Дисертації з теми "Basal deposits"

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

In this dissertation we investigate different aspects of capital regulations and their impact on the behavior of commercial banks. In chapter two, we foucs on the impact of capital regulations on risk-taking of commercial banks in developed and developoing countries separately and togahter. We find that such regulations indeed reduce the risk taking of commercial banks. At the same time, we examine the relationship between capital ratios and risk taking. In line with previous literature, we find that this ratio is negative also. Further examinations including the degree of liberalization and the level of finanicl development did not yield conclusive results. In chapter three, we examine the relationship between the capital regulations and total lending and total depositis. We do not find conclusive evidence in support of the ‘credit crunch' or the ‘ risk retrenchment' hypothesis. However, several important variables do show a tendency to change with capital ratios. As a result, changes in capital ratios in response to regulations do have important impact on bank lending and decision making. In chapter four, we study five South East Asian countries within the context of the crisis of 1996. First we test for the existence of depositor discipline in these countries and find that the sate of such discipline is very weak even after such a huge crisis. We also test the degree of risk taking in the banking industry in these countries. Evidence shows that perfect competition prevails in the bankins secotr. We also try to establist the link between "the index of depositor discipline" and "index of competition". But we don't find evidence in support of this.

The Kemess North porphyry Au-Cu-Mo deposit (300 Mt resource @ 0.30 g/t Au and 0.16% Cu)i s situated in the Toodoggone district, along the eastern margin of the Stikinia terrane in British Columbia. Mineralization is genetically related to the ca. 202 Ma, moderately SE-plunging, Kemess North diorite and is also hosted by proximal Takla Group basalt country rock. The nearby 202.7 ± 1.9 Ma Sovereign diorite has a comparable emplacement age, mineralogy, and chemistry to the Kemess North diorite, but is unmineralized. Toodoggone Formation volcaniclastic rocks (199.1 ± 0.3 Ma) crop out as prominent N-trending ridges or as isolated, fault-bounded blocks within Takla Group basalt. The unmineralized, (197.3 + 1.1/0.9 Ma) Duncan pluton intrudes Takla Group basalt. Seven vein types are separated into four stages of formation with respect to Au-Cu-Mo mineralization. Early-stage veins include magnetite stringer veins and later quartz-magnetite-pyrite + chalcopyrite + molybdenite veins. These veins are restricted mainly to the diorite, are associated with locally preserved potassic (biotite) alteration, and resulted in most of the Au-Cu-Mo mineralization at Kemess North. Main-stage quartz-pyrite + chalcopyrite ± molybdenite veins are the most abundant vein type and are present in the diorite and proximal Takla Group basalt. The veins are associated with phyllic (sericite-quartz) alteration and have a Re-Os molybdenite age of 201.8 ± 1.2 Ma. Late-stage pyrite-chalcopyrite and anhydrite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite veins and associate phyllic (sericite-chlorite-pyrite) alteration occur in diorite and Takla Group country rocks. Lastly, post-mineralizationan hydrite and carbonate-zeolite veins cut all rocks. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that early-and main-stage ore fluids deposited Au-Cu-Mo at similar temperatures (about 400°C to 375°C) and pressures (0.9 to 3.0 kbar), corresponding to crustal depths of 3 to 10 km. Sulfur and Pb isotope compositions suggest that metals from the early-stage fluid were derived from the Kemess North diorite; metals in the main-stage fluid were derived from the diorite and probably Takla Group country rock and meteoric fluids. An E-striking, steeply S-dipping fault truncates the northern extremity of the ore body. Late NW- to NE-striking normal faults vertically displace the deposit resulting in graben-and-horst block shuffling of the stratigraphy.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Commercial banks play a dominant role in facilitating the economic growth of a country by acting as an intermediary between the de cit spending unit (borrowers) and the surplus spending unit (lenders). In particular, they transform short-term deposits into medium and long-term loans. Due to their important role in the economy and the nancial system as a whole, commercial banks are subject to high regulation standards in most countries. According to an international set of capital standards known as the Basel Accords, banks are required to hold a minimum level of capital as a bu er to protect their depositors and the nancial market in an event of severe unexpected losses caused by nancial risk. Moreover, government regulators aim to maintain public con dence and trust in the banking system through the use of a deposit insurance scheme (DIS). Deposit insurance (DI) has the e ect of eliminating mass withdrawals of deposits in an event of a bank failure. However, DI comes at a cost. The insuring agent is tasked with estimating a fairly priced premium that the bank should be charged for DI.

Master of Science
Department of Geology
Matthew E. Brueseke
Previous studies of the northern Great Basin have indicated that mid-Miocene epithermal gold and silver ore deposits distributed regionally are temporally related to the magmatic activity associated with the onset of widespread extension and the Yellowstone hotspot (Saunders and Crowe, 1996; Kamenov et al., 2007). This study is focused on the volcanic rocks and ore deposits from the Silver City district (SCD), ID to address the petrogenesis and magmatic evolution that was influential in forming local precious metal deposits. The goal is to understand the tectonomagmatic conditions that contributed to the petrogenesis of the volcanic suite in the Silver City district, which can be used to provide details on the relationship between coeval mid- Miocene magmatism and mineralization across the northern Great Basin and Oregon Plateau. In order to better constrain the magmatic evolution of the SCD and potential sources of the precious metals, we have undertaken detailed sampling of local crust and mid-Miocene volcanic units to constrain their physical, geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological characteristics, as well as provide constraints on the petrogenesis of the mid-Miocene volcanic package. Prior studies of the local volcanism have yielded K-Ar and [superscript]40Ar/[superscript]39Ar ages of ~16.6 to 14 Ma (Bonnichsen, 1983), while others have dated adularia from one SCD mineral vein and obtained [superscript]40Ar/[superscript]39Ar ages of between 15.6 and 16.3 Ma (Hames et al., 2009; and Aseto et al., 2011). Field observations are consistent with earlier work (Lindgren, 1900; Asher, 1968; Pansze, 1975; Halsor et al., 1988; Bonnichsen and Godchaux, 2006; Camp and Ross, 2009) and reveal a sequence of basalt consisting of regionally prevalent Steens Basalt that pre-dated precious metal mineralization. Some of the basalt appears to have been erupted locally, based on the presence of mafic dikes and thick pyroclastic deposits similar to other regional mid-Miocene magmatic systems. Stratigraphically overlying this lower basalt suite is a complex package of rhyolite flows and domes, thin silicic pyroclastic units, additional basaltic lava flows, intermediate lava flows, and mafic/silicic shallow intrusives. Geochemical analysis indicates that the basaltic and basaltic andesite lava flows are locally erupted flows of Steens Basalt while the intermediate and silicic volcanism in SCD can be classified into nine distinct units including two andesites, one dacite, four rhyolites and two rhyolite tuffaceous units. Geochemical modeling suggest that the intermediate and silicic magmas were formed by a combination of open system processes, including low pressure partial melting and assimilation of mid to upper crustal granitoid basement rock, and magma mixing between silicic and basaltic endmembers. The formation of silicic volcanism in the SCD is similar to other regional mid-Miocene silicic volcanic systems (e.g. Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field and Jarbidge Rhyolite). Based on new [superscript]40Ar/[superscript]39Ar geochronology of both volcanic units and epithermally emplaced mineralization, SCD volcanism appears to have erupted over a relatively short amount of time that overlaps with local epithermal Au-Ag mineralization.

This study enhanced our understanding of the origin and evolution of Ori Massif, Shatsky Rise Oceanic Plateau. Key findings are: 1. Volcaniclastic deposits were formed by Surtseyan style phreatomagmatic activity, suggesting that the summit of Ori Massif was shallow-marine to near sea-level; 2. Basaltic fragments from the volcaniclastic deposits provide further evidence for geochemical variation of magmas from Ori Massif and indicate a significant involvement of depleted mantle in its source; 3. Element mobility during seawater alteration of basalts from Ori and Tamu Massifs depends on stratigraphy, cooling rates and magma chemistry.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new Basel Capital Accord is intended to align capital adequacy of banks more closely with the key components of banking risk and to provide incentives for banks to improve their risk measurement and management capabilities. This has important implications for banks, particularly in the area of credit risk management. The purpose of this study is to take an in-depth look at the implications for banks in the area of credit risk management and the choice of approach (i.e. standardised versus internal ratings based approach) to be adopted. These changes in approach to credit risk will have broader economic implications and the study will in its final analysis explore these in the context of South Africa, as an emerging market. The study is split into three sections: Section A • Introduction and background to the New Basel Capital Accord; • Detailed overview on the New Basel Capital Accord with a particular emphasis on the internal ratings based approach to calculating minimum capital. Section B An in-depth discussion of credit risk management and the practical implications of moving towards an internal ratings based approach, which will eventually allow banks to take on a full portfolio approach to credit risk management. This will enable banks to manage credit risk across sub-portfolios and set economic capital based on the portfolio loss distribution of the banks entire lending book. This is an extremely important development in credit risk management and as a consequence is covered in some detail. The adoption of an internal ratings based approach offers significant rewards in the form of lower statutory capital. A profile of the current capitalisation of SA banks is provided followed by the likely effect of the standardised versus the internal ratings based approach to credit risk management, on the minimum level of statutory capital of banks. Section C The final section covers the envisaged macro effects of the New Accord on emerging markets (procyclical trends, lending concentrations, foreign capital flows and bank failures) with specific comment provided on the implications for the SA banking environment and economy. In conclusion, South African banks should as a priority move towards an internal ratings based approach to credit risk management in order to benefit from the lower statutory requirements, which accrue in the advanced phase. While the accord is likely to impact significantly on emerging markets, South Africa fortunately has a sophisticated banking system by international standards, making the adoption of an internal ratings based approach by the larger SA banks inevitable. The benefits for smaller banks are questionable and at this stage they are unlikely to move beyond the standardised approach, unless compelled to do so.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die "New Basel Capital Accord" het ten doel om die kapitaal vereistes neergelê vir banke meer in lyn te bring met die risiko komponent gekoppel bankwese. Dit hou 'n belangrike implikasie vir banke in en verskaf voorts ook 'n dryfveer vir banke om die bestuur van krediet risiko en algehele bestuursvaardighede te verbeter. In hierdie studie word 'n indiepte ondersoek onderneem aangaande die implikasie op banke van krediet risiko-bestuur en die keuse van die benadering wat gevolg word. Hierdie veranderings in die benadering (dws.standard teenoor interne-graderings benadering) tot krediet risiko hou breër ekonomiese implikasies vir banke in. Hierdie ekonomiese implikasies op SA as 'n ontwikkelende mark word in die finale analise ondersoek. Die studie kan in drie afdelings verdeel word: Afdeling A: • Inleiding en agtergrond tot die "New Basel Capital Accord" en • 'n Gedetaileerde oorsig van die "New Basel Capital Accord" met spesifieke verwysing na die interne-graderings benadering om die minimum vereiste kapitaal te bepaal. Afdeling B: Hierdie afdeling ondersoek krediet risiko bestuur en die praktiese implikasies van die aanvaarding/instelling van 'n interne graderings benadering, en die effek wat dit sal hê op 'n totale portefeulje benadering tot krediet risiko. Die gevolg is dat banke krediet risiko oor sub-portefeuljes sal kan bestuur en kapitaal vlakke vasstel gebaseer op verwagte portefeulje verliese. Hierdie is 'n belangrike ontwikkeling in krediet risiko bestuur en word vervolgens in diepte behandel. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering tot gradering hou voordele in vir banke in die vorm van laer statutêre kapitaal vereistes. 'n Profiel van die kapitalisasie van SA banke word verskaf, gevolg deur die verskil in die effek van die standaard benadering tot die interne graderings benadering op krediet risiko bestuur en die vereiste minimum statutêre kapitaal. Afdeling C: Die finale afdeling ondersoek die beoogde makro ekonomiese effek van die "New basel capital Accord" op ontwikkelende marke (pro-sikliese neiging, lenings konsentrasies en bank mislukkings) met spesifieke verwysing na die implikasies op SA bankwese en ekonomie. Ter afsluiting moet SA banke so spoedig moontlik die interne-graderings benadering tot krediet risiko aanvaar om voordeel te trek uit die laer kapitaal vereistes wat "ophoop in die gevorderde stadium." Daar word verwag dat die "New Basel Capital Accord" 'n wesenlike invloed op die ontwikkelende mark sal hê. SA het egter 'n gesofistikeerde en gevestigde bankstelsel wat goed vergelyk met internasionale standaarde. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering deur die die groter SA banke is onafwendbaar. Die voordele wat dit vir kleiner banke inhou kan bevraagteken word en is op hierdie stadium onwaarskynlik dat so 'n benadering deur hulle geïmplimenteer sal word.

Research Doctorate - Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA)
Government mandated institutions in Australia and Canada have continuously progressed banking regulation throughout time by making gradual alterations to prudential frameworks and supervisory practices. This has included the prompt domestic adaptation of the three Basel accords. A main objective is to ensure banking organisations become more resilient to stresses that impact their capital and liquidity adequacy. Banking organisations are faced with the task of transforming their balance sheets and funding profiles to not only strengthen their balance sheets but to curb heighted liquidity costs that have been brought on by regulatory reform. A review of existing literature on the components of bank funding, liquidity and procyclicality recognises their significance in ensuring individual bank stability and the prevarication of broader systemic implications in the wider economy. This dissertation has examined the historical evolution of the regulatory environments in both Australia and Canada and compared the components of bank balance sheets that offer insights into their funding preference and liquidity holdings, and provide early indicators for procyclicality within the banking sector. It has also had the goal of developing existing research and knowledge of liquidity stresses within bank balance sheets. This research has endeavoured to further balance sheet innovation, through action research that has been carried out over a five year period, to provide banking organisations with options to alter their balance sheets in order to meet the Basel III package of reforms and better deal with liquidity pressures, such as those that were evident in many countries throughout the most recent financial crisis. A new methodology for balance sheet transformation under Basel III, “evergreen” is articulated, with a suite of evergreen asset and liability products and balance sheet exposures being assessed for impact and acceptance within the banking industry. Verification of the evergreen method is demonstrated by the banking industry including it within their strategy for future balance sheet innovation; banks designing and constructing evergreen capability; the regulator encompassing it within prudential standards; and widespread acceptance of evergreen by investors and other financial market participants. Whilst components of evergreen are increasingly becoming a greater part of the banking industry within Australia, it is recognised that the concepts and models of evergreen, are at a primary juncture in their development and require substantial additional focus and research. The usefulness of this dissertation will be established through the particulars of future research settings and must be appraised to the degree that it appears correct, original and apt. Regarding deposits, this dissertation finds that: the existence of voluntary deposit insurance schemes would allow the competitive landscape for retail deposits to become about more than just price; operational deposits are not immune from procyclical competition; Australian banks have a much greater appetite and tolerance for at-call deposit raising; liquidity regulation has permanently shifted the ‘market rate’ for deposit funding above its ‘natural rate’; and foreign currency deposit raising may lead to banks running unhedged positions or developing a larger reliance towards United States Dollars. For wholesale funding, it is observed that: liquidity regulation has increased the reliance of banks on domestic financial markets to fulfil their financing needs; the volume of short-dated prime bank paper being issued in Australia has declined where there are consequences for the Bank Bill Swap Rates; and large differentials in the semi/quarterly spread can substantially impact the profitability of banking book products. The domestic implementation of the Basel III package of reforms on liquidity in both Australia and Canada has, in many ways, imitated the historical approach taken towards bank capital regulation. This dissertation deducts that, as there is for capital, the concept of ‘regulatory’ and ’economic’ liquidity now exists. Furthermore, regulation has introduced a predisposition to government bonds, which may have unintended consequences for both government sponsored issuers and bank investors. Finally, procyclicality must be monitored and managed by the government sponsored institution tasked with the role of implementing monetary policy, rather than institutions that implement and enforce prudential regulation.

Мета дипломної роботи полягає в удосконаленні теоретичних та методичних підходів до управління ризиками банку та розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо їх використання.
Цель дипломной работы заключается в совершенствовании теоретических и методических подходов к управлению рисками банка и разработка практических рекомендаций по их использованию.
The aim of the thesis is to improve the theoretical and methodical approaches to risk management of the Bank and the development of practical recommendations for their use.

Money laundering involves activities which are aimed at concealing benefits that were acquired through criminal means for the purpose of making them appear legitimately acquired. Money laundering promotes criminal activities in South Africa because it allows criminals to keep the benefits that they acquired through their criminal activities. It takes place through a variety of schemes which include the use of banks. In this sense money laundering control is based on the premise that banks must be protected from providing criminals with the means to launder the benefits of their criminal activities. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (‘FICA’) in aggregate with the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (‘POCA’) form the backbone of South Africa’s anti-money laundering regime. Like its international counterparts FICA imposes onerous duties on banks seeing that they are most often used by criminals as conduits to launder the benefits of crime. In turn, POCA criminalises activities in relation to the benefits of crime and delineates civil proceedings aimed at forfeiting the benefits of crime to the state. This study identifies the idiosyncrasies of the South African anti-money laundering regime and forwards recommendations aimed at improving its structure. To this end nine issues in relation to money laundering control and banks are investigated. The investigation fundamentally reveals that money laundering control holds unforeseen consequences for banks. In particular, a bank that receives the benefits of crimes such as fraud or theft faces prosecution if it fails to heed FICA’s money laundering control duties, for example, the filing of a suspicious transaction report. However, if the bank files a suspicious transaction report, it may be sued in civil court by the customer for breach of contract. In addition, if the bank parted with the benefits of fraud or theft whilst suspecting that the account holder may not be entitled to payment thereof, it may be sued by the victim of fraud or theft who seeks to recover loss suffered at the hand of the fraudster or thief from the bank. Ultimately, this study illustrates that amendment of some of the provisions of South Africa’s anti-money laundering legislation should enable banks to manage the aforementioned and other unforeseen consequences of money laundering control whilst at the same time contribute to the South African anti-money laundering effort.
Criminal and Procedural Law
Mercantile Law
LL.D.