Дисертації з теми "Basic elements"

The necessity of a revolution in the electrical system is obvious, and smart meters will be the solution. The development of smart grids will be built over the new electronic measuring devices, which imply a challenge for the next few years in the engineering field.In order to understand the basics of smart grids, we have carried a description and comparison of both the current and the next-gen electrical systems. Emphasizing the advantages and opportunities obtained by changing into the smart grids, it demonstrates the importance of moving towards a more modern measurement system.A very important issue is to decide which should be the minimum features in Smart Meters, therefore this thesis analyzes the different exiting models and also proposes several suggestions for the future. Finally, it was conducted a report of the current deployment situation of this new technology in various representative countries. Describing the settings and options chosen by each country, we can achieve a conclusion that unifies a standard solution by the choice of the best proposals.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
Architecture is not representational. It does not stand for something else. However, the process of its formation is inclusively dependent upon a series of dynamic graphic calculations that result into a series of spatial descriptions. This process can be equated to a non-linear sequence of computations with points, lines, planes, and solids, on the plane and in physical space. This study examines the functional and perceptual properties of points, lines and planes. How do basic elements behave in formal composition, and how do computations of form affect basic elements? The context of the study is composite. Shape computation theory that involves algebras of basic elements and shape rules provides a flexible and expressive computational apparatus, while the systematic approach of the Bauhaus on nonrepresentational composition, and the theories of P. Klee and V. Kandinsky in particular, provide artistic insight at a perceptual and interpretational level.
by Sotirios D. Kotsopoulos.
S.M.

The study addresses certain paradoxes evident in the theory and practice of dream interpretation. These relate to the considerable value afforded to dreams in psychoanalytic thinking, compared with (1) the surprising dearth of literature, research, and training on dream interpretation in clinical practice, (2) the difficulties voiced by clinicians regarding dream interpretation, and (3) the diversity of keys employed by different schools to unlock the ‘truth’ of dreams. The intention of the study is to examine these paradoxes in order to develop a model fordream interpretation which falls within the ambit of psychodynamic psychotherapy. It is argued that there have been few insights over the century to match the seminal work of Freud (1900/1976), except perhaps the work of Carl Jung. As a result of the 1914 rift between these two, Jung’s insights have been largely ignored in mainstream psychoanalytic thinking and the focus on dreams has given way to other areas of development, such as, unconscious thinking, symbol formation, and interpretation in a general sense. These, it is argued, have contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of dreams and their interpretation. Thus a model would need to consider both Freud and Jung’s work, and later salient developments. It would also need to be informed by local, contemporary practice. The method used in this thesis is one of breaking down the process of dream interpretation into component parts, in order to examine useful contributions from different sources and to compare work with dreams to work with other material. The literature review examines the major theoretical contributions in relation to four elements of dreams interpretation: the nature and function of dreams, methods of dream interpretation, the meaning of dreams, and the goals of dream interpretation. A model which accommodates diverse theories without resorting to eclecticism is then proposed. Dream interpretation is further examined in the light of a multiphase clinical study, designed to provide different perspectives on the topic. The study yielded findingscompatible with the literature reviewed, as well as certain problems in relation to the proposed model. These included shortcomings of the elements used in the literature review, particularly the sequence of these elements, and caveats about affording dreams a special focus in the consulting room. Thus a second configuration was posited, namely the idea of viewing dream-work as a triangular situation, comprising the dream, the dreamer, and the dream interpreter. The final model which is the outcome of the study provides two interrelated methods of addressing dream interpretation which accommodate the theory/practice dichotomy. In the first, the elements of dreams and their interpretation are considered sequentially. This method provides a framework for considering theoretical contributions on dreams, as well as issues of technique, without recourse to the introduction of theory in the consulting room. In the second, dream interpretation is regarded as a triangular situation, comprising the interchange between therapist and patient in relation to the patient’s dream-life. This structure accommodates the alliance which is discernible in practice and draws on Segal’s (1957/1986) notion that the process of symbol formation is a triangular situation. The value of regarding ‘dream-work’ in the consulting room as a triangular situation is threefold: (1) it is akin to symbol formation in terms of the meaning reached; (2) dreams cannot be accurately interpreted in isolation from the contributions of both therapist and patient; and (3) it provides ‘dream-work’ in practice with its own structure, highlighting a perspective that dreams are an element of clinical practice, rather than a focus, a subtext within the broader framework of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

This study aims to describe how the basic elements of music are synthesised and manipulated to create a composition in the musical style called Third stream music. This is done through a comprehensive description of the background of this musical style and a detailed analysis of a case study Third stream work, Invictus: Orchestral Prelude in 3 Movements, by the South African composer Noel Stockton and commissioned by the South African Music Rights rganisation. Copyright
Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Music
unrestricted

Базові елементи пам’яті (тригери) входять до складу сучасних цифрових інформаційно-вимірювальних систем (ІВС). Такі ІВС дедалі частіше виконують на основі програмованих логічних інтегральних схем (ПЛІС), основні переваги яких описані в літературі. Програмне середовище Quartus II використовують для розробки цифрових ІВС на основі ПЛІС та їх апаратного тестування. Мета даної роботи – визначення динамічних параметрів тригерів Quartus II та їх порівняння з аналогами.

Denna uppsats undersöker en av Försvarsmaktens senaste utvecklade förmågor, Psykologiska operationer (Psyops). Tankar och förmågor som har med psykologiska operationer att göra har alltid existerat i militära organisationer men konceptet Psyops är en nyare benämning på ämnet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om de finns användningsområden i en reguljär konflikt inom det egna rikets gränser, för det svenska Psyopsförbandet. Metoden som författaren har använt sig av är en kvalitativ deskriptiv metod samt en argumentationsanalys där Psyops vara eller icke vara inom det svenska invasionsförsvaret undersöks. Inledningsvis kommer en beskrivning över valt teoretiskt ramverk, de grundläggande förmågorna, samt en beskrivning över vad Psyops innebär. Efter det kommer en analysdel där de grundläggande förmågorna används som ett analysverktyg för att resultera i slutsatser om tänkbara användningsområden för Psyops i en nationell kontext. Dessa slutsatser presenteras i resultatkapitlet. Slutsatserna som dras är att det finns användningsområden för Psyops i en reguljär konflikt inom det egna riket. Möjliga specifika användningsområden som presenteras är Informatörstjänst, counter Psyops samt som CIMIC-förband.
This is an essay that will analyze one of the Swedish armed forces newest capabilities, Psychological operations (Psyops). Thoughts and capabilities that concern psychological operations have always existed in military organizations but the concept of Psyops is the latest choice of words for it. The purpose of the essay is investigate how the Swedish Psyops unit can be used in a regular war, within the own borders. The method and techniques that is used in the essay is a qualitative description method and a argument analysis. At first the theoretical framework that is used will be explained. In the same chapter the meaning of the concept Psyops will be explained. The next chapter contents an analyzeof the material presented in the chapter before. Here the author will use the theoretical framework as a tool for analyze that will lead to the conclusions and answers to the questions of the essay. Finally in the result chapter the conclusions will be presented. The conclusion that is made is that there are suitable applications in a regular conflict, for the Swedish Psyops unit. More specific areas of application for the unit is informational service, counter psyops and CIMIC.

Reduced Hsieh-Clough-Tocher elements are triangular C1-elements with only nine degrees of freedom. Simple formulas for the basis functions of reduced Hsieh-Clough-Tocher elements based on the edge vectors of the triangle have been given recently for a barycentric splitting. We generalise these formulas to the case of an arbitrary splitting point.

We consider reduced Hsieh-Clough-Tocher basis functions with respect to a splitting into subtriangles at the barycenter of the original triangular element. This article gives a proof that the second derivatives of those functions, which in general may jump at the subtriangle boundaries, do not jump at the barycenter.

We consider reduced Hsieh-Clough-Tocher basis functions with respect to a splitting into subtriangles at an arbitrary interior point of the original triangular element. This article gives a proof that the second derivatives of those functions, which in general may jump at the subtriangle boundaries, do not jump at the splitting point.

The purpose of this project was to show the updated procedures and to make additions to the computer program called Tmin designed by E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Company. This program is used as a screening tool for determining the largest of the minimum pipe-wall thicknesses in a piping system. This project involved several additions that will be released in the next version of the Tmin computer program. The first major additions to be implemented are four alternating Stress-to-Number of cycles curves: Aluminum 1100, Aluminum 3003-0, Aluminum 6061-T6, and Nickel 200. In addition, procedures of the ASME for fatigue curve analysis and implementation of fatigue data were investigated. These four stress-to-number of cycles (S-N) fatigue curves were added to Tmin's internal Microsoft Access® database. Next, a 2-D vertical piping span configuration was incorporated. Finally, DuPont required a Microsoft Word® document output of the pipe-wall thickness data including the piping span model information. Other user-friendly additions were included. Since this computer program was to be American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) compliant, a study of the ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping standards and codes was made to determine how pipe-wall thickness calculations were to be processed. The 2-D vertical piping span calculation procedures were investigated. Once the 2-D vertical piping span analysis was complete, the largest pipe-wall thickness value calculated were passed to a Microsoft Word® document. The last implementation is the inclusion of help files. Help file button additions in all input boxes allowed for the user to know exactly what was needed before a data entry was made.
Master of Science

Les sédiments urbains et résidus minier sont deux sources de pollution potentielle pour l’environnement et plus particulièrement les eaux de surfaces ou les eaux souterraines. L’altération chimique de ces interfaces solides par contact avec une source d’acidité ou d’alcalinité via l’air ou l’eau, est susceptible de se traduire par une dissolution des phases minérales et organiques et d’induire une mobilisation des éléments majeurs et traces métalliques. Ces mécanismes sont encore mal décrits et modélisés pour ce type de matrices très complexes. Cette thèse étudie donc le potentiel de mobilisation des éléments majeurs et traces métalliques de diverses interfaces carbonaté ou non carbonaté (pour l’étude du drainage minier acide et neutre contaminé). En supplément, des interfaces minérales pures ont été utilisées pour simuler en laboratoire des assemblages de phases et identifier les mécanismes croisés impliqués dans le drainage minier acide et neutre contaminé. Toutes ces matrices ont été soumises à des tests de capacité de neutralisation acido-basique (mise en contact avec une source de protons ou d’alcalinité), avec le suivi du pH (pouvoir tampon), de la conductivité et de la mobilisation élémentaire (majeurs et éléments traces métalliques). Les données expérimentales ont été modélisées avec le logiciel de spéciation géochimique PHREEQC. La combinaison des volets d’expérimentation et de modélisation, qui a très rarement été développé sur des interfaces solides aussi complexes, a permis l’identification (i) des réactions de dissolution des phases constitutives des interfaces polluées avec les réactions de sorption impliquées dans la mobilisation de leurs éléments majeurs et traces métalliques, (ii) de la spéciation des éléments majeurs et traces métalliques dans ces interfaces et dans les solutions en équilibre avec les phases solides. Ce travail de thèse permet donc d’aboutir à une méthodologie robuste, précise et réplicable permettant une caractérisation fine de la spéciation en phase liquide et solide des polluants métalliques dans les interfaces contaminées. Cette méthodologie constitue une base cruciale pour comprendre et prédire l’évolution des matières solides contaminées (sédiments urbains et déchets miniers) en fonction des différents modes de gestion : dépollution, valorisation et recyclage
Urban sediments and mine tailings constitute two potential sources of pollution for the environment, especially surface water or groundwater. The chemical alteration of these solid matrices by contact with a source of acidity or alkalinity via air or water is likely to result in the dissolution of the mineral and organic phases and to induce the mobilization of majors and trace elements. These mechanisms are still poorly described and modeled for this type of very complex matrices. This thesis investigates potential for the mobilization of major and trace metals elements of various contaminated complex matrices, including an urban infiltration basin sediment and two carbonated and non-carbonated mining waste (for the study of contaminated acid mining drainage and contaminated neutral drainage). Besides, pure minerals were used to simulate phase mixture at the laboratory and identify the crossed mechanisms involved in contaminated acid and neutral mine drainage. All these matrices were subjected to acid-base neutralization capacity tests (solids put into contact with a source of protons or alkalinity), with monitoring of the pH (buffer capacity), the conductivity and the elemental release (major and trace metal elements). Experimental data were modeled with the PHREEQC geochemical speciation software. The combination of experimental and modeling approaches, which had very rarely been developed on such complex solid matrices, allowed the identification of (i) the dissolution reactions of the constitutive phases of the polluted matrices with the sorption reactions involved in the mobilization of their major and trace metal elements, (ii) the speciation of the major and trace metal elements in these matrices and in solution in equilibrium with the solid phases. This thesis, therefore, leads to a robust, precise and replicable methodology allowing a fine characterization of liquid and solid phase speciation of metallic pollutants in contaminated matrices. This methodology constitutes a crucial basis for understanding and predicting the evolution of contaminated solids (urban sediments and mining waste) according to different management methods: decontamination, recovery, and recycling

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, maintains ten reservoirs in the Cumberland River Basin in Kentucky and Tennessee, and has been monitoring sediment chemistry in the reservoirs since 1994. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sediment data collected from the reservoirs from 1994 to 2010 to determine if there are any spatial patterns of the trace elements: arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. The results indicated that trace element levels were consistent with national baseline concentrations measured by the U.S. Geological Survey. Center Hill reservoir had the greatest number of trace element concentrations (all except cadmium) that were significantly higher when compared to all other reservoirs. The degree of urbanization in the reservoir basins was based on population density from the 2000 Census and the percentage of developed land using the 2006 national land cover dataset. Aquatic toxicity values were used as a measure of sediment quality. The reservoirs with the worst aquatic toxicity rankings were not the most urban, instead they were the reservoirs with the longest retention times. Therefore, it may be concluded that retention time has a larger effect on Cumberland River Basin sediment concentrations than the type of land use or the degree of urbanization. The results also indicate that it may be prudent to include an evaluation of quality based on aquatic toxicity when monitoring sediment quality, and that when reservoirs are the subject of sediment quality assessments, the consideration of the physical properties of the reservoir, especially the retention time, is essential for a comprehensive evaluation. This may also imply that sediment quality in reservoirs may effectively be regulated by water resource management techniques at the reservoirs that affect retention time.

Diese Forschung zielt darauf ab, den Einsatz realistischer Mineralmikrostrukturen in Mineralverarbeitungssimulationen Simulationen von Aufbereitungsprozessen zu ermöglichen. Insbesondere Zerkleinerungsprozesse, wie z.B. das Brechen und Mahlen von mineralischen Rohmaterialien, werden stark von der mineralischen Mikrostruktur beeinflusst, da die Textur und die Struktur der vielen Körner und ihre mikromechanischen Eigenschaften das makroskopische Bruchverhalten bestimmen. Ein Beispiel: Stellen wir uns vor, wir haben ein mineralisches Material, das im Wesentlichen aus Körnern zweier verschiedener Mineralphasen, wie Quarz und Feldspat, besteht. Wenn die mikromechanischen Eigenschaften dieser beiden Phasen unterschiedlich sind, wird sich dies wahrscheinlich auf das makroskopische Bruchverhalten auswirken. Unter der Annahme, dass die Körner eines der Minerale bei geringeren Belastungen brechen, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass sich ein Riss durch einen Stein dieses Materials durch die schwächeren Körner ausbreitet. Tatsächlich ist dies eine wichtige Eigenschaft für die Erzaufbereitung. Um wertvolle Mineralien aus einem Erz zu gewinnen, ist es wichtig, sie aus dem kommerziell wertlosen Material, in dem sie vorkommen, zu befreien. Dazu ist es wichtig zu wissen und zu verstehen, wie das Material auf Korngrößenebene bricht. Um diesen Bruch simulieren zu können, ist es wichtig, realistische Modelle der mineralischen Mikrostrukturen zu verwenden. Diese Studie zeigt, wie solche realistischen zweidimensionalen Mikrostrukturen auf der Grundlage der quantitativen Mikrostrukturanalyse am Computer erzeugt werden können. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Studie, wie diese synthetischen Mikrostrukturen dann in die gut etablierte Diskrete-Elemente-Methode integriert werden können, bei der der Bruch von mineralischem Material auf Korngrößenebene simuliert werden kann.:List of Acronyms VII List of Latin Symbols IX List of Greek Symbols XV 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation for using realistic microstructures in Discrete Element Method (DEM) 1 1.2 Possibilities for using realistic mineral microstructures in DEM simulations . 4 1.3 Objective and disposition of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Background 9 2.1 Discrete Element Method (DEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.1 Fundamentals of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.2 Applications of DEM in comminution science . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.3 Limitations of DEM in comminution science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2 Quantitative Microstructural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2.1 Fundamentals of the Quantitative Microstructural Analysis . . . . . . 29 2.2.2 Applied QMA in mineral processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.3 Applicability of the QMA for the synthesis of realistic microstructures 49 3 Synthesis of realistic mineral microstructures for DEM simulations 51 3.1 Development of a computer-assisted QMA for the analysis of real and synthetic mineral microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1 Fundamentals of the computer-assisted QMA . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.2 The requirements for the false-color image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.1.3 The conversion of a given real mineral microstructure into a false-color image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.1.4 Implementation of the point, line, and area analysis . . . . . . . . . 59 3.1.5 Selection of appropriate QMA parameters for analyzing two-dimensional microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.1.6 Summary of the principles of the adapted Quantitative Microstructural Analysis (QMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2 Analysis of possible strategies for the microstructure synthesis . . . . . . . . 71 3.3 Implementation of the drawing method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.3.1 Drawing of a single grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 XVIII List of Greek Symbols 3.3.2 Drawing of multiple grains, which form a synthetic microstructure . . 81 3.3.3 Synthesizing mineral microstructures consisting of multiple phases . 85 3.4 The final program for microstructure analysis and synthesis . . . . . . . . . 89 3.4.1 Synthesis and analysis of an example microstructure . . . . . . . . . 90 3.4.2 Procedure for generating a realistic synthetic microstructure of a given real microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4 Validation of the synthesis approach 103 4.1 Methodical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.1.1 The basic idea of the validation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.1.2 The experimental realizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.2 Basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.2.1 Considerations for the basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.2.2 Realization and evaluation of the real basic indenter test . . . . . . . 114 4.2.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated basic indenter test . . . 127 4.2.4 Conclusions on the basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.3 Extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.3.1 Basic considerations for the extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.3.2 Realization and evaluation of the real extended indenter test . . . . 142 4.3.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated extended indenter test . 154 4.3.4 Conclusions on the extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.4.1 Basic considerations for the particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.4.2 Realization and evaluation of the real particle bed test . . . . . . . . 176 4.4.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated particle bed test . . . . . 188 4.4.4 Conclusions on the particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 5 Conclusions and directions for future development 205 6 References 211 List of Figures 229 List of Tables 235 Appendix 237
This research aims to make it possible to use realistic mineral microstructures in simulations of mineral processing. In particular, comminution processes, such as the crushing and grinding of raw mineral materials, are highly aff ected by the mineral microstructure, since the texture and structure of the many grains and their micromechanical properties determine the macroscopic fracture behavior. To illustrate this, consider a mineral material that essentially consists of grains of two diff erent mineral phases, such as quartz and feldspar. If the micromechanical properties of these two phases are diff erent, this will likely have an impact on the macroscopic fracture behavior. Assuming that the grains of one of the minerals break at lower loads, it is likely that a crack through a stone of that material will spread through the weaker grains. In fact, this is an important property for ore processing. In order to extract valuable minerals from an ore, it is important to liberate them from the commercially worthless material in which they are found. For this, it is essential to know and understand how the material breaks at grain-size level. To be able to simulate this breakage, it is important to use realistic models of the mineral microstructures. This study demonstrates how such realistic two-dimensional microstructures can be generated on the computer based on quantitative microstructural analysis. Furthermore, the study shows how these synthetic microstructures can then be incorporated into the well-established discrete element method, where the breakage of mineral material can be simulated at grain-size level.:List of Acronyms VII List of Latin Symbols IX List of Greek Symbols XV 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation for using realistic microstructures in Discrete Element Method (DEM) 1 1.2 Possibilities for using realistic mineral microstructures in DEM simulations . 4 1.3 Objective and disposition of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Background 9 2.1 Discrete Element Method (DEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.1 Fundamentals of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.2 Applications of DEM in comminution science . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.3 Limitations of DEM in comminution science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2 Quantitative Microstructural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2.1 Fundamentals of the Quantitative Microstructural Analysis . . . . . . 29 2.2.2 Applied QMA in mineral processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2.3 Applicability of the QMA for the synthesis of realistic microstructures 49 3 Synthesis of realistic mineral microstructures for DEM simulations 51 3.1 Development of a computer-assisted QMA for the analysis of real and synthetic mineral microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.1 Fundamentals of the computer-assisted QMA . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.2 The requirements for the false-color image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.1.3 The conversion of a given real mineral microstructure into a false-color image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.1.4 Implementation of the point, line, and area analysis . . . . . . . . . 59 3.1.5 Selection of appropriate QMA parameters for analyzing two-dimensional microstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.1.6 Summary of the principles of the adapted Quantitative Microstructural Analysis (QMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.2 Analysis of possible strategies for the microstructure synthesis . . . . . . . . 71 3.3 Implementation of the drawing method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.3.1 Drawing of a single grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 XVIII List of Greek Symbols 3.3.2 Drawing of multiple grains, which form a synthetic microstructure . . 81 3.3.3 Synthesizing mineral microstructures consisting of multiple phases . 85 3.4 The final program for microstructure analysis and synthesis . . . . . . . . . 89 3.4.1 Synthesis and analysis of an example microstructure . . . . . . . . . 90 3.4.2 Procedure for generating a realistic synthetic microstructure of a given real microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4 Validation of the synthesis approach 103 4.1 Methodical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.1.1 The basic idea of the validation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.1.2 The experimental realizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.2 Basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.2.1 Considerations for the basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.2.2 Realization and evaluation of the real basic indenter test . . . . . . . 114 4.2.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated basic indenter test . . . 127 4.2.4 Conclusions on the basic indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.3 Extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.3.1 Basic considerations for the extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.3.2 Realization and evaluation of the real extended indenter test . . . . 142 4.3.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated extended indenter test . 154 4.3.4 Conclusions on the extended indenter test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.4 Particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.4.1 Basic considerations for the particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.4.2 Realization and evaluation of the real particle bed test . . . . . . . . 176 4.4.3 Realization and evaluation of the simulated particle bed test . . . . . 188 4.4.4 Conclusions on the particle bed test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 5 Conclusions and directions for future development 205 6 References 211 List of Figures 229 List of Tables 235 Appendix 237

For finishing this thesis, I want to rethink the meaning of architecture after studying architecture in these years. I reviewed buildings in the world. In the process of reviewing, I analyzed these buildings by the method which called finite element method. The finite element method is usually used for analyzing the complex system of structure. In this system, The line is the basic element for a one dimension. The plane is the basic element for a two dimension. By following this logic, the cube is the basic element for the three dimension. After some researches for cube in architecture and geometry, I found there were a lot of examples for using cube to design. And for cube itself, there were many properties. Then, I decided to use cube to design the building in my thesis. And in the process for designing, I understood the meaning of architecture and design better than before. For finishing this design, I related Washington, D.C. with my design. So I designed a multi-function museum for this city to help people to understand how this city was built in the history. As a landmark building, this building, "Impressions of DC," is a result of this thesis study and exploration of the cube.
Master of Architecture
It is easy to build a building. But for building a city, it is much harder. For building a city, this is a long process. And in this process, many important moments would happen. The city, Washington, D.C., was also built after many important moments. As one of most important capitals in the world, this city has suffered many disasters and survived in the process of history. There are many museums in this city to record the history of this country, but there is not a good museum to record the history of this city. So, I decided to design a building for this great city. This building would also become a good place to help people understand this city. This building would become a new landmark for this city. I decided to design this building in a special site, the Hains Point. This site is close to the Potomac River and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. So, it would be easy for that people visit this building. I also want this building become the first impression of DC for people. This is also my thesis title. I used my architecture knowledge and many people's help to design this cube building, "Impressions of DC".

A investigação dos reflexos condicionantes da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90 na formatação do direito material positivo das relações de consumo se vincula diretamente à sistemática legislativa empregada na confecção do CDC, notadamente quanto aos seus dez primeiros artigos e à opção de neles se inscreverem as vigas mestras estruturantes de todo o seu sistema protetivo. É dizer: o direito material positivo das relações de consumo não pode ser visto de forma dissociada da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90, lídima regra de interpretação dirigida a fixar o alcance e a profundidade desse arcabouço jurídico instituído, por determinação constitucional, para amparar esse específico sujeito que é o consumidor; mais que isso, inclinado a buscar a materialização do equilíbrio nas relações obrigacionais que gravitam em torno do mercado. A ideia é visusalizar a Parte Geral do Código como um fator condicionante das regras de direito material privado criadas no intuito de concretizar a vontade do Poder Constituinte originário de defender o consumidor, operando uma espécie de justiça distributiva em uma relação jurídica historicamente desequilibrada, relegando-se às demais regras da parte especial função meramente explicativa. Nessa linha de raciocínio, foram examinados a dogmática positiva, as balizas de incidência do Código, a política nacional das relações de consumo, a boa-fé objetiva como mínimo ético exigível, os direitos básicos do consumidor e o risco como elemento de responsabilidade civil. Arremata-se com um resumo analítico da proposta, a identificar conclusões diretas sobre os problemas teóricos e práticos examinados. Torna-se imprescindível, assim, compreender a real amplitude dos direitos materiais outorgados aos consumidores e, para tanto, só há um caminho: investigar profundamente os reflexos condicionantes da Parte Geral da Lei 8.078/90 na formatação daquilo que de melhor se pensou, em termos legislativos, para promover a defesa do consumidor.
The investigation of constraining reflexes of the General Part of Act 8.078/90 in formatting the positive substantive law of consumption relationship is directly related to the legal systematic employed in the CDC confection, especially regarding the first ten articles and the option to enroll in them the main structuring foundations of the whole protective system. Indeed, the positive substantive law of consumption relationship cannot be dissociated of the General Part of Act 8.078/90, true interpretation rule aimed at setting the range and depth of this legal framework, established by constitutional determination to support this specific subject, the consumer, beyond that, inclined to search the real balance in the obligational relations focused on the consumption market. The main purpose is to visualize the Codes General Part as a constraining factor of substantive private law rules created in order to materialize the Congress originary will to protect the consumer, working as a distributive justice in a historically unbalanced legal relation, demoting the remaining special part rules to a purely explanatory function. Moreover, the positive dogmatic, the Code applicability limits, the Consumption Relationships National Policy, the objective good-faith as a minimum ethical demandable, the consumers basic rights and the risk as an element of civil liability were examined. At the end, a purpose analytical summary is presented, identifying direct conclusions concerning the theoretical and practical problems examined. It becomes imperative to comprehend the real dimension of the substantive rights granted to consumers and therefore, the only path is to deeply investigate the constraining reflexes of the General Part of Act 8.078/90 in structuring the best consideration in legal terms to promote consumer protection.

In this work, we have implemented an orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) solver using the finite element method. In OF-DFT, the total ground state energy is minimized directly with respect to the electron density, rather than via orbitals like in the standard Kohn-Sham approach. For this to be possible, one needs an approximation of a universal density functional of the non-interacting kinetic energy. Presently available approximations allow for computation with very low computational expense, but which gives inaccurate energies. A stable OF-DFT code can be used as a testbed for new kinetic energy functionals and provide the necessary tool for investigating the accuracy of OF-DFT calculations for complex systems. We have implemented Thomas-Fermi theory with and without nuclear cusp condition, as well as additional exchange terms of Dirac and Amaldi. The program uses an extended version of the steepest descent in order to find the minimizing density in the variational principle. Our results include convergence tests for the hydrogen atom, weak bonding in the H2 molecule, and accurate results for the lightest noble gases (He, Ne, Ar). For heavier atoms (Kr, Xe, Rn), the results are less accurate. In addition, we consider hydrogen in the simple cubic structure without the cusp condition, which is a first attempt to use the code for periodic systems. Lastly, we discuss some possible improvements for the iterative process towards the minimizing density, as well as other possible directions for future development.

Cinco poços, localizados na porção centro-sul da Bacia de Campos, que atravessaram os carbonatos do Membro Siri, foram utilizados objetivando a realização de um estudo petrográfico/microfaciológico e quimioestratigráfico nestes calcários. Foram identificas sete microfácies, constituídas basicamente por algas coralináceas, macroforaminíferos e cracas, que abrangem um conjunto de sistemas deposicionais que vai desde um a laguna rasa de circulação aberta até um forereef/margin reef abaixo da base de onda, passando por bioconstruções que formam um complexo de bancos algálicos na borda da plataforma. As condições iniciais destas rochas foram alteradas, em maior ou menor grau, devido à diagênese, notadamente, em ambiente meteórico freático. A cimentação foi o principal processo responsável pela diminuição da porosidade nestes carbonatos. Por outro lado, o processo de dissolução promoveu um alargamento dos poros, melhorando as características do reservatório. Quimioestratigrafia baseada em elementos químicos maiores e traços possibilitou a subdivisão dos carbonatos do Membro Siri em três unidades químicas e oito subunidades. Paralelamente a correlação de eventos isotópicos de dO18 e dC13 identificados no poço E, com eventos globais, sugere idade neo-oligocênica a eomiocênica para estes calcários. Finalmente, o entendimento da sucessão dos estratos carbonáticos dentro dos conceitos da estratigrafia de seqüências evidenciou que os tratos de sistemas podem ser relacionados com as variações observadas nos perfis geoquímicos e nas assembléias fossilíferas observadas na rocha.
Five wells have crossed carbonates of the Siri Member in the south of Campos Basin. They have been used objectifying the accomplishment of a petrographic/microfacies and chemostratigraphic study in these calcareous rocks. This work allowed to identify seven microfacies, constituted basically of coralline algae, larger foraminifera and barnacles, which enclose a set of depositional systems since a shallow lagoon of open circulation until a forereef/reef margin below wave base, passing for organics build up that form a complex of algalic banks in the edge of the platform. The rocks previously deposited have been modified by diagenesis, mainly, in a marine phreatic diagenetic environment. Cementation has been the main process responsible for lost of porosity in these carbonates. On anothe r hand, solution has improved the reservoir porosity. A chemostratigraphic study using major e trace chemical elements made possible the recognition of three chemical units and eight subunits in Siri Member. By correlating dO18 and dC13 isotopic events, identified in well E, with global events, a Late Oligocene Early Miocene age is suggested for Siri limestone. The stratigraphic sequences have showed that system tracts can be relationed with specific fossi liferous assemblages and with chemical variations observed in geochemical profiles.

Coal has been an important natural resource of energy in the Illinois Basin for generations. In addition to the organic macerals in coal, there is inorganic matter containing minerals and trace elements. With growing demand for economic and critical metals including Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REY), coals containing anomalously high concentrations of trace elements, as well as their associated coal mine wastes, and drainages have been explored as promising secondary resources, but there were no former studies of REY in Illinois basin CMD. CMD samples were collected from 35 abandoned coal mine sites from three regions of the Illinois basin. Region 1 (R1) the southern extent of the basin extending west along the cottage grove fault system and includes Hicks dome, a nexus of regional hydrothermal activity and provenance of the Illinois Kentucky Fluorite District (IKFD) ore deposits; Region 2 (R2) comprised locations situated in western Illinois along the Du Quoin Monocline; and Region 3 (R3) comprised locations situated in northern Illinois, farthest from the Hicks Dome. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: (1) that pH and ΣREY would share an inverse correlation, with the greatest abundances of REY found in the most acidic drainages; and (2) hydrothermal activity associated with Hicks Dome in southern Illinois was the source of REY enrichment in the coals, and so, REY abundance and pattern would reflect proximity to the cryptoexplosive complex, with the greatest enrichments expected in R1, closest to Hicks Dome. The geochemical data of 42 CMD samples was examined was analyzed to test these two ii hypotheses. Samples ranged from extremely acidic (pH=1.93) to circumneutral (pH=7.6) with an average pH value of 3.4. Total REY values (ΣREY) averaged 1,057 μg/L across all samples and ranged from 0.4-9,879 μg/L while Σcritical-REY abundances (Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, and Y) averaged 611 μg/L and ranged from 0.2-7,213 μg/L. Furthermore, there are significant direct correlations of ΣREY with Al, Si, SO4, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Co and no correlations with Fe, Ca, P, Ba, and V. In the course of investigation, it was found that pH and linear concentration values for REY correlate poorly. However, logarithmic values of REY concentrations (i.e., log[ΣREY]), as well as the above trace metals have strong inverse correlations with pH( (r=- 0.84, p

Only a few areas in the deserts of the southwestern United States possess perennial streamflows. Cienega Creek near Tucson, Arizona is one of them (Figurel). Because of ground -water punping, some of these streams are in jeopardy of becoming ephemeral. The variability of surface water supply in the southwestern United States is very important because of its effects on riparian systems. Declines in water table and ground -water storage (over - exploitation of pumping wells) pose major concern as land subsidence and earth fissures, and produce stream and vegetation losses through ground and surface -water interactions. This report examines the Lower Cienega Creek Basin (LCCB) and the potential impact of nearby commercial development on the perennial stream. This area was chosen because it contains a natural preserve and a perennial stream. Perennial water flow and shallow water levels along the creek support various riparian species which shelter many types of insects and wildlife. The stream contained several species of fish including the endangered Gila Topminnow before they were extinct from this creek. This natural preserve, near the basin's exit, is one of the few desert places in the U.S. supporting a suitable habitat for animals, birds, and fishes because of its lush vegetation. An important riparian indicator for water table levels are cottonwood trees. These trees require shallow water to survive. As water levels decline, the cottonwoods produce less leaves. These cottonwoods could limit their existence by ceasing reproduction. Ultimately, a detrimental impact will be noticed in the surrounding ecosystem.

It is widely believed that hydrogen will, within a few years, become the means of storing and transporting energy. The reason is the depletion of hydrocarbons and the relatively facile production of hydrogen from various renewable sources of energy. Hydrogen can be combusted in an efficient way in a fuel cell with water as emission product. The overall goal of the project was to deevlop the knowledge base for solid-state hydrogen storage technology suitable for stationary and mobile applications. The aim of this research was to develop a novel composite hydrogen storage material with high wt% storage capacity, high intrinsic safety, appropriate thermodynamics, high mechanical strength, reversibility of the system and fast kinetics based on a well known "
low temperature"
intermetallic alloy (Ti/Fe) as the core.

In this preprint, we look onto the theory of linear thermoelasticity. At the beginning, this theory is shortly repeated and afterwards applied to transversely isotropic materials. Then, the corresponding weak formulation is derived, which is the starting point for a FE-discretisation. In the last part, we explain how we added this material behaviour to an adaptive Finite-Element-code and show some numerical results.

This thesis proposes a novel way to find the electromagnetic fields when the computational domain is defined by a fine grid of pixels (2D) or voxels (3D). This happens quite often in bioelectromagnetic problems, since tissue shapes are usually obtained by tomography.The proposed method is a finite element method in which, in 3D, each element is simply a set of p × p × p voxels, where p is an integer. It therefore avoids the heavy burden of surface extraction and meshing. Since there may be multiple materials within one element, conventional basis functions are not suitable. Instead, basis functions are computed using the voxel grid, so that the internal discontinuities are respected.The idea is first tested on problems consisting of nested squares (2D) and cubes (3D) of dielectric, with a charge pair placed inside. The results obtained by using different element sizes p agree well with those obtained by commercial software: when p = 4, the root-mean-square (RMS) difference is 1.5 % of the maximum potential.Then the new method is applied to solve an electroencephalography (EEG) problem, in which the head is modelled as a volume conductor and neural activity by current dipoles. The head model consists of 180×217×181 voxels. The computed electric potential is sampled along a contour on the outer side of the scalp, for different element sizes p. These results, again, agree well with a reference solution: for p = 4, the RMS difference is about 1% of the maximum potential. Solving one FE problem with p = 4 is 4.7 times faster than when using each voxel as an element, i.e., p = 1. When the solution is required for multiple righthand sides, as is common, the speedup is greater. For example, with 24 righthand sides, the p = 4 solution is 40 times faster than when p = 1.
Cette thése propose une nouvelle technique pour trouver les champs électromagnétiques lorsque le domaine de calcul est défini par un dense quadrillage de pixels (2D) ou voxels (3D). Un scénario qui arrive souvent dans le domaine de bioelectromagnetic, puisque les géométries des tissus sont généralement obtenues par tomographie.La technique proposée dans cette thése est une méthode des éléments finis dans laquelle, chaque élément 3D est un ensemble de p × p × p voxels (p est un nombre entier). Par conséquent, cette technique évite la difficile tâche de l'extraction de surface et de maillage. Comme un élément peut être composé de différents matériaux, les fonctions de base classiques ne sont plus pertinentes. Ainsi, les fonctions de base sont calculées en utilisant les grilles de voxels, afin de respecter des discontinuités internes. L'idée est d'abord testée sur des problèmes comprenant des carrés imbriqués (2D) et des cubes (3D) de diélectrique, avec une paire de charge placée à l'intérieur. Les résultats obtenus en utilisant différentes tailles d'élément (p) sont en bon accord avec ceux obtenus par un logiciel commercial: pour p = 4, la différence quadratique moyenne (RMS) est 1,5% du potentiel maximum. Ensuite, la nouvelle méthode est appliquée pour résoudre un problème électroencéphalographie (EEG), dans lequel la tête est modélisée par un volume conducteur et l'activité neuronale par des dipôles. Le modèle de tête se compose de 180×217×181 voxels. Le potentiel électrique calculée est échantillonné sur un contour sur le côté extérieur du cuir chevelu, pour différentes tailles d'élément, p. Ces résultats sont toujours en bon accord avec une solution de référence: pour p = 4, la quadratique moyenne (RMS) est d'environ 1% du potentiel maximum. Résoudre un problème des éléments finis avec p = 4 est 4,7 fois plus rapide que le cas que chaque voxel est considéré comme un seul élément, c'est à dire, p = 1. Lorsque le résoudre pour plusieurs côtés droits est recherché, qui est vrais dans plupart des cas, l'accélération est plus grande. Par exemple, avec 24 côtés droits, la solution pour p = 4 est 40 fois plus rapide que le cas de p = 1.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
In this project the effects of the exposure of basil (Ocimum basilicum) to potentially toxic elements (PTE) were studied as well as the effects of salinity, through the analysis of different parameters such as biomass, dry matter and chlorophyll contents and mineral composition. Basil with 20 days growth was exposed to solutions containing Cd, Cu, As and NaCl. The exposure to As and NaCl led to a significant decrease in the quantity of biomass and it evidenced a high sensibility to salinity. Only the leaves contaminated with Cd showed a considerable decreased in the dry matter content, when compared to the control samples. Additionally, the plants exposed to Cd showed visible changes in the leaves pigmentation (chlorosis), which were verified by the Hansatech equipment. It was observed an accumulation of PTEs in the edible part of the plants, which showed higher contamination levels than the ones established by law for horticulture products after 52 days, especially for Cd and As. The concentration of the essential metal Cu only exceeded the limits established by law after 73 days of exposure and this was only observed in samples contaminated by Cu

Am Beispiel von ferroelektrischen Systemen auf Bismut-Basis (Bismutmolybdat, Bismutwolframat und Bismuttitanat) und von Strontiumbariumniobat werden neue Möglichkeiten zur Synthese solcher Nanopartikel aufgezeigt. Die Integration der Nanopartikel in transparente Nanokompositmaterialien und die Entwicklung neuer Precursoren für die Herstellung von Dünnschichtproben gehen den Untersuchungen zur Anwendung als elektrooptische aktive Materialien voraus. Durch weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Photokatalyse, dem Test dampfadsorptiver Eigenschaften mit Hilfe eines neuartigen Adsorptionstesters (Infrasorb) und auch mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse der ferroelektrischen Charakterisierung von gesinterten Probenkörpern aus einem Spark-Plasma-Prozess wird ein gesamtheitlicher Überblick über die vielfältigen Aspekte in der Arbeit mit nanoskaligen, ferroelektrischen Materialien gegeben.

The apatite crystal structure-A5(TO4)3X-allows for complex substitutions of various minor and trace elements including volatile constituents, rare earth elements, and redox sensitive elements (e.g., As, Mn, Fe, S) (Piccoli and Candela, 1994; Piccoli and Candela, 2002; Pan and Fleet, 2002; Teiber et al., 2015; Harlov, 2015). In this study, apatite grains from 19 intrusions across northeastern Nevada with varied petrogenetic and metallogenic properties were analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to obtain major and trace element abundances. Systematic variations in Sr and REE concentrations in apatite grains from granitic host rocks are the result of competition with pre-existing and coexisting minerals in silicate melts. The presence of zoning in cathodoluminescence colors combined with high Sr concentrations in apatite from many of the Eocene granodiorite rocks suggest magma mixing affected the geochemical evolution in many of the Eocene igneous systems. In addition, high Sr concentrations in apatite grains from Late Cretaceous two-mica granites may reflect significant magmatic input from lower crustal and/or mantle sources despite the felsic nature of these intrusive rocks.A new EPMA analytical routine to measure arsenic down to detection limits of approximately 20 ppm allowed a more extensive characterization of As concentration in igneous apatite than has previously been published. Still, correlations between As and other trace-element concentrations are not evident, which may reflect the simple substitution of As5+ for P5+ in the apatite structure. Petrologic controls on As content include redox state, indicated by the high Asapat/Asbulk-rock in relatively oxidized intrusive rocks. An additional control is competition among other magmatic phases, exsolving aqueous fluids, or sulfide melts, indicated by enrichment of As in apatite cores relative to apatite rims. Past studies on redox-sensitive elements in igneous apatite have focused on Mn and S, but with further investigation, As may also prove to be a key redox-sensitive trace element in apatite for interpreting igneous and hydrothermal processes.

Habitat variation is considered as an expression of biodiversity at landscape level in addition to genetic variation and species variation. Thus, effective methods for measuring habitat pattern at landscape level can be used to evaluate the status of biological conservation. However, the commonly used model (i.e. patch-corridor-matrix) for spatial pattern analysis has deficiencies. This model assumes discrete structures within the landscape without explicit consideration of “transitional zones” or “gradients” between patches. The transitional zones, often called “ecotones”, are dynamic and have a profound influence on adjacent ecosystems. Besides, this model takes landscape as a flat surface without consideration of the third spatial dimension (elevation). This will underestimate the patches’ size and perimeter as well as distances between patches especially in mountainous regions. Thus, the mosaic model needs to be adapted for more realistic and more precise representation of habitat pattern regarding to biodiversity assessment. Another part of information that has often been ignored is “small biotopes” inside patches (e.g. hedgerows, tree rows, copse, and scattered trees), which leads to within-patch heterogeneity being underestimated. The present work originates from the integration of the third spatial dimension in land-cover classification and landscape structure analysis. From the aspect of data processing, an integrated approach of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Pixel-Based Image Analysis (PBIA) is developed and applied on multi-source data set (RapidEye images and Lidar data). At first, a general OBIA procedure is developed according to spectral object features based on RapidEye images for producing land-cover maps. Then, based on the classified maps, pixel-based algorithms are designed for detection of the small biotopes and ecotones using a Normalized Digital Surface Model (NDSM) which is derived from Lidar data. For describing habitat pattern under three-dimensional condition, several 3D-metrics (measuring e.g. landscape diversity, fragmentation/connectivity, and contrast) are proposed with spatial consideration of the ecological functions of small biotopes and ecotones. The proposed methodology is applied in two real-world examples in Germany and China. The results are twofold. First, it shows that the integrated approach of object-based and pixel-based image processing is effective for land-cover classification on different spatial scales. The overall classification accuracies of the main land-cover maps are 92 % in the German test site and 87 % in the Chinese test site. The developed Red Edge Vegetation Index (REVI) which is calculated from RapidEye images has been proved more efficient than the traditionally used Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) for vegetation classification, especially for the extraction of the forest mask. Using NDSM data, the third dimension is helpful for the identification of small biotopes and height gradient on forest boundary. The pixel-based algorithm so-called “buffering and shrinking” is developed for the detection of tree rows and ecotones on forest/field boundary. As a result the accuracy of detecting small biotopes is 80 % and four different types of ecotones are detected in the test site. Second, applications of 3D-metrics in two varied test sites show the frequently-used landscape diversity indices (i.e. Shannon’s diversity (SHDI) and Simpson’s diversity (SIDI)) are not sufficient for describing the habitats diversity, as they quantify only the habitats composition without consideration on habitats spatial distribution. The modified 3D-version of Effective Mesh Size (MESH) that takes ecotones into account leads to a realistic quantification of habitat fragmentation. In addition, two elevation-based contrast indices (i.e. Area-Weighted Edge Contrast (AWEC) and Total Edge Contrast Index (TECI)) are used as supplement to fragmentation metrics. Both ecotones and small biotopes are incorporated into the contrast metrics to take into account their edge effect in habitat pattern. This can be considered as a further step after fragmentation analysis with additional consideration of the edge permeability in the landscape structure analysis. Furthermore, a vector-based algorithm called “multi-buffer” approach is suggested for analyzing ecological networks based on land-cover maps. It considers small biotopes as stepping stones to establish connections between patches. Then, corresponding metrics (e.g. Effective Connected Mesh Size (ECMS)) are proposed based on the ecological networks. The network analysis shows the response of habitat connectivity to different dispersal distances in a simple way. Those connections through stepping stones act as ecological indicators of the “health” of the system, indicating the interpatch communications among habitats. In summary, it can be stated that habitat diversity is an essential level of biodiversity and methods for quantifying habitat pattern need to be improved and adapted to meet the demands for landscape monitoring and biodiversity conservation. The approaches presented in this work serve as possible methodical solution for fine-scale landscape structure analysis and function as “stepping stones” for further methodical developments to gain more insights into the habitat pattern
Die Lebensraumvielfalt ist neben der genetischen Vielfalt und der Artenvielfalt eine wesentliche Ebene der Biodiversität. Da diese Ebenen miteinander verknüpft sind, können Methoden zur Messung der Muster von Lebensräumen auf Landschaftsebene erfolgreich angewandt werden, um den Zustand der Biodiversität zu bewerten. Das zur räumlichen Musteranalyse auf Landschaftsebene häufig verwendete Patch-Korridor-Matrix-Modell weist allerdings einige Defizite auf. Dieses Modell geht von diskreten Strukturen in der Landschaft aus, ohne explizite Berücksichtigung von „Übergangszonen“ oder „Gradienten“ zwischen den einzelnen Landschaftselementen („Patches“). Diese Übergangszonen, welche auch als „Ökotone“ bezeichnet werden, sind dynamisch und haben einen starken Einfluss auf benachbarte Ökosysteme. Außerdem wird die Landschaft in diesem Modell als ebene Fläche ohne Berücksichtigung der dritten räumlichen Dimension (Höhe) betrachtet. Das führt dazu, dass die Flächengrößen und Umfänge der Patches sowie Distanzen zwischen den Patches besonders in reliefreichen Regionen unterschätzt werden. Daher muss das Patch-Korridor-Matrix-Modell für eine realistische und präzise Darstellung der Lebensraummuster für die Bewertung der biologischen Vielfalt angepasst werden. Ein weiterer Teil der Informationen, die häufig in Untersuchungen ignoriert werden, sind „Kleinbiotope“ innerhalb größerer Patches (z. B. Feldhecken, Baumreihen, Feldgehölze oder Einzelbäume). Dadurch wird die Heterogenität innerhalb von Patches unterschätzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf der Integration der dritten räumlichen Dimension in die Landbedeckungsklassifikation und die Landschaftsstrukturanalyse. Mit Methoden der räumlichen Datenverarbeitung wurde ein integrierter Ansatz von objektbasierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) und pixelbasierter Bildanalyse (PBIA) entwickelt und auf einen Datensatz aus verschiedenen Quellen (RapidEye-Satellitenbilder und Lidar-Daten) angewendet. Dazu wird zunächst ein OBIA-Verfahren für die Ableitung von Hauptlandbedeckungsklassen entsprechend spektraler Objekteigenschaften basierend auf RapidEye-Bilddaten angewandt. Anschließend wurde basierend auf den klassifizierten Karten, ein pixelbasierter Algorithmus für die Erkennung von kleinen Biotopen und Ökotonen mit Hilfe eines normalisierten digitalen Oberflächenmodells (NDSM), welches das aus LIDAR-Daten abgeleitet wurde, entwickelt. Zur Beschreibung der dreidimensionalen Charakteristika der Lebensraummuster unter der räumlichen Betrachtung der ökologischen Funktionen von kleinen Biotopen und Ökotonen, werden mehrere 3D-Maße (z. B. Maße zur landschaftlichen Vielfalt, zur Fragmentierung bzw. Konnektivität und zum Kontrast) vorgeschlagen. Die vorgeschlagene Methodik wird an zwei realen Beispielen in Deutschland und China angewandt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zweierlei. Erstens zeigt es sich, dass der integrierte Ansatz der objektbasierten und pixelbasierten Bildverarbeitung effektiv für die Landbedeckungsklassifikation auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen ist. Die Klassifikationsgüte insgesamt für die Hauptlandbedeckungstypen beträgt 92 % im deutschen und 87 % im chinesischen Testgebiet. Der eigens entwickelte Red Edge-Vegetationsindex (REVI), der sich aus RapidEye-Bilddaten berechnen lässt, erwies sich für die Vegetationsklassifizierung als effizienter verglichen mit dem traditionell verwendeten Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI), insbesondere für die Gewinnung der Waldmaske. Im Rahmen der Verwendung von NDSM-Daten erwies sich die dritte Dimension als hilfreich für die Identifizierung von kleinen Biotopen und dem Höhengradienten, beispielsweise an der Wald/Feld-Grenze. Für den Nachweis von Baumreihen und Ökotonen an der Wald/Feld-Grenze wurde der sogenannte pixelbasierte Algorithmus „Pufferung und Schrumpfung“ entwickelt. Im Ergebnis konnten kleine Biotope mit einer Genauigkeit von 80 % und vier verschiedene Ökotontypen im Testgebiet detektiert werden. Zweitens zeigen die Ergebnisse der Anwendung der 3D-Maße in den zwei unterschiedlichen Testgebieten, dass die häufig genutzten Landschaftsstrukturmaße Shannon-Diversität (SHDI) und Simpson-Diversität (SIDI) nicht ausreichend für die Beschreibung der Lebensraumvielfalt sind. Sie quantifizieren lediglich die Zusammensetzung der Lebensräume, ohne Berücksichtigung der räumlichen Verteilung und Anordnung. Eine modifizierte 3D-Version der Effektiven Maschenweite (MESH), welche die Ökotone integriert, führt zu einer realistischen Quantifizierung der Fragmentierung von Lebensräumen. Darüber hinaus wurden zwei höhenbasierte Kontrastindizes, der flächengewichtete Kantenkontrast (AWEC) und der Gesamt-Kantenkontrast Index (TECI), als Ergänzung der Fragmentierungsmaße entwickelt. Sowohl Ökotone als auch Kleinbiotope wurden in den Berechnungen der Kontrastmaße integriert, um deren Randeffekte im Lebensraummuster zu berücksichtigen. Damit kann als ein weiterer Schritt nach der Fragmentierungsanalyse die Randdurchlässigkeit zusätzlich in die Landschaftsstrukturanalyse einbezogen werden. Außerdem wird ein vektorbasierter Algorithmus namens „Multi-Puffer“-Ansatz für die Analyse von ökologischen Netzwerken auf Basis von Landbedeckungskarten vorgeschlagen. Er berücksichtigt Kleinbiotope als Trittsteine, um Verbindungen zwischen Patches herzustellen. Weiterhin werden entsprechende Maße, z. B. die Effective Connected Mesh Size (ECMS), für die Analyse der ökologischen Netzwerke vorgeschlagen. Diese zeigen die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher angenommener Ausbreitungsdistanzen von Organismen bei der Ableitung von Biotopverbundnetzen in einfacher Weise. Diese Verbindungen zwischen Lebensräumen über Trittsteine hinweg dienen als ökologische Indikatoren für den „gesunden Zustand“ des Systems und zeigen die gegenseitigen Verbindungen zwischen den Lebensräumen. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die Vielfalt der Lebensräume eine wesentliche Ebene der Biodiversität ist. Die Methoden zur Quantifizierung der Lebensraummuster müssen verbessert und angepasst werden, um den Anforderungen an ein Landschaftsmonitoring und die Erhaltung der biologischen Vielfalt gerecht zu werden. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Ansätze dienen als mögliche methodische Lösung für eine feinteilige Landschaftsstrukturanalyse und fungieren als ein „Trittsteine” auf dem Weg zu weiteren methodischen Entwicklungen für einen tieferen Einblick in die Muster von Lebensräumen

As shown by Dahmen, Harbrecht and Schneider, the fully discrete wavelet Galerkin scheme for boundary integral equations scales linearly with the number of unknowns without compromising the accuracy of the underlying Galerkin scheme. The supposition is a wavelet basis with a sufficiently large number of vanishing moments. In this paper we present several constructions of appropriate wavelet bases on manifolds based on the biorthogonal spline wavelets of A. Cohen, I. Daubechies and J.-C. Feauveau. By numerical experiments we demonstrate that it is worthwhile to spent effort on their construction to increase the performance of the wavelet Galerkin scheme considerably.

Neste trabalho, a partir de um testemunho coletado na Bacia de Santos, foi realizada a análise quantitativa de espécies de cocolitoforídeos com o intuito de estimar a variação da paleoprodutividade primaria superficial marinha e relacioná-la com a variação elementos maiores (Ti, Fe, Ca, Al e K) para os últimos 35 mil anos. A paleoprodutividade apresentou relação com elementos maiores em períodos de nível do mar baixo com altas e baixas pluviosidade e pareceu não apresentar relação a partir da última transgressão marinha. Adicionalmente buscou-se identificar as associações de cocolitoforídeos para os estágios isotópicos marinhos 1, 2 e 3. Foram observadas duas associações de espécies: uma com maiores abundâncias relativas durante o Glacial e outra no Interglacial. Por último procurou-se relacionar as variações das espécies de cocolitoforídeos aos eventos climáticos Younger Dryas e Heinrich 1, 2 e 3, porém os táxons não apresentaram padrão de variação em suas abundâncias durante estes eventos.
In this work, a quantitative analysis of cocolithophores species was carried out from a piston core collected in the Santos Basin in order to estimate primary paleoproductivity variation at the sea surface and to relate it with the fluctuation of major elements (Ti, Fe, Ca, Al and K) in the interval for the last 35 thousand years and the present. The paleoproductivity was related to major elements in periods of low sea level with high and low rainfall and did not present a relation since the last marine transgression. It was also sought to identify associations of cocolithophores for the marine isotopes stages 1, 2 and 3. Two most abundant species associations were observed: one during the Glacial and another one in the Interglacial. Finally, we sought to relate the cocolithophores species with the climatic events of Younger Dryas and Heinrich 1, 2 and 3, however, the species showed no pattern of variation in their abundance during these events.

Schon seit langer Zeit, besonders intensiv jedoch in den letzten Jahrzehnten werden Ausschnitte der Geosphäre hinsichtlich ihrer geometrischen Eigenschaften verglichen und bewertet. Dafür wurden empirisch viele verschiedene Landschaftsmaße gefunden, die diese geometrischen Eigenschaften auf unterschiedlichste Weise in mehreren Ebenen abbilden. Für die unterste Ebene, d.h. für die direkte Bewertung von individuellen, relativ homogenen Landschaftselementen, wird in dieser Arbeit eine Theorie vorgestellt. Ausgehend von der inhaltlichen Zielstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein System redundanzfreier Grundmaße theoretisch hergeleitet. Dieses System wird hinsichtlich der mathematischen Eigenschaften untersucht und sowohl mit normierten, abstrakten Objekten als auch anhand von realen Beispieldaten veranschaulicht. Unter Verwendung dieser Grundmaße können dann Landschaftselemente über statistische Verfahren klassifiziert oder komplexere Landschaftsmaße mit gewünschten Eigenschaften je nach praktischer Anforderung konstruiert werden. Die Zusammenhänge von bereits bekannten Landschaftsmaßen und diesen Grundmaßen sowie die Vorgehensweise bei der Ableitung neuer, anwendungsspezifischer, komplexer Landschaftsmaße aus den Grundmaßen werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt.
For a long time, but especially during the last decades parts of the geosphere were compared and valued using their geometrical properties. Therefore many different landscape measures were found empirically which map these geometrical qualities into several levels in a variety of ways. In this paper there will be presented a theory which deals with the basic level i.e. with these measures which evaluate individual relative homogeneous landscape elements. Based on the objective of this paper a system of redundance-free basic measures will be deduced theoretically. This system will be studied in regard to its mathematical properties and will be illustrated by using standardized abstract objects and real example data. Landscape elements can be classified using statistical procedures or complex landscape measures with practically requested properties can be constructed by using these basic measures. The relations between well-known landscape measures and these basic measures are shown. The procedure of deduction of new application-specific complex landscape measures from the basic measures are introduced in this paper.

This thesis deals with the Kosovar agricultural economy and the introduction of new approaches. Kosova is an economy in transition with high unemployment, young population and structural problems. The privatization process promises a better future and economic growth. However, hard work and new approaches are needed. Privatization does not mean immediate growth. Hereby, clusters are considered as an appropriate approach to develop rural areas. Especially the wine sector in Kosova could be an example for cluster development as it is a promising sector. Wine has a long history in Kosova although wine consumption is not widespread. This sector is a rare example where exports are higher than imports. Climate conditions cheep working force and as stated the background make this sector attractive. Foreign agencies and investors are very interested in this sector. This thesis will show the main problems and main opportunities of this sector. It will describe the structural changes and current developments. Cluster creation is not a government function. Further, it is not a tailor-made solution. In fact, clustering involves many roles. Each participant has certain duties but the whole process needs coordination. The monitoring and supervision of the whole process, the identification of needs and permanent exchange of the participants are organized in a cluster. At the end, a win-win situation is created even if competition is raised to a high level. Competition and the functioning of free markets guarantee the success of the sector and as a results regional development. One cluster helps to create another. Starting one process means that many others could follow. By reading this thesis, the reader should recognize potentials and understand the local circumstances. This is the aim of the study.
Faton Deva "Shkodra" 14, Prishtina 10000 Kosova mob: +377(0)44122883 e-mail:faton99d@gmail.com

The vector finite element method has gained great attention since overcoming the deficiencies incurred by the scalar basis functions for the vector Helmholtz equation. Most implementations of vector FEM have been non-adaptive, where a mesh of the domain is generated entirely in advance and used with a constant degree polynomial basis to assign the degrees of freedom. To reduce the dependency on the users' expertise in analyzing problems with complicated boundary structures and material characteristics, and to speed up the FEM tool, the demand for adaptive FEM grows high. For efficient adaptive FEM, error estimators play an important role in assigning additional degrees of freedom. In this proposal study, hierarchical vector basis functions and four error estimators for p-refinement are investigated for electromagnetic applications.

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A pesquisa envolvida na presente dissertação se baseou no uso de funções de base radial para gerar uma nova formulação integral, que interpola diretamente o termo não homogêneo da equação diferencial de governo, no contexto do Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). Emprega-se o uso de funções primitivas das funções de interpolação originais no núcleo da integral de domínio, permitindo a transformação desta última numa integral de contorno, evitando assim a discretização do domínio por meio de células, semelhante ao realizado na Dupla Reciprocidade. Para melhor avaliação das potencialidades da formulação, os testes numéricos apresentados abordaram apenas a solução de problemas governados pela Equação de Poisson. Os problemas escolhidos dentro desta categoria possuem solução analítica, o que permitiu aferir com mais rigor a precisão dos resultados. Para melhor balizamento da eficiência da formulação proposta, todos os problemas abordados também foram resolvidos pela formulação com Dupla Reciprocidade. O custo computacional dispendido para cada uma dessas formulações também foi comparado. Para ambas as formulações também foram testados esquemas de ajuste da interpolação realizada, visando avaliar seus efeitos na precisão dos resultados e também propositando obter economia computacional em futuras aplicações em simulações na área de propagações de ondas
This research was based on the use of radial basis functions to generate a new integral formulation that interpolates directly the domain action, related to the inhomogeneous term of the governing differential equation, using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The use of primitive functions of the original interpolation functions in the kernel of the inhomogeneous integral is proposed, allowing its transformation into a boundary integral, thus avoiding the domain discretization through cells, similar to that conducted in the Dual Reciprocity. To better evaluation of the capability of the proposed formulation, the numerical tests presented only solved problems governed by the Poisson Equation. Test problems chosen have known analytical solution, which allowed a better evaluation of the numerical accuracy. To better check the efficiency of the proposed formulation, all the problems were also solved by the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Formulation. The computational cost expended for each of these formulations was also compared. Fitting interpolation schemes for both formulations were also tested in order to evaluate their effects on the accuracy of the results and also looking for economy in future computational applications related to wave propagation problems

Master of Science
Department of Geology
Matthew Totten
The REE distribution patterns and total concentrations of the organic matter of the Woodford shale reveal a potential avenue to investigate hydrocarbon maturation processes in a source rock. Ten samples of the organic matter fraction and 10 samples of the silicate-carbonate fraction of the Woodford shale from north central Oklahoma were analyzed by methods developed at KSU. Thirteen oil samples from Woodford Devonian oil and Mississippian oil samples were analyzed for REE also. REE concentration levels in an average shale range from 170 ppm to 185 ppm, and concentration levels in modern day plants occur in the ppb levels. The REE concentrations in the organic matter of the Woodford Shale samples analyzed ranged from 300 to 800 ppm. The high concentrations of the REEs in the Woodford Shale, as compared to the modern-day plants, are reflections of the transformations of buried Woodford Shale organic materials in post-depositional environmental conditions with potential contributions of exchanges of REE coming from associated sediments. The distribution patterns of REEs in the organic materials normalized to PAAS (post-Archean Australian Shale) had the following significant features: (1) all but two out of the ten samples had a La-Lu trend with HREE enrichment in general, (2) all but two samples showed Ho and Tm positive enrichments, (3) only one sample had positive Eu anomalies, (4) three samples had Ce negative anomalies, although one was with a positive Ce anomaly, (5) all but three out of ten had MREE enrichment by varied degrees. It is hypothesized that Ho and Tm positive anomalies in the organic materials of the Woodford Shale are reflections of enzymic influence related to the plant physiology. Similar arguments may be made for the Eu and the Ce anomalies in the Woodford Shale organic materials. The varied MREE enrichments are likely to have been related to some phosphate mineralization events, as the Woodford Shale is well known for having abundant presence of phosphate nodules. The trend of HREE enrichment in general for the Woodford Shale organic materials can be related to inheritance from sources with REE-complexes stabilized by interaction between the metals and carbonate ligands or carboxylate ligands or both. Therefore, a reasonable suggestion about the history of the REEs in the organic materials would be that both source and burial transformation effects of the deposited organic materials in association with the inorganic constituents had an influence on the general trend and the specific trends in the distribution patterns of the REEs. This study provides a valuable insight into the understandings of the REE landscapes in the organic fraction of the Woodford Shale in northern Oklahoma, linking these understandings to the REE analysis of an oil generated from the same source bed and comparing it to oil produced from younger Mississippian oil. The information gathered from this study may ultimately prove useful to trace the chemical history of oils generated from the Woodford Shale source beds.

Orientadores: Anamaria Gomide, Jorge Stolfi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: A geração de imagens fotorrealisticas e um desafio importante em computação gráfica. Um ingrediente critico para a obtenção do realismo esta o modelo de iluminação. Em 1986, Jim Kajiya apresentou uma equação integral que define o fluxo de luz (radiosidade) num ambiente de maneira precisa; contudo, ate recentemente, os métodos conhecidos para a resolução dessa equação tinham custo computacional e complexidade de implementação elevados. Em 2008, Jaako Lehtinen desenvolveu uma técnica relativamente simples e eficiente para o calculo da iluminação global em cenas virtuais, usando elementos finitos definidos por pontos de amostragem. Neste projeto de Mestrado, implementamos esse método, e comparamos o resultado usando três tipos diferentes de bases: uma base radial, uma base radial normalizada e uma base de Shepard. Alem da comparação visual, calculamos a radiosidade "exata" para uma cena simples e comparamos quantitativamente esse resultado com os resultados do método de Lehtinen com cada uma das três bases.
Abstract: The generation of realistic images is a major challenge in computer graphics. A critical ingredient for realistic rendering is the lighting model. In 1986, Jim Kajiya presented an integral equation that precisely defines the light flow (radiosity) in a virtual environment; however, until recently, the known methods for solving that equation had high computational cost and implementation complexity. In 2008, Jaako Lehtinen developed a relatively simple and efficient technique for the computation of global illumination in virtual scenes, using finite elements defined by sampling points. In this Masters project, we implemented that method, and compared the results using three different types of bases: a radial basis, a normalized radial basis, and a Shepard basis. Besides visual comparison, we computed the "exact" radiosity for a simple scene and compared quantitatively that result with the results obtained by Lehtinen's method with each of the three bases.
Mestrado
Computação Grafica
Mestre em Ciência da Computação