Дисертації з теми "Bâtiment basse consommation (BBC)"
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Leprince, Valérie. "Bâtiment très basse consommation d'énergie : aide à la conception par l'analyse des interactions entre l'enveloppe et les équipements." Vaulx-en-Velin, École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENTP0002.
Повний текст джерелаBecause of the huge technological breakthrough that represents the "Grenelle de l'Environnement" goals for the buildings, we have to weIl prepare this deadline. In fact, the emergency to build very low energy building faces with the low experience of France, regarding that kind of construction, and with the technical difficulty to build such buildings defect-free. Thus, it is necessary to prepare this technological breakthrough but not only by improving each technique of the building (insulation, ventilation, etc. ) but also by conceiving low energy building with the global approach. On this Ph-D, we have studied (very) low energy buildings with the global approach. We first recaIIed physical principles of techniques in (very) low energy buildings. Then, we examined the whole building with cases studys in France and in foreign countries. Afterwards, we have studied interactions between techniques in low energy buildings. First, we've done a study with systemic method, and then we quantified interactions by modeIIing an existent building. We have established various interactions between the techniques and studied the physical explanations for those interactions. Afterwards, from the interactions' study and results obtained by coupling various techniques ; we developed a method to choose best configurations,on a constraints basis. From this method, we set a "conception tool". FinaIly, we used design of experiment to complete this tool, so that it couId evaluate the consumption from parameters set by the tool and others set by the user
Cablé, Axel. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du traitement des ambiances par le vecteur air dans les bâtiments à très basse consommation d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066685.
Повний текст джерелаLeroux, Guilian. "Etude d'un système innovant de rafraîchissement basse consommation pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA015/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo face the dramatic increase of energy consumption due to air conditioning use in buildings, new low energy consumption systems need to be developed. This work proposes a new cooling system which aims to be energy efficient, cheap and easy to install. This system takes advantage of evaporation cooling, ground earth cooling and sky radiative cooling techniques. The two main components of this new system are a porous tank set outside and a storage tank set in the basement of the building. When the inside house temperature exceeds the comfort temperature, cool water passes from the storage tank through the cooling floor, removes heat from the building and is then send to the porous tank. The water contained in the porous tank is cooled down due to evaporation and radiative effects and then flows back to the storage. The storage tank installed in the basement enables further cooling of the water thanks to direct contact with the ground. Porous properties and geometry of the tank have a great influence on the cooling performances of the tank. A heat and mass transfer model has been developed to simulate the thermal and hydric behavior of the tank. This model has been used to choose an appropriate tank. A tank giving good performances (70 W/m2 of evaporative power) is identified. The complete cooling system has been installed on a house in Bordeaux and tested at real scale during an experimental campaign. The system worked for 44 days during summer 2015 and allowed to maintain a very good thermal comfort level in the experimental building (insulated, with solar load and without ventilation). Its very low electricity needs brings the average coefficient of performance of the system to 20.8. A numerical model of the system has been developed, calibrated with experimental data and coupled with a building model. Simulation results show that for all tested configurations (climate, shading…), the system clearly improves the thermal comfort in the building. Optimized sizing, keepinp reasonnable tank sizes (storage and evaporator volumes of 2.2 m3 and 0.215 m3 respectively), shows that this system works with an average COP of 24 and maintains a good comfort level in an individual house of 100 m2 located in Bordeaux
Rodler, Auline. "Modélisation dynamique tridimensionnelle avec tache solaire pour la simulation du comportement thermique d’un bâtiment basse consommation." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0106/document.
Повний текст джерелаLow energy building constructions become sensitive to internal gains : any internal heating source has an impact on the envelope. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of current transient thermal models when adapted to low energy buildings. This work describes a numerical model to simulate a single room, using a refined spatial three-dimensional description of heat conduction in the envelope but a single air node is considered. The model has been developed for environmental conditions that vary over short time-steps and has integrated the projection of solar radiation through a window onto interior walls : the sun patch. The validation of the model has been done through a detailed comparison between model and measurements. The in situ experiment has been carried out in one of the BESTlab cells (EDF R&D). The sun patch has been followed by a camera to validate its calculated position and surface. Temperature measurements by thermocouples and by thermal cameras have been compared to the models outputs. Differences between air and surface temperatures measured and simulated were never above 1.5 ˚C and mean errors reached 0.5 ˚C. The two innovations of the model have then be proven. Using minute wise weather data and inputs associated to an adaptative solver, enabled to pull down simulation errors : in May maximal differences rised from 1 ˚C to 2 ˚C for respectivelly one minute and hourly wise inputs. More important errors are seen in summer whereas in winter, air temperatures simulated tend to more fluctuate around the set up temperature when the sampling step gets longer. Two one dimensional models, close to traditional taken simulation tools, were used. Model M 1D,sol supposed the incoming radiation to reach only the floor. A 1D model with sun patch movement, called 1D,parois , was also used. These two models evaluated the air temperature with an acceptable error. However, their surface temperatures were still subject to important errors. Thus, for temperature surfaces evaluation, both 1D model presented differences up to 20 ˚C for surfaces touched by the sun patch. In winter, the 3D model can predict heating energy consumptions overestimated by 6.5 % when M 1D,parois overestimated them by 11 % and M1D,sol by 22 %. The improvements brought by our model have been proven also for other cells with different thermal masses. For these cells, differences between M1D,sol and the 3D model could reach 4.5 ˚C. Differences seemed to be more important for low thermal mass cells, and the orientation of the building had a strong impact. This work has confirmed the necessity of representing more accuratelly the descriptions of the enveloppe for strongly insulated rooms. To improve the model, the anisothermal hypotheses of the air should be considered
Bontemps, Stéphanie. "Validation expérimentale de modèles : application aux bâtiments basse consommation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0337/document.
Повний текст джерелаConstruction of low, passive and positive energy buildings is generalizing and existing buildings are being renovated. For this reason, it is essential to use simulation in order to estimate, among other things, energy and environmental performances reached by these new buildings. Expectations regarding guarantee of energy performance being more and more important, it is crucial to ensure the reliability of simulation tools being used. Indeed, simulation codes should reflect the behavior of these new kinds of buildings in the most consistent and accurate manner. Moreover, the uncertainty related to design parameters, as well as solicitations and building uses have to be taken into account in order to guarantee building energy performance during its lifetime.This thesis investigates the empirical validation of models applied to a test cell building. This validation process is divided into several steps, during which the quality of the model is evaluated as far as consistency and accuracy are concerned. Several study cases were carried out, from which we were able to identify the most influential parameters on model output, inspect the influence of time step on the empirical validation process, analyze the influence of initialization and confirm methodology’s ability to test the model
Chlela, Fadi. "Développement d'une méthodologie de conception de bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271813.
Повний текст джерелаL'objectif de ce travail est de développer une méthodologie pour réaliser des études de conception de bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. La méthodologie consiste à déterminer des modèles polynômiaux pour l'évaluation des performances énergétique et du confort thermique d'été des bâtiments, à l'aide de la méthode des plans d'expériences et des outils de simulation numérique. Ces modèles polynômiaux permettent de simplifier les études paramétriques, en apportant une réponse alternative aux outils de simulations numériques pour la recherche de solutions afin de concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. La méthodologie est appliquée sur un bâtiment tertiaire à savoir un immeuble de bureaux.
Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons l'état de l'art des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie et à énergie positive, dans le but de dresser un bilan de connaissances sur le contexte énergétique français, sur les labels mis en place en France et à l'étranger, sur les projets réalisés et sur les techniques utilisées pour concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie.
Ensuite, nous nous focalisons dans le second chapitre, sur le développement de modèles numérique nécessaires à l'élaboration de la méthodologie. Les modèles sont développés dans l'environnement MATLAB/SIMULINK et intégrés dans la bibliothèque SIMBAD, dédiée à la simulation numérique en thermique du bâtiment afin de participer à son développement. De plus, nous présentons des études d'évaluation énergétiques de systèmes spécifiques aux bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie qui illustrent l'utilisation des modèles numériques développés.
Un cas d'étude est défini dans le troisième chapitre ainsi que les contextes climatiques à considérer, les principes de base de la méthode des plans d'expériences et un exemple de son application. Le cas d'étude considéré est un immeuble de bureaux, nommé Beethoven, dont les caractéristiques de base seront choisies selon les exigences de la réglementation thermique. Ces caractéristiques constituent la configuration de référence qui est améliorée en suivant la méthodologie développée. L'analyse des huit zones climatiques définies par la réglementation thermique et l'évaluation des performances énergétiques du bâtiment pour la configuration de référence par rapport à ces climats, permettent de sélectionner trois climats représentatifs pour la suite du travail. Enfin, un exemple d'application de la méthode des plans d'expériences pour une optimisation énergétique de la configuration de référence permet de justifier le choix de cette méthode.
Le début du quatrième chapitre est consacré au développement des modèles polynômiaux pour l'évaluation des performances énergétique et du confort thermique d'été du bâtiment Beethoven. Nous débutons ce chapitre par une évaluation des limites de la méthode des plans d'expériences pour déterminer ces modèles polynômiaux. Il en découle une méthodologie générale d'application de la méthode des plans d'expériences afin de développer des modèles polynômiaux pour réaliser des études de conception de bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie. Ensuite, nous effectuons, à l'aide de ces modèles, une étude de sensibilité pour le bâtiment Beethoven et une analyse de solutions pour concevoir un bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie selon divers critères énergétiques.
Dans le dernier chapitre, nous présentons un exemple d'application des modèles polynômiaux développés pour identifier des solutions pour la conception de l'enveloppe et des systèmes du bâtiment Beethoven, afin d'obtenir un bâtiment à basse consommation d'énergie, selon les critères du label Français Effinergie et du label Allemand Passivhaus. Les configurations basse consommation d'énergie obtenues sont comparées par rapport à la configuration de référence en termes de performances énergétiques, de confort thermique d'été et d'émissions CO2.
La méthodologie que nous proposons permet d'identifier, de manière simple et rapide, des solutions pour concevoir des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie. Les solutions sont sélectionnées à l'aide d'abaques définis avec les modèles polynomiaux développés. Le niveau de précision constaté par rapport à la simulation numérique est appréciable. Le choix des solutions est effectué parmi des millions de configurations de facteurs, déterminées à l'aide des modèles polynômiaux. La détermination de toutes ces configurations serait difficile voire impossible à réaliser directement à l'aide de la simulation numérique, sans avoir recours à des modèles polynomiaux, d'où l'avantage d'une telle méthodologie.
Enfin, cette méthodologie constitue une base robuste pour le développement d'outils d'aide à la décision, destinés aux différents acteurs du secteur du bâtiment pour la conception des bâtiments neufs et la rénovation thermique des bâtiments existants, selon les critères des bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie.
Zaraket, Toufic. "Stochastic activity-based approach of occupant-related energy consumption in residential buildings." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаRésumé en Anglais : The building sector is considered as a major energy consumer and pollution source among all economic sectors. It accounts for important shares, ranging between 16 and 50 percent, of national energy consumption worldwide. Reducing these consumptions and emissions is thus an important step towards sustainable development. Recently, the shift towards constructing low-consuming and nearly zero-energy buildings lead to further requirements with regard to performance and sustainability, and thus caused the design process of buildings to be more complex. Occupants’ behavior is now considered as a key determinant of building’s energy performance especially in the case of green buildings. Yet, energy simulation tools used in buildings industry nowadays are not capable of providing accurate estimations of occupant-related energy demands. Therefore, buildings and energy experts are devoting considerable efforts on developing more precise methods for modeling and forecasting occupants influence on whole building performance. Such models can provide accurate energy estimates and can assess future consumption variability. Consequently, building experts may improve their technical solutions, ameliorate their service performances, and promote targeted incentives. The objective of this dissertation is to propose a model for forecasting occupant-related energy consumption in residential buildings, while accounting for variability in consumption patterns due to diversity in occupants’ socio-demographic and economic profiles. A stochastic activity-based approach is thus adopted. By activity-based, it means that energy consumption of a household is estimated by summing up the energy use of different activities performed (such as cooking, washing clothes, etc.). The stochastic nature of the model is due to the probabilistic mapping established between household attributes from one side (household type, number of occupants, etc.) and the corresponding appliance ownership, appliance characteristics and power rating, and activity quantities from the other side. In order to establish these stochastic relations, a fairly sufficient number of households’ characterizing attributes is taken into account. The proposed model is applied for two domestic activities, namely watching TV and washing laundry. Three types of Monte Carlo simulations are performed to provide energy estimates for these two activities: for a given specified household, for randomly generated households with constraints, and for totally random population-wise households. A comparison between model’s simulation results and real measured energy consumption data enables validating the model for the two considered activities. A generalization framework of the modeling approach for other domestic activities is sketched, and its possible integration into buildings design process is discussed and illustrated through a number of examples
Park, Herie. "Modélisation dynamique des apports thermiques dus aux appareils électriques en vue d'une meilleure gestion de l'énergie au sein de bâtiments à basse consommation." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0683/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work proposes a dynamic thermal model of electrical appliances within low energy buildings. It aims to evaluate the influence of thermal gains of these appliances on the buildings and persuades the necessity of dynamic thermal modeling of electrical appliances for the energy management of low energy buildings and the thermal comfort of inhabitants.Since electrical appliances are one of the free internal heat sources of a building, the building which thermally interact with the appliances has to be modeled. Accordingly, a test room which represents a small scale laboratory set-up of a low energy building is first modeled based on the first thermodynamics principle and the thermal-electrical analogy. Then, in order to establish the thermal modeling of electrical appliances, the appliances are classified into four categories from thermal and electrical points of view. After that, a generic physically driven thermal model of the appliances is derived. It is established based also on the first thermodynamics principle. Along with this modeling, the used experimental protocol and the used identification procedure are presented to estimate the thermal parameters of the appliances. In order to analyze the relevance of the proposed generic model applied to practical cases, several electrical appliances which are widely used in residential buildings, namely a monitor, a computer, a refrigerator, a portable electric convection heater, and microwave are chosen to study and validate the proposed generic model and the measurement and identification protocols. Finally, the proposed dynamic thermal model of electrical appliances is integrated into a residential building model which was developed and validated by the French Technical Research Center for Building (CSTB) on a real building. This coupled model of the appliances and the building is implemented in a building energy simulation tool SIMBAD, which is a specific toolbox of Matlab/Simulink®. Through the simulation, thermal behavior and heating energy use of the building are observed during a winter period. In addition, thermal discomfort owing to usages of electrical appliances during a summer period is also studied and quantified.This work therefore provides the quantitative results of thermal effect of differently characterized electrical appliances within a low energy building and leads to observe their thermal dynamics and interactions. Consequently, it permits the energy management of low energy buildings and the thermal comfort of inhabitants in accordance with the usages of electrical appliances
Tittelein, Pierre. "Environnements de simulation adaptés à l'étude du comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350664.
Повний текст джерелаLes environnements de simulation énergétique existants ont été conçus pour des bâtiments classiques pour lesquels les consommations sont beaucoup plus importantes que celles fixées pour 2012, il faut donc voir si les modèles mais aussi les méthodes de simulations utilisés correspondent toujours aux spécificités de ces nouveaux bâtiments. L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer l'intérêt d'utiliser un environnement de simulation basé sur les systèmes d'équations pour étudier le comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation.
Pour cela, plusieurs modèles ont été implémentés dans l'environnement SIMSPARK. Il s'agit d'un modèle de matériau à changement de phase, d'un modèle de prise en compte du rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde par calcul de la tache solaire et d'un modèle d'échangeur air-sol. Ils ont été intégrés dans un modèle global de bâtiment basse consommation ce qui a permis de montrer les avantages de l'environnement de simulation utilisé. Le fait qu'il soit orienté objet permet de valider indépendamment les nouveaux modèles puis de les intégrer facilement à un modèle de niveau hiérarchique supérieur. Le fait qu'il soit basé sur les systèmes d'équations a permis grâce à la non orientation a priori du modèle d'inverser le sens de résolution de plusieurs problèmes dans une simulation dynamique. Enfin, la robustesse des méthodes de résolution utilisées a été éprouvée.
Basecq, Vincent. "Développement d’un mur capteur-stockeur solaire pour le chauffage des bâtiments à très basse consommation d’énergie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS013/document.
Повний текст джерелаUse of renewable energy is a necessary way to fight global warming and to anticipate scarcity of raw materials. The solar/storage wall used in buildings with lower energy consumption meets this evolution to renewable energy sources. In this thesis, solar energy is stored in a phase charge material (PCM), which provides latent storage. The latent storage is higher than sensible storage in usual building materials. This energy is restored to indoor air, by circulation and heating of inlet air through the wall storage element. In this thesis work, the solar storage wall was developed, based on previous published works dealing with similar systems. An experiment has been carried out with the solar storage integrated in a small wood building with a high insulation. The solar energy recovered by the wall reaches 2 kWh.m-2.day-1 and 1,5 kWh.day-1 was restored to air. In a second experiment, a prototype was developed to be used in controlled laboratory conditions. Special attention was given to PCM temperature measures to analyze the PCM thermal behavior. Two phenomena were observed: (i) liquid phase recovering solid phase, (ii) temperature homogenization in liquid phase. The PCM thermal behavior depends on interactions between three energetic flows: the charge flow (solar energy recovered), the restored flow (energy restored to the inlet air) and a vertical flow created by the liquid phase recovering. Furthermore, a numerical dynamic model for the solar storage wall was developed. It is based on a finite volume approach. This model simulates: (i) the ground effect in a solar wall, (ii) the thermal energy storage and phase changes, and (iii) heat recovery energy to air inlet. Numerical results were compared to experimental values. The model was validated for air temperature for daily cycle defined with a charge period (during sunning) and a continue air heating. The difference between numerical values and experimental values are lower than 0.6°C in mean temperature, and 10% in energy. This difference is lower than measurement uncertainties and energy calculation error margins. So the model is valeted and can be coupled with the dynamic thermal simulation code: TRNSYS
Peigné, Pierre. "Etude d'un système combiné de ventilation et de chauffage au bois dans les bâtiments à basse consommation d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816015.
Повний текст джерелаMalisani, Paul. "Pilotage dynamique de l'énergie du bâtiment par commande optimale sous contraintes utilisant la pénalisation intérieure." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00740044.
Повний текст джерелаSpitz, Clara. "Analyse de la fiabilité des outils de simulation et des incertitudes de métrologie appliquée à l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768506.
Повний текст джерелаPaudel, Subodh. "Methodology to estimate building energy consumption using artificial intelligence." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMNA0237/document.
Повний текст джерелаHigh-energy efficiency building standards (as Low energy building LEB) to improve building consumption have drawn significant attention. Building standards is basically focused on improving thermal performance of envelope and high heat capacity thus creating a higher thermal inertia. However, LEB concept introduces alarge time constant as well as large heat capacity resulting in a slower rate of heat transfer between interior of building and outdoor environment. Therefore, it is challenging to estimate and predict thermal energy demand for such LEBs. This work focuses on artificial intelligence (AI) models to predict energy consumptionof LEBs. We consider two kinds of AI modeling approaches: “all data” and “relevant data”. The “all data” uses all available data and “relevant data” uses a small representative day dataset and addresses the complexity of building non-linear dynamics by introducing past day climatic impacts behavior. This extraction is based on either simple physical understanding: Heating Degree Day (HDD), modified HDD or pattern recognition methods: Frechet Distance and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). Four AI techniques have been considered: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Boosted Ensemble Decision Tree (BEDT) and Random forest (RF). In a first part, numerical simulations for six buildings (heat demand in the range [25 – 85 kWh/m².yr]) have been performed. The approach “relevant data” with (DTW, SVM) shows the best results. Real data of the building “Ecole des Mines de Nantes” proves the approach is still relevant
Stratigou, Evdokia. "Identification and characterisation of physicochemical processes controlling indoor concentrations of submicron aerosols and volatile organic compounds." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis improves the scientific knowledge on the origin, behavior and fate of gas and particle-phase pollutants indoors under unoccupied unfurnished conditions. A first campaign provided a complete description of the physical processes controlling the indoor concentrations. Using well quantified parameters (air exchange rate, penetration factor and deposition rate), a mass balance model provided insights for the particle budget closure. The results showed that when indoor sources are not significant, a careful characterization of the abovementioned parameters allows to estimate PM2.5 and PM10 in a satisfying manner from outdoor data. However the PM1 fraction shows a significantly higher variability due to physicochemical transformations. Subsequently, a second intensive campaign was performed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOC) and PM1 chemical composition in real time. A strong increase in VOC concentrations was observed when outdoor air penetrates indoors, especially oxygenated VOC which exhibited a significant dependence on relative humidity, while the changes observed for particles once indoors depend on their chemical composition and diameter, showing a decrease from 20% for submicron particles up to, 86% for large ones (>5. µm). The investigation of ammonium neutralization revealed an excess of ammonium indoors and outdoors, which is attributed to organic- in addition to inorganic-bonded ammonium nitrate. The latter showed a stronger dependency on temperature gradient from outdoors to indoors, revealing stronger thermal decomposition once indoors. In summary, the indoor environment acts mainly as a continuous emission source of VOCs, while the opposite trend is observed the particles due to possible transformations that can occur even under the simplest conditions, with no occupants and no furnishing
Merheb, Rania. "Fiabilité des outils de prévision du comportement des systèmes thermiques complexes." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969036.
Повний текст джерелаThébault, Simon Romain. "Contribution à l'évaluation in situ des performances d'isolation thermique de l'enveloppe des bâtiments." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI008/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe global context of energy savings and greenhouse gases emissions control led to significant efforts in France to boost the thermal insulation in buildings in order to reduce heating consumption. Nevertheless, the stated thermal performance before construction or refurbishment is rarely achieved in practice, for many reasons (calculation errors, defects in materials or workmanship, etc.). Yet, guaranteeing the real thermal performance of buildings on the spot is crucial to enhance the refurbishment market and the construction of energy efficient buildings. To do so, measurement techniques of the intrinsinc thermal insulation performance indicators are needed. Such techniques already exist worldwide, and consist in processing the measurement data from the indoor and outdoor thermal conditions and the heat consumption. Some of them have already proved themselves in the field, but are either binding or very imprecise. And above all, the related uncertainty calculations are often rough. The objective of this thesis funded by CSTB is to consolidate a novel measurement method of the thermal insulation quality of a whole building after reception of work (ISABELE method). In the first chapter, a state of the art of the existing methods allows to identify possible ways to pursue this goal from a comparative synthesis. The primary reflection is about the uncertainty calculation method (which is a central issue). The second chapter presents a global methodology to combine the propagation of random and systematic errors from bayesian and classical approaches. One of the most important uncertainty sources deals with the infiltration air flow evaluation during the test. The third chapter investigates the characterization of this uncertainty, as well as its impact on the final result, depending on the chosen experimental approach (rule of thumb, simplified aeraulic models, tracer gases). Lastly, an improvement of the inclusion of the bluiding thermal dynamics during the test will be proposed in the last chapter. The basis of this improvement is to adapt the inverse model according to the building type and the test conditions. To do so, the proposed algorithm selects a model form a variety of simplified greybox models based on statistical criteria and parcimony. All these contributions have been tested on a large serie of measurements on a same timber-framed building (OPTIMOB shed). The robustness and precision of the results have been slightly improved. The intial infiltration air flow calculation, neither too simple of too complicated, has also been validated. Finaly, a better ordrer of magnitude of the minimal test duration has been determined, depending on the building inertia
Merlier, Lucie. "On the interactions between urban structures and air flows : A numerical study of the effects of urban morphology on the building wind environment and the related building energy loads." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0070/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is an exploratory study that lays the scientific and methodological foundations of a transverse approach for studying urban energy and bio-climatic issues. This approach involves concepts and tools of building and urban physics as well as urban planning and architecture. It addresses the relations between urban morphology and aerodynamic processes, and studies their effects on the building energy loads due to infiltration and convective heat losses. This thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part synthesizes the specificities of urban aerodynamics and urban physics, and analyzes existing urban fabrics from a morphological point of view. Generic typologies of isolated buildings and urban blocks for small scale aerodynamic studies are deduced. The second part validates the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (steady RANS RSM) against detailed experimental and numerical data, and presents the numerical experiments performed on the different morphological types. Mean flow structures that develop according to the construction shape and built environment, as well as pressure distribution on the building outer walls are examined. The last part couples heat and air fluxes to evaluate the contribution of urban air flows on the building energy loads. The improvement brought by CFD to the assessment of building convective heat transfers is verified by comparing numerical results to experimental data, detailed numerical studies and standard correlations. An enhanced temperature wall-function adapted for forced convection problems is adjusted to the model based on existing studies, and the convective heat transfers distribution on building facades is analyzed. Finally, the building energy loads due to air infiltration and heat transmission are estimated for typical constructions and compared to standard values. The results of this thesis show strong effects of the topology and dimensionality of constructions and urban structures on the development of recirculation phenomena within the urban canopy layer. The related aerodynamic conditions yield heterogeneous pressure and convective heat transfer intensities and distributions on building facades, which depend upon the considered built morphology. Their effects on building energy loads are logically particularly important in absolute value for buildings that are neither insulated nor air tight. Nonetheless, the estimates of the building energy needs based on standard or simulated pressure and convective heat transfer coefficients often show substantial deviation. Focusing on the relative contribution of the built structure, the effects of the aerodynamic context appear more influential for insulated buildings. Essentially, switching from an exposed to a sheltered building may decrease the energy needs per surface unit of floor due to air infiltration and heat transmission through outer walls by 18% up to 47% according to simulation