Дисертації: "Base of the (economic) Pyramid"

1

Beaty, Chantell Ramaun. "Business Leaders Marketing to Bottom-of-the-Pyramid Consumers in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2711.

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Business leaders often leave more than half of the world's population the bottom of the pyramid (BOP), a $5-trillion market of potential consumers untapped for products and services on account of failing to see BOP markets as profitable for business, yet business leaders who have managed inclusive BOP marketing in Nigeria have experienced profit margins as high as 120%. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies of business leaders who market to BOP consumers in Nigeria and maintain a profit. The study population consisted of 3 business leaders in the Dallas and Fort Worth metropolitan area who marketed to BOP consumers in Nigeria and maintained a profit. The conceptual framework that grounded the study was BOP marketing theory. Data were collected through semistructured in-depth interviews and company documents, with member checking implemented to strengthen creditability and trustworthiness. Based on the methodological triangulation of the data sources collected, 3 emergent themes were identified following 5 stages of data analysis. The themes were (a) maintain low profit margins in marketing essential items to the BOP in Nigeria, (b) maintain high profit margins in marketing to the non-BOP in Nigeria, and (c) market scaled-down products to the BOP in Nigeria. The findings from this study may contribute to social change by providing insights and strategies for business leaders seeking to prepare for and sustain profitability. The data from this study may contribute to higher profit margins for business leaders as well as job placement and entrepreneurship opportunities for the communities of Nigeria.

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Barki, Edgard Elie Roger. "Distribution strategies for the base of the pyramid: an exploratory study in Brazil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4484.

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Access has been one of the main difficulties companies have faced in emerging markets (PRAHALAD, 2005). The capillarity of the market, the existence of small, not professionalized and sometimes informal retailers, the lack of infrastructure and high transportation costs are some of the distribution challenges companies face in poorer regions. The literature concerning the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) is still recent and only after the seminal article by Prahalad and Hart (2002), it evolved into many different management perspectives. However, there is a lack of researches concerning distribution strategies to the BoP. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to identify, in the perception of executives working in the market, the conditions associated to a satisfactory distribution for the BoP market in Brazil and to build a substantive theory that helps to shed light to the understanding of the distribution phenomenon adopted by consumer goods companies to reach the BoP market in Brazil. In order to accomplish the objectives of this thesis, a grounded theory methodology (Glaser; Strauss, 1967; Corbin; Strauss, 2008) was used. This approach helped to identify the channel strategies used by local and global companies in the market. Many techniques for data collection were applied. The most important one was in-depth interviews with 26 executives from 24 different consumer goods companies in Brazil. Among the companies there were small, medium and large enterprises; which were also grouped as manufacturers, distributors and retailers. Furthermore, secondary data were examined to identify business strategies to reach BoP and map global distribution initiatives. A database from a consumer panel was also used to analyze what and where BoP consumers purchase non-durable goods. It was verified that small and traditional retailing is a very strong format in BoP markets and in the Northern/Northeastern regions. Cash & Carry is a format that is growing a lot. On the other hand, hypermarkets are not very used by low income population. The results suggest that three major categories are associated to a satisfactory distribution: (a) willingness, which means the effort, knowledge and enthusiasm a firm has to operate at BoP markets; (b) well-done execution, which is related to designing correctly the marketing channel and operating efficiently in an environment full of obstacles, such as lack of infrastructure, capillarity, lack of safety, regional differences and informality, and (c) relationship, which was perceived to be friendlier and essential at BoP markets, since it is very difficult for manufacturers to reach the entire market alone. It is more likely to have a satisfactory distribution when manufacturers establish strong relationships in the marketing channel. Besides, small retailers have a perception of isolation and expect a higher level of relationship. These major categories explain also the competitive advantage that local companies have in relation to MNCs and large companies. Despite of the limitations of an exploratory study, it is expected that this thesis will contribute to the BoP knowledge as well as to the identification of the peculiarities of distribution in BoP markets.
Acesso tem sido uma das maiores dificuldades que as empresas tem enfrentado em mercados emergentes (PRAHALAD, 2005). Alguns dos desafios de distribuição que as empresas enfrentam em regiões mais pobres são a capilaridade do mercado, a existência de varejistas pequenos, não profissionalizados e por vezes informais, a falta de infra-estrutura e os altos custos de transporte. A literatura relacionada à base da pirâmide (BoP) é ainda recente e apenas após o artigo seminal de Prahalad e Hart (2002), que o assunto evoluiu em diversas perspectivas em negócios. No entanto, ainda há uma lacuna em estudos relacionados a estratégias de distribuição para a base da pirâmide. Assim sendo, o principal objetivo deste estudo é identificar, na percepção de executivos que trabalham no Mercado, as condições associadas a uma distribuição satisfatória para o Mercado da Base da Pirâmide no Brasil e construir uma teoria substantiva que apóie o entendimento do fenômeno da distribuição para a base da pirâmide de empresas de bens de consumo no Brasil. Para atingir os objetivos deste trabalho, foi utilizada a metodologia da Grounded Theory (Glaser; Strauss, 1967; Corbin; Strauss, 2008). Esta metodologia ajudou a identificar as estratégias de canal utilizadas por empresas locais e globais. Várias técnicas de coleta de dados foram utilizadas. A mais importante foi a realização de entrevistas em profundidade com 26 executivos de 24 empresas diferentes de bens de consume no Brasil. Dentre estas empresas havia pequenas, medias e grandes organizações; que também foram agrupadas em fabricantes, distribuidores e varejistas. Além disso, dados secundários foram analisados para identificar estratégias de negócios e mapear iniciativas globais de distribuição. Um banco de dados de um painel de consumidores foi utilizado para analisar o que e onde os consumidores da base da pirâmide comparam bens não-duráveis. Foi verificado que o pequeno varejo tradicional é um formato muito importante para a Base da Pirâmide e nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Cash & carry é um formato que está crescendo bastante. Por outro lado, hipermercados não são muito utilizados pela população de baixa renda. Os resultados sugerem que três categorias principais estão associadas a uma distribuição satisfatória: (a) Interesse em atuar na Base da Pirâmide, que significa o esforço, comprometimento, conhecimento e entusiasmo de uma empresa em atuar na Base da Pirâmide; (b) execução, que está relacionada ao correto desenho da estrutura de canais e em uma operação eficiente em um ambiente repleta de obstáculos, tais como falta de infra-estrutura, capilaridade, insegurança, diferenças regionais e informalidade, e (c) relacionamento foi percebido como sendo mais amigável e essencial na base da pirâmide, dada a dificuldade dos fabricantes em acessar o mercado todo sozinhos. É mais provável estabelecer-se uma distribuição satisfatória quando os fabricantes possuem relacionamentos estreitos com o canal de marketing. Além disso, pequenos varejistas tem a percepção de isolamento e possuem a expectativa de um maior nível de relacionamento. Apesar das limitações de um estudo exploratório, espera-se que esta tese contribua para o conhecimento na Base da Pirâmide e na identificação das peculiaridades existentes na distribuição de produtos de bens de consumo para a Base da Pirâmide.

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Ericson, Johannes. "Marketing Services in Emerging Economies : A case study of a base of the pyramid initiative in Kenya." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-44835.

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Schreurs, Zoë, and Agnes Allgén. "Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa : Achieving impactful local outcomes through partnerships." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448358.

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Governments at the bottom of the pyramid are putting an increasing amount of trust inthe private sector to help build infrastructure and alleviate poverty. Therefore, finding better ways to support local entrepreneurial initiatives is crucial. Corporations and organisations alike are starting BoP initiatives to help with these challenges, yet knowledge of how these challenges can best be solved remains underdeveloped. It is suggested that creating shared value through partnerships between corporations and the BoP can help alleviate poverty as well as benefit the corporation. In sharing knowledge and resources with the BoP, corporations can also help develop the entrepreneurial ecosystem in BoP regions. Research regarding entrepreneurial ecosystems in the BoP or the workings of partnerships within BoP markets such as the Sub-Saharan African BoP is scarce. Through a thematic study of perspectives on entrepreneurship and partnerships from three different stakeholder groups active in the Sub-Saharan African BoP market, this study seeks to add to the existing body of literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems and partnerships in BoP markets. Our findings suggest that partnerships between entrepreneurs and corporations could help mitigate some ofthe challenges entrepreneurs face, provided the stakeholders have shared goals and commitment to achieve impactful and mutually beneficial results. Currently, these goals appear to be slightly misaligned.

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5

Venn, Ronald [Verfasser], and Nicola [Akademischer Betreuer] Berg. "Partnering for Sustainable Value Creation : Conceptual and Empirical Analyses of Co-Creation in Cross-sector Social Partnerships at the Base of the economic Pyramid / Ronald Venn. Betreuer: Nicola Berg." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078408955/34.

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6

Tomeo, Foncuberta Tomás. "La relevancia del mercado de la base de la pirámide en la economía mundial. Empresas privadas y nuevos modelos de negocio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/35758.

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La tesis tiene como objetivo general argumentar, la relevancia, para las empresas privadas, del mercado de la Base de la Pirámide (BdP en adelante) en la economía mundial. Aunque será desarrollado posteriormente, por el término BdP se entiende el segmento de la población configurado por los mercados de rentas más bajas del mundo (con ingresos anuales inferiores a $3.000). Queda configurado aproximadamente por unos 4.000 millones de personas. En cuanto a las hipótesis de trabajo, se destacan las siguientes: - La tesis argumenta que el mercado de la BdP es una opción estratégica importante y novedosa para las empresas privadas que adopten nuevos modelos de negocio adecuados a la realidad local. - La tesis argumenta el papel relevante que adquieren las empresas privadas en la imbricación de los países de la BdP en el comercio mundial originando, de esta manera, un círculo virtuoso compuesto por la apertura comercial, el desarrollo económico y la reducción de la pobreza. Por tanto, las condiciones económicas globales futuras condicionarán las hipótesis realizadas en torno a la BdP. ¿Es posible que el mercado de la BdP se imbrique, a través de la entrada de las empresas privadas que adopten nuevos modelos de negocio, en el comercio mundial de forma notoria y sostenible? Para responder a la pregunta planteada, la citada investigación se estructura en siete partes fundamentales que se corresponden con los capítulos de la tesis: - Capítulo A: Introducción, en el que se introduce la actual crisis económica global, el concepto de la BdP y su contexto internacional. - Capítulo B: Revisión de la literatura, en el que se narra la teoría sobre la fortuna en la BdP y sus críticas. - Capítulo C: Países de la BdP y países emergentes: indicadores económicos y sociales, deuda y comercio de alimentos, donde se destaca, a través de la comparación y del análisis de algunos indicadores económicos y sociales, el potencial de los países de la BdP para implicarse cada vez más en el comercio mundial. - Capítulo D: Los mercados de alimentos y agua en la BdP, donde se destaca que existen 1.000 millones de personas desnutridas en el mundo actualmente, 40.000 niños mueren diariamente por hambre y 900 millones de personas en el mundo carecen de agua potable. - Capítulo E: Círculo virtuoso, donde se estudia la existencia de un círculo virtuoso, activado por la inversión extranjera directa derivada de la entrada de la iniciativa privada en el mercado de la BdP. En concreto, en dicho capítulo se analiza la relación entre la apertura comercial de los países de la BdP, el desarrollo económico y la reducción de la pobreza. - Capítulo F: Ejemplos de empresas en la BdP, el cual trata 15 ejemplos de empresas que interactúan con el mercado de la BdP, tanto multinacionales como empresas más locales. - Capítulo G: Diferentes modelos de negocio con distintos resultados en el mercado de la BdP: Hindustan Unilever Limited y Nike, Inc. El objetivo del análisis es detallar los modelos de negocio que adoptaron las citadas empresas, resaltando los aspectos diferenciales de los mismos, tales como las características de sus proyectos, sus productos, el sistema de distribución y sus estrategias de marketing y alianzas estratégicas.
THESIS SUMMARY: “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MARKET IN THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID IN THE WORLD ECONOMY. PRIVATE COMPANIES AND NEW BUSINESS MODELS” TEXT: The thesis aims to argue the relevance to private companies of the market for the Base of the Pyramid (BoP from now on) in the global economy. Although it will be further developed, by BoP it is meant the population segment configured by the lowest-incomes (with annual incomes below $ 3,000). It is set up of approximately 4,000 million people. The working hypotheses that can be highlighted are the following: - The thesis argues that the BoP market is a strategically new and important option for private companies to adopt new business models adapted to their local reality. - It argues the important role that acquires private companies in the development of the BoP countries in world trade. It will originate a virtuous circle composed of trade liberalization economic development and reduction of poverty. Is it possible that the BoP market pushes forward, through the entrance of private companies that may adopt new business models in global trade in a visible and sustainable way? In order to answer the question, the research must be divided in 7 main parts which also correspond to the chapters of the thesis: - Chapter A: Introduction, which introduces the current global economic crisis, the concept of BoP and its international context. - Chapter B: Literature review, which relates the theory of fortune in the BoP and its critics. - Chapter C: BoP countries and emerging countries: economic and social indicators, debt and trade of foods, which highlights, through comparison and analysis of economic and social indicators, the potential of countries in the BoP to become increasingly involved in global trade. - Chapter D: Food and water markets in the BoP, where it is detailed that there are more than 1.000 million people malnourished at present, 40.000 children die every day because of hunger and 900 million people do not have drinkable water. - Chapter E: The virtuous circle, where we study a standing virtuous circle, triggered by foreign direct investment arising from the the entrance of private sector in the BoP market. • - Chapter F: Some examples of BoP companies, it deals with 15 examples of companies that interact with the BoP markets, both multinational and local ones. - Chapter G: Different business models with different results in the BoP market: Hindustan Unilever Limited and Nike, Inc.

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Sutter, Christopher J. "Knowledge Transfer in Base of the Pyramid Markets." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366200889.

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Kay, Ethan Jeremy. "Playing with fire : an MNC's inability to translate its market logic in a culturally complex exchange setting in rural India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c35eb4e5-71c9-466a-9420-0b4c7d0679db.

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This dissertation describes the manner by which a multinational corporation (MNC) enacts a market-based logic with a locally embedded partner in a complex and unfamiliar operating setting to fulfil both business and social objectives. It examines a hybrid partnership between BP, an MNC, and SSP, a rural Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO). Together, the organisations trained rural women, who were affiliated with SSP, as agents to distribute and sell BP’s ‘smokeless’ cookstoves and fuel pellets to households who cook on smoky firewood stoves. The research draws on two theories—neo-institutional organizational theory and real markets theory—to examine the process by which logics are aligned across partners and projected and translated into the rural Indian exchange setting. It constructs a four-actor model (MNC, NGO, agent, customer) to explore the exchange relationships between the actors at the meso- and micro-levels. At the meso-level, it explains how the MNC and NGO’s non-aligned logics, asymmetric power dynamics, and lack of mutual trust contribute to the venture’s failure. In addition, the NGO was so determined to succeed as a professional, market-driven, channel partner that it shed part of its identity as a civil advocacy organisation and adopted mainstream commercial practices that were not sensitive to the needs of its local stakeholders. At the micro-level, the partners did not come to a common understanding with the agents regarding the cultural challenges they faced marketing the stove. Moreover, the marketing strategy glossed over the multi-layered social relationships and culinary, behavioural, and religious practices that needed to be translated for the technology to meet the needs of consumers. Using gritty ethnographic data, the dissertation highlights a challenge that large, foreign companies face when entering ‘Base of the Pyramid’ markets, namely the inconsistency between the MNC’s market logic and the wider associational logics that motivate village agents and customers.

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Millington, Nadia. "Ambisinisterity, success traps and the base of the pyramid." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3380/.

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The failure to simultaneously explore and exploit (i.e. achieve ambidexterity) continues to present an ongoing challenge for Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Here, exploration involves “experimentation with new alternatives” and exploitation, “refinement and extension of existing competencies, technologies and paradigms”. This problem is particularly acute for MNCs exploring disenfranchised/poverty prone segments (such as the Base of the Pyramid), whilst exploiting existing strongholds in wealthier segments of emerging market contexts. Yet there continues to be a dearth of academic scholarship on this phenomenon. This thesis aims to address this gap. It comprises two sections - The first section presents a systematic review of ambidexterity failure literature (referred to as ambisinisterity), which is then paired with insights from institutional theory to examine factors that account for MNC failure, specifically within low munificence emerging market contexts. The second section investigates one theoretical perspective within the ambisinisterity tradition, viz. a success trap. Fundamentally, a success trap refers to the tendency of an organisation to overspecialise in exploitation at the expense of exploration. This thesis examines this theory from the countervailing perspective of exploration under-adaptation and draws on a longitudinal inductive qualitative single case study of XXX India’s Healthcare Division to develop theoretical insights. My findings illustrate that exploration under-adaptation in emerging markets results from the dynamic interplay of accelerated learning and divergence mechanisms. Should these processes not be constrained and monitored with like rigour, MNC failure to explore in resource-constrained environments will continue to confound Top Management Teams.

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10

Vunder, Fontana Kadri. "Sales Channels for Targeting Base-of-Pyramid Markets in India." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3486.

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11

Mackenzie, Alexander Iain. "Almost certain loss: the psychology of pyramid schemes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1324.

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This thesis investigates investing in pyramid schemes. Study 1 explored the relationships between people s perceptions of investment options and their investment decisions. These options included a bank, a pyramid scheme, stock market and a safe. In this study, participants imagined they could invest money in any of the options and rated their perceptions of each option on various scales. When investing money, participants invested larger amounts in the options that they rated more positively. Compared to other investors, pyramid investors had higher positive correlations between their ratings of the pyramid scheme and how much money they invested. In Study 2 participants indicated how much money they would invest in each option and how risky they perceived the investment. As the perceived risk of an investment option increased, people invested less money. However, participants did not identify the pyramid scheme as the most risky option and rated it as being no more or less risky than the stock market. In both Studies 1 and 2 about half of the participants were willing to invest in the pyramid scheme. In Studies 3 and 4, participants imagined they had invested money in a pyramid scheme and were recruiting new target investors. Two experimental conditions were devised. In the first condition, participants were not informed of the potential for monetary loss, whereas in the second condition, monetary loss was made explicit. Potential target investors varied in the closeness of their rated relationship to the participant. When in the early non-loss condition, participants selected targets that were close to themselves, but in the loss condition they favoured targets that were less close. Furthermore, when in the non-loss condition, participants persuaded those targets they were closer to invest, whereas in the loss condition they persuaded them not to invest. Studies 5 and 6 found that there was no difference in sensation seeking propensities or intellect between pyramid scheme investors and non-investors. One clear finding for the research is that many people did not select the pyramid scheme as the poor investment that it is, a result which indicates its present illegal status is justified.

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Vasanjee, Kamlesh C. "Business activities at the base of the pyramid (BOP) in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26573.

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This research was designed to provide insight into South African financial companies’ activities among the poor or the BOP (Base Of the Pyramid). South African businesses should build resources and capabilities with a strategic intent to create and exploit the traditionally under serviced markets while delivering goods and services that are of value. In doing so, managers, marketers and business leaders should view the South African adult population as households and not individual decision makers. The aim of this study was to determine the applicability of an equal partnership model for the BOP engagement in the South African economy. In the investigation of the equal partnership model, it was found that the participants (including the BOP as producers or consumers, business, local community members, nongovernmental organisations and local government) could derive mutual value. This mutual value can be described as the enhancement in growth for the business, raising the BOP out of poverty, involving the poor in the economy and boosting national economic growth (through job creation, tax revenue and investment). Findings of this research supported the aspects of resource commitment, experiential preparation, innovation and technology use in product or services together with mutual value creation for all partners (especially the poor). In addition, there was support for the different levels of risk taken by the partners, responsibilities expected from participants, the sustainability of the collaboration and the required depth of understanding of BOP circumstances. Bank managers responded positively to there being value at the level of the poor (such as profits, poverty alleviation and improved reputation). The collectivist nature of the poor in South Africa (in that the poor carry out financial decisions at the household level) was not established in this research and needs further investigation.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Khalid, Raja Usman [Verfasser]. "(Sustainable) Supply Chain Management at the Base of the Pyramid / Raja Usman Khalid." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1149084243/34.

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André, Thomas. "Base of the pyramid and corporate social responsability : why they interact and how." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPXX0105.

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Méndez, León Eduardo. "Sustainable Value Analysis in Sustainable Business Models for the Base of the Pyramid." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Troyes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TROY0025.

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La valeur soutenable, un concept expliquant la création de bénéfices par les business models, supplante progressivement la valeur classique. Cependant, ses implications théoriques et sa compréhension empirique n'ont pas été étudiées en profondeur. Cette recherche remplit les deux lacunes en étudiant les business models soutenables pour la base de la pyramide. La recherche a commencé par une revue systématique de la littérature afin de structurer les concepts a priori utilisés dans l'analyse de la création de valeur. Ensuite, ces concepts ont été testés empiriquement à travers six business models. L'analyse de littérature a révélé l'utilisation erronée de plusieurs concepts de la valeur. L'étude empirique a révélé la nécessité d'affiner certains concepts a priori et a identifié douze nouveaux concepts de la valeur soutenable. Avec ces résultats, nous contribuons à la théorie et à la pratique de différentes manières. Nous clarifions la signification et les implications des concepts a priori pour construire un outil d'analyse de la valeur soutenable pour des business models. Nous confirmons que cet outil peut contribuer à comprendre la création et à développer des définitions de la valeur soutenable. Nous structurons et définissons des nouveaux concepts de la création de valeur soutenable pour faire avancer la théorie. Finalement, nous fournissons une définition complète de la valeur soutenable et un outil adapté qui intègre des concepts a priori et émergents pertinents pour décrire comment les business models soutenables la génèrent pour les personnes pauvres
Sustainable Value, a concept explaining benefits creation by business models, is gradually superseding the conventional value. However, its theoretical implications and empirical understanding have not been deeply studied. This research fills both gaps by investigating sustainable business models for the base of the pyramid. Our research started by conducting a systematic literature review to structure a priori concepts used in analyzing the value creation process. Later, a priori constructs were empirically tested through six sustainable business models. Literature review unveiled the misuse of several sustainable value constructs. The empirical study revealed the need of refining some a priori constructs and unearthed twelve new sustainable value constructs. With these results, we contribute to theory and practice in different ways. First, we clarify the meaning and implications of a priori constructs to build a tool for sustainable value analysis in business models. Second, we confirm this tool can contribute to revealing stakeholder interactions, understanding value generation, and developing sustainable value definitions. Third, we structure and define new constructs of sustainable value generation for advancing the theory. Finally, this thesis provides a comprehensive sustainable value definition and an adapted framework which integrates relevant a priori and emergent constructs and portrays how sustainable business models generate sustainable value for poor people

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Van, Rooyen Gert Willem. "Innovation focused on the base of pyramid : the case of an African telecommunications company." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/792.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In vandag se besigheidswêreld bestaan twee teenoorgestelde pole. Aan die een kant is die wêreld se gevorderde markte wat reeds so oorbevolk geraak het, dat dubbelsyfergroei ‘n skaars verskynsel is. Ten spyte hiervan word aanhoudende druk geplaas op senior bestuur om hulle besighede te groei teen koerse wat ‘n toename in aandeelhouersbelang sal verseker. Aan die ander kant is twee derdes van die wêreld se bevolking (4 Miljard mense), die sogenaamde basis van die ekonomiese piramiede (BVP), wat in armoede lewe en afgeskeep word in terme van noodsaaklike goedere en dienste, om nie eens te praat van weelde artikels nie. In dié markte is dubbelsyfergroei nog behaalbaar en in meeste gevalle is die enigste kompetisie die gevaar dat produkte nie verbruik word nie. Dié navorsing kyk na hoe dié twee pole geïntegreer kan word sodat beide daaruit kan voordeel trek. Besighede kan volhoubare vlakke van groei bewerkstellig deur ewe veel aandag te skenk aan volhoubare innovasies as ontwrigtende innovasies. Die klem wat gemaak word in dié navorsingsverlsag is dat besighede dit nie kan bekostig om net op volhoubare innovasies te fokus nie. Hulle moet ook in ontwrigtende innovasie strategieë belê. Die innovasie teorieë bepaal dat opkomende markte die beste plek is om ontwrigtende innovasies te ontwikkel. Verskeie multi-nasionale maatskappye het al egter misluk om die belowende massa-markte binne opkomende markte te penetreer. Die rede is dat baie van hul globale strategieë mik na die ontwikkelde marksegmente binne-in daardie ontwikkelende markte en nie op die massa-markte aan die BVP nie. Om tegnologieë te ontwikkel vir die BVP verg plaaslike strategieë en, onder andere, ‘n kwantum sprong in die prys-werkverrigting verhouding. In baie gevalle kan dit ‘n daling in prys wees met soveel as ‘n faktor van tien. Indien suksesvol, bestaan die moontlik dan om dié tegnologieë terug te vat om gevorderde markte te ontwrig. Daar is egter ook ‘n humanitêre sy van die saak. Elke jaar is armoede indirek verantwoordelik vir miljoene sterftes in Afrika en baie oorlewendes leef in haglike omstandighede sonder noodsaaklike goedere en dienste, terwyl hulle uitgebuit word deur ‘n paar informele besighede. Die BVP bied aan die gevorderde ekonomieë van die wêreld nie net die geleentheid om baie geld te maak nie, maar ook die geleentheid om op só ‘n manier besigheid te doen dat dit arm mense kan help om ‘n inkomste te verdien of selfs inkomste te genereer. Dit kan op baie verskillende maniere help om dié mense te lig vanuit armoede. Dit wil voorkom asof besigheid en die moontlikheid om welvaart te skep die mees effektiewe manier is om die BVP te lig vanuit armoede. Die BVP het egter die kennis, verantwoordelike besigheids-sin en die onderhandelingskrag van multi-nasionale besighede nodig om te verseker dat besigheid in dié markte op ‘n verantwoordlike, volhoubare manier geskied.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In today’s world of business two opposite poles exist. On the one end is the world’s developed economy that has become saturated to such an extent that double digit growth has become a scarcity. However despite this fact continuous pressure is being placed on managers to grow their companies at a rate that will ensure an increase in shareholder value. On the other end are two thirds of the world’s population (4 billion people), the base of the economic pyramid (BOP) that is desperately poor and underserved in terms of basic needs, let alone luxury items. Double digit growth is achievable in these markets with the only competition being non-consumption in many cases. This research looks at how these two poles can be integrated into a mutually beneficial relationship. Companies could ensure sustaining levels of growth if there is an equal focus on sustainable as well as disruptive innovations. The case made in this research report is that companies cannot afford to focus on sustainable innovations alone, but need to invest in disruptive innovations as well. The innovation theories hold that the best place to test and develop disruptive innovations is in emerging markets. However too many multinational corporations (MNCs) have failed to access the illusive mass markets within emerging economies. It seems that their strategies were focussed on the developed segments within those emerging markets and not on the masses that constitute the BOP. Developing technologies for the BOP requires a local strategy and, amongst other things, a quantum leap in the price-performance ratio - in many cases a typical reduction in price by a factor of ten. The possibility then exists to take these solutions back to disrupt developed markets. There is a human aspect to this scenario as well. Poverty has indirectly been a cause of millions of people dying in Africa every year and many survivors live in poor conditions without basic services and being exploited by few informal businesses. The BOP offers an opportunity for the developed economies, not only to make a lot of money, but also to innovate their products and business models to empower poor people to start earning and generating income. This will in many ways help them to rise from poverty. It seems that growing business and generating wealth might be the most efficient vehicle to help lift the BOP from poverty. However, the BOP needs MNCs to bring their power and knowledge to these markets to ensure that it is done responsibly and in a sustainable manner.

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Chouan, Camille Aliénor Rebecca. "Creating buyer-supplier commitment in food supply chains at the base of the pyramid." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11374.

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This research analyzes the role of relational aspects such as trust, commitment, power usage and interdependence in the framework of inclusive business strategies that engage agribusiness MNCs and smallholder farmers in food supply chains in Brazil. Inclusive business strategies that seek direct sourcing from smallholders in emerging countries have been acknowledged as a promising market-based approach to create social impact and improve the livelihoods of rural producers at the 'base of the pyramid', all the while enabling companies to strengthen their position in local markets and source quality raw materials at lower costs. Studies on this topic widely focus on the competitive and commercial advantages that food companies derive from directly sourcing from smallholder suppliers, presenting value chain models that can be tailored to fit their global business strategy, however there remains little theoretically-grounded knowledge on the inter-organizational and relational challenges of these buyer-supplier relationships. Moreover, little attention has been paid to how asymmetries between MNCs and smallholder suppliers in terms of power, dependence and value-orientation can affect the evolution of these relationships. The objective of the study was thus to describe the factors that enable these asymmetrical partners to build long-term and mutually beneficial business relationships. A grounded theory methodology was used, which was particularly appropriate to examine relationships and collect experiences from the field through interviews of both company executives and field staff and smallholders in three key sectors dominated by family agriculture in Brazil, namely dairy, poultry/swine husbandry and horticultural production. Key theoretical concepts from the field of Relationship Marketing were used to back the results from the field research. The main finding of this research is the importance of going beyond trust-building in the relationship management strategy and designing dyadic partnerships based on mutual interdependence in order to reduce asymmetries and enhance commitment between the MNC and the smallholder.
Esta pesquisa analisa o papel dos aspectos relacionais tais como confiança, comprometimento, interdependência e uso de poder âmbito das estratégias de negócios inclusivos que envolvem pequenos agricultores nas cadeias de valor de multinacionais dos agronegócios no Brasil. Os negócios inclusivos de abastecimento direto por empresas com pequenos agricultores em países em desenvolvimento têm sido reconhecidos como uma abordagem economicamente viavél e promissora para criar impacto social e melhorar as condições de vida de produtores rurais da 'base da pirâmide', ao mesmo tempo permitindo que as empresas reforçar as suas posições nos mercados locais e adquirir matérias primas de qualidade a custos mais baixos. Estudos sobre este tema focam amplamente sobre as vantagens comerciais e competitivas que as empresas derivam do abastecimento direito com pequenos fornecedores, apresentando modelos de cadeia de valor customizados e ajustados estratégias globais de negócios, no entanto ainda há pouco conhecimento teoricamente fundamentado sobre os desafios organizacionais e relacionais da relação entre o comprador multinacional e o fornecedor de baixa renda. Além disso, pouco foco tem-se prestado sobre como assimetrias entre multinacionais e produtores de baixa renda, em questão de poder, dependência e de valores pode afetar a evolução dessas relações de negócios. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os fatores que permitem a esses parceiros assimétricos de construir relacionamentos comerciais de longo prazo e mutuamente benéficos. A metodologia da teoria fundamentada foi usada e foi particularmente adequada para examinar as relações entre comprador e fornecedor e para recolher experiências de campo em três setores principais dominados pela agricultura familiar no Brasil, ou seja laticínios, avi-suinocultura e produção hortícola. Os principais conceitos teóricos da área de Relationship Marketing foram usados para apoiar os resultados da pesquisa de campo. A principal conclusão desta pesquisa é a importância de ir além da construção de confiança na estratégia de gestão do relacionamento entre comprador e fornecedor e de criar parcerias diádicas baseadas na interdependência mútua, a fim de reduzir as assimetrias e melhorar o comprometimento entre a empresa e o pequeno agricultor.

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Hasan, Md Rajibul. "Consumer adoption of pro-poor innovations in the bottom of the pyramid." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54347/.

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In the context of the developing world the marginalised and poor have gained new significance and are a focus for marketers owing to C.K. Prahalad’s (2005) seminal work on the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) market. To lessen and improve the lives of the poor, pro-poor innovations are necessary for this market. However, when pro-poor innovations are developed for the BOP market, it is important to understand that the BOP exhibits different characteristics from the middle and high income consumer market because of different constraints faced by BOP consumers in their day to day life. Pro-poor innovations must, therefore, be developed that are tailored for this market and its unique surroundings (e.g., economic constraints, unreliable electricity etc.), to overcome these constraints. There are examples in the BOP market, where very useful pro-poor innovations (e.g., pure drinking water) with clear social benefits were unsuccessful in this market. Therefore, it is important to understand the complex array of antecedents to pro-poor innovation adoption in the BOP context so that practitioners and policy makers can maximise their chances of success in this large and socially important market. To understand the antecedents of innovation adoption, a range of theoretical models were developed (e.g., Value based Adoption Model, Consumer Acceptance of Technology model) but these have typically been validated within western, developed contexts. However, there is little research, which has investigated pro-poor innovation adoption in the BOP context. This research seeks to understand consumers’ pro-poor innovation adoption in the BOP context through: 1) empirically comparing seven innovation adoption models, 2) conceptually and empirically formulating an integrated pro-poor innovation adoption model, and 3) validating the newly developed model for the BOP. This research investigated these three objectives by conducting two studies. Study 1 was carried out to empirically compare the validity of seven consumer based innovation adoption models in the BOP. Following the procedure of Venkatesh et al. (2003), the empirical results of this comparison were coupled with theory in the area to conceptualise and develop a new model of innovation adoption for the BOP, coined here as the Integrated Theory of Pro-poor Innovation Adoption (ITPIA). Later, Study 2 was conducted to validate the newly developed ITPIA model in the BOP market. Consequently, this research contributes significantly to our understanding of the antecedents to consumer innovation adoption in this market through integrating elements of seven well-established consumer based innovation adoption models. The ITPIA model explains innovation adoption better than these existing seven models, which were mainly developed to explain innovation adoption by wealthier consumers in western contexts. This thesis also contributes by taking account of consumer heterogeneity such as urban and rural BOP area and different age groups. Although it may be common to assume that the BOP market want cheap products to suit their needs, the ITPIA model developed here shows that successful pro-poor innovations should address more than the lack of money of the BOP segment. It appears from this research that BOP consumers are not just rationally motivated. This research contributes by showing that BOP consumers don’t just look for functional, utilitarian benefits but are more likely to adopt a new product if it provides some degree of affective and hedonic gratifications. Interestingly, whereas consumer innovation adoption related research (Venkatesh et al., 2012) in developed country contexts suggests that intention is the strongest predictor of usage behaviour, this research contributes by providing the fact that supporting environment, which reduces external and internal constraints related to adoption of pro-poor innovations, is the strongest determinant of intention and usage behaviour of BOP consumers. Therefore, this research provides valuable theoretical and practical guidance about key antecedents, which influence the consumer adoption of pro-poor innovations in the BOP context, and this is of relevance to academics and policy makers with an interest in these markets.

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Tasavori, Misagh. "Corporate social entrepreneurship at the bottom of the economic pyramid : antecedents and outcomes in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/corporate-social-entrepreneurship-at-the-bottom-of-the-economic-pyramidantecedents-and-outcomes-in-india(f176097e-b1fa-4347-81e1-ec13557474fd).html.

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Increasingly, developed countries' markets, which are usually characterized by wealthy customers, are getting saturated. This has necessitated that multinational corporations (MNCs) seek new solutions for their future growth and profitability. One of the markets that has attracted the attention of MNCs is the bottom of the economic pyramid (BOP), which comprises four billion people. However, reaching this market, characterized as having a low income of less than $2 a day, is not easily achievable. Corporations have to revisit their prior business models and develop winwin solutions that serve the needs of the poor and create profits. To conceptualize the market-based initiatives of MNCs at the BOP, this research employs the concept of corporate social entrepreneurship (CSE). CSE is defined in this research as the process of innovatively identifying and exploiting social opportunities in large and established organizations with the aim of creating economic and social value. The research questions that this dissertation seeks to answer are concerned with exploring the antecedents and outcomes of CSE. First, built upon three related strands of literature - social entrepreneurship, corporate entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility - this research attempts to provide a preliminary understanding of the potential antecedents and outcomes of CSE. Then, by employing multiple qualitative and exploratory case studies, CSE and its antecedents and outcomes are empirically investigated in eight multinational companies in India. The research identifies demand conditions and stakeholder expectations as the environmental factors that predict CSE. Three organizational characteristics - management support, a network orientation towards social sector organizations, and the availability of financial resources - are also found to be determining factors. The outcomes are identified associal value creation, long-term profitability and legitimacy. These antecedents and outcomes are theoretically explained and supported by contingency theory, the contingent resource-based view and stakeholder theory.

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Hahn, Rüdiger. "Multinationale Unternehmen und die "Base of the Pyramid" neue Perspektiven von corporate citizenship und nachhaltiger Entwicklung." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/992705762/04.

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Mokhatshane, Mosala William. "Optimisation of the use and access to financial services at the base of the pyramid in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23711.

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At the recent South African Banking Associations inaugural summit held on September 2010, it was estimated that the unbanked South Africans have put approximately R12 billion “under their mattresses” (Greyvenstein, 2010). This money would have a huge impact in the banking system if it was banked. It is widely held that whilst this problem is not uniquely South African and as per the latest Finscope survey results, since 2004, when Finscope first began tracking the number of adults not being served, a steady decline has been noted over the years in the number of banked individuals. The 2009 survey shows a further 2% deterioration when compared to 2008 in the financially excluded category. The 2009 Finscope report findings also show for the first time since 2004, a decline in the percentage number of South African adults who are banked from 63% in 2008 to 60% in 2009. The financial services sector has been identified as playing a crucial role in this transformation through its financing activities. It is therefore in this context that Beck and de la Torre (2006) argued that broad access to financial services is related to economic and social development. The South African government has therefore implemented various initiatives to combat these challenges. These initiatives, some together with the private sector, include the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, Financial Sector Charter, Dedicated Banks Bill and the launch of the Mzansi initiative.The Government is aware that broad-based BEE cannot happen unless previously disadvantaged individuals, especially the poor, are able to access financial services – in order to borrow and invest in small businesses, to save and to protect themselves against risks. The basis of the research is therefore to explore some of the reasons for the low access to financial services in South Africa’s Foundation of the Pyramid (LSM 1- 4) and to find possible solutions by building a model that could possibly work based on propositions related to aspects of the literature around employment status and income, access to credit, some type of identifiable address / dwellings, education, use of technology and costs. The analysis of the proposed model using frequency, descriptive statistics and the results of the chi-square test upheld all but one of the propositions and showed the possibility of this model to work in South Africa. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Höfling, Miriam. "‘Base of the pyramid’ markets as incubators for innovations : Implications for innovation processes of internationally operating companies." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-261706.

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This thesis identifies the enabling factors that are relevant for a company’s BoP innovation process. It aims at visualizing differences and challenges of BoP innovation processes in contrast to generic innovation processes. A literature review which was conducted first identified seven enabling factors for generic innovation processes: customer orientation, rigorous planning & early specification, pre-development activities, formalized project selection, functional competence & cross-functional teams, strong project leader and top management support. These theoretical findings provided the necessary framework for the qualitative, semi-structured interviews that were conducted with two companies, GE Healthcare and Godrej & Boyce, which both recently implemented a BoP project. The empirical results visualized the companies’ BoP innovation processes and suggested the following findings. First, the focus on customer orientation was strengthened as a company’s unfamiliarity with the local context strengthens the importance of exactly understanding the consumers’ needs. Second, rigorous planning & early specification was found not as important as in generic innovation processes due to the novelty of the endeavor and the necessary adjustments in the course of the project. Third, predevelopment activities remain important. Fourth, formalized project selection is found to be one of the most influential factors for a BoP innovation project. Fifth, no difference in significance was found in functional competence & cross-functional team. However, the two dimensions of internationality of the team and proximity to respective decision makers were added. Sixth, the case studies showed that a strong project champion is decisive for a BoP project. Last, top management support was found to be one of the most important factors for a BoP innovation project as adjusting structural factors and strategic orientations is necessary for a BoP project to fully unfold. Furthermore, three additional factors (strategic (re-)orientation of a company, independent business unit and mindsets and work approach) were discussed.

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Fick, James Desmond. "Serving the base of the pyramid in South Africa : the case of the Mzansi basic bank account." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/840.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mzansi rekening, as Eerste Orde Nasionale rekening, is gesamentlik deur die “Groot 4” banke geloods, spesifiek met die oog daarop om toegang tot groter finansiële dienste te bewerkstellig in lyn met die Finansiële Dienste Handves. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die sukses van die Mzansi rekening in terme van die verbetering van toegang tot finansiële dienste en die verwesinliking van Prahalad se visie van die Fortuin aan die onderkant van die piramide of die sogenaamde Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Die studie is gedoen deur onderhoude te voer met industrie-kenners wat nou betrokke was met die loods van die Mzansi rekening, asook deur ’n oorsig te doen van ’n verslag van die onlangse kommisie van ondersoek oor kompetisie in die bankwese in Suid Afrika. Die Mzansi rekening is inderdaad suksesvol daarin om toegang tot finansiële dienste vir alle Suid Afrikaners beskikbaar te maak, maar dit is steeds nie winsgewend vir die banke nie. Die Mzansi rekening is dus nie in lyn met Prahalad se visie van die BoP nie. Die winsgewendheid van die rekening in die toekoms hang af van die graad van aanvaarding van armes van meer doeltreffende elektroniese transaksies. Tot op datum wil dit voorkom asof Prahalad se gevoel dat die armes gevorderde tegnologie maklik aanvaar nie in die bank sektor in Suid Afrika geld nie. ’n Toenemende fokus op gebruik eerder as toegang en ’n beter belyning met Prahalad se twaalf beginsels van innovasie by die BoP mag egter wel beter wins vir die banke inhou. Selfs al sou winste nie materialiseer nie, is dit steeds voordelig vir banke wat bereid is om te eksperimenteer en te leer van die Mzansi ervaring. Die Mzansi rekening mag dalk die katalis wees vir nuwe en verbeterde produkte wat suksesvol sal wees in die BOP mark.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mzansi account, as a First Order National Bank Account, was jointly launched by the Big 4 Banks (ABSA, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank) specifically to increase access to financial services in line with the requirements of the Financial Sector Charter (FSC). This study explores the success of the Mzansi account with regard to improving access to financial services and achieving Prahalad’s vision of a Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). The study was conducted by interviewing industry experts who were intimately involved in the launch of the Mzansi account and reviewing the transcripts of the recent commission of enquiry into the competition of banking in South Africa. The Mzansi account has been successful in increasing financial access for all South Africans but has not proved to be profitable for the banks. The Mzansi bank account therefore does not support Prahalad’s vision that there is a fortune at the base of the pyramid. The future profitability of the account is dependent on the acceptance of the poor of more efficient electronic transacting. To date it would seem that Prahalad’s notion that the poor accept advanced technology readily does not apply within the banking sector of South Africa. An increased focus on usage as apposed to access and a better alignment to Prahalad’s twelve principles of innovation at the BoP may well bring increased profits for the banks. Even if profits don’t materialise, for those banks willing to experiment and learn from the Mzansi experience. The Mzansi account may well be a catalyst for new and/or improved products that will be successful in the BoP market.

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Oliveira, Gibson Meira. "Inovação em serviços para a base da pirâmide." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7952.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The bottom of the social pyramid in Brazil concentrates many people. Innovating the services offered to them means including consumers that were neglected or would otherwise remain poorly assisted by the existing offers, thus potentializing business opportunities to firms that are seeking a new market. In this context, this research aimed to analyze how companies are dealing with service innovation to cater to consumers at the bottom of the pyramid. More specifically, it aimed to identify the innovations adopted by firms, classify the types of innovation and propose a framework to better explain them. Methodology included multiple case studies; three firms that offer services to such public. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, direct observations and documents. Data for each case was both individually analyzed and cross-examined. Results showed that in order to serve the bottom of the pyramid firms have developed market and process innovations, and also implemented – throughout their trajectories – improvement innovation, incremental innovation and formalization innovation. Through the transilience map it was possible to notice that two out of the three firms studied developed new competencies to match the needs of the bottom of the pyramid. In addition, it is understood that there may be an alignment between the transilience map and the disruptive innovation concepts. The three firms showed partial or total adherence to the proposed framework; in some cases, there was a need to change the type of service offered. It was concluded that although disruptive innovations are aimed at a low income consumers it takes more than just those to serve this public. Furthermore, in the cases analyzed, the service sector possesses an innovation dynamics that is contrary to the technical approach, since technology is not the major driver for innovation. However, this element becomes a support that allows for constant improvement in the service offered.
No Brasil há um grande número de pessoas concentradas na base da pirâmide social. Inovar em serviços para atendê-las, significa incluir consumidores que foram deixados de fora ou permaneceriam mal acolhidos pelas ofertas já existentes, potencializando oportunidades de negócios para empresas que buscam um novo mercado. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar como empresas estão lidando com as inovações em serviços para atender aos consumidores da base da pirâmide. Especificamente, buscou-se identificar as inovações empreendidas pelas empresas; classificar os tipos de inovação e propor um framework que melhor explique as inovações executadas. Utilizou-se estudo de casos múltiplos como estratégia metodológica, abordando três empresas que ofertam serviços direcionados a tal público. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações diretas e documentos. A análise dos dados para cada caso foi empreendida de forma individual e cruzada. Os resultados evidenciaram que, para atendar à Base da Pirâmide, as empresas têm desenvolvido inovações de mercado e de processo e empreendido também, ao longo de suas trajetórias, inovações de melhoria, incrementais e formalizadoras. Por meio do Mapa de Transiliência foi possível perceber que dois dos três casos estudados desenvolveram novas competências para atender à base da pirâmide. Além disso, compreende-se que seja possível o alinhamento entre o mapa de transiliência e os conceitos de inovação de ruptura. Nas três empresas pesquisadas observou-se a aderência parcial ou total ao framework proposto, havendo, em alguns casos, a necessidade de modificações que estão relacionadas ao tipo de serviço prestado. Conclui-se que, apesar de inovações disruptivas estarem direcionadas a um público de baixa renda, as mesmas não são unicamente necessárias para atendê-lo. Ademais, nos casos analisados, o setor de serviços possui uma dinâmica de inovação que vai, muitas vezes, de encontro à abordagem tecnicista, não sendo a tecnologia o maior propulsor para a inovação. Todavia, esse elemento se torna um suporte que permite a melhoria constante do serviço prestado.

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25

Rusden, Sally Anne 1954. "Management of the community economic base as a strategy for economic development." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276924.

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Application of economic base analysis at a multi-level scale illustrates the usefulness of this approach to tracking and measuring the economic flows and linkages between three defined areas. A census survey of employers in six rural communities of the White Mountain Region of Arizona is used to collect employment and sales data at a high level of specificity. These data serve as the basis for bifurcation of basic and nonbasic components necessary for estimating the multiplier. Measurement of these data determine the extent of economic dependence and spatial interaction which exist between communities, and between the region and the outside world. In addition, the study refines established procedures and applies a full range of adjustments to primary and secondary data sources to produce highly refined multipliers for the region and each community.

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26

Mathibe, Motshedisi Sina. "An analysis of multinational enterprises' modes of entry for base of the pyramid markets in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67800.

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The main research question of this study is: What influences the choice of entry modes for the BoP markets in Sub-Saharan Africa? A literature review was conducted which assisted in developing a case study research design, involving three South African Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) within the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, serving both the wealthy consumers and the BoP markets. Only MNEs who have been operating in other sub-Saharan Africa countries for more than 10 years were selected. Content analysis was used to code and analyse the qualitative data collected through semi structured in-depth interviews conducted with three heads of the Sub-Saharan Africa within these FMCGs that have already expanded into the BoP markets of Sub-Saharan Africa. The study found that in order to choose modes of entry that works, the MNEs must first identify the characteristics of the BoP market they want to enter, then choose the positioning strategy in line with these characterises. Both the characteristics of the BoP market within the chosen country, and the positioning strategy chosen influences the MNE’s choice of modes of entry. This study found that positioning strategies linked to BoP characteristics ensures that MNEs’ product offering are acceptable in the BoP markets, thus ensuring that the companies’ products are acceptable, affordable and accessible to BoP consumers. The study also found the modes of entry which are applicable for the affluent markets do not always work for the BoP markets. As a result, four modes of entry which were found to be working for the BoP markets in sub-Saharan Africa were joint venture, franchise, partnership and direct export. Direct export was found to working where distribution networks are available to reach rural consumers. The study concludes by presenting a conceptual framework that can be used by MNEs when choosing modes of entry for the BoP markets in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Business Management
PhD
Unrestricted

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27

BLANCO, FERNÁNDEZ Oscar. "Analysis and Dimensioning of a Large Scale Solar Cooking System : A solution for the Base of the Pyramid Market." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240286.

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This thesis introduces an analysis and dimensioning of a solar powered solution for enabling clean and sustainable cooking in developing areas. Access to clean cooking is a great challenge hindering human development, with significant health, environmental, and economic implications. The proposed solution is analysed and modelled in this work. Recommendations are given on the development of the project, reviewing the critical factors for its success. The solution is a novel approach for providing power for cooking through solar energy. Targeted market segment is institutional cooking, where current cooking fuels are commonly based on firewood and charcoal. The system integrates a solar trough collector array, an oil heat storage, a heating unit for the cooking recipient, and two thermosiphons for transporting the heat between each component. The technology is under development, requiring an accurate analysis and further work in the design. The work presented analyses the solution and its implementation in a specific case study. A modelling software was built as a tool for dimensioning the technology and observing its behaviour. Moreover, specific values were obtained on the dimensions for the case study. A structured critic of the system through a deep review allowed for observations on risks, future work, and additional recommendations. Simulations for the case study enabled the first values on the dimensions of the system. Flexibility of the model was provided to repeat this exercise for future case studies. The analysis unexpected critical factors for the solution such as user behaviour and reviewed expected ones such as the insulation or the size of the heat storage. There are still many challenges to overcome for the success of the analyzed project. This thesis gives a basis for future work and strong guidance for the development of the solution.

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Bora, Sarita Monteiro. "Inovações sustentáveis na base da pirâmide: estudo de multicasos de empresas brasileiras." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7957.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Due to environmental degradation, stemming mainly from increased consumption and industrial activities, since the 1960s, organizations are aiming for a narrowing between technological progress and the promotion of social and environmental well-being. With the growing concern for the environment, sustainable management has become a key differentiator and thus organizations seek, through innovation in products and services, meet the new market demands. However, efforts directed towards efficient environmental management are typically driven by the demands of established markets. Nevertheless, Hart and Christensen (2002) argue that emerging markets, also known as "base of the pyramid", represent great business opportunities, as they are considered ideal for welcome new environmentally friendly technologies and high impact. In this sense, the purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the sustainable innovations developed by Brazilian organizations to the base of the pyramid. Specifically, by characterizing the sustainable innovations aimed at the base of the pyramid developed by Brazilian organizations; identifying the determinants of sustainable innovations to the base of the pyramid markets; justifying the reasons for the adoption of sustainable innovations aimed at the base of the pyramid considering the perspective of the Institutional Theory. The analysis of data was through descriptive analysis of multiple case study, which is commonly suggested by authors to fill gaps in empirical contribution. Data analysis was carried out individually and cross-case. Based on the characterization found, the results show that at the national level, sustainable innovations developed for the bottom of the pyramid are still in an incipient moment, because although they provide small benefits under social and environmental point of view, they do not produce large impacts on society as a whole. It was also verified the existence of determinants that stimulated the development of these innovations in the cases studied such as regulations, incentives, base of pyramid market, specific firm factors and sustainable technology. These findings served to delineate the mechanisms of institutional isomorphism present in the analyzed cases. It was found that the coercive isomorphism is still very dominant, being the predominant reason for the adoption of sustainable innovations in the bottom of the pyramid, followed by mimetic isomorphism.
Devido ao processo de degradação do meio ambiente, decorrente sobretudo da intensificação do consumo e atividades industriais, desde os anos 60 procura-se um estreitamento entre o progresso tecnológico e a promoção do bem estar socioambiental. Com a crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente, a gestão sustentável tornou-se um diferencial importante e com isso as organizações procuram, através das inovações de produtos e serviços, atender as novas demandas do mercado. Os esforços dirigidos para gestão socioambiental eficiente são normalmente impulsionadas pelas demandas de mercados estabelecidos. Contudo, Hart e Christensen (2002) afirmam que os mercados emergentes denominados de “base da pirâmide” representam ótimas oportunidades de negócios, uma vez que são considerados ideais para recepcionar novas tecnologias ambientalmente amigáveis e de alto impacto. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as inovações sustentáveis desenvolvidas por organizações brasileiras para a base da pirâmide. Especificamente, caracterizar as inovações sustentáveis voltadas para a base da pirâmide desenvolvidas por organizações brasileiras; identificar os determinantes das inovações sustentáveis para os mercados da base da pirâmide; justificar as razões da adoção das inovações sustentáveis voltadas para a base da pirâmide sob ótica da Teoria Institucional. A análise dos dados ocorreu de forma descritiva. Dentre as estratégias de pesquisas, optou-se pelo estudo de casos múltiplos, a qual é comumente sugerida por autores da temática como forma de preencher lacunas da contribuição empírica. A análise dos dados foi feita de forma individual e cruzada dos casos. Os resultados apontam que no âmbito nacional, as inovações sustentáveis desenvolvidas para a base da pirâmide estão ainda em um momento incipiente, visto que embora proporcione pequenos benefícios sob ponto de vista socioambiental, não produzem grandes impactos na sociedade como um todo. Foi possível verificar também a existência de determinantes que estimularam o desenvolvimento dessas inovações nos casos estudados, sendo eles fatores como regulamentações, incentivos, mercado na base da pirâmide, fatores específicos a firma e tecnologia sustentável. Esses achado serviram para delinear os mecanismos de isomorfismo institucionais presentes nas organizações. Dessa forma, constatou-se que o isomorfismo coercitivo ainda é muito dominante, sendo o motivo predominante para adoção das inovações sustentáveis na base da pirâmide, seguido pelo isomorfismo mimético.

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29

Taylor, Rowan Alexander Rupert. "Bank business models in base of the pyramid markets in Africa : an analysis of co-creation between banks and stakeholders." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bank-business-models-in-base-of-the-pyramid-markets-in-africa-an-analysis-of-cocreation-between-banks-and-stakeholders(79634ab8-c418-4312-9f7a-9cd851d951f5).html.

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The bottom of the pyramid (BoP) market in Africa is a significant opportunity for multinational banks. To address this banks’ need to increase their understanding of their BoP context, develop new approaches to overcome BoP obstacles, and use technology to create new commercially viable business models. The purpose of this study was to investigate how banks use co-creation with stakeholders to operate in BoP markets in Africa. The research explored how banks provide services to companies and individuals that currently do not use banks services, and acquire understanding by working with companies, individuals and other market actors to generate services that creates an infrastructure for BoP markets to ‘work’. This study addresses the gap in the research on how banks co-create in BoP markets, providing understanding of how banks’ create approaches to customers and operating models to achieve sustainable growth in BoP markets. Empirically, the study examined specific bank projects to better understand how co-creation supports banks to delivers sustainable and scalable business models. The main findings from the empirical research demonstrated positive results, strong leadership and commercial management are critical to banks operating in BoP markets in Africa; concurring with arguments put forward by Casado Cañeque and Hart (2015) and extending London and Hart’s (2010) analysis into a banking context. Research confirmed post-financial-crisis corporate governance of banks and their boards’ ability to ensure they can demonstrate their banks are well managed, and management having a detailed understanding of the operations, has created trade-offs and restrictions on how banks operate in BoP markets. No common strategies emerged to create a new business model for banking in BoP markets in Africa. No immediate significant new direction emerged for banks to overcome their business models’ legacy of inflexibility to address the needs of BoP customers. Results revealed bank proposition development approach remains generally focused on developed, rather than developing, customer contexts and regulations. The majority of BoP customers in Africa remain excluded due to cost, distance, and a lack of suitable products, as variables such as access, cost and regulation made it challenging for banks to provide compelling bank-wide propositions. BoP customers in Africa are becoming easier to access, as banks, card networks, and mobile network operators use digital technology, like mobile phones, to access BoP customer markets at lower costs than traditional business models, allowing new approaches to proposition development, such as test and learn in the field. The findings demonstrated value in co-creation via partnerships, supporting Simanis (2012), who maintained that firms are likely to be successful in BoP markets if they use existing infrastructure and local partnerships to enter BoP markets, and that pioneering work on microfinance initiatives embracing new approaches to digital technology across banking markets has led banks to reconcile the need for new approaches to BoP markets.

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30

Boman, Hanna, and Matilda Johnsson. "SupaMoto - ett innovativt sätt för Base of the Pyramid att spisa hälsosamt : En fallstudie på Emerging Cooking Solutions i Zambia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227024.

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”Base of the Pyramid” (BOP) beskriver de fyra miljarder människor som lever i extrem fattigdom. Även om de är fattiga har de tillsammans stark konsumentkraft, vilket gör BOP till en marknad som inte ska förbises. Företaget Emerging Cooking Solutions (ECS) tillverkar pellets av överbliven biomassa i Zambia som kan användas som bränsle i matlagningsspisar de säljer. Fallstudien på ECS avser att undersöka hur ett innovationsnätverk har möjlighet att påverka etablering av en innovation, i detta fall pellets, på en BOP-marknad. Från befintlig forskning kring BOP, innovationsprinciper samt de 4 A:na identifierades de fyra kategorierna: funktion, kostnad, distribution samt miljö som ett företag bör arbeta utifrån när de utvecklar och etablerar en produkt. Därefter analyseras kategorierna efter innovationsnätverkets nivåer. Studien visar att ifall en innovation är anpassad efter BOP-marknadens krav, samtidigt som den har tydligt koncept, är företaget mer benäget att attraherar rätt aktörer som kan påverka deras etablering. Ifall konceptet har andra värdefulla påföljder, såsom positiv miljöpåverkan, istället för bara ekonomiska kan företaget gynnas ytterligare av nätverket.

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31

Obeng, Dankwah George. "MNCs and local microbusinesses at the bottom/base of pyramid (BoP) in Ghana : a fair deal or business as usual?" Thesis, Aston University, 2018. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/37829/.

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The bottom of pyramid (BoP) concept holds that multinational companies (MNCs) can profitably serve the needs of the poor and have the opportunity to invest in the BoP market to‘do good and do well’ simultaneously. This thesis contributes to BoP concept by challenging the notion that- MNCs and big companies are the initiators of BoP business models. Recent scholars cited NGOs, SMEs, and governments as initiators, without recognising the visible activities of microbusinesses in the developing economies such as Ghana. This project aims to understand the origins of BoP business models, examine both MNCs’ co-optation and offering more of MNCs and local microbusinesses’ activities in the BoP market of Ghana. It examines the how MNCs got interest to engage the poor microbusinesses in the BoP market. The research employed case study approach and explores how MNCs interact with the local microbusinesses in the BoP market, using so-called Gioia method for data analysis. The main result of the empirical research demonstrated the source of innovation in the BoP market as the microbusinesses and not MNCs and large companies. MNCs just identify gaps in the BoP market and then develop cost-effective solutions that often help to serve the market. The research examined a type of BoP strategy (co-optation) that was not wholly discussed in the BoP literature. BoP as a concept has become performative in Ghana as Pralahad’s proposition influenced MNCs’ managers to show interest in the BoP market.

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32

Vias, Alexander Carl 1959. "Specification of economic base multipliers in small Arizona communities." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278485.

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Despite a wide assortment of problems that cover a broad range of topics, from questions and doubts about its theoretical underpinnings, to a host of application difficulties, economic base analysis still figures prominently in the geographic literature. This thesis uses the Arizona Community Data Set to examine two important issues that remain unresolved or inadequately addressed in the literature. The results presented support Tiebout's hypothesis that the Keynesian macroeconomic approach, emphasizing the role of all the sectors in an economy produces more reliable multipliers estimates than Hoyt's traditional approach. Additionally, it is shown that, through disaggregation, it is possible to use the relationships between sectoral basic and nonbasic employment to produce multipliers that resemble those obtained through input-output analysis. Overall the results suggest that with the use of reliable survey data the economic base concept can still produce valuable information on the effects of an impact in a small community.

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33

Nomahlubi, Angela Ndhlovu. "A comparative analysis of the business models applied for the development of products and services for the Bottom of the Pyramid." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45238.

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The growth in developing markets has created a need for businesses to re-look their strategies and become players in the emerging economies. With the advancement of growth in the developing countries, new opportunities are created with innovative solutions coming from developing countries and being sold to developed countries. Besides the projected growth and opportunities in the developing countries, the majority of people living in poverty are found in these countries. They are also faced with challenges such as lack of infrastructure and lack of property rights. Firms that want to successfully serve these markets will need to develop innovative business models that will create value for the shareholders, communities and other stakeholders.The purpose of this study is to explore business models developed for the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) in different industries and to understand what makes them successful despite facing the institutional voids experienced in developing countries with the intention to provide a high-level generic business model template that can be used for firms that are targeting the BOP markets. The objective of this report, hence, was to explore the differences in business models developed by firms serving the BOP market; identify the challenges of doing business in developing countries and explore how those challenges are met; and identify the critical success factors in serving the BOP markets.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
pagibs2015
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
Unrestricted

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34

Quintero, James Paul. "Regional economic development : an economic base study and shift-share analysis of Hays County, Texas /." View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/259/.

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35

Passos, Carlos Augusto. "A estratégia das empresas que atuam na base da pirâmide estendida - BOP-E: um estudo da eficiência financeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-27072018-151857/.

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Para atuar nos mercados da Base da Pirâmide - BOP (Bottom of Pyramid) estratégias customizadas são requeridas dadas as especificidades do consumidor alvo, em que não apenas a restrição à renda se configura, mas também, o acesso ao produto e as necessidades de especificações relacionadas ao seu uso e local. Assim, as organizações precisam atuar com produtos de baixos preços e crédito, devido à restrição de renda do consumidor, obrigatoriamente trabalhando com eficiência, baixos custos de produção, maiores volumes de produção e investimentos em canais de distribuição. As principais publicações não chegaram a um acordo sobre se a atuação na BOP é produtiva ou ilusória, em que se pesem os vários estudos de caso e os vários estudos específicos de estratégias para a BOP. Recentes estudos sobre eficiência indicaram não haver diferença entre elas no mercado, no entanto, importantes autores a veem, mesmo que com grandes vieses. Até mesmo a caracterização da BOP no Brasil foi colocada em discussão. Esta pesquisa utilizou abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa na análise dos dados feitas através de survey eletrônica e questionário, que foram trabalhados por meio de metodologia multicritério e utilizando como base conceitual a Teoria dos Grupos Estratégicos. Assim, o estudo apresenta quais diferenças existem entre as eficiências financeiras das indústrias que atuam ou não na BOP e apresenta um modelo de dimensões estratégicas que estão mais associadas à alta eficiência financeira dos Grupos Estratégicos (GEs) das indústrias de móveis, de confecções, de alimentos, de bebidas, de higiene que ofertam produtos para a BOP estendida, renomeada dessa maneira por incluir a classe C no estudo, diferentemente ao conceito inicial da BOP. Adjacentes a esse objetivo principal, esta tese avaliou a correlação de eficiências com as principais variáveis econômicas e identificou quais dimensões estratégicas estão associadas aos mercados BOP-e, Não-BOP e Misto, dos GEs. A expectativa é de que a pesquisa possa ser mais um dos poucos estudos significativos que inter-relacionam estratégia e eficiência financeira no país, portanto, busca avançar no campo teórico das estratégias relacionadas à BOP, bem como, apresentar dados empíricos sobre Grupos Estratégicos e BOP, contribuindo gerencialmente com a exposição das dimensões estratégicas e estrutura financeira dos GEs que apresentam melhor eficiência financeira dentro da BOP-e, de forma a serem ponderadas pelos executivos em suas tomadas de decisões.
To operate in the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) markets, customized strategies are required given the specificities of the target consumer, where not only the income restriction is configured, but also the access to the product and related specifications needs to its use and location. Thus, organizations need to work with products of low prices and credit due to consumer income restriction necessarily working efficiently, lower production costs, higher production volumes and investments in distribution channels. The main publications did not reach an agreement on whether the performance in the BOP is productive or illusory, considering the various case studies and the several specific studies of strategies for BOP. Recent studies on efficiency indicated that there is no difference between them in the market, however, important authors see it, even if with great bias. Even the characterization of BOP in Brazil was placed under discussion. This research used a quantitative and qualitative approach in the analysis of the data made through electronic survey and questionnaire, which were worked through a multicriteria methodology and using as conceptual basis the Theory of Strategic Groups. Thus, the study shows that differences exist between the financial efficiencies of industries that operate or not in the BOP and presents a model of strategic dimensions that are more associated with high financial efficiency of Strategic Groups (SGs) of the furniture industry, of the clothing industry, of the food industry, of the beverage industry and of the hygiene that offer products for the extended BOP, renamed in this way by including class C in the study, unlike the initial concept of BOP. Adjacent to this main objective, this thesis evaluated the correlation of efficiencies with the main economic variables and identified which strategic dimensions are associated with the BOP-e, Non-BOP and Mixed markets of the SGs. The expectation is that the research may be one of the few significant studies that interrelate strategy and financial efficiency in the country, therefore, it seeks to advance in the theoretical field of strategies related to the BOP, as well as to present empirical data on Strategic Groups and BOP , contributing managerially with the exposure of the strategic dimensions and financial structure of the GEs that present better financial efficiency within the BOP-e, in order to be considered by the executives in their decision-making.

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Miltenburg, Tim. "Scaling sales is scaling impact : A case study of value creation and management in for-profit social enterprises." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170058.

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Conceptualizing social entrepreneurship has proven to be challenging. Social enterprises are often regarded as enterprises that create social value or social impact. However, social value and social impact remain ill-defined and ambiguous concepts. This paper provides a qualitative description of how social enterprises create value, what their impact is and what this entails for managing and conceptualizing them. The analysis is based on a case study that comprises of: a comprehensive review of the literature, four in-depth interviews with for-profit social enterprises that work with renewable energy access in developing countries and secondary data on their impact and environmental context. We find that social enterprises create value through building intricate networks with their stakeholders. They use feedback from their customers and the market to pivot their business models to increase their potential for value creation. The increase in utility of their customers is an important part of their impact. This is also the value creation the customer cares about and is willing to pay for. However, there is impact beyond this increased utility, which seems to result from two things: the fact that the problems and needs the social enterprises target have positive externalities (1); and the fact that the social enterprises seem to purposefully design their value proposition, business model and value chain to maximize positive externalities and minimize negative externalities (2). Finally, we propose that in their value proposition, business model and value chain social entrepreneurs combine a logic of empowerment, collaboration and control.

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37

Rubio, Flávia Carrasco. "A ortodoxia e heterodoxia revistas em sua base: uma leitura de economia política." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10589.

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The present study aims to evaluate, from a theoretical perspective, the fundamental basis argumentative which put economic science at distinct level of analysis. On one hand, the strong mathematical apparatus and microfundamentals that support the mainstream economic view. On the other hand, Keynes’s evaluation (post-keynesian perspective) about economic science. Therefore, the first chapter starts rebuilding the orthodox economics in its basis. From that perspective, the purpose of the study is focused on the new classic economic school, furthermore the contributions of Robert Lucas, the best specialist in the wealth and work processes. The second chapter presents the heterodox construction through a post-keynesian perspective, that by analyzing Keynes, and specially the work of Davidson, will propose to look back to political economics. In the third chapter, the objective is to discuss a new methodology of economics, study objects and their positioning within science.
O presente trabalho busca avaliar, de uma perspectiva teórica, as bases fundamentais argumentativas que colocam a ciência econômica em patamares tão distintos de análise: De um lado, o forte aparato matemático e de microfundamentos que sustentam a visão do mainstream economics. De outro a avaliação de Keynes (da perspectiva pós-keynesiana) acerca do objeto da ciência econômica. Para isso, inicia-se no primeiro capítulo uma reconstrução da Economia ortodoxa em sua base. De tal perspectiva, o estudo proposto se concentra na chamada escola novo clássica, sobretudo as contribuições de Robert Lucas, expoente maior, acerca do processo de geração de renda e emprego. No segundo capítulo, apresenta-se o constructo heterodoxo, através de uma perspectiva pós-keynesiana que ao resgatar Keynes, sobretudo os trabalhos de Davidson, vai propor a volta ao olhar de economia política. No terceiro capítulo visa construir o debate acerca da metodologia econômica, objetos de estudo e seu posicionamento dentro da ciência.

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38

Collins, Mark. "The economic impact of base realignment and closure on local communities." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4553.

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39

Ferreira, Renata Campos. "A teoria da base da pirâmide e a inovação social : onde o benefício económico se une ao benefício social." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19009.

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Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Desde sua aparição, o tema inovar para a base da pirâmide ganhou notoriedade entre os investigadores e também entre as multinacionais, interessadas no potencial economico existente junto a este mercado. Ao considerar a evolução deste conceito, estar-se-ia diante de uma proposta que permite às empresas não apenas alcançar a lucratividade, mas também contribuir para a sociedade, o que poderia levar a uma possível ligação com a inovação social. Apesar do grande conteúdo acadêmico gerado pelos dois temas, e da possível similaridade entre as abordagens, esta junção ainda é um tema com poucos estudos e referências publicadas. Com o intuito de ajudar a suprir esta necessidade, este estudo pretende compreender a possibilidade da atuação das multinacionais no mercado na base da pirâmide com a real criação de valor social. A presente investigação foi desenvolvida com base em uma metodologia de estudo de caso único, com uma multinacional produtora de bens de consumo que possui operações e centro de desenvolvimento em um dos países mais pobres do mundo. O caso apresentado se mostra uma iniciativa "win-win" e demostra a possibilidade de alcançar mercado e aumento de receita, um dos fatores existenciais de uma multinacional, juntamente com o "empowerment" da sociedade, visto na geração de empregos, na criação de meios de subsistência, na melhoria do padrão de vida da sociedade e no aumento de confiança das mulheres menos privilegiadas.
Since its inception, innovate for the base of the pyramid has gained notoriety among researchers and multinationals, interested in the economic potential of this market. Considering the evolution of this concept, it would be faced with a proposal that allows companies not only to achieve profitability but also to contribute to society, which could lead to a possible link with social innovation. Despite the large academic content generated by the two themes, and the possible similarity between the approaches, this junction is still a topic with few published studies and references. In order to help meet this need, this study aims to understand the possibility of multinationals acting in the market at the bottom of the pyramid with the real social value creation. This research was developed based on a unique case study methodology, with a consumer goods producer multinational that has operations and development center in one of the world's poorest countries. The case presented here is a "win-win" initiative and demonstrates the possibility of reaching market and revenue increase, one of the existential factors of a multinational, together with the empowerment of the society, seen in the creation of jobs, in the creation of livelihoods, improving the standard of living of society and increasing the confidence of less privileged women.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Variawa, Ebrahim. "Buying behaviour and decision-making criteria of Base of the Pyramid consumers : the influence of packaging on fast moving consumer goods customers’ brand experience." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26572.

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Marketers increasingly face challenges in trying to understand the decision-making processes and behaviours of those consumers located at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP). It has been proven that 73% of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) purchases are made at the point-of sale, and product packaging has been found to play a strategic role in seven of the ten in-store purchase decision criteria. Packaging is, therefore, an important basis through which companies can differentiate products from the plethora of competing brands. On average, big retailers carry 50 000 items and the typical shopper passes 300 items per minute. The packaging must, therefore, perform many of the sales tasks, making an overall favourable brand impression and experience. The research has attempted to understand the constructs of packaging and brand experience as purchasing decision criteria for FMCG products. The researcher administered 250 surveys with low-income consumers in the Star Hyper supermarket in the mining town of Carltonville. The findings demonstrated how low-income consumers have an appreciation of all product packaging as they often re-use it once the product is consumed. Furthermore, lower income consumers enjoy a greater brand experience with 'premium' product brands when compared to their brand experience levels with what they perceive to be 'cheaper' brand products. Even though a statistical weak relationship between product packaging and brand experience was found, the qualitative findings support the notion of a strong relationship as lower income consumers gain more value/greater brand experience not just out of consuming 'premium' brand products, but also from the use of the packaging for other needs afterwards. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Lundgren, Björn. "Regional tillväxt : En studie enligt Economics-base modellen." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5996.

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Denna uppsats använder branschvis sysselsättningsförändring i Sveriges 21 län mellan åren

1995-2002 som ett mått på regional tillväxt. Alla branscher i ett län delas in enligt SNIsystemets

branschklassificering. För varje bransch beräknas enligt Economic-base modellen

en lokaliseringskoefficient som visar branschens sysselsättningsandel i länet i förhållande till

dess sysselsättningsandel i riket. Den bransch som i respektive län uppvisar högst värde på

koefficienten benämns basindustri. Sambandet mellan sysselsättningsförändringen i varje läns

basindustri och länets totala sysselsättningsförändring undersöks genom en paneldatastudie.

Förutom basindustrins sysselsättningsförändring används den länsvisa befolkningsnivån som

förklarande variabel. Paneldataundersökningen visar att basindustrins

sysselsättningsförändring signifikant förklarar en del av total sysselsättningsförändring i sex

av länen. I tre av dessa län kan basindustrins sysselsättningsförändring sägas vara

tillväxtdrivande medan den i tre län påverkar tillväxten negativt.

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Balls, Jonathan. "Fluid capitalism at the bottom of the pyramid : a study of the off-grid solar power market in Uttar Pradesh, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4457f09-bf69-4ec6-802e-dcdfa7495455.

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This thesis examines 'Bottom of the Pyramid' (BoP) capitalism through an empirical study of the off-grid solar power market in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Over the last three decades, the extension and neoliberalisation of capitalism across the Global South has gathered pace. In many countries, including India, there has been a proliferation of businesses serving low-income populations following economic liberalisation, and a resulting growth in what is increasingly been theorised as 'BoP capitalism'; primarily in a literature produced by economics, business, and development scholars. In this literature, the development of capitalism at the bottom of the pyramid through the Global South is predominantly being theorised as a free market story, of formal, regularised businesses succeeding by selling good quality, branded but value- conscious, innovative, and frugal goods and services. Furthermore, the argument is being made that this is 'social capitalism', that formal businesses entering BoP markets can deliver developmental and environmental benefits to low-income populations. New markets for off-grid solar power products that are growing in multiple countries in the Global South provide one significant example of BoP capitalism. Within India, an off-grid solar power market has been developing since the 1990s within a newly liberalised market context. A body of research reports that private businesses are selling good quality and value-conscious solar goods and services to India's poor. This market has been framed as highlighting the potential of BoP capitalism to bring energy and light to India's poor, while also delivering developmental benefits. The contribution of this thesis is to challenge the existing body of literature on BoP capitalism, which tells a story of BoP capitalism through the Global South being developed by formal businesses, according to market dynamics, and sees no place for informal businesses as formal ones develop. Based on ten months of qualitative fieldwork in 2013-2014 in the state of Uttar Pradesh, looking comparatively at formal, regularised and commercialised solar shops and dealerships and at informal, small-scale solar shops, this thesis explores BoP capitalism in the Indian context. This thesis has several main findings. Firstly, it shows how a new group of formal solar shops and dealerships selling good quality, branded, and standardised products, and providing an installation service, after-sales servicing, and formal bank financing are developing the BoP solar market in Uttar Pradesh in a fashion familiar to the wider literature on BoP capitalism. Secondly, it shows how the success of these solar shops and dealerships was not a free market story, but how they are being shaped and supported through state and non-state resources and patronage, and that their growth was often dependent upon informal relationships with rural development banks, which opened-up bank financing options for solar customers and access to government subsidies. Thirdly, it looks at how informal solar shops were successfully selling off- grid solar products, adopting distinctly different business practices to formal solar businesses, and developing the market in a distinctly different way. I trace how informal businesses were not just successful because they were selling cheap and substandard goods, but were also thriving because they were the site of improvised and what I term 'jugaad' products and business practices. Jugaad is a Hindi term, referring to improvised and ingenious innovation and action. This thesis highlights a context of fluid capitalism at the BoP in India, where formal and informal solar businesses are developing the BoP solar market in distinctly different ways, and where state and non- state actors are shaping the market.

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Stolz, Eva Maria. "Strategic alliances between companies and non-governmental organizations pursuing the creation of shared value: an exploratory study at the base of the pyramid in Brazil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11621.

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Na última década, uma crescente atenção tem sido dedicada ao desenvolvimento de estratégias que permitem uma empresa de atender os mercados de baixa renda de uma forma rentável e ao mesmo tempo enfrentar os desafios sociais. Uma das ferramentas estratégicas identificados para operar com sucesso na base da pirâmide ( BoP ), consiste no estabelecimento de alianças com organizações não governamentais (ONGs). Isso, no entanto, é um desafio, especialmente porque os atores do setor empresarial e da sociedade civil são movidos por um propósito diferente e adotam uma abordagem diferente na condução das suas atividades. O objetivo desta pesquisa é, portanto, investigar precisamente como ONGs e empresas podem alavancar os seus respectivos recursos e capacidades para criar valor econômico e social , servindo este segmento. Um estudo de casos múltiplos, com foco na base da pirâmide brasileira é utilizado, a fim de entender as dificuldades e fatores de sucesso para a criação e gestão de tais alianças e identificar os recursos e capacidades que são mobilizados por cada parceiro. Os resultados sugerem que as principais dificuldades estão em encontrar um parceiro adequado; superar percepções estereotipadas negativos e falta de confiança e, finalmente, na diferente estrutura, cultura e processos. Por sua vez, os fatores mais importantes que levam ao sucesso incluem a escolha do parceiro certo; compatibilidade em termos de missão, estratégia e valores; estabelecimento de confiança e comprometimento; comunicação eficaz e, finalmente, a capacidade da aliança de gerar valor para ambos os parceiros. Além disso, os resultados demostram que o papel das ONGs é na maior parte limitado a agir como uma ponte entre a empresa e as comunidades de baixa renda, enquanto as capacidades operacionais e os recursos financeiros são fornecidos pelas empresas.

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Lacerda, Katarina Chaves. "Inovação em produtos para a base da pirâmide: Evidências em empresas brasileiras." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8275.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The bottom of the pyramid market has attracted the attention of companies looking to expand their profit margins and gain competitive advantage. As this is a market with specific characteristics and needs, to innovate and meet these consumers it is necessary for companies to establish innovative strategies favorable to achieve success in this market. Moreover, the internal and external environment organizations has elements that can enable the innovation process, and consequently, the implementation of innovative strategies. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze how Brazilian companies have developed innovations in products for the base of the pyramid. Specifically, we sought to investigate the innovations introduced in the market to meet the bottom of the pyramid, describe the innovation strategies used and identify enablers of innovation to the base of the pyramid. A multiple case study as a methodological strategy was used, approaching three companies that direct products to this public. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews, direct observations and information obtained on the website for businesses, and others related to them and their innovations. Each case was held at first individually then crosses, based on the relevant categories to specific research objectives. The results showed that, to meet the bottom of the pyramid of consumers, enterprises have developed innovations in products, innovation processes and innovation in marketing, where such innovations are considered as new market disruptive. Multiple innovative strategies have been used for the implementation of innovations in the bottom of the pyramid market by the three companies, including the principal were like: market-based and exploitative. Among the enablers of innovation, the economy, the creation of knowledge and learning, and the recognition of the value and need for innovation were the most prevalent to facilitate the success of innovation for companies. It was concluded that the reality of the Brazilian market, to have a product innovation to the base of the pyramid it is necessary to perform other innovations, is to create this new product in the case of process innovation, is to support the implementation of this product on the market, by means of a marketing innovation; that innovation strategies used together contribute to organizations to achieve their innovative goals; and even acting in different sectors there is correspondence between the enablers of innovation of the companies analyzed.
O mercado da base da pirâmide tem atraído a atenção de empresas que buscam ampliar suas margens de lucro e obter vantagens competitivas. Como se trata de um mercado com características e necessidades específicas, para inovar e atender aos seus consumidores é necessário que as empresas estabeleçam estratégias de inovação propícias a alcançar sucesso neste mercado. Além disso, o contexto interno e externo as organizações apresenta elementos que podem habilitar o processo de inovação e, consequentemente, a implementação das estratégias de inovação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar como empresas brasileiras têm desenvolvido inovações em produtos para a base da pirâmide. Especificamente, buscou-se investigar as inovações introduzidas no mercado para atender à base da pirâmide, descrever as estratégias de inovação utilizadas e identificar os habilitadores da inovação para a base da pirâmide. Foi utilizado um estudo de caso múltiplo como estratégia metodológica, abordando três empresas que direcionam produtos a tal público. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta, e informações obtidas nos sites das empresas e em outros relacionados a elas e suas inovações. Cada caso foi analisado de forma individual e cruzada, com base nas categorias pertinentes aos objetivos específicos da pesquisa. Os resultados evidenciaram que, para atender aos consumidores da base da pirâmide, as empresas têm desenvolvido inovações em produtos, inovação em processos e inovação em marketing, e que tais inovações são consideradas como disruptivas de novo mercado. Múltiplas estratégias de inovação foram utilizadas para a implementação das inovações no mercado da base da pirâmide pelas três empresas, entre as quais as principais foram as do tipo: baseada no mercado e exploitative. Entre os habilitadores da inovação, a economia, a criação de conhecimento e aprendizagem, e o reconhecimento do valor e da necessidade da inovação foram os mais preponderantes para facilitar o sucesso das inovações das empresas. Conclui-se que, na realidade do mercado brasileiro, para se ter uma inovação em produto para a base da pirâmide faz-se necessário realizar outras inovações, seja para gerar esse novo produto, no caso da inovação em processos, seja para apoiar a implementação desse produto no mercado, por meio de uma inovação de marketing; que as estratégias de inovação utilizadas em conjunto contribuem para que as organizações alcancem seus objetivos inovativos; e que mesmo atuando em setores diferentes há correspondência entre os habilitadores da inovação das empresas analisadas.

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Артюхова, Надія Олександрівна, Надежда Александровна Артюхова, and Nadiia Oleksandrivna Artiukhova. "Knowledge marketing as a tool for socio-economic growth: theoretical and applied base." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81000.

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Матеріал присвячено питанням використання інтсрументів маркетингу для соціально-економічного розвитку суспільства.
Материал посвящен вопросам использования инструментам маркетинга для социально-экономического развития общества.
The material is devoted to the use of marketing tools for socio-economic development of society.

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Rosca, Eugenia [Verfasser], Julia [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Bendul, Guido [Gutachter] Möllering, Cees van [Gutachter] Beers, and Hans-Dietrich [Gutachter] Haasis. "Sustainable Business at the Base of the Pyramid: An Empirical Investigation / Eugenia Rosca ; Gutachter: Julia Bendul, Guido Möllering, Cees van Beers, Hans-Dietrich Haasis ; Betreuer: Julia Bendul." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143949560/34.

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Rosca, Eugenia [Verfasser], Julia C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Arlinghaus, Guido [Gutachter] Möllering, Cees van [Gutachter] Beers, and Hans-Dietrich [Gutachter] Haasis. "Sustainable Business at the Base of the Pyramid: An Empirical Investigation / Eugenia Rosca ; Gutachter: Julia Bendul, Guido Möllering, Cees van Beers, Hans-Dietrich Haasis ; Betreuer: Julia Bendul." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:579-opus-1007554.

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Rosca, Eugenia [Verfasser], Julia Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Bendul, Guido [Gutachter] Möllering, Cees van [Gutachter] [Beers, and Hans-Dietrich [Gutachter] Haasis. "Sustainable Business at the Base of the Pyramid: An Empirical Investigation / Eugenia Rosca ; Gutachter: Julia Bendul, Guido Möllering, Cees van Beers, Hans-Dietrich Haasis ; Betreuer: Julia Bendul." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1143949560/34.

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Barboza, Luiz Gustavo Santos. "Análise da disposição de adesão a um negócio social pela população do conjunto habitacional sanga funda no município de Cascavel/PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3389.

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Social businesses present themselves as an alternative to solving society problems which affect mainly the classes at the base of the social pyramid, through business models that generate both profit and social impact. This paper analyses the willingness of the population of Sanga Funda housing complex in Cascavel-PR to join a social business. The research, of exploratory-descriptive character and qualitative approach, verified the lack of willingness to join the program. Although the location factor was favorable to the enterprise, a number of unfavorable factors for joining the program was identified, such as: predominance of the economic factor in the purchase option, even considering aspects such as small distance between houses and the establishment and social return; few product options; unavailability of meeting larger purchase demands; few alternatives or higher cost to promote products and sales; Difficulty in price competition in relation to competitors; few alternatives of term purchases; existence of a competitor traditional in the region; possible preference for markets with greater flow of people (crowding and social factors). Finally, in comparison with this paper, we suggest future research in other locations with potential to implement social business, as well as studies in pioneering social businesses in the country to identify if these enterprises have reached the financial sustainability and the expected social and environmental impact.
Os negócios sociais se apresentam como alternativa para solucionar problemas da sociedade que atingem principalmente as classes da base da pirâmide, através de modelos de negócios que geram ao mesmo tempo lucro e impacto social. A atual pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a disposição de adesão de um mercado formatado como um negócio social pela população do conjunto habitacional Sanga Funda em Cascavel/PR. A pesquisa apresenta caráter exploratório-descritivo, e apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa. Como resultados, foi constatada a inexistência de disposição de adesão a um negócio social pela população pesquisada. Apesar do fator localização ser favorável ao empreendimento, foram identificados uma série de fatores desfavoráveis para a adesão ao estabelecimento: predominância do fator econômico na opção de compra, mesmo considerando aspectos como menor distância e retorno social; projeção de reduzido mix de produtos; indisponibilidade de atendimento a demandas de compras maiores; alternativas em menor número ou com custo mais elevado para divulgação de produtos e promoções; dificuldade em competição de preços em relação a concorrentes; poucas alternativas ao cliente para pagamento de vendas a prazo; concorrente com tradição na região; possível preferência por mercados com maior fluxo pela população (fatores crowding e social). São sugeridas futuras pesquisas em outros locais com potencial de implantação de negócios sociais, para comparação ao presente estudo, e ainda estudos em negócios sociais pioneiros no país, para identificar se esses empreendimentos atingiram a sustentabilidade financeira e o impacto socioambiental esperado.

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Byer, Gallo Beverly. "Uncle Sam doesn't live here anymore : local economic development planning for military base reuse." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64885.

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Дисертації з теми "Base of the (economic) Pyramid"

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