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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Basic production assets"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Basic production assets"

Karpenko, V., O. Vinnichenko, and O. Petrykiva. "IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING BASIC ASSETS OF ENTERPRISES." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, no. 36 (February 17, 2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227668.

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The source of resources for capital investments in basic assets of enterprises may be money, paid in the form of income tax. The tax load on Ukrainian enterprises in modern conditions is significant. One of the ways to reduce it is to improve the accounting of main facilities. According to the normative documents, capital investments in non-current assets are not included in the expenses of the reporting period, in the process of operation their carrying value refers to the cost of production, goods, works and services in the form of accrual of depreciation during the useful life period, which is determined when the main facilities are accounted on the balance sheet, but not less than permissible, as determined by the Tax Code of Ukraine. Such restrictions have been introduced so that enterprises do not set short operating periods, which will increase the cost of production, reduce the financial result and income tax, which must be paid to the budget. As a result of the establishment of long useful lives, production costs are reduced and increased profit and the amount of income tax. But the company’s significant tax liability diverts resources that could be aimed for diversification, development of modern technologies, renewal of basic facilities, increase of salaries, other purposes. The article studied the cost of basic assets, the degree of their depreciation, the volume of capital investment in the directions of attachment, sources of funds, regions of Ukraine and types of activities, profitability of enterprises. In practical examples reviewed the economic effect from the improvement of the methods of including the value of capital investments into the cost price, the terms of use of main facilities, and the influence of these factors on the financial result of the activities and their tax liabilities are revealed. The released funds in the form of investments in basic assets will contribute to the diversification of production, which will lead to greater volumes and, accordingly, higher revenues and taxes of enterprises, budget revenues for tax payments. The expediency of revaluation of basic assets to increase the value of assets is determined. The necessity of improving the legislative regulation in the field of main facilities accounting to create conditions for economic growth of enterprises, organizations and the state as a whole is proved.

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Meixner, Kristof, Arndt Lüder, Jan Herzog, Dietmar Winkler, and Stefan Biffl. "Patterns for Reuse in Production Systems Engineering." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 31, no. 11n12 (December 2021): 1623–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194021400155.

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In Production Systems Engineering (PSE), domain experts aim at reusing partial system designs implemented as Industry 4.0 assets and software. However, the knowledge on assets is often scattered across engineering artifacts from multiple disciplines and domain experts, making it difficult to find reusable assets and map them to requirements. In this paper, we (i) identify challenges and requirements for the representation of reuse knowledge in PSE, based on the results of a domain analysis in automotive manufacturing; (ii) refine the Industry 4.0 Asset Network (I4AN) meta-model that integrates multi-disciplinary dependencies between the assets; (iii) introduce the I4AN reference model that exposes recurring patterns; and (iv) present basic and applied patterns for reuse in PSE that aim at improving reuse efficiency and lowering risks. We evaluate the I4AN reference model and patterns with reuse scenarios in a feasibility study in automotive manufacturing. The study results indicate that the I4AN reference model and patterns satisfy the elicited requirements and enable PSE domain experts to identify patterns for reuse and sufficiently complete sets of reusable assets in their contexts.

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Wang, Lv Rong. "Enterprise Equipment Category of Fixed Assets Evaluation and Management." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 1166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1166.

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in the process of enterprise business , the equipment is the basis of fixed assets, is to maintain the production of basic material needs of the enterprise, general business equipment category of fixed assets have a higher lifetime value and higher monomer and equipment use in the process of changing the characteristics does not easily occur. From a certain extent, the level of corporate management, production management level and the size of firm size can be reflected from the corporate fixed assets. In this paper, a telecommunications company, for example, analyze the business equipment category of fixed assets evaluation and management.Keywords: equipment fixed assets; evaluation; management

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Sujatha, CN. "Coal Production Analysis using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35130.

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Coal will keep on giving a significant segment of energy prerequisites in the US for at any rate the following quite a few years. It is basic that exact data portraying the sum, area, and nature of the coal assets and stores be accessible to satisfy energy needs. It is likewise significant that the US separate its coal assets productively, securely, and in a naturally mindful way. A restored center around government support for coal-related examination, facilitated across offices and with the dynamic cooperation of the states and modern area, is a basic component for every one of these necessities. In this project we attempt to predict the coal production using various features given the data set. We attempt to implement regression algorithms and find the best algorithm along with fine tuning the parameters of the algorithm. The existing system uses the linear regression model one of the main issues with this basic linear regression is that it does not have a regularization parameter and hence overfits the data. The system also does not provide enough pre-processing and visualization or Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). We aim to build advanced regression models like ridge and lasso regression and also fine tune the parameters of the model. These models would be trained on a data set which will be engineered carefully after performing the feature engineering.

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Gilaev, G. G., M. Ya Khabibullin, and R. N. Bakhtizin. "Improvement of oil and gas production infrastructure as an effective tool for maintaining basic oil and gas production." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200581.

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The modern world is a complex mechanism in which each process, direction, sphere of activity, despite visual differences, ultimately creates a single complex element aimed at ensuring human life. One of the key processes occurring on the planet is the extraction of hydrocarbons. The article proposes to consider a solution that will contribute to ensuring the efficiency of oil and gas production processes, will extend the life cycle of mature oil and gas production assets of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the RF) and extend their economic profitability. Economic and technological efficiency from infrastructure reengineering measures is individual for each region, and directly depends on the volume of oil, water production and the state of the ground infrastructure. The described areas of infrastructure reengineering, in aggregate, represent an effective tool for optimizing operating and capital costs, increasing the reliability of technological equipment, removing infrastructure restrictions, which will contribute to the achievement of the set task - maintaining oil production at mature assets. Keywords: facilities for oil treatment; gas compression; reservoir pressure maintenance; power supply; engineering networks; operating costs; reengineering.

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Mukhin, А. А. "THE USE OF COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION IN MODELING PRODUCTION PROCESSES." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 30, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-6-822-829.

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Several alternative economic approaches to the study of organization are discussed in the literature: the neoclassical theory, the theory of transaction costs (the theory of specific assets), the theory of incomplete contracts (the theory of property rights), and the Agency theory (the theory of incentives). Recently, there have been approaches at the intersection of Economics and management: resource theory, knowledge theory, strategic theory, entrepreneurial theory; in the framework of sociology: network theory, the theory of resource dependence, the theory of institutional isomorphism, the theory of situational choice, the theory of strategic choice. The article deals with the basic model of neoclassical theory. The advantage of the neoclassical theory is that it emphasizes the role of technology in General and economies of scale in particular as factors that influence the size of production, turnover of organizations. Within the framework of the considered approach, a certain macrostructure is determined that carries out the costs of economic resources: fixed assets, the number of employees that affect the turnover of organizations. The task of rational economic management, which meets the Udmurt Republic, is to determine the forecast of turnover of organizations with the given resources and to calculate the necessary for its value of fixed assets, the number of employees.

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Tvrdoň, Oldřich, Radmila Presová, and Martin Přibyl. "Economic-legal aspects of business assets definition and its effectiveness analysis." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 6 (2004): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060189.

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The thesis “Economic-legal aspects of business assets definition and its effectiveness analysis” analyses the contribution of business assets in joint-stock company Svornost Těmice. The company operates in the field of agricultural primary production. Focus of plant production still keeps the traditional composition of plants grown. In connection with increasing the quality of effectiveness of the machinery the area of corn-production will be expanded. In animal production, the company specialises on the pig-feeding and milking-cows.The theoretical part includes the opinions of the world economists and managers on the definition of basic concepts related to business assets. These opinions are confronted with those of Czech authors, in order to acquaint students of the Faculty of Business and Economics with them – focusing on students of the Trade Management specialisation.The practical part is focused on analysis of effectiveness of business assets in the selected company. It have confirmed that managers of this business have to improve the intensity of exploitation of the asset base and thus to reach its higher effectiveness. This task is necessary for operation in the intensive-competition environment formed after the entrance into the European Union.

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Kokurin, D. I., V. P. Pavelyev, and A. I. Koltunov. "ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTMENTS IN MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION FACILITIES OF AN ENGINEERING COMPANY." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-70075.

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This paper presents an analysis of production of marketable products in various schemes of financial investments into the modernization of plant and equipment on the production: the use of the loan or lease for the renewal of basic production assets of the enterprise.

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Dianov, D. V., and N. V. Gayfulin. "The application of statistical methods in the expert studies of the basic capital of the regional economy." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 34, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018-34-1-151-160.

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This scientific article describes the statistical methodology of assessment and analysis of fixed assets, and also reflected the possibility of using statistical methods in activities of internal Affairs bodies in the identification of economic crimes and offenses that are economic assets, attributable to fixed assets. The article identified and implemented opportunities of improvement application of statistical methods for the evaluation of fixed assets transferred to the belt in the judicial-economic examination, the basis of a substantial part of which is assessment examination aimed at determining the value of economic assets, adequate to modern market conditions and production levels. Moreover, we studied the analytical possibilities of the statistical indicators to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the structure, composition, condition, dynamics, movement, reproduction, and the efficiency of fixed assets. A key aspect of statistical modeling in this article was the quantitative assessment of the factors defining cost parameters of fixed assets taking into account their physical condition in terms of territorial certainty is homogeneous from a statistical point of view of the regions of the European part of Russia.

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Kalynichenko, Iuliia. "ASSET VALUE OF ENTERPRISES AS A BASIC COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 1) (2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.01.097.

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Introduction. The scale of the current financial crisis is a clear indication of the inefficiency of the vast majority of implemented economic decisions based on traditional principles and paradigms. The basic component of economic relations is the value of assets. International Financial Reporting Standards require that assets be measured at fair value, which is the carrying amount. According to International Financial Reporting Standards, there is a four-level fair value hierarchy that gives higher priority to market contributions to value measurement, and the minimum priority is given to data determined by the enterprise itself based on its assumptions and considerations. However, the vast majority of real estate owned by industrial enterprises is privately owned and used in the production process. Therefore, it is vital for the pricing mechanism to understand how real estate is valued by the owners of these properties. Goal. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and methodological provisions and develop practical recommendations for determining the value of assets of enterprises in order to make managerial decisions. Results. The differences between fair and consumer value are determined. It is proven that for the pricing mechanism it is vital to understand how real estate of enterprises is valued by the owners of these objects. It is proposed to use the rate of return offered by the customer, and not determined on a market basis.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Basic production assets"

Безугла, Дар'я Валеріївна. "Організаційно-економічне забезпечення технічного переоснащення виробництва підприємств машинобудування". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36493.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018. Дисертація присвячена дослідженню і обґрунтуванню теоретичних підходів щодо розвитку організаційно-економічного забезпечення технічного переоснащення виробництва (ТПВ) підприємств машинобудування, а також розробці науково-методичних напрямків його удосконалення. В роботі уточнено визначення сутності ТПВ як багатоаспектного організаційно-економічного процесу; розроблено модель ТПВ, що визначає етапність і системну результативність його реалізації. Набула подальшого розвитку типологія планів ТПВ, що враховує техніко-технологічні особливості, а також стратегії виробничої діяльності підприємств машинобудування. Удосконалено методичний підхід щодо заміни устаткування в процесі ТПВ за критерієм забезпечення прибутку. Набули подальшого розвитку методичні підходи щодо забезпечення організаційно-економічної гнучкості підприємства в процесі ТПВ. Запропоновано методичний підхід щодо розробки і виконання інвестиційного проекту ТПВ. Теоретично обґрунтовано та розроблено організаційно-економічну структуру управління інноваційним та науково-технічним забезпеченням технічного переоснащення виробництва підприємств машинобудування. Запропоновано методичний підхід щодо обґрунтування актуальних напрямів ТПВ на основі розробленої моделі "Формування організаційно-економічних переваг" підприємства.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences (PhD) speciality 08.00.04 – Economics and management of enterprises (by types of economic activity) – (08 – Economics). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The dissertation is devoted to investigation and groundation of theoretical approaches to development the organization–economic support of production technical reequipment (PTR) of machine – building enterprises, so as to elaboration the scientific – methodical directions for it perfection. It is defined more precisely the essens of production technical reequipment being the multi-aspects organization–economic process. It is worked out the organization–economic PTR – model that determins stages and system resultivity of it realization. It is elaborated the typology of PTR, that contains 12 types of plans and the system of indexes for it realization, being approached to innovative and production strategies of enterprises. It is improved the methodic of equipment substitution at PTR-process according to profitability criterion. It is executed the further development of methodic principles of providing the organization-economic flexibility of an enterprise at PTR-process, based at elaborated system of indexes, that characterize expenditure of financial and time resources of an enterprise. It is offered to analyze cycles of flexible innovative development of an enterprise. It is improved the methodic approach to involve and effective use of investments for the aims of PTR – projects realization, based at graphic – analytical model of economic interaction "enterprise – investor". This approach embraces the stages of substantiation the most economic-effective subject of technical reequipment and coordination with investor the conditions to accomplish of PTR-project. It is executed the further development of the organization – economic structure for innovation and scientific-technical support of machine-building enterprises reequipment. It forsees creation the matrix-project structures and the program-intentioned groups at the enterprise to realize PTR-projects by the principle "researches – elaborations – industry inculcation". It is improved the methodic approach to groundation of actual PTR-directions of machine-building enterprises. It is based on developed model "Forming of organization – economic preferentials of an enterprise", which forsees comparative analysis of organization – economic potential of an enterprise and it firm-competitor at their inner scope.

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Mbuli, Bhekizizwe Ntuthuko. "Poverty reduction strategies in South Africa." Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2293.

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Between 45-57% of South Africans are estimated to be engulfed by poverty. In an attempt to identify policy instruments that could help change this status quo, the various strategies that have been implemented in countries (e.g. China, Vietnam and Uganda) that are known to have been relatively successful in reducing poverty are reviewed. In the process, this dissertation discusses the literature regarding poverty, with a particular emphasis on the definition, measurement and determinants thereof. Furthermore, South Africa's anti-poverty strategies are discussed. It turns out that these have met limited success. This is largely due to insufficient pro-poor economic growth, weak implementation/administration at the municipal level, slow asset redistribution, high income/wealth inequality, low job generation rate by SMME's, high HIV/AIDS infection rate, public corruption and inadequate monitoring of poverty. Therefore, if meaningful progress towards poverty reduction is to be achieved, the government needs to deal with the foregoing constraints accordingly.
Economics
M.Comm. (Economics)

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Книги з теми "Basic production assets"

Moran, John, and Philip Chamberlain. Blueprints for Tropical Dairy Farming. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306473.

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Blueprints for Tropical Dairy Farming provides insight into the logistics, infrastructure and management required for the development of small and large dairy farms in tropical developing countries. Farmers will learn how to improve the welfare, milk quality and productivity of their dairy herds. This book complements author John Moran’s five previous books on the principles of tropical dairy farming. The manual covers a wide range of topics related to ensuring the sustainability of dairy production systems in tropical developing countries, such as South and East Asia, Africa and Central America. It also provides guidelines for the best management practices of large-scale, more intensive dairy systems. While smallholder farms are the major suppliers of milk in the tropics, many larger farms are becoming established throughout the tropics to satisfy the increasing demands for fresh milk. Blueprints for Tropical Dairy Farming will be a valuable resource for farmers and stockpeople who want to improve the productive performance of their dairy herds, farm advisers who can assist farmers to achieve this aim, educators who develop training programs for farmers or who train dairy advisers in the basics of dairy production technology, and other stakeholders in tropical dairy production, such as local agribusiness, policy makers and research scientists. National and international agencies will learn new insights into the required long-term logistics for regional dairy development, while potential investors will acquire knowledge into intensive tropical dairy farming.

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Maddy, Erin M., Kevin Abnet, Geoffrey Scriver, and Mrinal Shukla. Radiation Safety. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0017.

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Exposure to ionizing radiation is increasing in modern anesthesia practice, due to both the number of procedures facilitated and the expanding role of imaging in surgical practice. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends that physicians who assist with radiation procedures be educated on the basics of radiation including units, effects of radiation exposure, and radiation protection for both providers and patients. This chapter will mirror the recommendations of the ICRP and include an introduction to radiation production, terminology, units, effects on the human body, dose limits, best practices for radiation protection, and safety infrastructure.

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Seitz, John C., and Christine Firer Hinze, eds. Working Alternatives. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288359.001.0001.

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Popular interest in the kinds of conditions that make work productive, growing media attention to the grinding cycle of poverty, and the widening sense that consumption must become sustainable and just, all contribute to an atmosphere thirsty for humanistic economic analysis. This volume offers such analysis from a novel and generative diversity of vantage points, including religious and secular histories, theological ethics, and business management. In particular, Working Alternatives brings modern Roman Catholic forms of engaging with economic questions—embodied in the evolving set of documents that make up the area of “Catholic social thought”—into conversation with one another and with non-Catholic experiments in economic thought and practice. Clustered not by discipline but by their emphasis on either 1) new ways of seeing economic practice 2) new ways of valuing human activity, or 3) implementation of new ways of working, the volume’s essays facilitate the necessarily interdisciplinary thinking demanded by the complexities of economic sustainability and justice. Collectively, the works gathered here assert and test a challenging and far-reaching hypothesis: economic theories, systems, and practices—ways of conceiving, organizing and enacting work, management, supply, production, exchange, remuneration, wealth, and consumption—rely on basic, often unexamined, presumptions about human personhood, relations, and flourishing.

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Aziz, Nazrina, Syariza Abdul-Rahman, and Norhaslina Zainal Abidin, eds. Recent Applications in Quantitative Methods and Information Technology. UUM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672210269.

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This book is a guide for researchers who are involved in statistical, mathematical, information technology and decision science analyses. The purpose of the book is to allow readers to get research ideas on a wide range of topics, such as sampling plans, capital budgeting, completion time in production line, searching pattern for mobile cache replacement policy, home security system with biometric finger print and web service technology. The analyses in each chapter are explained in detail with samples of real applications in daily life to assist readers to appreciate theoretical, algorithm and mathematical formulations. Prior to reading this book, readers are advised to have some basic foundation in statistical sampling, tabu search approach, neural network, algorithms, and mathematical formulation. This book will be beneficial to students and researchers who are looking for research topic of the research and how problems can be solved using an applied method.

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Food Handlers Manual. Instructor. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275119020.

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[Introduction]. Food-borne diseases (FBDs) are one of the most frequent public health problems in daily life. The hazards that cause FBD may occur in the different stages of the food chain (from primary production to the table). Independently from its origin, once the food reaches the consumer it may have an impact on public health and cause severe economic damage to the establishments devoted to its preparation and sale. These two events may cause loss of confidence and the closing down of a business. Fortunately, the measures for preventing food contamination are very simple and may be applied by anyone who handles food, by following easy rules for hygienic food handling. This Manual’s purpose is to provide to people who handle food, and particularly to food-handlers’ instructors, the information they need to facilitate the teaching of proper procedures to food workers. In addition, it seeks to provide basic information about food safety that Latin American and Caribbean countries may adapt to their own needs. The Manual is organized into three Modules and Appendixes focusing on the following topics: (1) food hazards; (2) FBDs; and (3) hygienic measures to prevent food contamination. The evaluation at the end, forms part of the Manual. Its purpose is to assess the knowledge learned during the course regarding the importance of hygienic food handling for public health.

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Group, World Bank. An incomplete transition: Overcoming the legacy of exclusion In South Africa. UCT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/1-77582-266-0.

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In preparation for its 2019–2022 Country Partnership Framework with South Africa, the World Bank Group has drafted a Systematic Country Diagnostic, which forms the basis of this book. Its aim is to strengthen understanding of the constraints in achieving two goals in South Africa: to eliminate poverty by 2030, and to boost shared prosperity. These goals are aligned with South Africa’s Vision 2030 in the National Development Plan. This book is the result of consultations and conversations with the National Planning Commission, government departments, the private sector, young South Africans, and other stakeholders. It identifies five broad policy priorities: to build South Africa’s skills base; to reduce the highly skewed distribution of land and productive assets and strengthen property rights; to increase competitiveness and the country’s participation in global and regional value chains; to overcome apartheid spatial patterns; and to increase the country’s strategic adaptation to climate change and water insecurity. The key obstacle to growth, investment, and jobs that has been identified is ‘the legacy of exclusion’. Undoing this is a long-term process, but renewed commitment by the political leadership to strengthen institutions and rebuild the social contract present an enormous opportunity in achieving progress towards South Africa’s Vision 2030, and this book suggests ways to accomplish this aim.

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Wojewodzic, Tomasz. Procesy dywestycji i dezagraryzacji w rolnictwie o rozdrobnionej strukturze agrarnej. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-31-1.

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The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a very dynamic period of change in Poland and around the world; also a period of change in thinking about the economy and agriculture. The present work is a study of the decline, divestments and development of agriculture in the areas of fragmented farming structure. The reflections presented herein, upon the processes of the remodelling of agrarian structures, of divestments in farming, and disagrarisation, are mostly anchored in the achievements of the theory of spatial economy (land management), and the microeconomic theories of choice, including the theory of an agricultural holding (farm) and land rent theories. The work focuses on the economic issues of remodelling the agrarian structure, but due to the nature of the issues discussed herein, specifically in relation to family-owned farms, the social and environmental aspects also needed to be taken into account – in response to the need for a heterogeneous approach, which is increasingly stressed in economic sciences today. The main objective of the research was to diagnose and assess the scale and scope of the mechanisms and processes that inform the decline and growth of agricultural holdings in the areas with fragmented farming structure. The study covered the area comprising four regions (provinces) of south-eastern Poland, which – according to the FADN nomenclature – form the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. The study of subject literature has been enriched with an analysis of available statistics; data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN); information obtained from the Department of Programming and Reporting at the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture; and author’s own research conducted among farm owners. The information thus obtained made it possible to: • Determine the theoretical premises for the spatial diversity of agriculture, and the role of small farms in the shaping of agrarian structure. • Adapt the concept of “divestment” for the description and analysis of the phenomena occurring in agriculture. • Indicate the role and importance of the processes of divestment and disagrarisation in the restructuring of agriculture. • Assess the natural, social and economic determinants of the process of restructuring agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure. • Assess selected aspects of economic efficiency of agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure, with the focus on small and micro farms. • Carry out an ex ante evaluation of the impact of agricultural policy instruments on the process of restructuring of agriculture in the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. • Identify the indicators of decline and fall, and barriers to the liquidation of farms. • Assess the relationship between the level of socio-economic development, the structure of farming, and the quality of agricultural production space in a given territorial unit, versus the intensity of the economic and production disagrarisation processes in agricultural holdings. • Propose targeted solutions conducive to the improvement of the farming structure in areas with a high framentation of agriculture. Observation of the processes occurring in agriculture, and the scientific theories created on the basis thereof, have shown that even the smallest farms have a chance to continue in existence, provided that we are able to positively verify their adaptation to the changing conditions in the environment. Carrying out farming activity is a prerequisite for implementing the economic, social and environmental functions associated with family farms. At the same time, based on the analyses performed, we need to assume that the advanced processes of the production and economic disagrarisation of agricultural holdings are to a greater extent determined by the anatomical features of agriculture, and by the natural conditions, than by the level of socio-economic development of the given territorial unit. In the current economic climate, the remodelling of the agrarian structure is only possible with the active participation of the institutions responsible for the creation of economic growth and agricultural policy development. It is extremely important from the point of view of environmental protection, and the viability of rural areas, to support small farms engaged in agricultural activities, and to introduce such instruments that will enable the replacement of an economic collapse with divestments, carried out in a planned manner, and allowing for thus released agricultural resources to find alternative application in units with a higher development potential. The area of theoretical research requiring further exploration includes the issues such as transactional costs of the liquidation of agricultural holdings, and the assessment of the economic effectiveness of conducting divestments.

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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.

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Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.

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Частини книг з теми "Basic production assets"

Feldmann, Marc, Ravinder N. Maini, Marco Londei, Kathy Barrett, Martin Turner, and Glenn Buchan. "Lymphokine Production in Autoimmunity: Usefulness of mRNA Assays." In Molecular Basis of Lymphokine Action, 359–69. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4598-8_32.

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Stichweh, Rudolf. "Hierarchies and Universal Inclusion in Scientific Communities." In Peer review in an Era of Evaluation, 37–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75263-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explains the genesis of inequalities and hierarchies in modern science. It studies the forms and mechanisms of scientific communication on the basis of which the social structures of science are built: publications, authorship, co- and multiple authorship, citations as units of information and as social rewards, peer review as evaluation of publications (and of projects and careers). This is a network of institutions that seems to guarantee universal access to participation in science to all those who fulfill basic conditions. But the chapter demonstrates how in all these institutional dimensions differences arise between successful and not equally successful participations. Success generates influence and social attractiveness (e.g. as a co-author). Influential and attractive participants are recruited into positions where they assess the achievements of others and thereby limit and control inclusion in publications, funding and careers. Equality at the start is transformed into hierarchies of control. Finally, the chapter asks for potential alternative control structures that transform a conservative hierarchy into decentralized ‘market’ controls that involve everyone in a more dynamic production and evaluation of scientific achievements.

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Schlag, Mareike, Kai Brune, Hauke Brüning, Michael Noeske, Célian Cherrier, Tobias Hanning, Julius Drosten, et al. "Extended Non-destructive Testing for Surface Quality Assessment." In Adhesive Bonding of Aircraft Composite Structures, 119–222. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92810-4_3.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces various extended non-destructive testing (ENDT) techniques for surface quality assessment, which are first characterized, then enhanced, and finally applied to assess the level of pre-bond contaminations intentionally applied to carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) adherends following the procedures described in the previous chapter. Based on two user cases comprising different scenarios that are characteristic of either aeronautical production or repair, the detailed tests conducted on two types of sample geometry, namely flat coupons and scarfed pilot samples with a more complex shape, form the basis for applying the advanced ENDT procedures for the monitoring of realistic and real aircraft parts, as will be described in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-319-92810-4_5. Specifically, the reported investigations were performed to assess the surface quality of first ground and then intentionally contaminated CFRP surfaces using the following ENDT tools: the aerosol wetting test (AWT), optically stimulated electron emission (OSEE), two differently implemented approaches based on electronic noses, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and laser vibrometry.

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Malyse, Majoumo Christelle. "Rainfall Variability and Adaptation of Tomatoes Farmers in Santa: Northwest Region of Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 699–711. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_138.

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AbstractThe Santa agrarian basin being one of the main market gardening basins in Cameroon and one of the producers of tomatoes in the country is vulnerable to the impact of rainfall variability. The spatiotemporal variability of rainfall through the annual, monthly, and daily fluctuations has greatly affected the market gardening sector in general and tomatoes production in particular. Thus, given rise to the research topic “Rainfall variability and adaptation of tomatoes farmers in Santa North west region of Cameroon,” its principal objective is to contribute to better understanding of the recent changes occurring in tomatoes production and productivity in Santa. To attain this objective, a principal hypothesis was formulated that rainfall variability instead of unnatural conditions or human constraints justifies changes observed in tomatoes production in Santa and resulting adaptation strategies developed by peasants and stakeholders.Our study came out with several findings, among which includes rainfall events in Santa fluctuate in time and in space with reduction in the number of rainy day and increase in the intensity of rainfall events causing soil erosion, infertility, and frequent crop diseases, insects, and pests. Extreme events such as drought and flooding have equally become frequent in the area especially during the different cycles of tomatoes production disrupting the agricultural calendar and causing crop failure and decrease in yields with Pearson’s correlation of 0.017. This positive value shows that there is a relationship between annual rainfall and tomatoes output in Santa. Tomatoes farmers in Santa are struggling to adapt locally to this situations, but their efforts are still limited especially due to their low level of education and poverty. Finally, it was seen that the output of tomatoes over the years in Santa has a strong correlation with rainfall. Based on the findings of this study, the government is called upon to assist farmers in their adaptation options.

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Estrada, Omar Eduardo Omar Sánchez. "Sustainable Design for a Functional Reeducation of Senior Citizens About the Basic Activities of Daily Living." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 228–42. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7279-5.ch011.

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Developing useful objects for a functional reeducation of senior citizens persons about the basic activities of daily living must be conceptualized considering theories, techniques, and approaches in methodology, based on ecologically bearable structures, economically viable, and socially equitable. Consequently, the present chapter has the objective to state the criteria and strategies of a sustainable design, from a detailed study of applicability of 1) user-product interaction, observation, understanding, dimensional relationship, and evaluation; 2) creative process, identification, ideation, definition, prototypes, evaluation, and structuration; 3) technical specifications, structure, sustainability, ergonomics, aesthetics, and evaluation; 4) manufacture method, sustainability, production method, life cycle, capital assets, official norms, and optimization. A contextual and conceptual analysis is proposed for the beginning, development, and conclusion of the projects so as to reestablish the relationship between natural processes and human activity.

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Ramirez-Garzon, Maria Teresa, Rafael Ignacio Perez-Uribe, and Rafael Espinosa-Mosqueda. "Organizational Components That Explain Profitability as a Key Factor of Competitiveness." In Handbook of Research on Increasing the Competitiveness of SMEs, 26–53. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9425-3.ch002.

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This chapter explains one of the hypotheses of the results of a basic research of the Ramírez-Garzón doctoral thesis entitled, “Organizational components that explain the profitability of Colombian SMEs,” which focused on the application of the Model of Modernization for organizational Management (MMOM) and the Return on Assets (ROA) in 144 Colombian SMEs. The chapter affirms there are organizational components that explain profitability in Colombian SMEs as a key factor for business competitiveness. The multiple regression analysis was used as a statistical method to correlate the organizational components of the MOMM and the ROA of those SMEs. It was found that the components that explain preferentially between 20% and 23% the profitability of the companies analyzed in light of the ROA are: strategic direction, production management, human management, logistics, and innovation and knowledge.

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Zaragoza-Saez, Patrocinio, Enrique Claver-Cortes, and Diego Quer-Ramon. "A Qualitative Study of Knowledge Management." In Handbook of Research on Knowledge-Intensive Organizations, 311–29. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-176-6.ch019.

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Knowledge is one of the basic production factors owned by enterprises, and knowledge management is one of the main dynamic capabilities on which enterprises can base their competitive advantages. The creation, transfer, and later use of knowledge have become increasingly important, and multinational corporations (MNCs), being scattered in various places, constitute the appropriate environment to implement knowledge management processes meant to maximize their intellectual assets. This chapter has as its aim to answer three questions: (a) what actions do MNCs undertake in order to set knowledge management processes in motion; (b) what main variables impact on their knowledge creation capability; and (c) what main variables impact on their knowledge transfer capability? A qualitative research work based on a multiple case study has served to achieve that aim, allowing us to carry out an exploratory study of six MNCs which have shown their proactivity in the knowledge management area. The results of the analysis have led to eight propositions which highlight the most relevant variables facilitating the processes for the creation and transfer of knowledge within a MNC.

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Ríos Elorza, Serafín. "Ex-haciendas en Tlaxcala. Hacia una reconfiguración del paisaje rural." In Paisajes patrimoniales. Resiliencia, resistencia y metrópoli en América Latina, 84–104. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño. Departamento del Medio Ambiente. Área de Investigación Arquitectura del Paisaje., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/uama.5821.7595.

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The hacienda system in Mexico represented a unique stage of development, playing a role of territorial control, social reproduction and production, reaching significant levels of productivity, forming a solid economic base, which allowed it to transcend various socio-political and economic conflicts, to this day, where due to its heritage and productive relevance, it has formed a vernacular landscape characteristic of the Mexican country side. The socio-economic and historical inheritance of the hacienda system in Tlaxcala gave rise to population centers, ejidos, municipalities and cities, from ceded or expropriated lands, forming the basis of the current Tlaxcaltec society. The assets represented by the former estates are at risk, when the disappearance of 65% of properties is registered, due to the high maintenance and conservation costs; low profitability of agricultural production; legal problems and lack of institutional support. This chapter deals with the origin, evolution and current situation of the former hacienda of the estate of Tlaxcala, concluding with rescue and conservation alternatives.

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Temer Jamas, Leandro, Rodrigo Rhoden Barcellos, Carlos Roberto Padovani, Cassiano Victória, and Helio Langoni. "Serological Monitoring for Leptospira Spp. and Monitoring of Productive and Reproductive Indices on Dairy Farm." In Bovine Science [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98983.

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Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. It has a worldwide distribution with greater occurrence in tropical and subtropical countries. It is endemic in Brazil. It affects domestic, wild and production animals. The goal of this study was to assess dairy herd productive and reproductive indexes on a monthly basis by serologically monitoring the infection dynamics on two experimental groups: one with animals with negative results at study onset (G-1) and another with animals tested positive for at least one leptospira serovar (G-2). The serum microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was employed. Animals with titer equal to or greater than 100 IU were considered reactive. Animals were evaluated for productive and reproductive indexes based on data provided by the dairy’s IT system. Blood was collected from all animals in both groups once a month for nine months. Analysis showed interference between animals seroreactive to leptospirosis and both milk production and number of pregnancies for G-2 at collection moments 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9 whereas for G-1 the same indexes showed decrease only in the 5th and 9th study months. The most prevalent serovars were Hardjoprajitino 59.5%, Pyrogenes 21.04%, Pomona 11.07%, Wollfi 11.07%, Hardjo 8.78%, Guaricura 6.55%, Copenhageni 5.09%, Icterohaemorrhagiae 1.11%, and Ctg 0.83%. Serovar Hardjoprajitino showed a relationship with herd milk production decrease.

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Cárcel-Carrasco, Javier, Manuel Rodríguez-Méndez, and María Carmen Carnero. "Impact of the Knowledge Management in Maintenance Engineering." In Optimum Decision Making in Asset Management, 96–120. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0651-5.ch005.

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Knowledge management has been analyzed in numerous areas of the industrial enterprise, especially in the areas of strategic management, innovation, trade, or administration. However in operational areas with technicians working mainly on the basis of its experience gained over the years, such as the departments of industrial maintenance, there are no deep analysis of the incidence of the knowledge management in these areas. The peculiarities in this type of activity on the inside of the company, knowledge of these people is strongly based on your experience (strong tacit component), difficult to measure and articulate, and however, on numerous occasions, this knowledge not transmitted, can be a high cost for the company (many times assumed as inevitable) due to the increase of production and services downtime, loss of efficiency, or time of coupling of new personnel to these areas.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Basic production assets"

Santos, Paulino Bruno, Teixeira Gilberto Junior, Leonardo De Souza Nogueira, Vilain Leonardo João, Simas G. Milton Torres, and Leonardo De Menezes Costa. "From Basic Engineering to Ramp-Up: The New Successful Execution Approach for Commissioning in Brazil." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31089-ms.

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Abstract In the last three years, COMPANY has started the production of eight Surface Production Systems (Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading Units) in the Búzios and Lula fields of the Brazilian pre-salt that have generated technical knowledge, organizational learning and many opportunities to explore in upcoming projects. The lessons learned as well as the organizational knowledge acquired in this period, resulted in a new approach for the commissioning process to apply in COMPANY's coming FPSO projects. During this period, COMPANY identified improvement opportunities and stablished structuring programs focused on adding value to these new assets. The main opportunity identified was to reduce the period required for ramping-up the oil production, considering aggressive target dates for start-up, with high up time on the gas compression systems with minimum flaring. In this manuscript, will be described some of the important actions and changes made in commissioning process that allowed COMPANY to achieve better efficiency and safety in ramp up of new FPSOs in Brazilian pre salt fields.

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Maes, Marc A., Jeff Sinclair, and David B. Lewis. "Risk Analysis of Running a Deepwater Production Test From a Dynamically Positioned Vessel in the North-Atlantic." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37009.

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The present paper describes the key steps and issues involved in performing a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) for a dynamically positioned (DP) offshore vessel that is used to perform a short-term production test (PT) in North Atlantic deep waters. The basic approach is to focus on the “incremental” risk that would occur if the PT were run from a DP vessel as opposed to a fixed structure. The analysis is structured around two basic groups of risk: those specifically associated with DP vessel disconnection decisions and activities (all of which are seasonal) and those occurring during normal operation of the DP vessel. In the case of disconnection caused by hazards such as severe weather, ice, equipment or reference system malfunction, or human/operating error, a large variety of event sequences is assumed, each resulting in different consequences and risks. These are formulated for each analysis outcome in terms of loss of life, release of chemicals into the environment, damage and loss of assets and equipment, as well as overall failure cost. It is shown that the QRA provides a very useful basis for optimal decision making with respect to the feasibility, the planning, and the risk/benefit of deep-water production testing from a DP vessel.

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Dincer Aydın, Hicran Utkun, and Ayşe İrmiş. "Network Organizations in the Global Production Process and Trust between Businesses." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01855.

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Network organizations are organizational structures consisting of coordinating basic capabilities and resources in line with their own responsibilities and roles, even though geographically distant businesses are experts in a particular field or function. Businesses are involved in to the networks for reducing uncertainty in global competition, gaining flexibility, acting quickly, and providing capacity, benefiting from resources and talents they cannot have alone, and providing information. However, it is also possible for enterprises to maintain their assets in the network and to benefit from the competitive advantage of the network through providing trust between businesses and ensuring trust. The purpose of the study is to reveal how trust is defined among the enterprises within the network organizations and what constitutes the trusting elements. The universe of the research constitutes businesses operating in Uşak and located in national or international networks with contract manufacturing. The study was conducted using qualitative research method and interview technique. According to research findings; it has been seen that business owners are positively anticipating other businesses within their business networks and they have been working for a long time with the companies which they trust and watching the businesses they have not been trusting for a while and ending their cooperation. According to business owners participating in the interview, trust is equivalent with the fulfilment of given promises, goodwill, quality and intra-family relationships. At the same time, it was stated that trust depends on the businesses; and so, religion, language and race differences are not important.

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Vlaev, Milen. "PURCHASE ARABLE LAND WITH FINANCING INSTRUMENT - THE KEY COMPONENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF FARM." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.82.

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The Bulgarian land market has been changed rapidly over the last decade and gives various opportunities to increase the farmers business results. The aim of the report is to research and present opportunities for access to loan for the purchase of agricultural land in Bulgaria. The research uses general and specific assessment and analysis methods. The results are focusing to identifying the business prospects for utilization a bank loan or leasing's product for business development, through the purchase or lease the land. Determination the best opportunities from them for sustainable development for farmers. The target of conclusion is to be confirm the importance of acquiring basic assets as land for production and the opportunities that is offer for this in Bulgaria.

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Kortam, Mostafa Mahmoud, Samir Siso, Nelly Mohamed Abbas, Ahmed Salah, Atef Hesam, Andrea Cilli, Ahmad Kamar, and Fatmaelzahraa Khafagy. "Significant Production Improvement of UltraLow Permeability Granitic Reservoirs to Develop Heavy Black Oil, Utilizing Channel Fracturing Technique." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2575150-ms.

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ABSTRACT The development of low quality reservoirs such as; low permeability, marginal assets, and unconventional resources has a several cost challenges pushing the industry toward maximizing the potentiality and optimizing the strategies of such high risk plays. Petrobel has a discovered one of such challenged asset and successfully conducted a comprehensive study to set the best development strategy to unleash this potential. SIDRI Area is a relatively new settlement with a reasonable hydrocarbon potential according to petrophysical analysis. The target formation of SIDRI wells is a sedimentary rock with granitic facies that consist of a series of tight conglomerates over an oil/water column of more than 900m. The pore system of this rigid and stiff formation consists of a micro natural fractures network with secondary cemented porosity. The production is mainly governed these tiny natural fractures that have a permeability as low as 0.1-0.5 md. Despite this tightness these series are separated by nonporous sections that occasionally exhibit as barrier and may introduce layering or subdivision of pay, however in sometimes permit a vertical communication between productive sections. Performed Cuttings analysis such as XRD, thin-sections showed a variety of minerals composition representing different lithology which in turn complicates the characterization of such reservoir. On top of the unique mineralogy, the executions of fracturing treatment of SIDRI wells include multiple other challenges. The higher reservoir temperature and the formation depth cause a great constraint in terms of pumping rate and pressure. Besides, the non-availability of pumping equipment of high Horsepower restricts the pump rates and also limits the utilization of slick water frac. Even the nature and the quality of crude oil is quite challenged since it is a heavy black oil type and its composition contains high number of asphaltenic compounds accordingly the opportunity of creating sludge with treatment fluids is highly likely. The oil water viscosity ratio at reservoir condition represents a weighted obstacle for oil recovery that should be overcome. The basic concept of applying hydraulic fracturing for these kinds of reservoirs is very simple, however the execution to get much more production improvement is quite difficult. Particularly the main idea here is to conduct a cost effective fracturing treatment with economical wisdom principle that can lead to achieve a greater oil recovery with best profitable model. This paper presents the details of formation characterization and reservoir quality assessment, as well as a detailed discussion about wettability alteration and how adversely complicates the process of determining initial saturation. The implemented application including designing, experimental works, and execution of the channel fracture treatment job will be reviewed. The work sequence of this project that led to commercialize such asset will be addressed too.

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Sandoval, G., F. Martinez, A. Cadena, H. Bernal, E. De la Vega, M. Navarro, M. Garcia, et al. "Production Processes Integration for Large Gas Basin Burgos Asset." In SPE Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/128731-ms.

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Sandoval, G. "Production Processes Integration for Large Gas Basin – Burgos Asset." In SPE Intelligent Energy Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/128731-ms.

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Aro, Dustin, and Steven Fowler. "Turning Produced Water into an Asset: A Delaware Basin Case History." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204166-ms.

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Abstract The Delaware Basin encompasses 6.4 million acres throughout Southeastern New Mexico and West Texas. With large players such as ExxonMobil, Shell or Oxy typically grabbing headlines, it's easy to forget the multitude of smaller public and private E&P operators who exist in and around the acreage positions of the aforementioned companies. Regardless of the size of the acreage holding, a consistent theme is that a typical horizontal well drilled and completed (D&C) will yield water cuts of 60-90% at any given period in its productive lifespan. Saltwater production, handling and disposal (SWD) is a drag on lease operating expenses (LOE). SWD costs via trucking, pipeline, or on-lease SWD wells can range between $0.50-$3.00/bbl. As existing infrastructure is exhausted, water handling costs have been projected to rise to over $5.00/bbl. Additionally, restricted access to SWD could cause production curtailments and thus impacting operators beyond direct LOE.1 Well completion operations are impacted by freshwater procurement costs starting around $0.75/bbl. Regardless of final frac design, water consumption during fracturing operations typically exceeds 500,000 bbls or $375,000 per well. Significant value exists for recycling produced water via an on-lease pit and utilizing it for future frac operations. The produced water turns into an asset if the operator can efficiently manage to substitute higher and higher percentages of freshwater with produced water. Many smaller operators (defined as less than 50,000 acres) may view produced water recycling as an operation best left to large E&P's with their massive capital budgets and contiguous acreage. Fortunately, even a 5 well, section development plan can yield returns from an on-lease produced water recycling program.

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Lameira, Otavio Diniz, Denis Krambeck Dinelli, Eduardo Bordieri, Daniela Martinelli Carvalho, Marcio Rodrigues Batista, Daniel Henriques Mesquita Lage, Filipe Silva Lira, and Leonardo Campos do Amaral Bezerra. "The Campos Basin Case: Unlocking Value from Mature Offshore Brazilian Assets – Petrobras." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31883-ms.

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Abstract The oil shock of the 1970s challenged O&G operators for a step change in R&D with direct impact on investments in new production frontiers, such as the Brazilian offshore. More than 40 years after the first oil, around 14 billion barrels of oil and gas (boe) have already been produced in the Campos Basin and two OTC awards have been granted with the Campos Basin achievements in Marlim and Roncador fields. Today, Campos Basin production accounts for around 30% of all Brazilian O&G output. Moreover, there is still a lot of potential value to be extracted from those assets in association with the extension of the term of the contracts of the main Concessions for another 27 years. In the continued strategy of Active Portfolio Management, any Campos Basin assets that do not fit into the company's portfolio focus are either divested or decommissioned, but still Campos Basin is a core area with substantial reserves to be booked, low reservoir risk and the potential to further reduce lifting costs. We can name Marlim, Roncador and Jubarte fields as examples of assets prioritized due to their value generating potential. These "world class" assets have been further developed with a specific approach: the Integrated Development Plans, with investments in complementary wells in existing fields to manage risks, enhance the recovery factor, as well as a governance to support decision making process between new Production Units or Lifetime Extension of those currently operating. All this governance is managed under a formal "Campos Basin Renovation Plan", a program that challenges the teams to identify opportunities to increase reserves and add value to the company. In this context, considering the relevance of this world class oil & gas province, this paper intends to describe how the team is facing the challenge of generating extra value through investments in mature fields in the Campos Basin, considering its decision-making process, the increase in the recovery factor, reduction of costs, strategic alliances, and articulation with Regulatory Agencies.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Basic production assets"

Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.

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Hackett, Wesley, Michael Raviv, Anath Das, Oded Reuveni, and Arie Gutman. Detecting Activity of Juvenile Phase-Specific Translocatable Substances that Influence Rooting Potential Using In Vitro Rooting Assays and Expression of a Specific Gene. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613038.bard.

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The objectives of the project for which substantial effort was put forth were to: 1) Verify the relationship between expression of a cDNA clone (HW103) and the rooting potential of reciprocally grafted cuttings of juvenile and mature lamina and petioles of Hedera helix L. 2) Detect rooting promoter fractions in exudates from the juvenile leaves of H. Helix by assaying for rooting with leaf petioles of juvenile and mature plants. 3) Isolate, purify and identify compounds which show activity in assays for rooting potential. Some objectives or aspects of the objectives of the original proposal were not pursued for the reasons put forth in the body of the report. The most significant findings of the project are: 1) The MS medium is a better medium than Romberg medium for performing the leaf petiole rooting assay. 2) HW103 gene expression is cell-type specific with higher levels of expression in mature than juvenile phase H. Helix petioles as evidenced by in situ hybridization which suggests a negative relationship between HW103 expression in specific cells involved in root initiation and the lack of rooting potential in mature petioles 3) HW103 gene expression may be lower in mature petioles which had been grafter to a juvenile H. Helix lamina than mature petioles that had been grafted to a mature lamina and this putative lower expression is related to formation of a higher number of roots. 4) HW103 gene expression is not related to auxin induced ethylene production. 5) Two distinct compounds that possess root initiation promoting activity can be detected mainly in diffusate of juvenile H. Helix leaves using mung bean hypocotyls and H. Helix leaf petioles in vitro. 6) H. Helix diffusate active fractions do not insistenlty promote rooting in avocado mini-cuttings. 7) Chemical identification of the active rooting compounds was not accomplished because of the death of Prof. Becker, one of the collaborators, and the resultant loss of his data. These results indicate that these may be a molecular basis for reduced rooting potential in mature H. Helix petioles and that there are diffusible (translocatable) compounds in juvenile H. Helix leaves which promote rooting in juvenile and mature H. Helix petioles and mung bean hypocotyls.

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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.

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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, Micha Ron, and Eyal Seroussi. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Cultured Tilapias. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697106.bard.

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Tilapias are among the most important aquaculture commodities worldwide. Commercial production of tilapia is based on monosex culture of males. Current methods for producing all-male fingerlings, including hormone treatments and genetic manipulations, are not entirely reliable, in part because of the genetic complexity of sex determination and sexual differentiation in tilapias. The goals of this project are to map QTL and identify genes regulating sex determination in commonly cultured tilapia species, in order to provide a rational basis for designing reliable genetic approaches for producing all-male fingerlings. The original objectives for this research were: 1) to identify the gene underlying the QTL on LG1 through positional cloning and gene expression analysis; 2) to fine map the QTL on LG 3 and 23; and 3) to characterize the patterns of dominance and epistasis among QTL alleles influencing sex determination. The brain aromatase gene Cyp19b, a possible candidate for the genetic or environmental SD, was mapped to LG7 using our F2 mapping population. This region has not been identified before as affecting SD in tilapias. The QTL affecting SD on LG 1 and 23 have been fine-mapped down to 1 and 4 cM, respectively, but the key regulators for SD have not been found yet. Nevertheless, a very strong association with gender was found on LG23 for marker UNH898. Allele 276 was found almost exclusively in males, and we hypothesized that this allele is a male-associated allele (MAA). Mating of males homozygous for MAA with normal females is underway for production of all-male populations. The first progeny reaching size allowing accurate sexing had 43 males and no females. During the course of the project it became apparent that in order to achieve those objectives there is a need to develop genomic infrastructures that were lacking. Efforts have been devoted to the development of genomic resources: a database consisting of nearly 117k ESTs representing 16 tissues from tilapia were obtained; a web tool based on the RepeatMasker software was designed to assist tilapia genomics; collaboration has been established with a sequencing company to sequence the tilapia genome; steps have been taken toward constructing a microarray to enable comparative analysis of the entire transcriptome that is required in order to detect genes that are differentially expressed between genders in early developmental stages. Genomic resources developed will be invaluable for studies of cichlid physiology, evolution and development, and will hopefully lead to identification of the key regulators of SD. Thus, they will have both scientific and agricultural implications in the coming years.

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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Chris Sander. Molecular characterisation of PBAN-receptors: a basis for the development and screening of antagonists against Pheromone biosynthesis in moth pest species. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695862.bard.

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The original objectives of the approved proposal included: (a) The determination of species- and tissue-specificity of the PBAN-R; (b) the elucidation of the role of juvenile hormone in gene regulation of the PBAN-R; (c) the identificationof the ligand binding domains in the PBAN-R and (d) the development of efficient screening assays in order to screen potential antagonists that will block the PBAN-R. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates. In most of the moth species sex-pheromone biosynthesis is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). In order to devise ideal strategies for mating disruption/prevention, we proposed to study the interactions between PBAN and its membrane-bound receptor in order to devise potential antagonists. Major conclusions: Within the framework of the planned objectives we have confirmed the similarities between the two Helicoverpa species: armigera and zea. Receptor sequences of the two Helicoverpa spp. are 98% identical with most changes taking place in the C-terminal. Our findings indicate that PBAN or PBAN-like receptors are also present in the neural tissues and may represent a neurotransmitter-like function for PBAN-like peptides. Surprisingly the gene encoding the PBAN-receptor was also present in the male homologous tissue, but it is absent at the protein level. The presence of the receptor (at the gene- and protein-levels), and the subsequent pheromonotropic activity are age-dependent and up-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in pharate females but down-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in adult females. Lower levels of pheromonotropic activity were observed when challenged with pyrokinin-like peptides than with HezPBAN as ligand. A model of the 3D structure of the receptor was created using the X-ray structure of rhodopsin as a template after sequence alignment of the HezPBAN-R with several other GPCRs and computer simulated docking with the model predicted putative binding sites. Using in silico mutagenesis the predicted docking model was validated with experimental data obtained from expressed chimera receptors in Sf9 cells created by exchanging between the three extracellular loops of the HezPBAN-R and the Drosophila Pyrokinin-R (CG9918). The chimera receptors also indicated that the 3ʳᵈ extracellular loop is important for recognition of PBAN or Diapause hormone ligands. Implications: The project has successfully completed all the objectives and we are now in a position to be able to design and screen potential antagonists for pheromone production. The successful docking simulation-experiments encourage the use of in silico experiments for initial (high-throughput) screening of potential antagonists. However, the differential responses between the expressed receptor (Sf9 cells) and the endogenous receptor (pheromone glands) emphasize the importance of assaying lead compounds using several alternative bioassays (at the cellular, tissue and organism levels). The surprising discovery of the presence of the gene encoding the PBAN-R in the male homologous tissue, but its absence at the protein level, launches opportunities for studying molecular regulation pathways and the evolution of these GPCRs. Overall this research will advance research towards the goal of finding antagonists for this important class of receptors that might encompass a variety of essential insect functions.

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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.

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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.

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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.

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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.

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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.

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