronal cells to determine early growth and functional features of the neuroendocrine system. Losses in gene function due to mutation leads to neuronal death and have a function in apoptosis. This study has performed mutational conservation in the c-Fos gene across different species. the c-Fos protein sequence was retrieved from the UniProt database (P01100). Total forty nine (49) homologous sequences with the c-Fos protein sequence were identified using the BLASTp tool. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and phylogenetic tree construction was done using the MEGA tool. The phylogenetic tree shows that the c-Fos protein of Homosapiens was closely related to Pan troglodytes. UPGMA tree also shows the evolutionary relationship between c-Fos proteins and with the other 49 species included in the dataset. Evolutionary study shows that Myotis species was the common evolutionary species and predicted as root for all other species hence c-Fos gene might have an evolutionary link with these species. Myotis are the most wide diverged species and belongs to the genus of bats. This study highlights the similarity and evolutionary relationship of the c-Fos gene. In this research detailed analysis of evolutionary analysis, PPI, GO, Disease Enrichment was done to understand the functional and evolutionary aspects of c-FOS protein. This study identifies the evolutionary relationship, protein-protein interaction and pathway enrichment of the c-FOS protein. This research can be further extended to include ligand screening and identification of potential ligand against c-FOS protein for drug development and discovery.
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Farooqi, Dr Zia, Nimra Shaheen, Umair Waqas, Abid Ali, and Waqar Mehmood Dar. "Interpretations of Heamatological Parameters in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetic Mellitus Comorbidity." Current Trends in OMICS 2, no. 1 (October 26, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/cto.21.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronaviruses (CoVs) can infect a wide range of wild and domestic hosts including animals, avian, mammals, rodents, and human beings. COVID infection has already been reported in whales, bats, mice, birds, and giraffes,s and infection to domestic and life stock cause heavy losses to the economy. These viruses cause mild to severe respiratory, enteric, and systemic infections. Worldwide 525,268,297 (May 19, 2022) individuals have been infected since the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan China with 6,295,402 deaths (May 19, 2022). In Pakistan, 1,529,560 cases of COVID-19 have been reported with 30,379 deaths (May 19, 2022). Province wise data reported 577,201 cases in Sindh, 219,616 in KPK, 506,865 in Punjab, 135,312 in Islamabad, 35,494 in Baluchistan, and 43,324/11,748 in AJK/GB. This study evaluated the hematological parameters in diabetic patients affected by COVID-19. This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital, Gujrat, Pakistan. Data were collected from a total of 111 patients of COVID-19 with DM comorbidities and analyzed for the comparison of Leukocytes parameters, platelets count, Red Blood Cell (RBC) counts, and their indices Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)] with their reference values. The mean RBC count was 4.45 with SD (±0.84). The data also showed the mean of Hemoglobin (Hb) level as 12.45 g/dl (SD ±3.01), PCV as 36.06 (SD ±9.16), MCV as 81.86 (SD ±7.32), MCH as 29.05 (SD ±6.27), and MCHC as 32.61 (SD ±3.65). A comparison was also made between male and female COVID-19-enrolled patients for associated hematological changes in DM. The frequency distribution of leukocytes and thrombocytes showed lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia. It was concluded that hematological parameters are important in monitoring disease severity, progression, and management in COVID-19 patients with diabetes comorbidity.
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El-Gamal, Dr Sherif, Abdulrahman M. Al-Fahdi, Mohammed Meddah, Abdullah Al-Saidy, and Kazi Md Abu Sohel. "FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF FRP BARS AFTER BEING EXPOSED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 18, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53540/tjer.vol18iss1pp12-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research study investigates the flexural behavior of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars after being subjected to different levels of elevated temperatures (100, 200 and 300°C). Three types of glass FRP bars (ribbed, sand coated, and helically wrapped) and one type of carbon FRP bars (sand coated) were used in this study. Two testing scenarios were used: a) testing specimens immediately after heating and b) keeping specimens to cool down before testing. Test results showed that as the temperature increased the flexural strength and modulus of the tested FRP bars decreased. At temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature (Tg), significant flexural strength and modulus losses were recorded. Smaller diameter bars showed better residual flexural strength and modulus than larger diameter bars. The immediately tested bars showed significant strength and modulus losses compared to bars tested after cooling. Different types of GFRP bars showed comparable results. However, the helically wrapped bars showed the highest flexural strength losses (37 and 60%) while the sand coated bars showed the lowest losses (29 and 39%) after exposure to 200 and 300℃, respectively. The carbon FRP bars showed residual flexural strengths comparable to those recorded for the GFRP bars; however, they showed lower residual flexural modulus after being subjected to 200 and 300℃.
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Rusilawati, Rusilawati, and Abdul Ghofur. "Konsep Losses Jaringan Untuk Menentukan Batas Kestabilan Tunak Generator pada Sistem IEEE 26 Bus." Buletin Profesi Insinyur 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bpi.v5i1.132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nilai batas pembangkitan maksimum generator yang tidak akan mengakibatkan ketidakstabilan pada sistem tenaga listrik disebut batas kestabilan steady state atau batas kestabilan tunak generator. Apabila generator dibebani melebihi batas kestabilan tunak, maka dapat menyebabkan ketidakstabilan dan gangguan pada sistem tenaga listrik. Batas kestabilan tunak unit generator pada sistem dengan banyak mesin (sistem multimachine) yang terinterkoneksi dapat dianalisis dengan cara mereduksi sistem multimachine menjadi sistem Single Machine to Infinite Bus (SMIB). Sistem SMIB adalah sistem dengan kumpulan semua beban pada satu pusat beban pada bus tak berhingga. Dalam artikel ini diberikan metode untuk mengubah sistem multimachine menjadi sistem SMIB dengan beban ekivalen dan impedansi ekivalen (req dan xeq) menggunakan konsep losses jaringan. Konsep losses jaringan digunakan karena nilai req dan xeq dapat ditentukan apabila losses jaringan diketahui. Setelah req dan xeq dihitung, nilai batas kestabilan tunak semua unit generator dapat ditentukan menggunakan konsep batas kestabilan tunak generator. Simulasi untuk menentukan batas kestabilan tunak unit generator menggunakan MATLAB dilakukan pada sistem IEEE 26 bus yang mempunyai 6 generator. Dari hasil simulasi dapat diketahui bahwa batas pembangkitan maksimum yang terdapat pada pelat nama generator tidak dapat dicapai oleh generator, karena pembangkitan generator dibatasai oleh batas kestabilan tunak.Kata kunci: kestabilan tunak, SMIB, konsep losses jaringan
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Eyssa, Y. M. "Conductor and vessel losses in bath cooled SMES systems." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 2 (March 1991): 2308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.133679.
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Vieth, Reinhold, Sarah E. Ledermann, Sang Whay Kooh, and J. Williamson Balfe. "Losses of Calcitriol to Peritoneal Dialysis Bags and Tubing." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088900900409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peritoneal dialysis provides a convenient means of administering calcitriol. We investigated in vitro the efficiency with which this approach would deliver the drug to patients. We used an injectable preparation of calcitriol, Calcijex® (Abbott Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), which we radiolabelled by adding radioactive 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 to it. The preparation was injected into dialysis bags and drained through appropriate tubing to monitor delivery of the radiolabelled calcitriol. By 2 h after injecting calcitriol into dialysis bags, 50% of the dose was left in the fluid, by 20 h only 26% was left. The delivered drug was pure 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 based on chromatographic analysis of the recovered radiochemical. To study what would happen if the drug was in the bag for a minimal length of time the calcitriol was injected immediately prior to draining the fluid. We recovered 62.9% ± 5.2% SD of the dose from the tubing which would theoretically have entered a patient. There was no significant change in calcitriol dose delivered if the fluid was warmed to 37°C prior to injecting the drug and immediate drainage of the bag.
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Walczak, Natalia, Zbigniew Walczak, and Tomasz Tymiński. "Laboratory Research on Hydraulic Losses on SHP Inlet Channel Trash Racks." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is currently a growing trend towards renewable energy sources, which are characterised by a guaranteed power supply and low failure rate. Hydropower plants (small or large) are an example of such a source. They supply a total of 16% of the world’s electricity. The advantages of a small hydropower plant include the relatively simple construction process and the lack of need for upstream water storage. SHPs are one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly energy technologies, which is why they are steadily increasing in popularity. One of the important components of SHPs are the trash racks in the inlet channels. Their main purpose is to catch debris and other elements carried downstream and to prevent these pollutants from reaching the turbine units. They can also protect migrating ichthyofauna such as larger fish. If trash racks are installed in the inlet channel, hydraulic losses are to be expected due to the reduction in the flow cross-section through the racks (bars) themselves and through the accumulation of debris and various types of trash on these racks. Energy losses on the trash racks affect the financial aspect of SHP investments. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests on trash racks for SHPs by taking into account the different shapes of the bars used, their number and spacing, and the angles of the trash racks to estimate the hydraulic losses on the trash racks. The measured values of hydraulic losses Dh on the trash racks varied according to the type of trash racks, the density of the bars in the cross-section, and the angle of the trash racks from the horizontal, reaching the highest values on the trash racks with angle bars (AB). They were almost eight times greater than those recorded on cylindrical-bar (CB) trash racks, although they involved different angles. It was shown that the discrepancy in the magnitude of losses on trash racks can be large, even for the same type of trash racks. It depends significantly on the design (shape and bar spacing) of the trash racks and the way the trash racks are installed. Depending on the inclination angle, the increase in energy losses reached 70% for angle bars, 60% for flat-bar trash racks, and almost 40% for cylindrical bars. The values of energy loss as well as the loss coefficient β varied non-linearly for the different bar types depending on the angle of inclination of the gratings, and the degree of this non-linearity depended on the type of bars and the blockage ratio of the section. The presented research results can be useful both during the design and the operation of an SHP.
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Meister, Julian, Helge Fuchs, Claudia Beck, Ismail Albayrak, and Robert M. Boes. "Head Losses of Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures." Water 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020475.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Horizontal bar racks have been used as trash racks at hydropower plants since the 1920s. With the installation of the first horizontal bar rack bypass system at a hydropower plant as a downstream fish passage facility in 2006, these racks rapidly gained importance as fish protection measures. Since then, they have been installed at more than 100 small- to medium-sized hydropower plants in Europe. Despite the large number of installed racks, systematic investigations of the head losses and velocity fields were missing. On the basis of detailed hydraulic experimentation with a large number of rack parameters and including up-to-date foil-shaped bars, the layout of horizontal bar racks and their hydraulic performance were assessed in the current study. This paper reports the results of the rack head loss investigation, whereas the accompanying paper entitled Velocity Fields at Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures focuses on the up- and downstream velocity fields. By applying foil-shaped bars instead of rectangular bars, the loss coefficient was reduced by more than 40%, depending on the rack configuration. Bottom and top overlays are used to increase the guidance efficiency for fish, sediments, and floating debris. However, the altered flow field results in increased head losses. A new set of equations is proposed to predict head losses for current horizontal bar racks, including overlays for various hydropower plant layouts. The predictions are compared to literature data.
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Baributsa, Dieudonne, Ousmane Nouhou Bakoye, Baoua Ibrahim, and Larry L. Murdock. "Performance of Five Postharvest Storage Methods for Maize Preservation in Northern Benin." Insects 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080541.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several postharvest technologies are currently being commercialized to help smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa reduce grain storage losses. We carried out a study in Northern Benin to compare the effectiveness of five technologies being sold to protect stored grain. Maize that had been naturally infested by insects was stored in four hermetic storage technologies (SuperGrainbag™, AgroZ® bag, EVAL™, and Purdue Improved Crop Storage-PICS™ bags), an insecticide impregnated bag (ZeroFly®), and a regular polypropylene (PP) woven bag as control. Oxygen levels in hermetic bags fluctuated between 0.5 ± 0.0 (v/v) and 1.0 ± 0.3 (v/v) percent during the seven months of storage. No weight loss or insect damage was observed in grain stored in any of the hermetic storage bags after seven months. However, grain stored in ZeroFly® and PP woven bags had weight losses of 6.3% and 10.3%, respectively. These results will help farmers and development agencies when making decisions to use and/or promote storage technologies to reduce postharvest grain losses.
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Posner, Judd C., and W. James Woodfin. "Sampling with Gas Bags I: Losses of Analyte with Time." Applied Industrial Hygiene 1, no. 4 (November 1986): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08828032.1986.10390516.
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Bakoye, Ousmane N., Baoua Ibrahim, Haoua Seyni, Laouali Amadou, Larry L. Murdock, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "Comparative Study of Cowpea Storage Technologies in the Sahel Region of Niger." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100689.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cowpea stored on smallholders’ farms suffers serious losses to insect pests. A study conducted in Niger compared five postharvest technologies marketed in sub-Saharan Africa to protect stored grain. Naturally-infested cowpea stored for eight months showed adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) mortality of 97% to 100% in the hermetic bags (PICSTM, SuperGrainbagTM, AgroZ®, EVAL™, and ZeroFly® bags). There was no change in grain damage and weight loss of cowpea stored in hermetic bags. There was, however, a loss of up to 10 to 16% in germination when the grain was stored in hermetic bags. Results observed for grain stored in ZeroFly® bags impregnated with deltamethrin were substantial and similar to those in control woven bags. In both ZeroFly® and woven bags, (1) adult C. maculatus population augmented by 35.7% and 78.6%, (2) increased weight losses of 27.3% and 25.2%, and (3) reduced germination of 37.0% and 28.8%, respectively. After opening the bags, abrasions were noted on the liners of hermetic bags, potential damage that could limit their reuse if they only have a single liner. Smallholder farmers in the Sahel can safely store their cowpea in all the hermetic bags tested. However, further research is needed to mitigate insect damage on liners of hermetic bags to improve their performance and reusability.
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Nofirza, Rosiana Susanti, Defriyan Said Ramadhan, Prayoga Pangestu Arwi, and Masdayani Siregar. "Analisis Oil Losses Pada Stasiun Perebusan Produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Menggunakan Metode Statistical Process Control (SPC)." Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Industri Terapan 2, no. 2 (May 28, 2023): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55826/tmit.v2i2.67.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PKS “XYZ” merupakan perusahaan pengolah kelapa sawit, salah satu yang diproduksinya adalah Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Selama proses produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) peristiwa oil losses tidak dapat dihindari salah satunya di stasiun perebusan, tetapi perusahaan menetapkan batasan atas oil losses tersebut. Oil losses yang terjadi di stasiun perebusan berada di luar batas standar perusahaan dan oil losses pada tandan kosong menimbulkan kerugian 5 ton minyak atau Rp38.000.000,00 per bulan Juli-Agustus 2022. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab kehilangan minyak. Data yang digunakan merupakan data oil losses pada sampel Air Rebusan dan Tandan Kosong yang diambil pada tanggal 1 Juli – 28 Agustus 2022. Metode yang digunakan adalah Statistical Process Control (SPC) merupakan salah satu teknik yang digunakan sebagai pengendali, penganalisis, dan memperbaiki proses produksi untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas. Pada peta kendali I-MR diperoleh oil losses berada dalam batas kendali dan konsisten, dan pada fishbone diagram diperoleh faktor penyebab kehilangan minyak ada pada faktor manusia, lingkungan, mesin, metode kerja, dan bahan baku. Perlu dilakukannya perbaikan terhadap faktor yang penyebab oil losses pada stasiun perebusan tersebut dan diharapkan perbaikan tersebut dapat meminimumkan oil losses pada stasiun perebusan guna mengurangi kerugian yang akan terjadi
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Rolania, K., SS Yadav, B. Singh, JL Yadav, N. Kumar, and S. Pilania. "Assessment of losses due to pulse beetle in chickpea under stored conditions in Southern Haryana." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 12, no. 2 (2021): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.53911/jae.2021.12210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the losses caused by pulse beetle (Callosobruchus spp.) during storage of chickpea grains in various storage structures. It was found that, still farmers are using traditional storage structures (earthen pots, earthen pots + sand, jute bags). Chickpea grain samples (500g each) were collected during August, September and October from different storage structures (metal bins, plastic bags, gunny bags, earthen pots and earthen pots + sand) in 15 villages of Rewari, Hisar and Mahendergarh district in the year 2017 and 2018. The results of analysed samples revealed that the highest infestation was observed in Rewari followed by Hisar and Mahendergarh district. It was found that maximum number of farmers were using metal bins (51.45, 40.11%) followed by gunny bugs (31.79, 31.64%), plastic bags (16.76, 15.82%), Earthen pots (6.51, 7.91%) and Earthen pots + sand (2.35, 4.52%) to store the chickpea grains in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Out of total samples infested with bruchid, 70.91 & 53.63 per cent gunny bag samples were found infested followed by plastic bags (48.28 & 20.29%), metal bins (11.24 & 15.94%) and earthen pots (9.80 & 10.14%) in both the years. There was no infestation of pulse beetle observed in those samples which were stored in earthen pots along with sand. Higher moisture percentage in the grain and infestation of pulse beetle was observed in the month of September followed by October in comparison to August month. Among the storage structures in frequent use, metal bins were found to have less qualitative and quantitative losses of seed/grains.
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Volino, Ralph J. "Passive Flow Control on Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoils." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1626685.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two-dimensional rectangular bars have been used in an experimental study to control boundary layer transition and reattachment under low-pressure turbine conditions. Cases with Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 25,000 to 300,000 (based on suction surface length and exit velocity) have been considered at low (0.5%) and high (8.5% inlet) free-stream turbulence levels. Three different bars were considered, with heights ranging from 0.2% to 0.7% of suction surface length. Mean and fluctuating velocity and intermittency profiles are presented and compared to results of baseline cases from a previous study. Bar performance depends on the bar height and the location of the bar trailing edge. Bars located near the suction surface velocity maximum are most effective. Large bars trip the boundary layer to turbulent and prevent separation, but create unnecessarily high losses. Somewhat smaller bars had no immediate detectable effect on the boundary layer, but introduced small disturbances that caused transition and reattachment to move upstream from their locations in the corresponding baseline case. The smaller bars were effective under both high and low free-stream turbulence conditions, indicating that the high free-stream turbulence transition is not simply a bypass transition induced by the free stream. Losses appear to be minimized when a small separation bubble is present, so long as reattachment begins far enough upstream for the boundary layer to recover from the separation. Correlations for determining optimal bar height are presented. The bars appear to provide a simple and effective means of passive flow control. Bars that are large enough to induce reattachment at low Re, however, cause higher losses at the highest Re. Some compromise would, therefore, be needed when choosing a bar height for best overall performance.
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Borisova, M. E., A. L. Didenko, A. M. Kamalov, V. E. Smirnova, and V. E. Yudin. "Effect of Crystallinity on Relaxation Losses in Polyimide R-BAPS Films." Polymer Science, Series A 60, no. 6 (November 2018): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965545x18060020.
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Schlechte, J. Warren, Robert K. Betsill, and David L. Buckmeier. "A Laboratory Evaluation of Poststocking Predatory Losses for Cultured Largemouth Bass." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134, no. 1 (January 2005): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/ft04-005.1.
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Zannella, S., L. Jansak, K. Salama, and V. Selvamanickam. "50 Hz self-field losses in melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7−x bars." Cryogenics 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(93)90072-v.
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Felius, Laurina C., Mohamed Hamdy, Fredrik Dessen, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Upgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studies." Buildings 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.