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Статті в журналах з теми "Barley; expansin; cell wall"
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Liu, Wenxing, Xue Feng, Zhong-Hua Chen, Guoping Zhang, and Feibo Wu. "Transient silencing of an expansin HvEXPA1 inhibits root cell elongation and reduces Al accumulation in root cell wall of Tibetan wild barley." Environmental and Experimental Botany 165 (September 2019): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.05.024.
Повний текст джерела
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Cass, D. D., D. J. Peteya, and B. L. Robertson. "Megagametophyte development in Hordeum vulgare. 2. Later stages of wall development and morphological aspects of megagametophyte cell differentiation." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 2327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The micropylar quartet of nuclei in the barley megagametophyte is first partitioned by a vertical wall between the synergid nuclei and by an initially horizontal wall between the micropylar polar and egg nuclei. The latter wall continues to grow in an expanding horizontal plane forming much of the upper wall of all three egg apparatus cells and eventually fusing with the megagametophyte wall peripherally. A branch of the egg – polar nucleus wall grows in a micropylar direction and becomes attached to the megagametophyte wall. After partitioning, the egg apparatus is composed of three flat cells having a ceiling wall and two upright supporting walls, which are fused centrally. The micropylar polar nucleus lies just chalazal to the ceiling wall. Expansion of the egg apparatus results in rounding of all three cells followed by lengthening and thinning of their walls in contact with the central cell. Probable membrane contacts may facilitate sperm transmission after pollination. Partitioning of the chalazal quartet of nuclei exhibits many similarities to that of the egg apparatus but with a different cellular arrangement. Transfer cell wall ingrowths appear in cells at both poles of the megagametophyte. Such ingrowths appear in the two synergid cells, representing the filiform apparatus. They also develop in two of the original three antipodal cells where these cells are in contact with the megagametophyte wall. Either the micropylar or chalazal polar nucleus migrates to a position close to the other polar nucleus. Partial fusion of polar nuclei occurs later.
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LEE, Robert C., Rachel A. BURTON, Maria HRMOVA, and Geoffrey B. FINCHER. "Barley arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases: purification, characterization and determination of primary structures from cDNA clones." Biochemical Journal 356, no. 1 (May 8, 2001): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3560181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A family 51 arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase, designated AXAH-I, has been purified from extracts of 7-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings by fractional precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 65kDa and releases l-arabinose from cereal cell wall arabinoxylans with a pH optimum of 4.3, a catalytic rate constant (kcat) of 6.9s−1 and a catalytic efficiency factor (kcat/Km) of 0.76 (ml·s−1·mg−1). Whereas the hydrolysis of α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues linked to C(O)3 of backbone (1 → 4)-β-xylosyl residues proceeds at the fastest rate, α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues on doubly substituted xylosyl residues are also hydrolysed, at lower rates. A near full-length cDNA encoding barley AXAH-I indicates that the mature enzyme consists of 626 amino acid residues and has a calculated pI of 4.8. A second cDNA, which is 81% identical with that encoding AXAH-I, encodes another barley AXAH, which has been designated AXAH-II. The barley AXAHs are likely to have key roles in wall metabolism in cereals and other members of the Poaceae. Thus the enzymes could participate in the modification of the fine structure of arabinoxylan during wall deposition, maturation or expansion, or in wall turnover and the hydrolysis of arabinoxylans in germinated grain.
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Ezquer, Ignacio, Ilige Salameh, Lucia Colombo, and Panagiotis Kalaitzis. "Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells’ structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Giordano, Walter, and Ann M. Hirsch. "The Expression of MaEXP1, a Melilotus alba Expansin Gene, Is Upregulated During the Sweetclover-Sinorhizobium meliloti Interaction." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 6 (June 2004): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.613.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins are a highly conserved group of cell wall-localized proteins that appear to mediate changes in cell wall plasticity during cell expansion or differentiation. The accumulation of expansin protein or the mRNA for specific expansin gene family members has been correlated with the growth of various plant organs. Because expansin proteins are closely associated with plant cell wall expansion, and as part of a larger study to determine the role of different gene products in the legume-Rhizobium spp. symbiosis, we investigated whether a Melilotus alba (white sweetclover) expansin gene is expressed during nodule development. A cDNA fragment encoding an expansin gene (EXP) was isolated from Sinorhizobium meliloti-inoculated sweetclover root RNA by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers, and a full-length sweetclover expansin sequence (MaEXP1) was obtained using 5′ and 3′rapid amplification of cDNA end cloning. The predicted amino acid of the sweetclover expansin is highly conserved with the various α-expansins in the GenBank database. MaEXP1 contains a series of eight cysteines and four tryptophans that are conserved in the α-expansin protein family. Northern analysis and whole-mount in situ hybridization analyses indicate that MaEXP1 mRNA expression is enhanced in roots within hours after inoculation with S. meliloti and in nodules. Western and immunolocalization studies using a cucumber expansin antibody demonstrated that a cross-reacting protein accumulated in the expanding cells of the nodule.
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Narváez-Barragán, Delia A., Omar E. Tovar-Herrera, Lorenzo Segovia, Mario Serrano, and Claudia Martinez-Anaya. "Expansin-related proteins: biology, microbe–plant interactions and associated plant-defense responses." Microbiology 166, no. 11 (December 1, 2020): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins, cerato-platanins and swollenins (which we will henceforth refer to as expansin-related proteins) are a group of microbial proteins involved in microbe-plant interactions. Although they share very low sequence similarity, some of their composing domains are near-identical at the structural level. Expansin-related proteins have their target in the plant cell wall, in which they act through a non-enzymatic, but still uncharacterized, mechanism. In most cases, mutagenesis of expansin-related genes affects plant colonization or plant pathogenesis of different bacterial and fungal species, and thus, in many cases they are considered virulence factors. Additionally, plant treatment with expansin-related proteins activate several plant defenses resulting in the priming and protection towards subsequent pathogen encounters. Plant-defence responses induced by these proteins are reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity or hypersensitive response in some cases. Plant immunity to expansin-related proteins could be caused by the following: (i) protein detection by specific host-cell receptors, (ii) alterations to the cell-wall-barrier properties sensed by the host, (iii) displacement of cell-wall polysaccharides detected by the host. Expansin-related proteins may also target polysaccharides on the wall of the microbes that produced them under certain physiological instances. Here, we review biochemical, evolutionary and biological aspects of these relatively understudied proteins and different immune responses they induce in plant hosts.
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Jin, Kang-Ming, Ren-Ying Zhuo, Dong Xu, Yu-Jun Wang, Hui-Jin Fan, Bi-Yun Huang, and Gui-Rong Qiao. "Genome-Wide Identification of the Expansin Gene Family and Its Potential Association with Drought Stress in Moso Bamboo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 9491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249491.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins, a group of cell wall-loosening proteins, are involved in cell-wall loosening and cell enlargement in a pH-dependent manner. According to previous study, they were involved in plant growth and abiotic stress responses. However, information on the biological function of the expansin gene in moso bamboo is still limited. In this study, we identified a total of 82 expansin genes in moso bamboo, clustered into four subfamilies (α-expansin (EXPA), β-expansin (EXPB), expansin-like A (EXLA) and expansin-like B (EXPB)). Subsequently, the molecular structure, chromosomal location and phylogenetic relationship of the expansin genes of Phyllostachys edulis (PeEXs) were further characterized. A total of 14 pairs of tandem duplication genes and 31 pairs of segmented duplication genes were also identified, which may promote the expansion of the expansin gene family. Promoter analysis found many cis-acting elements related to growth and development and stress response, especially abscisic acid response element (ABRE). Expression pattern revealed that most PeEXs have tissue expression specificity. Meanwhile, the expression of some selected PeEXs was significantly upregulated mostly under abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment, which implied that these genes actively respond to expression under abiotic stress. This study provided new insights into the structure, evolution and function prediction of the expansin gene family in moso bamboo.
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Pietruszka, Mariusz. "Solutions for a local equation of anisotropic plant cell growth: an analytical study of expansin activity." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 60 (January 12, 2011): 975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a generalization of the Lockhart equation for plant cell/organ expansion in the anisotropic case. The intent is to take into account the temporal and spatial variation in the cell wall mechanical properties by considering the wall ‘extensibility’ ( Φ ), a time- and space-dependent parameter. A dynamic linear differential equation of a second-order tensor is introduced by describing the anisotropic growth process with some key biochemical aspects included. The distortion and expansion of plant cell walls initiated by expansins, a class of proteins known to enhance cell wall ‘extensibility’, is also described. In this approach, expansin proteins are treated as active agents participating in isotropic/anisotropic growth. Two-parameter models and an equation for describing α- and β-expansin proteins are proposed by delineating the extension of isolated wall samples, allowing turgor-driven polymer creep, where expansins weaken the non-covalent binding between wall polysaccharides. We observe that the calculated halftime ( t 1/2 = ε Φ 0 log 2) of stress relaxation due to expansin action can be described in mechanical terms.
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Zhu, Dong, Yanlin Liu, Man Jin, Guanxing Chen, Slaven Prodanovic, and Yueming Yan. "Expression and function analysis of wheat expasin genes EXPA2 and EXPB1." Genetika 51, no. 1 (2019): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1901261z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins are a group of plant cell wall loosening proteins that play important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we performed the first study on the molecular characterization, transcriptional expression and functional properties of two wheat expansin genes TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1. The results indicated that TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes had typical structural features of plant expansin gene family. As a member of ?-expansins, TaEXPA2 is closely related to rice OsEXPA17 while the ?- expansin member TaEXPB1 has closely phylogenetic relationships with rice OsEXPAB4. The genetic transformation to Arabidopsis showed that both TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 were located in cell wall and highly expressed in roots, leaves and seeds. Overexpression of TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes showed similar functions, causing rapid root elongation, early bolting, and increases in leaves number, rosette diameter and stems length. These results demonstrated that wheat expansin genes TaEXPA1 and TaEXPB2 can enhance plant growth and development.
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Fleming, A. J. "Induction of Leaf Primordia by the Cell Wall Protein Expansin." Science 276, no. 5317 (May 30, 1997): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5317.1415.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Barley; expansin; cell wall"
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Bacon, Mark A. "The control of leaf expansion in Lolium temulentum L. and Hordeum vulgare L. growing in drying soil : an investigation of the role of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, cell wall-associated peroxidase activity, pH and ABA." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268117.
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Learmonth, Amy. "Identifying candidate genes/loci influencing barley secondary cell wall properties." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2019. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5521b47a-13d4-4137-b372-9c716beedcd7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The structure and composition of the secondary plant cell wall determine its digestibility and therefore on the efficiency of conversion of plant biomass for biofuel production. Bioethanol, a form of biofuel, refers to ethanol generated by fermentation of sugars extracted from plants. Second generation lignocellulosic biofuel is produced from the sugars sequestered in the secondary plant cell wall as cellulose polysaccharides. In grasses, these cellulose molecules are embedded in a matrix of lignin and xylans polymers which form cross-links through cell wall bound ferulic acid; this matrix influences the efficiency of enzymatic breakdown of the cell wall. Changes in lignin content, lignin composition and phenolic acid content have been shown to affect saccharification (sugar release from cell walls). The second generation biofuels are produced from non-food biomass unlike first generation production which uses parts of the plant normally used as food (e.g. grain and corn kernels). This means that second generation production can co-exist with food production, reducing the amount of waste produced and increasing the net energy gain from the crop and inputs. Currently, commercial adoption is low as the production costs of second generation biofuels are higher than first generation, reducing their economic viability. Most of the extra cost is due to the difficulties in saccharifiying caused by inefficiency in the breakdown of the secondary cell wall. Therefore identifying genes which can be targeted for breeding plants with higher saccharification yields to improve their suitability as biofuel feedstocks could increase the efficiency and lower the cost of second generation production systems. The work undertaken in this project found regions across the barley genome that are associated with differences in saccharification from straw of a population of elite two-row spring barley cultivars. They were identified through genome wide association studies (GWAS) carried out for saccharification from which interesting quantitative trait loci (QTL) were highlighted. The genes underlying the QTLs were evaluated on annotation/function, presence of polymorphisms and expression levels, based on the evaluation of the data available candidate genes were selected. Differences in cell wall bound ferulic (FA) and p-coumaric (p-CA) acid in mature grains from elite barley cultivars were also analysed using the GWAS method. The same work flow was used as in the straw project: identification of QTLs, evaluation of genes under lying the peaks and selection of candidate genes. From the results for straw saccharification several candidate genes were distinguished from two QTL on separate chromosomes. Some of these genes were potentially involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis. Under both QTL, numerous cell wall related genes came up in the GWAS or showed differences in expression related to differences in saccharification suggesting an underlying network of genes correlated with cell wall biosynthesis. In the grain hydroxycinnamic acid content results, a strong causal mutation candidate was discovered in a gene involved in incorporating p-coumaric acid into the cell wall. Furthermore, the difference in p-coumaric acid content appears to cause the difference in ferulic acid content in part of the population of cultivars. These data illustrate the value of GWAS for identifying candidate genes for manipulation by breeding or transgenesis to improve straw digestibility for biofuel, biorefinery and animal feed applications.
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Al-Mansour, Naemah Mansour Mohamad. "The regulation of barley leaf growth under drought." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268963.
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Nething, Daniel B. "Detection of Cellulose Synthase Antisense Transcripts Involved in Regulating Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Barley, Brachypodium and Arabidopsis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1500996680467756.
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Ameen, Gazala. "Cloning and Characterization of rcs5, Spot Blotch Resistance Gene and Pathogen Induced Nec3 Gene Involved in Programmed Cell Death in Barley." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Upon sensing pathogens, plants initiating defense responses typically resulting in programmed cell death (PCD). PCD effectively subdues biotrophic pathogens but is hijacked by necrotrophs that colonize the resulting dead tissues. We showed that barley wall associated kinase (WAK) genes, underlying the rcs5 QTL, are manipulated by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana to cause spot blotch disease. The rcs5 genetic interval was delimited to ~0.23 cM, representing an ~234 kb genomic region containing four WAK genes, designated HvWak2, Sbs1, Sbs2, and HvWak5. Post-transcriptional gene silencing of Sbs1&2 in the susceptible barley cultivars Steptoe and Harrington resulted in resistance, suggesting a dominant susceptibility function. Sbs1&2 expression is undetectable in barley prior to pathogen challenge; however, specific upregulation of Sbs1&2 occurred in the susceptible lines post inoculation. Promotor sequence polymorphisms were identified in the allele analysis of Sbs1&2 from eight resistant and two susceptible barley lines, which supported the possible role of promotor regulation by virulent isolates contributing to susceptibility. Apoplastic wash fluids from virulent isolates induced Sbs1expression, suggesting regulation by an apoplastic-secreted effector. Thus, the Sbs1&2 genes are the first susceptibility/resistance genes that confer resistance against spot blotch, a disease that threatens barley and wheat production worldwide. The nec3 mutants of barley are hyper-susceptible to many necrotrophs and show distinctive cream to orange necrotic lesions that are induced by infection, representing aberrant PCD. The ?- irradiation induced necrotic mutant, nec3-?1 (Bowman) was confirmed as a nec3 mutant by allelism tests. The F2 progeny of a cross of nec3 x Quest inoculated with B. sorokiniana segregated as a single recessive gene fitting a 3 WT: 1 mutant ratio. The homozygous F2 mutant progeny were genotyped with four SSR and 25 SNP markers at nec3 locus on chromosome 6H, a physical region spanning ~ 16.96 Mb containing 91 high and low confidence annotated genes. Exome capture sequencing of nec3 mutants failed to identify a candidate gene, however, RNAseq analysis identified two candidates in the nec3 region with >three-fold downregulation. We hypothesize that the underlying aberrant PCD mechanism in the nec3 barley mutant facilitates extreme susceptibility to multiple adapted fungal pathogens of barley.
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Zwirek, Monika. "Improving barley for biofuel production : investigating the role of 4CL and CCR in the lignin biosynthesis pathway." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/6785dbbb-f8a4-46f1-b7c4-0c3d0d4dcdd4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the challenges in the 21st Century is to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for the production of liquid biofuels. Lignin is one of the key factors in this recalcitrance. Grasses such as Miscanthus and switchgrass could become major sources of lignocellulose. Barley has potential as a genetically-tractable research model for such novel bioenergy crops and also as a bioenergy crop itself. This thesis concerns the 4CL and the CCR enzymes on the lignin pathway which were chosen as the targets to manipulate lignin in barley. They were selected because there is evidence that suppression of each of them in dicot species can lead to increased saccharification. The 4CL and CCR genes constitute multigene families where members have different expression patterns. RNAi was used to down-regulate 4CL1 and CCR1 using a constitutive promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley. From an extensive screen of the primary transformants for changes in protein level and lignin content, six CCR and four 4CL lines were taken forward for detailed analysis. Antibodies were also raised against barley 4CL and CCR recombinant proteins and these showed substantial reductions in the respective target protein levels in the RNAi lines. Both 4CL and CCR transgenic lines had significant reductions in lignin content, and CCR lines had changes in lignin structure due to changes in the proportions of acid soluble and acid insoluble lignin. No substantial consistent adverse effects on key agronomic traits were apparent in the 4CL and CCR transgenics. Selected 4CL and CCR transgenics had improved saccharification yield after using three different pretreatment methods, which is a desirable feature for biofuel production.
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Lombardi, Maria. "The barley expansin family." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/83645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins are plant proteins that have been shown to induce cell wall extension and stress relaxation under acid pH conditions. The expansin gene family has been investigated in Arabidopsis, rice, maize, tomato and wheat. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), however, no systemic identification or characterisation of expansin genes has been reported. This study was undertaken to characterise the expansin family in barley and to investigate the mechanism of action of expansins in the cell wall via heterologous expression of barley expansin genes in Escherichia coli. The expansins are usually encoded by a superfamily of genes. On the basis of phylogenetic sequence analysis, four sub-families of expansins are currently recognised in plants and are designated α-expansins (EXPA), β-expansins (EXPB), expansin-like A (EXLA) and expansin-like B (EXLB). In Chapter 2 the analysis of barley EST data deposited in the public databases is described. This resulted in the discovery of 34 partial or complete barley expansin genes (17 EXPB, 14 EXPA and 3 EXLA). Primers for mRNA transcript studies using quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) across a range of tissues were designed for genes for which 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) sequences were available. The Q-PCR results and barley Affymetrix data discussed in Chapter 3 show that the barley expansin genes are transcribed across a wide range of tissues and at various stages of cell wall development. This matches previously published information that expansins participate in a diverse range of developmental processes, including seed germination, fruit softening, root development, leaf growth and stem elongation. Their mechanism of action is yet to be determined unequivocally but is believed to involve the disruption of hydrogen bonds between cellulose microfibrils and “cross-linking” glycans in the cell wall; this in turn is believed to facilitate the wall extension and stress relaxation processes mentioned above. In order to investigate the mode of action of expansins in the cell wall, an efficient expression system was required to produce biologically active recombinant expansin protein to characterise the function of the expansins. Complementary DNAs were used to build constructs that allowed expression of three full-length expansin genes in E. coli. The expression studies in which a number of approaches were used to obtain active protein are presented in Chapter 4. Finally, the potential roles of expansins amongst a host of other proteins involved in cell wallmodification are discussed, along with functional assay results and proposed commercial applications.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2012
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Farrokhi, Naser. "Functional analysis of cell wall-related barley glycosyltransferases/ Naser Farrokhi." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"June 2005"Bibliography: pages 325-365.
xviii, 365 pages : ill. (col.), plates (col.), photographs (col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture and Wine, Discipline of Plant and Pest Science, 2006
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Pham, Trang Anh. "Cell wall biosynthesis in barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is the causal agent of powdery mildew in Hordeum vulgare (barley). Bgh is an obligate biotrophic pathogen, meaning that it relies on the host for survival. The Bgh asexual life cycle initiates when airborne conidia land on the host surface and germinate. An appressorium develops and penetrates the host to form an intracellular feeding structure called a haustorium. Following successful host entry, epiphytic mycelia spread along the surface and conidiophores emerge to produce vast quantities of conidia. As the fungal cell wall is essential for survival it is an obvious target for the design of novel antifungal agents for disease control. Depending on the pathogen species, the composition of the cell wall can vary significantly. In order to advance disease control practices, it is imperative to understand the composition of the cell wall and the genes involved in cell wall metabolism. This work focuses on characterising the Bgh fungal cell wall and examining the genes responsible for its synthesis during pre-penetrative events of pathogenesis. In addition, in vitro assays have been performed to investigate the biochemical activity for a number of key biosynthetic enzymes. Permethylation glycosidic linkage analysis of the Bgh conidia cell wall has revealed their cell wall composition for the first time. The conidial cell wall of Bgh is predominantly made of glucose and has a greater proportion of galactose residues compared to other well characterised fungal cell walls. Trace amounts of xylose residues were also observed. Analysis of the Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZy) present within the Bgh genome was conducted to identify genes involved in cell wall metabolism, as previous CAZy annotations of the genome were incomplete. A greater number of CAZy genes were identified compared to previous studies. Many of the biochemical activities of CAZy enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis are still unknown due to the technically challenging work required. In an attempt to understand cell wall synthesis in Bgh, several genes involved in chitin and b-1,3- glucan synthesiswere heterologously expressed with the aim to confirm biochemical activity and perform in vitro enzyme kinetic assays. Following successful expression of four chitin synthases, only the class I chitin synthase was able to be expressed and purified in an active state. To examine pre-penetrative events in Bgh without any contamination from the host plant it was essential to establish an in vitro system for germination of the Bgh conidia. A previously established in vitro assay using n-hexacosanal was adapted to generate in vitro fungal material for analysis. n-Hexacosanal is a known inducer of Bgh germination and appressorial development. Profiling of the transcriptome and proteome during the appressorial germ tube stage revealed that there was a notable shift towards energy and protein production during appressorial development. Linkage analysis of the appressorial cell wall showed a significant decrease in the galactose portion of the cell wall during the appressorial stage and the appearance of novel branched xylose linkages that have not been observed in fungal pathogens previously. The use of this cultivation method demonstrates that it is possible to analyse the pre-penetrative processes of Bgh development in vitro.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2019
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Varanashi, Partha. "Barley cellulose synthases involved in secondary cell wall formation and stem strength : generation of cDNA constructs for functional analysis." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/49276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research was performed over 10 months as part of a Masters in Biotechnology (Plant Biotechnology). The literature review was previously assessed in accordance with the correction suggested by the examiners. The main focus of the project remains very similar to that of the research proposal. However the goals were not achieved according to the time deadline stated in the research proposal. Hence protein purification was could not be carried out.
Although the research manuscript contained herein will provide the first draft of a future publication to be submitted to Plant journal, due to time constraint, all data relevant to that publication has not been collected. However, additional data which was not conclusive was collected and this is provided within the appendices. The research manuscript outlines stages involved in the construction and heterologus expression of barley CesA4 cDNA. While the appendices contain additional data from HvCesA4 protein structure prediction, media recipes, in-silico representation of the HvCesA4 constructs with respective vectors.Thesis (M.Bio (PB)) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008
Частини книг з теми "Barley; expansin; cell wall"
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Baker, John O., Michele R. King, William S. Adney, Steve R. Decker, Todd B. Vinzant, Suzanne E. Lantz, Rafael E. Nieves, et al. "Investigation of the Cell-Wall Loosening Protein Expansin as a Possible Additive in the Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass." In Twenty-First Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 217–23. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1392-5_15.
Повний текст джерела
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Abdulaziz Othman Alkubaisi, Noorah, and Nagwa Mohammed Amin Aref. "Cell Wall." In Atlas of Ultrastructure Interaction Proteome Between Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and Gold Nanoparticles. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The application of AuNPs on the infected barley cultivar had great damage results on Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) particles in TEM. Observation of TEM images provided an insight into the transport of AuNPs through the plasmodesmata endoplasmic reticulum route, where they likely accumulated as the channels narrowed. The cytoplasmic parenchyma cell components do not have an intact peripheral location, but taking irregular shapes, internal movement between adjacent two cells seems to be the VLPs moved toward via plasmodesmata. TEM micrographs; showing different abnormalities in the cell wall due to viral infection. Application of AuNPs revealed sticky Integrated AuNPs inside the cell wall with low and high density. The mechanical transportation of the virus through the sieve elements with endosomes was observed. The mechanical transportation of virus particles through the cell wall with some vesicles, amorphous inclusions, and filamentous particles was proved through the sieve elements with filamentous strands.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Barley; expansin; cell wall"
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Schollenberger, Frederick S., Frank Kreith, and Jay Burch. "Geographical Limitations on Integral-Collector-Storage Collectors due to Collector Freeze." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A major challenge for solar water heaters is to provide heat at a cost comparable to or lower than conventional fuels. Since the price of a passive integral-collector-storage (ICS) solar water heater has historically been less than that for active systems with freeze protection, they can potentially heat water at a lower cost. However, ICS panels are subject to freeze damage, as the collector generally has metal tubes carrying pressurized water that can freeze and burst. In order to delineate the geographical areas where ICS panels can be deployed safely, it is necessary to experimentally characterize the conditions causing freeze damage, to develop a model relating the freeze behavior to climatic conditions, to validate that model with experimental data, and to run the model against long-term weather data across the U.S. Two variations of an ICS panel and/or their bare tubes were tested in a walk in freezer and subjected to freezing conditions until freeze damage occurred. The units tested include both a single and double glazed tubular ICS panel. Key data includes the volume expansion of the tube(s) at burst and the collector loss coefficient near 0 degrees C. Under freezing conditions the insulated supply/return lines would freeze solid initiating a pressure-buildup and eventual burst in the collector tubes due to further internal freezing. An additional test on the single glazed unit was also conducted in which heat tape was installed on the inlet and outlet pipes to prevent them from freezing, which increases the freeze tolerance of the panel by forcing small internal interconnection pipes to freeze solid before damage occurs. Existing models for ICS thermal performance were modified to incorporate the freezing process, and have been validated with the experimental data. The validated models were used to predict regions of the country that are safe for installing the ICS panels. Simulations were run using 30 years of weather data available for all TMY2 sites, and maps were created to illustrate regions of safe installation throughout the US for both the with and without heat tape scenarios for the two ICS models. A correlation using record minimum temperature was developed to generalize the maps to any location for which the record minimum is known. The maps show quantitatively the expected conclusions: 1) that double glazing and higher insulation will extend the safe region; and 2) that the use of heat tape on the inlet and outlet pipes significantly increases the region in which ICS panels can be safely installed in the US.
Звіти організацій з теми "Barley; expansin; cell wall"
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Delmer, Deborah, Nicholas Carpita, and Abraham Marcus. Induced Plant Cell Wall Modifications: Use of Plant Cells with Altered Walls to Study Wall Structure, Growth and Potential for Genetic Modification. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613021.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our previous work indicated that suspension-cultured plant cells show remarkable flexibility in altering cell wall structure in response either to growth on saline medium or in the presence of the cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,-6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB). We have continued to analyze the structure of these modified cell walls to understand how the changes modify wall strength, porosity, and ability to expand. The major load-bearing network in the walls of DCB-adapted dicot cells that lack a substantial cellulose-xyloglucan network is comprised of Ca2+-bridged pectates; these cells also have an unusual and abundant soluble pectic fraction. By contrast, DCB-adapted barley, a graminaceous monocot achieves extra wall strength by enhanced cross-linking of its non-cellulosic polysaccharide network via phenolic residues. Our results have also shed new light on normal wall stucture: 1) the cellulose-xyloglucan network may be independent of other wall networks in dicot primary walls and accounts for about 70% of the total wall strength; 2) the pectic network in dicot walls is the primary determinant of wall porosity; 3) both wall strength and porosity in graminaceous monocot primary walls is greatly influenced by the degree of phenolic cross-linking between non-cellulosic polysaccharides; and 4) the fact that the monocot cells do not secrete excess glucuronoarabinoxylan and mixed-linked glucan in response to growth on DCB, suggests that these two non-cellulosic polymers do not normally interact with cellulose in a manner similar to xyloglucan. We also attempted to understand the factors which limit cell expansion during growth of cells in saline medium. Analyses of hydrolytic enzyme activities suggest that xyloglucan metabolism is not repressed during growth on NaCl. Unlike non-adapted cells, salt-adapted cells were found to lack pectin methyl esterase, but it is not clear how this difference could relate to alterations in wall expansibility. Salt-adaped cell walls contain reduced hyp and secrete two unique PRPP-related proteins suggesting that high NaCl inhibits the cross-linking of these proteins into the walls, a finding that might relate to their altered expansibility.