Дисертації з теми "Bassin d’eau"
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Grusson, Youen. "Modélisation de l’évolution hydroclimatique des flux et stocks d’eau verte et d’eau bleue du bassin versant de la Garonne." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15995/1/Grusson_1.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChtioui, Feryal. "Étude du rafraîchissement passif de bâtiment par l’intégration d’un système de rétention d’eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS006.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we have studied water retention techniques on flat roofs for passive cooling of commercial/industrial buildings, and more especially the open roof pond system. This roof pond acts as a heat sink, solar irradiance and building internal heat are converted into latent heat, while water thermal inertia mitigates heat flux peaks. A numerical model has been developed to study the theoretical behavior of an open roof pond. A parametric study has allowed to analyze the different heat and mass transfers between the roof and the external environment, and indoor environment impacts. This has allowed to determine the cooling potential of this technology according to design parameters (water level and radiative properties), location and climate change effects. This numerical study was confronted with an experimental study carried out on a scaled down device, under oceanic climate in La Rochelle (France). This experiment also allows to test other water retention techniques on roof such as the adding of a gravel or a porous material layer, and to compare them to high albedo solutions called "cool roofs". The cooling potential and the performance of these passive solutions have been evaluated experimentally and numerically by various indicators defined compared to a bitumen reference roof. Finally, the roof water retention model was coupled with a typical commercial building, large-scale. A study for different current and future climates, especially during heatwave periods and integrating the use of the rainwater resource has been carried out. The results have shown that the roof pond solution is relevant to reduce summer discomfort whatever the location or the climate and that the maximum potential of this technique is obtained when it is combined with the “cool roof” solution
Miessner, Frédérick. "Analyse économique de la tarification des services d’eau et d’assainissement en France." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100013.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis approaches the problems of the tariffing of the water services in two distinct parts which correspond to the two principal elements of the water invoice: The first part relates to the analysis of the French water Agencies taxes and their role of financing water infrastructures. This is an evaluation of the financial redistribution system managed by the water Agencies. From the point of view of their financial function, impact of the collected taxes (via the water bill) and of subsidies granted finally finance the conformity of the infrastructures of water utilities. From the point of view of their function of incentive to the modification of polluting behaviours, the analysis of the system effectiveness of tax and subsidy must integrate the system of standards of emissions. The second part seeks to quantify the impact of the determinants of the price of the water services using econometric models applied to a database describing the drinking water utilities in 1724 communes of the Seine basin. This model proposes to measure the impact of the management model (public or private) and of the mode of organization (communal or inter-commune level) on the final utility price
Bernard-Michel, Caroline. "Indicateurs géostatistiques de la pollution dans les cours d’eau." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1367.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to assess river quality, different parameters such as nutrients concentrations are measured in different monitoring stations, setting up a very important but heterogeneous database. The French evaluation system of water quality recommends to summarize the information contained in these measurements by a few statistical indicators such as the annual mean of concentrations or the 90% quantile. They are estimated using the classical statistical inference based on hypothesis proved to be incorrect: time correlations and seasonal variations are ignored. Actually, in France, nitrate concentrations are generally higher in winter. Biases and confidence intervals can be reduced by kriging or segments of influence and a linear interpolation of the empirical quantile is proposed. Methods are analysed theoretically and experimentally on the Loire Bretagne basin. Estimating indicators along a stream network then requires specific models of random functions because usual covariance models are no longer valid on such structures. We propose a global model of random functions along a tree graph introducing the concept of “elementary thin streams”, defined by the whole set of paths between sources and outlet. At each point of the network, the river is considered to be the linear combination of these streams on which one dimensional stationary random functions are defined. An application to water discharge on the Moselle Basin (north-east of France) is presented
Benhamou, Cyril. "Modélisation de l’effet des interactions haies-cultures sur les transferts d’eau et d’azote à l’échelle d’un petit bassin versant agricole." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSARD064.
Повний текст джерелаOne negative effect of agricultural intensification for more than fifty years has been water pollution by nitrates, which has environmental and economic consequences. In this context, the agro-ecosystem must develop into innovative systems through a combination of use and preservation of natural resources. Buffers zones, such as hedgerow networks, could be a tool to partially regulate nitrogen flow at the watershed outlet. In Britany (western France), where nearly 60% of hedgerows disappeared from 1960-1980, the issue is particularly important. The problem dealt with here is to quantify, at the watershed scale, the impact of these buffer zones to maximize their value with management-landscape strategies. The assumption is that the hedgerow impact varies depending on its position on the hillslope. Compared to previous studies, the originality of this work has been to focus on hedgerow position in the landscape and therefore its relations with groundwater, associated crops or pastures, as well as the influence of pruning. This work is divided into two parts. The first was to assess the impact of the hedgerow on local variations in soil moisture and hydrological functioning of a hillslope depending on hedgerow position. An experimental site was instrumented in the north of the Ille-et-Vilaine department (Brittany) and monitored for a year (September 2009-September 2010). The second part was to develop a new submodel for hedgerows in the spatially explicit model TNT2. We developed the concept of double-cover cell, which takes into account impact of interactions with crops and pruning. Experimental results showed that hedgerow can be distinguished from other vegetation by its water uptake in deeper soil layers, and that this uptake is affected by management (pruning) of the hedgerow. Close to the hedgerow, when the water table is deep, capillary rise contributes to soil water variations. Local reduction in soil water content and rainfall interception by the hedgerow canopy seems to have an influence on groundwater flow in autumn. The hedgerow submodel was thoroughly tested, and its behavior generally met expectations. The processes identified as important in field studies and the literature review were broadly represented, and their variations due to climatic and topographic conditions were consistent. Model predictions indicated that hedgerow impact on water and nitrogen balances depends on its position in the watershed and the crop associated with it. Competition between the hedgerow and the associated crop increased as water table depth increased, as a function of hedgerow location in the watershed. This competition was partially mitigated by pruning. In contrast, hedgerow presence tended to increase water table depth and soil water deficit, which reduced denitrification and mineralization. Simulations of the-Kervidy Naizin watershed predicted that presence of a hedgerow network reduces annual water and nitrogen flow at the outlet. At shorter time scales, the effect of hedgerows is more pronounced in spring and autumn, when discharge is low
Wawrzyniak, Vincent. "Étude multi-échelle de la température de surface des cours d’eau par imagerie infrarouge thermique : exemples dans le bassin du Rhône." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30092.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of global warming, understanding the thermal regime of rivers is a key issue. By measuring the radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum of thermal infrared (TIR: 0.4-14µm), TIR remote sensing offers the possibility of obtaining surface temperature maps at multiple scales. The multi-scale approach is thus the guiding principle of this work.First we use satellite thermal infrared images from Landsat ETM+ to investigate longitudinal and temporal variations in the thermal patterns of a large river continuum, the French Rhône (500 km). An automated water extraction technique is developed to remove pixels contaminated by terrestrial surfaces. This method improves the accuracy of our data. The images allow us to understand the thermal effects of tributaries and nuclear power plants: the Isère is the main source of cold water while the Bugey, Saint-Alban and Tricastin nuclear power plants warm the river. We show temperature differences within the largest hydroelectric bypass facilities between the bypass section and the canal. The factors responsible for these differences are the length and minimum flow of the bypass section as well as tributaries coming into this reach.Second, we focus on a shorter river (50 km): the lower Ain in France where four airborne TIR surveys are performed. Based on a statistical analysis of temperature differences between overlapping images we calculate the measurement uncertainty associated with TIR derived profiles. This uncertainty allows for the discrimination between artifacts and real longitudinal thermal trends. To understand these trends, we use a 1D determinist model which predicts water temperature at an hourly time step along a 21 km reach. The model considers heat fluxes at the water-air interface as well as the geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of the river. Based on TIR images, groundwater inputs associated with backwaters and lateral seepages are identified. They are inserted into the temperature model. These groundwater inputs can mitigate high water temperatures during the summer by cooling the river up to -0.6°C when they represent 15.7% of the total discharge.A finer scale is finally explored. The work focuses on nine braided reaches located in the French Alps (1 km) where very high spatial resolution TIR images are acquired. By characterizing the spatial distributions of water temperature, we identify two types of reaches. The first type shows a very low thermal spatial variability throughout the day. Rivers of this type often have a proglacial hydrological regime with high summer flows, which tends to homogenize the temperature. The second type exhibits a higher thermal variability with changes during the day. The temperature of flowing channels changes during the daytime according to the air temperature. In contrast, the temperature of groundwater-fed channels exhibits smaller changes which creates thermal variability over space and time. We propose a method which does not require TIR images in order to identify reaches showing high thermal variability.Through this work, we show that it is essential to combine both spatial and temporal approaches to understand river temperature. Thermometers have been used for many years. Thus, the spatial aspect has often been ignored. TIR remote sensing has allowed a better characterization of spatial thermal patterns. However, to understand these patters it is necessary to consider temporal changes of water temperature. It is also necessary to integrate a more physical approach in order to simulate different scenarios and to assess the importance of the different factors affecting water temperature
Phan, Ha Hai An. "Transfert d’eau et de matière sur un petit bassin versant agricole du Nord Vietnam : suivis à l’échelle pluriannuelle et à l’échelle de la crue." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066718.
Повний текст джерелаPrygiel, Émilie. "Impact des remises en suspension du sédiment liées au trafic fluvial en rivières canalisées sur l’état des masses d’eau : application au bassin Artois-Picardie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10110/document.
Повний текст джерелаRivers channelization and creation of linking channels to facilitate industrial development and trade have led to a strong historical pollution and artificialization of aquatic environments that are now subjected to good potential status objectives. Sediment resuspension by navigation, its impact on water quality and the achievement of status are the main concern of this thesis. Sediment and water chemical quality of three channels of Northern France have been studied: the Deûle River, the Sensée River (both navigated) and the Scarpe River (not navigated). The rivers have varying concentrations of P and ETM (overall Deûle ~ Scarpe > Sensée), which are generally well trapped with sulfides in sediments. Although the concentrations of dissolved ETM remain relatively low compared to the levels recorded in the sediment, they can sometimes exceed the environmental quality standards of the WFD. Lability of these ETM estimated by DGT is weak, even for Pb which is however significantly accumulated by caged gammarids deployed on the three sites. The navigation seems to play a limited role in the enrichment of the water column in dissolved metals and phosphorus, as well as the oxygenation of surface waters. Phytoplankton appears to have a greater influence on the evolution of these environments. Finally, the impact of navigation on the chemical quality of the water remains limited due to the peculiar geochemistry of the Artois-Picardie basin
Bhurtun, Pratima. "Dynamique de la qualité des masses d’eau dans le bassin Artois-Picardie : compréhension des mécanismes actuels et prévision des évolutions dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R055.
Повний текст джерелаThe River Selle is a non-channelised stream in the Artois-Picardy basin and is considered as a priority waterbody by the Artois-Picardy Water Agency. The aim of this work was to study the spatio-temporal behaviour of several substances at different time scales, ranging from low-frequency (grab sampling, passive samplers) to high-frequency monitoring. More specifically, tracers of pollution reflecting urban, agricultural and industrial contamination (nitrates, phosphates, trace metal elements, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, dissolved organic matter) were investigated. We confirmed that the River Selle is mainly fed by a nitrate-rich groundwater. Besides, the nitrates and atrazine concentrations in the river water were similar to those found in the groundwater. At the upstream of the river, the land-use is mainly dominated by agriculture whereas most of the urban islets are located at the downstream of the river. Consequently, during dry weather, ultra-trace concentrations of some pesticides and pharmaceutical residues were recorded and phosphate levels often exceeded 0.2 mg L-1. Due to the minor flow input of the wastewater treatment plants into the river, metallic contamination in the River Selle (particularly Gd and Zn) is quite low despite the high concentrations measured in wastewater effluents. Water quality issues during storm events were identified by high-frequency monitoring. Significant but time-limited peaks in phosphorus and organic carbon were observed, while nitrates were diluted. The composition of dissolved organic matter was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral signature of different types of water (groundwater, surface water and wastewater effluents) was characterised as well as the origins of this organic matter (autochtonous vs allochthonous). Finally, these results enable to discuss qualitatively the future effects of climate change at a regional scale on the evolution of the water quality of the River Selle
Crenier, Clément. "Vers une réévaluation des facteurs limitant la production biologique dans les cours d’eau de tête de bassin versant : nutriments, acides gras ou qualité du carbone détritique ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0361/document.
Повний текст джерелаDespite their reduced sizes, headwater streams play important roles in the functioning of downstream ecosystems and provide numerous ecological services. Since the River Continuum Concept, the functioning of these streams has been considered as mainly relying on allochthonous supplies of detrital organic matter for their functioning, in contrast with downstream ecosystems of larger size where primary production is considered to be predominant. Despite that detritus represent, by definition, a resource of lower quality for its consumers than living plants, the nature of the factors limiting the biological production and functional processes in these detrital ecosystems remains sparsely explored. First, the lack of essential elements (in particular nitrogen and phosphorus) in detritus could be a major constraint for the development of living organisms in streams. As a result, the availability of mineral elements in the water column, by stimulating the growth and activity of decomposers, but also by increasing the elemental quality of resources through microbial immobilization, could control ecological processes in a higher extent than previously believed in these ecosystems. By studying in situ, the response of microorganisms to nutrients availability along a land-use gradient, our results have shown a positive effect of the dissolved elements (N and P) on the decomposition of leaf litters and the enzymatic activities of the decomposers, even for the highest nutrient levels of the gradient, for which adverse effects were expected. Independently, in streams formerly subjected to acidification, we observed a recovery of the process of leaf litter decomposition. Nevertheless, this recovery was accompanied by a marked N reduction in the ecosystem, huge changes in stream functioning might be expected in the medium to long term. The role of autochthonous primary production was then questioned. Indeed, while being quantitatively minor, this contribution of high quality carbon may play a significant role in the functioning of headwater streams. In particular, the importance and role of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes via phototrophic biofilms was questioned. Based on a field survey of 15 rivers in the Vosges Mountains along an acidification gradient, our results first showed the presence of diatomic biofilms rich in PUFA, despite these streams are clearly in a forested context. In a second step, an experimentation carried out under controlled conditions permitted to observe the positive role of diatomic resources, even in low concentrations, on the growth and survival of the crustacean amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Without this input, these organisms were unable to maintain their internal levels of PUFAs, suggesting that the consumption of autochthonous primary producers might be essential for these detritivore organisms. All our results permit to highlight the fundamental roles that can be played by the availability of dissolved elements (N and P) and the carbon quality of the resources on the biological production and on leaf litter decomposition in headwater streams. These results stress the need for more profound investigation of the interactions between these two limiting factors, and for understanding in which contexts one factor could supplement the other. In particular, it will be interesting to investigate to what extent various anthropogenic disturbances (xenobiotics, global warming, etc...) could affect the intensity or the nature of these limitations
Lees, Édouard. "Étude de la vapeur d’eau atmosphérique à partir de données GNSS dans le bassin sud-ouest de l’océan Indien et applications à l’étude du climat et des cyclones tropicaux." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0037.
Повний текст джерелаDue to their accuracy and low cost, ground-based GNSS station remain to date the main means of observing water vapour at all space-time scales. This greenhouse gas significantly modulates deep convection in tropical regions. It leads to extreme phenomena such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones, to which the southern Indian Ocean basin is particularly vulnerable. This thesis deals with the exploitation of GNSS water vapour measurements collected in the Indian Ocean by a set of stations of the IGS global network and the IOGA4MET network. The later has been recently deployed in the framework of the ReNovRisk-Cyclones and Climate Change research programme. The first part of this thesis recalls the calculation method of the integrated water vapour column by GNSS and presents an intercomparison between the measurements obtained by the IGS network stations and various other sensors (microwave satellites, radiosondes) available in the southern Indian Ocean basin. These measurements are then used in a second step to study the variability of water vapour at different space-time scales. The results obtained show that the annual variability is highly variable on a regional scale and even stronger the further away from the equator. On a smaller scale, the diurnal water vapour cycle appears to be strongly driven by interactions between large-scale atmospheric dynamics and local circulations. This is particularly the case for tropical islands such as Madagascar and Reunion
Monteil, Caroline. "Écologie de Pseudomonas syringae dans un bassin versant : vers un modèle de transfert : des habitats naturels aux agro-systèmes." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00916593.
Повний текст джерелаFour, Brian. "Effet des étangs de barrage à vocation piscicole sur le fonctionnement écologique des cours d'eau de tête de bassin dans des contextes environnementaux différents : le cas des étangs de plaine en Lorraine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0009/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn France there are more than 250,000 ponds. Most often, they are dam reservoirs constructed on headwater streams in clay valleys for fish production and thus named fishponds. In Lorraine region, most of the numerous fishponds are located on temporary streams (i.e. periodically dry during summer time) in agricultural and/or forested catchments. These streams have an ecological functioning based on the integration of allochthonous organic matter (OM) resources by the basal detrital food webs. Yet, fishponds constitute biogenic lentic systems that favor autochthonous OM production (e.g. plankton, macrophytes, faeces). Consequently, fishponds could disrupt the fragile balances in these headwater stream ecosystems. The goal of my thesis was to study the effect of fishpond on the recycling and the integration of allochthonous and autochthonous OM by the aquatic food webs within headwater streams. First, we studied the litter decomposition (and the associated communities) between upstream and downstream fishponds located in agricultural or forested catchments. Our results indicate the needs to take into account the catchment land uses to grasp the fishpond effect on litter decomposition. We found that in agricultural catchments fishponds lead to a decrease of the litter breakdown rate in association with a fungal biomass decrease. In forested catchments, the macro-invertebrate assemblages are more affected than in agricultural catchments, showing a decrease of the most sensitive taxa to organic pollution. Secondly, we focused on litter processes in temporary headwater streams hampered or not by a fishpond. To this end, we worked on forest streams to exclude confounding anthropogenic effects. In this environment our results indicate that the presence of a fishpond tends to increase litter breakdown rate. It can be related with a better litter conditioning and to the shredder assemblage’s modification downstream from the fishpond. Furthermore, fishpond effect on the integration of allochthonous resources by food webs was found to be highly dependent on hydrological conditions downstream from the fishpond. This original result highlights that the impact of the fishpond seems to be greater on the shredder assemblages and on their litter breakdown activities when the stream show important hydrological modifications (i.e. become permanent downstream from the fishpond). Finally, in order to analyze the modification of trophic niches, we studied benthic macroinvertebrate isotopic signatures in streams hampered or not by a fishpond. Our results indicate that fishpond mainly influenced the isotopic signatures of biofilms and suspended OM. In line with this result, isotopic niches of the different macroinvertebrate trophic guilds are also modified downstream from the pond. Consequently we may suggest that all the studied trophic guilds consume and integrate autochthonous resources produced into the fishpond. In summary, our work highlights complex interactions between fishpond and headwater streams and underlines the needs to take into account the catchment land use and the stream hydrology before concluding on the fishpond effect on stream functioning
Beaufort, Aurélien. "Modélisation physique de la température des cours d'eau à l'échelle régionale : application au bassin versant de la Loire." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work corresponds to the development of two physically based modeling approaches based on the equilibrium temperature concept to simulate the stream temperature at the Loire basin scale (105 km²). The performances of these two approaches are analyzed with hourly temperatures provided by the national thermal network associated with rivers (RNT), set up by the ONEMA in 2008. A first part focuses on the study of the 0D approach which solves the heat budget at the local scale. This approach has been tested with a simplified discretization by Strahler order and then with a discretization at the hydrographical reach scale. They simulated accurately hourly and daily temperatures for large rivers where the upstream influence becomes limited. The second part focuses on the approach by propagation based on a network topology in order to integrate the upstream-downstream propagation of the thermal signal with high spatial and temporal resolution at a regional scale which improves performances of rivers located near headwaters and to well reproduces the dynamics of longitudinal thermal profiles for large rivers
Mathaux, Coralie. "Vivre dans des conditions difficiles en falaise : potentialités et longévité du genévrier de Phénicie (Juniperus Phoenicea L)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0073/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe cliffs are the last virgin ecosystems of the temperate zone. They represent a reservoir of biodiversity and a refuge for many plant and animal species and can harbor long-lived species. In the Mediterranean basin, the scarcity of old and natural forest populations and even that of isolated trees reaching great ages is explained by the existence of a strong anthropogenic pressure for about 10 000 years. However, in the gorges of the Ardèche (southern France), populations of Juniperus phoenicea in cliffs present all age classes including millennial individuals. Beyond this, the cliffs regularly shelter old trees that can be identified using visual morphological criteria. Nevertheless, the rock walls impose important stresses on the trees which develop therein due to the verticality and the compactness of the substrate. The soil is absent or very reduced and this leads to a supply of water and nutrients which can also be limited. Moreover, the verticality of the environment causes many rockfalls that injure or kill the trees. Juniperus phoenicea which colonize these very restrictive habitat respond to the pressure of such a medium by a very low growth rate, a partial mortality of the aerial system and the cambium, the leaf morphological characteristics adapted to the drought, the ability to use water from mists and small rains that only wet the foliage, and they also have arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community adapted to this environment, while at the same time achieving exceptional longevity
Gonzalez-Merchan, Carolina. "Amélioration des connaissances sur le colmatage des systèmes d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0040/document.
Повний текст джерелаInfiltration systems are widely used in urban stormwater management. Infiltration systems can significantly reduce stormwater discharges to sewer systems and may therefore contribute to the mitigation of flooding problems. In addition infiltrations systems also help to reduce stormwater pollution, contribute to groundwater recharge and to water course protection. However, the hydraulic performance of infiltration systems decreases with time due to clogging effects. A clogged layer limits the transfer of water and pollutants in infiltrations systems. The clogging has a significant impact on the long-term performance of a system. The aim of this PhD study is to better understand spatio-temporal evolution of clogging on large infiltration systems involving different scales: (i) global scale, (ii) semi - global (the whole bottom and the sides), (iii) local scale (different part of the bottom). An experimental approach has been carried out in the OTHU project (Field Observatory on Urban Hydrology, www.othu.org). An infiltration basin studied with three investigations scales under real operation conditions. In a global scale, the temporal clogging evolution of the system was evaluated in terms of hydraulic resistance. This clogging indicator was calibrated from Bouwer’s model. Water inflow, TSS, COD, climatic factors (air temperature and solar energy), stormwater events and season variations were measured. The results describe the clogging evolution over 8 years. It indicates that vegetation may have a beneficial effect on infiltration capacity. In a semi global scale study, clogging evolution at the bottom and the sides, of the infiltration basin was evaluated. It proved that the clogging mainly occurs at the bottom, that is, the bottom was clogged fast and the clogging at the sides was slow. Local scale study, spatial distribution and temporal evolution of clogging at the bottom with in situ measurements during 2 years were investigated. The study characterised the clogged layer, with bio physic-chemical parameters (i.e., were investigated hydraulic conductivity, porosity, grain size, dry bulk density, organic matter and biomass content). This analyze compared also the role of different types of spontaneous vegetation. The result showed the high spatio-temporal heterogeneity on the infiltration surface. Statistical analysis of clogging evolution in each scale showed the significant impacts of biological activity in the stormwater infiltration basins, which was often neglected
Coulon, Anaïs. "Rôle des sédiments organiques sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des bassins d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. https://hal-agrocampus-ouest.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01203123.
Повний текст джерелаThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of organic sediment deposits on the hydrodynamic functioning of the Cheviré stormwater retention-infiltration basin (44). Physical and chemical characterization of the sediments, underlying soil of the basin, and sediment organic matters were undertaken. Sediments influence on the soil transfer properties were then evaluated by an experiment at the soil column scale and by a numerical simulation at the basin scale. Organic matters of the Cheviré basin had a small degradation capacity, which explained their large concentrations in sediments. These large levels of organic matters favored a large water retention capacity of sediments but led to a decrease of their infiltration capacity. This decrease may be induced on the one hand by a highly hydrophobic behavior of sediments, especially to anthropogenic organic matters such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and on the other hand, by a closure of sediment macroporosity. Conversely, sediment microporosity became increasingly important and favored water retention. Simulations showed that combined effects of (i) the sediments accumulation at the basin soil surface, (ii) the gradual decrease of sediment porosity, and (iii) the increase of sediment hydrophobicity, explained the decrease of the basin infiltration capacity and the increase of the frequency of overflows in the basin during aging
Gossiaux, Alice. "Effets des changements environnementaux sur le fonctionnement des ruisseaux de tête de bassin versant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0260.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current context of environmental changes, many pressures threaten the functioning and integrity of natural environments. Among these pressures, concerns about increasing temperatures and changes in nutrients availability are rising, particularly for freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The consequences of these changes on headwater streams, which contribute to downstream water bodies and provide many ecosystem services, are essential to anticipate in order to plan management and conservation measures. Headwater streams functioning is mainly based on the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter, which is the major carbon input for benthic food webs. To a lesser extent, primary production is represented by the autotrophic organisms of biofilm. Using different approaches (microcosms, mesocosms, in natura), this thesis aims at understanding how microbial and macro-invertebrate compartments, involved in the functioning of headwater streams, react to temperature increases, and at disentangling the combined effects of nutrients availability changes, seasonality, species identity and underlying biotic interactions. The results of this thesis demonstrate that temperature and nutrients have complex effects on stream litter decomposition processes (potentially weak, non-linear and sometimes opposed to the results of the literature). In addition, these studies highlight the importance of taking seasonal effects and temporal dynamics into account in order to improve the understanding of the measured processes in natural or semi-natural environments. Finally, species identity (litter, micro and macro-organisms), species roles in the community (functional groups) and interactions among them (antagonists, facilitators) play a key role in the variability of observed responses, by modulating, for example, the importance of the brown and green pathways in the functioning of these systems. Finally, the variability of the effects of temperature increase and nutrient availability on the functioning of headwater streams, which is strongly linked to the context and level of biological organization, leads to many research opportunities, and in particular for citizen science
Villeneuve, Bertrand. "Modèles multi-stress et multi-échelles de l’état écologique : vers une analyse du risque d’altération des cours d’eau et des bassins versants." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0229/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe rivers and their watersheds are complex systems in dynamic balance. If processes acting in stream are relatively well known (organic matter and sediment transport, litter degradation, etc ...), it is much more difficult to have a relevant representation of this functioning considering the hierarchy of scales, land determinants affecting aquatic environments and combined multiple stressors. We conducted an exploration whose purpose was to seek the multiple causes of degradation of the ecological status, to know the spatial extent and severity and to be able to recommend effective restoration actions. In the first part of the thesis, we developed large-scale models, based on existing data, to give answers applicable to the decision and management scales, i.e. European, national and regional. The main was to compare the relationships between the combined pressures represented by land cover and the ecological status of running waters in four European countries: France, Slovakia, Estonia, and UK (England and Wales). This first study allowed us i) to establish the hierarchy of the major influences that impact ecological status, particularly agriculture and urbanisation, ii) to identify regional patterns in these pressure-impact relationships and iii) to evaluate the relative weight of the pressures acting at the basin and riparian corridor scales, and the possible buffering effect of riparian land cover. In the second part of the thesis, we built a corpus of models capable of explaining the variability of the biological indices used in the survey network and also predict the ecological status of non-monitored water bodies in France. This permits to demonstrate that : (i) the parameters characterizing the load of nutrients and organic matter had a predominant effect on the three compartments, followed by land use and hydromorphology, (ii) it is possible to build models capable of predicting ecological status that are efficient and easily transferable, using data of different scales that influence the functioning of hydrosystems. In the third part, we tested if the relationships between local scale pressures and ecological status are hierarchically influenced by regional patterns (such as natural physiographic and/or driving forces). Introducing hierarchical factors in multi-stress models can lead to slight variations in responses of organisms to pressures according to their natural characteristics and their driving forces acting at catchment scale. And in the last part, the purpose of our approach was to take into account the nested scale organisation and the links between anthropogenic pressures and river ecological status by building - and analysing the results of - a model based on the PLS path modelling method. This method can be used to simultaneously analyse the effects of latent variables corresponding to land-use, hydromorphological and physico-chemical pressures on the ecological status of rivers, synthetically measured in this study by the macroinvertebrate-based French biotic index for wadeable rivers (I2M2). The development of this model should allow us to demonstrate : (i) the importance of land use effect exerted on both hydromorphology and physico-chemistry and their translation as an indirect effect on biological condition of streams, (ii) that hydromorphological alterations had an effect on substrates structure and nutrients and organic matter concentrations implying that hydromorphology has a major indirect effect on macroinverteb
Roman, Philippe. "L’analyse des transferts d’eau inter-bassins au défi des conflits et de la justice environnementale. Le cas du fleuve São Francisco (Nordeste du Brésil)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV004/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe analysis of massive inter-basin water transfers has been scarcely developed within the discipline of economics. Though, this kind of hydraulic engineering is bound to be ever more widepsread in the 21st century, in particular in developing and emerging economies. We propose an analysis of a water transfer project in Norhteastern Brazil from an ecological economic point of view. We especially investigate the socio-environmental conflicts that take place around this megaproject. In the first place, we characterise Brazil's current style of economic development at the turn of the century, as well as the dynamics of water sector reforms. From such an analysis, we draw a stylised presentation of the water-economy nexus which we deem necessary for the understanding of the project. We then discuss the scope and limits of economic approaches (welfare economics, sustainability economics) to the assessment of large scale water projects. We put an emphasis on the specific features of massive inter-basin water transfers and we propose a suitable economic framework. In a third part, we analyse the socio-environmental conflicts that took place in relation with the transfer project. We propose an environmental justice analysis as well as an institutionalist modeling of the conflict and its impacts
Boccarossa, Alexandra. "Surveiller et agir : le rôle du territoire dans la mobilisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un réseau de suivi de la qualité des cours d’eau bretons (1992-2017)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20043/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality
Yan, Hexiang. "Expérimentations et modélisations tridimensionnelles de l’hydrodynamique, du transport particulaire, de la décantation et de la remise en suspension en régime transitoire dans un bassin de retenue d’eaux pluviales urbaines." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаStormwater detention basins are used to preserve the quality of receiving waters by sedimentation during the wet weather. However, the removal efficiencies of basin were not satisfactory due to the not well understanding of the sedimentation processes. In order to further understand these processes in the real facilities, this thesis therefore focuses both on in situ experiments and modeling of the hydrodynamic and sediment transport in field detention basin and in small scale basin in laboratory. This research was supported by large part on the Django Reinhardt basin (DRB) in Chassieu within the OTHU program and the experimental data deriving from Dufresne (2008) and Vosswinkel et al. (2012). Samples of sediments accumulated in the basin were collected and their physical characteristics were analyzed in order to determine their spatial distribution. Concerning numerical modeling, the hydrodynamic simulations in steady state were performed using CFD software Fluent and were evaluated by the correlation analysis between the hydrodynamic behavior of DRB and the spatial distribution of the physical characteristics of sediments. The bed boundary conditions used in the literatures were tested in order to represent the spatial distribution of sediments and removal efficiency of DRB. The conditions tested were: i) critical bed shear stress - BSS and ii) critical bed turbulent kinetic energy - BTKE. Because of the failure prediction of DRB deposit zones with usual bed boundary conditions, a new relationship based on particle settling velocities has been proposed to estimate the BTKE threshold for the bed boundary condition. The proposed boundary condition was tested in a pilot basin (Dufresne, 2008) and the DRB using the Euler-Lagrange approach under steady flow conditions. The results were not very satisfactory regarding the DRB deposit zones, even considering non-uniform grain size. In order to better predict the deposit zones and settling efficiency in field detention basins, a new method has been proposed accounting for the sediment transport, settling and erosion under unsteady conditions. Based on this proposed method for representing the particle transport, settling and erosion processes under unsteady conditions, various simulations with different bed boundary conditions were carried out in a pilot rectangular basin (Vosswinkel et al., 2012). The predictions of removal efficiencies and deposition zones are satisfactory. Hence, taking into account transient effects on both hydrodynamics and sediment transport leads to drastically improve the spatial and temporal distributions of sediments in settling detention basins
Larmet, Hélène. "Mobilisation et transfert de Zn, Cd, Cu et des colloïdes bactériens dans les bassins d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales : Influence des conditions hydrodynamiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10037.
Повний текст джерелаSurfaces impermeability is enhanced by urbanisation, leading to the increase of volumes and polluting loads of stormwater runoff. Consequently, in the East of Lyon, stormwater are discharged in infiltration basins. Contaminants are supposed to accumulate at their surface layer, but little is known concerning their long term fate. In particular, bacteria are liable to facilitate metallic transfer through the vadose zone to the aquifer. This study aims at identifying mechanisms and conditions of mobilisation and transfer of three heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu) and bacterial colloids, in realistic conditions. Copper mobilisation from the polluted layer depends on soil solution transfer and hydrodynamical conditions, while other elements seem to be dissolved from a common organo-mineral matrix: amounts released are similar whatever the experimental conditions. Finally, bacteria contents depend neither on initial water content, nor on flow conditions. Amounts of Cu and colloids potentially released from the polluted layer are substantive. The unpolluted layer retains a fraction of dissolved and colloidal matter, but preferential flows and colloidal transport, depending on hydrodynamical conditions, favours metallic transfer. Consequently, a scheduled scrapping of the polluted layer and an improvement of the retention of particles before they enter basins are advised
Ben, Slimene Erij. "Modélisation de l’impact des hétérogénéités lithologiques sur les écoulements préférentiels et le transfert de masse dans la zone vadose d’un dépôt fluvioglaciaire - Application à un bassin d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI035/document.
Повний текст джерелаAn infiltration basin is a stormwater best management practice (BMP) designed to infiltrate runoff volumes in urban areas. Nevertheless, preferential flow paths in the underlying soil may cause rapid migration of pollutants, thus contributing to groundwater contamination. Understanding the coupling between preferential flow processes in the vadose zone and geochemical mechanisms is then required. This thesis is a part of the follow-up of an infiltration basin for several decades of exploitation. The study site was settled over a highly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit covering much of the Lyon region. The investigation of an excavated section of the basin (13.5m long and 2.5m deep) pointed out a specific regionalization of pollution in the soil. This research is based on a numerical study to identify the origin of such a pollutant pattern and link this with preferential flow resulting from lithological heterogeneities. Different lithofacies were fully characterized regarding their hydraulic, hydrodispersive and geochemical properties. The numerical study proves that the high contrast in hydraulic properties triggers the establishment of preferential flow (capillary barriers and funneled flow). Preferential flow develops mainly for low initial water contents and low fluxes imposed at surface. The role of each lithofacies and architecture of deposit (stratification and inclusions) is clearly identified. The impact of such flows on non-reactive transfers is then investigated by combining the influence of preferential flow and pore water fractionation info into mobile and immobile fractions, resulting from the intrinsic heterogeneity within each lithofacies. Finally, these physical processes are coupled to the geochemical reactivity for a pollutant model (copper), taking into account the differential reactivity of lithofacies. These results generate a conceptual model of preferential flow and mass transfer in strongly heterogeneous media
Nguyen, Phuong Thanh. "Study of the aquatic dissolved organic matter from the Seine River catchment (France) by optical spectroscopy combined to asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0154/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main goal of this thesis was to investigate the characteristics of dissolvedorganic matter (DOM) within the Seine River catchment in the Northern part of France. ThisPhD thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine research program. Theapplication of UV/visible absorbance and EEM fluorescence spectroscopy combined toPARAFAC and PCA analyses allowed us to identify different sources of DOM andhighlighted spatial and temporal variations of DOM properties. The Seine River wascharacterized by the strongest biological activity. DOM from the Oise basin seemed to havemore "humic" characteristics, while the Marne basin was characterized by a third specifictype of DOM. For samples collected during low-water periods, the distributions of the 7components determined by PARAFAC treatment varied between the studied sub-basins,highlighting different organic materials in each zone. A homogeneous distribution of thecomponents was obtained for the samples collected in period of flood.Then, a semi-quantitative asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) methodology wasdeveloped to fractionate DOM. The following optimized parameters were determined: across-flow rate of 2 ml min-1 during the focus step with a focusing time of 2 min and anexponential gradient of cross-flow from 3.5 to 0.2 ml min-1 during the elution step. Thefluorescence properties of various size-based fractions of DOM were evaluated by applyingthe optimized AF4 methodology to fractionate 13 samples, selected from the three sub-basins.The fluorescence properties of these fractions were analysed, allowing us to discriminatebetween the terrestrial or autochthonous origin of DOM
Capuano, Tonia Astrid. "Small-scale ocean dynamics in the Cape Basin and its impact on the regional circulation." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0115/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study addresses the role of oceanic small-scale processes in the formation and transformation of subsurface waters that participate in the Indo-Atlantic interocean exchange.We focus on the Cape Basin dynamics, characterized by a highly non-linear turbulence.We provide qualitative and quantitative evidence of the direct impact that meso- and submesoscale structures, their dynamical interactions and their seasonal variability have on the local thermocline and intermediate waters. A sequence of numerical simulations, ranging from ’eddy-permitting’ to ’submesoscale resolving’, underlines the importance of an adequate vertical resolution to correctly depict the water masses properties.We point out that Agulhas eddies are mainly generated through baroclinic instabilities and are marked by a clear seasonality. This is linked to the seasonal occurrence of distinct meso-submesoscale instabilities in the upper layers: symmetric instabilities are at play during summer, while mixed-layer instabilities prevail in winter.We also found that Charney baroclinic instability connects these two submesoscale regimes and plays a major role in the seasonal formation of a newly-identified type of mode waters: Agulhas Rings Mode Water. Finally, we show that eddies of both polarity advect, stir and mix Antarctic Intermediate Water, via the mesoscale strain field producing filaments and T-S fine-scale structures.Our results suggest the existence of two dynamical regimes affecting the upper and intermediate layers of the Cape Basin. Near the surface, the submesoscale-driven frontogenesis and their enhanced energetics lead to a predominance of ageostrophic dynamics. The intermediate depths are, instead, characterised by a quasigesotrophic regime due to the prevailing mesoscale effects
Chassillan, Emilie. "Les formes du jardin dans la maison en Gaule romaine entre le Haut-Empire et l’Antiquité tardive : architecture et décor." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040119.
Повний текст джерелаOur thesis relates the evolution of the architecture of the garden and its decoration between Early Empire and Late Antiquity, in Roman Gaul houses, in particular, in high social class residences. It enables easier comparisons in between northern and southern Gaul. The elaboration of a corpus allowed us to list and analyze the forms of the garden. At first, the maps (colorized to visualize the garden among the pleasure and circulation spaces, and to facilitate the comparisons) enable us to notice that certain elements of the italic garden are reused. However, the elaboration of a typology indicates that this imported architecture is quickly adapted. Roman Gaul is breaking new ground with new architectural forms and creations. The 3rd century crisis shows an important break in the spreading of that form of residential habitat. It is still difficult to say if the garden is a space that is being abandoned because of its pagan values, in a new Christian spirituality. Secondly, studying the chronological apparition of basins let us understand the evolution of the forms and modes in each province and how they spread. Thanks to our typo-chronology, we noticed that some forms are more used with local modes. We tried to give a faithful idea of the world and sensibility of the garden in Gallo-Roman urban residences through the iconographical choices of its owners. Despite the sporadic documentation, remnants, while incomplete, enable us to recreate the staging of those Gallo-Roman gardens
Gocel-Chalté, David. "Déterminants spatio-temporels de la qualité des cours d’eau dans un contexte de déprise et de changement des activités : rôle possible des facteurs du passé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0094.
Повний текст джерелаHuman activities have been continuously affecting natural ecosystems functioning during the Holocene and it actually have an impact at a global scale. There is particular concern over the integrity of freshwater ecosystems, however local past activities can also still impact these ecosystems and are rarely considered for the management of streams. The headwater streams especially, whose functioning is based on terrestrial organic matter inputs, are sensitive to human uses of neighboring lands, and so may be actually affected by stresses of historical origin. It seems pertinent to identify such effects of past activities on freshwater ecosystems and to understand the mechanisms involved in these processes. During this thesis project we conducted a prospective in situ study, to determine the influence of the legacy of potential historical activities on the current ecological quality of headwater catchment streams. We combined an approach of historical ecology of landscapes (anthracology, study of old maps, …) with a study of biotic and abiotic parameters of streams. The first approach aimed to study the woodland composition of last centuries and to georeference old human uses (deforested areas, charcoal production sites, homes, ponds, …). The second aimed to determine the integrity of stream by multiparametric analyses. The results of this study, realized on forested catchments of northern Vosges mountains, revealed that the streams which are situated in a low-impacted landscape, globally have a good ecological quality. Some ponds with different ages have an impact on the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates communities and deviation to good ecological state, maybe due to urban pollutions or acidic rainfalls. Nevertheless the exploitation of forest for the production of wood charcoal until the beginning of XXth century lead to the creation of thousands of charcoal production sites (CPS) that affect the availability of phosphorus both in environment. Moreover, woodland dynamic seems to have been conditioned by the sylviculture, leading to a higher proportion of coniferous species today than in the past (before the beginning of charcoal production). These aspects lead us to believe that human activities have been influencing organic matter inputs into streams. We can conclude that the historical building of ponds and the charcoal production in these woodlands have an influence on actual characteristics of streams, in parallel to modern stresses. Thus, this project open strong lines of research about the nutrients fluxes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems under the influence of charcoal production sites. This could help us to better understand the impact of this activity across history
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
Повний текст джерелаThe anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils
Martin, Jean. "Développement de la microchimie élémentaire et isotopique (87Sr : 86Sr) des otolithes de saumons Atlantique : évaluation du potentiel pour un appui à la gestion piscicole dans le bassin de l’Adour." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3004/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Adour basin holds one of the largest populations of Atlantic salmon in southern Europe exploited by commercial and sport fisheries. Determining the relative contributions of individual rivers and hatcheries to the Adour basin populations becomes crucial to understand key sources that contribute the most to its persistence. We successfully used Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca and 87Sr:86Sr ratios as natural tags for determining the natal origins of adults from 12 tributaries. Success in discriminating between fish from different sites was greatest using Sr isotopes since the latter remained relatively constant across years at a given location. Geochemical signatures from core regions of the otolith were also used to identify fish from hatchery or naturally spawned sources. The predominance of adults spawned in the Ossau River among returning adults corresponded with long-term juvenile production trends in the Ossau River. Despite the limited upstream accessibility of the Pau River, our study demonstrated that Atlantic salmon recruits can successfully leave this river to join the adult population in the Adour basin. We observed relatively clear separation between hatchery and wild juveniles using both Sr:Cacore (wild > 2.5 and hatchery < 0.80) and 87Sr:86Srcore (wild < 0.710 and hatchery > 0.710). The return of hatchery reared fish as adult spawners represented 10% of the total sampled fish we analyzed. Almost all adults, previously identified as belonging to the Ouzom River, were hatchery produced. Adults originated from the Pau River were either wild or hatchery reared fish. We also conducted field controlled experiments that characterized the elemental uptake process in juvenile Atlantic salmon otoliths during freshwater residency. Physiological effects influenced Ba deposition. Ba:Ca otolith profiles from hatchery-reared and field collected fish were characterised by a peak at yolk absorption mark. Hatchery-reared fish stocked in a river also displayed a peak of Ba:Ca following transfer which was not related to the water chemistry. Our experiment revealed a 20-day lag time between initial Ba:Cawater changes and Ba:Caotolith saturation. Results suggested that such effects should be considered during any attempts to determine rivers of origin of Atlantic salmon based on otolith elemental composition or reconstruct the movement of individual fish among and within streams
Al-Juhaishi, Mohammed. "Caractérisation et impact de la pollution dans les rejets urbains par temps de pluie (RUTP) sur des bassins versants de l'agglomération Orléanaise." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2021/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis was to characterize urban runoff water at the level of stormwater outletson three major urban sub-basins of the Orléans agglomeration, covering land areas ranging in size from463 to 2257 ha and with contrasted land use. 11 individual rain events were sampled at runoff outletsbetween April 2015 and June 2017 and 10 campaigns were also carried out in dry weather.In general, it was observed that the conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD5 and BOD28), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (NT), anions andmajor cations were found to be higher in dry weather conditions than in rainy weather. These resultsindicate a dilution effect due to precipitation.A mixture of rainwater and wastewater was also identified in the sub-basin of Ormes. Land use andhuman activities in the sub-basin studied were found to significantly influence the quality of the resultedrunoff from rainfall events. For example, in the Egouttier sub-basin 2, the presence of a large imperviouszone (industrial and residential, 40% of the surface area) was responsible for an increase in the parametersBOD5, BOD28, COD and NT.The flows at the outlets of the different water quality parameters were evaluated and compared withthose from the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and those from the Loire. The estimatedloads of the three sub-urban basins accounts for approximately 166.61% of the load of the four WWTP.The three sub-basins have a small impact on the Loire in terms of annual flows (about 1.62% for wetweather case).Two versions of a conceptual model of accumulation / washoff were evaluated to estimate pollutantrunoff; the classical version and a modified version in which the pollutant accumulation parameter has alogarithmic form. The performances of the models were found acceptable for the MES and the COD. TheNash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficients were found as 0.84 and 0.85 for the two versions at the Egouttier subbasin.For trace elements in particulate phase, the correlation with the experimental measured value wasfound good as well. In general, when a measured flow was less than 1 kg.ha-1, the modified model was nolonger applicable.The first simulation tests of the quality and quantity of urban runoff were carried out with MIKEURBAN, which equips both MOUSE and SWMM modeling software. For water quantity, the hydrographsindicated that the maximum flow obtained with SWMM was always lower than that obtained with MOUSE.For water quality, TSS mass was still more strongly impacted by the leaching of TSS in the MOUSE modelthan in the SWMM model.This work can be considered as the first step of the evaluation work of RUTP for the Orléansagglomeration. It provides a solid foundation for a future monitoring program
Laniel, Mélissa. "Intégration du concept de capacité de support d’un plan d’eau aux apports en phosphore à l’aménagement du territoire au Québec : Réalité ou utopie?" Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3119.
Повний текст джерелаThis study presents a literature review of current carrying capacity models developed in Ontario and Quebec (Canada) for the estimation of phosphorus (P) loading in lakes. Another objective is to evaluate their applications to land and watershed management practices in Quebec. A comparison of theoretical and empirical models, combined with the observations of keys stakeholders, confirms the importance of calibrating models regionally. The analysis further reveals that empirical models estimate more accurately P concentrations in lakes. However, the use of traditional mass balance approaches is still a necessity for the estimation of different P sources in the watershed. These models can support decision makers and land managers in Quebec in the application of more restrictive measures in lakes where the carrying capacity is currently exceeded. In Quebec, the use of the models and their implementation in the legislation will be a municipal responsibility. Many urbanism tools already allow this kind of intervention (zoning, « outils à caractère discrétionnaire »). But, model use alone will not be sufficient to justify a total interdiction of land development in a watershed or to impose a strict limit to house and cottage development.
Bouchard, Cindy. "La génétique au service de la conservation de la tortue des bois (Glyptemys insculpta)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25265.
Повний текст джерелаConservation biology is a rapidly expanding field of research due to the accelerating loss of global biodiversity. To better understand the processes and threats to the persistence of small populations and the effects of anthropogenic factors on biodiversity, genetic approaches are frequently used in conservation. Genetic analyzes can, for example, inform us about long-term trends, population diversity and reproductive strategies of a species. The wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) is a species endemic to North America that is endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. As part of my thesis, my objective was to characterize the genetic diversity of this threatened species in Canada. In order to better understand the impact of reproductive strategy and landscape structure on population diversity, I analyzed the genetics of wood turtle populations at several spatial and temporal scales. First, parentage relationships were reconstructed in a population of wood turtles to estimate the frequency of multiple and repeated paternity. The results of my work suggest that sperm storage in females and multiple reproduction with the same partners for more than one breeding season could explain these phenomena. These reproduction strategies could in this case be induced by the low density of the study population, or by fidelity to the overwintering site where the majority of copulation events take place. Subsequently, I assessed the genetic diversity of wood turtle populations. I wanted to understand the effects of the landscape configuration and geographic dispersion events on the diversity of populations. Using a landscape genetics approach, my analyzes show that the division of populations by watershed explains a large fraction of the genetic diversity between populations. These results also confirm that watersheds represent management units conducive to the protection of wood turtle populations. Finally, network analysis was used to better understand the gene flow dynamics among populations located on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence River. More specifically, the north shore is characterized by a robust network of isolated populations, whereas the populations on the south shore present more of a metapopulation structure. Using population graphs, hypothetical scenarios were compared to explore the node selection process using the BRIDES algorithm. The results of these analyzes made it possible to point out specific populations of wood turtles, considering their importance for network connectivity. This could have not been predicted by using genetic diversity and distinctiveness estimates, node-based metrics, and node removal analysis for these populations. Thanks to genetics, this thesis brings new knowledge on the wood turtle, the reproductive strategies of both sexes, the gene flow, the connectivity and the influence of the hydrographic network on population diversity. These results allow us to have a better understanding of the processes affecting the genetic diversity of this species in order to better protect it. All analyses performed for this thesis are directly applicable to other long-lived species with overlapping generations.