Статті в журналах: "Bariey xylanase"

1

Korotkova, O. G., E. A. Rubtsova, I. A. Shashkov, A. A. Volchok, E. G. Kondratieva, О. А. Sinitsyna, A. M. Rozhkova, et al. "Comparison Analysis of the Composition and Properties of Fodder Enzyme Preparations." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 18, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2018-4-72-78.

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The composition and properties of a wide range of domestic and foreign enzyme preparations (EP), used as additives to feeds of farm animals and poultry, are analyzed. The content of the main active enzymes – endoglucanases (beta-glucanases), cellobiohydrolases and xylanases, leading to biocatalytic destruction of non-starch polysaccharides, which are anti-nutritional factors of feeds and causing their incomplete digestion, is determined. It is shown that, based on the data on the component composition and the level of different types of activity, the studied enzyme preparations can be divided into three groups: a) with high xylanase and low cellulase (endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase) content, b) high cellulase and low xylanase content, c) containing cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and xylanases in a different ratio, but without significant predominant of any of these enzymes. The ability of EP to reduce the viscosity of water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides – xylans and beta-glucans- has been studied. Among the enzyme preparations that have xylanase in their composition and belong to groups b) and c), a number of preparations have been determined which, at the same dosage according to xylanase activity, most effectively reduced the viscosity of the aqueous extract of rye containing xylans (Econase XT 25, Agroxyl Plus, Agroxyl Premium, Rovabio Max AP, Sunzyme). It was shown that the xylanase of precisely these EP is not inhibited by protein inhibitors of rye. At the same dosage for beta-glucanase activity, the viscosity of water-soluble beta-glucans of barley was most effectively reduced by the EP Xybeten CELL, Cellulase, Agroxyl, Agrocell, Axtra XB 201, Rovabio Max AP and Vilzyme. For all studied EP, no inhibitory effect of the barley extract on beta-glucanase activity was found.

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2

Shi, Pengjun, Jian Tian, Tiezheng Yuan, Xin Liu, Huoqing Huang, Yingguo Bai, Peilong Yang, Xiaoyan Chen, Ningfeng Wu, and Bin Yao. "Paenibacillus sp. Strain E18 Bifunctional Xylanase-Glucanase with a Single Catalytic Domain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 11 (April 9, 2010): 3620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00345-10.

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ABSTRACT Xylanases are utilized in a variety of industries for the breakdown of plant materials. Most native and engineered bifunctional/multifunctional xylanases have separate catalytic domains within the same polypeptide chain. Here we report a new bifunctional xylanase (XynBE18) produced by Paenibacillus sp. E18 with xylanase and β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activities derived from the same active center by substrate competition assays and site-directed mutagenesis of xylanase catalytic Glu residues (E129A and E236A). The gene consists of 981 bp, encodes 327 amino acids, and comprises only one catalytic domain that is highly homologous to the glycoside hydrolase family 10 xylanase catalytic domain. Recombinant XynBE18 purified from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) showed specificity toward oat spelt xylan and birchwood xylan and β-1,3-1,4-glucan (barley β-glucan and lichenin). Homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulation were used to explore structure differences between XynBE18 and the monofunctional xylanase XynE2, which has enzymatic properties similar to those of XynBE18 but does not hydrolyze β-1,3-1,4-glucan. The cleft containing the active site of XynBE18 is larger than that of XynE2, suggesting that XynBE18 is able to bind larger substrates such as barley β-glucan and lichenin. Further molecular docking studies revealed that XynBE18 can accommodate xylan and β-1,3-1,4-glucan, but XynE2 is only accessible to xylan. These results indicate a previously unidentified structure-function relationship for substrate specificities among family 10 xylanases.

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3

Lin, Chaoyang, Zhicheng Shen, Tingheng Zhu, and Wensheng Qin. "Newly Isolated Penicillium ramulosum N1 Is Excellent for Producing Protease-Resistant Acidophilic Xylanase." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 5 (2015): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439170.

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<i>Penicillium ramulosum</i> N1 was isolated from decaying wood. This strain produces extracellular xylanases and cellulases. The highest activities of xylanases (250 U/ml) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCase; 6.5 U/ml) were produced when 1% barley straw was added as a carbon source. The optimum temperature and pH for xylanase activity was 55 and 3.0°C, respectively. The xylanases exhibited strong protease resistance. CMCase revealed maximum activities at pH 3.0 and in the range of 60-70°C. Filter paper activity was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 55°C. The zymograms produced by the SDS-PAGE resolution of the crude enzymes indicated that there are four bands of protein with xylanase activity and three bands of proteins with endoglucanase. The results revealed that <i>P. ramulosum</i> N1 is a promising acidophilic and protease-resistant xylanase-producing microorganism that has great potential to be used in animal feed and food industry applications.

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4

Benjavongkulchai, E., and M. S. Spencer. "Barley aleurone xylanase: its biosynthesis and possible role." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-043.

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The synthesis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone xylanase was found to be dependent on both gibberellic acid (GA3) and Ca2+, but inhibited by cycloheximide and cordycepin. Studies using density labeling of barley aleurone layers showed that xylanase was synthetized de novo in response to GA3 and Ca2+. Neither GA3 nor Ca2+ alone induced a large increase in xylanase activity. The concentration of Ca2+ required for maximum xylanase induction was 5 – 40 mM. Xylanase activity was found to develop simultaneously with that of α-amylase in the incubation medium during the first 24 h of incubation with GA3. A critical point with respect to the role of xylanase is the extent of its activity by the time of the initial release of α-amylase. The release of α-amylase into the medium was detectable at 6 h. From 2 to 6% of the cell wall was hydrolysed by xylanase after incubation for 6 h, which was probably sufficient to permit the release of α-amylase. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the purified barley aleurone xylanase hydrolysed the cell walls of barley aleurone layers in the absence of GA3. It is likely that xylanase plays an important role in the release of enzymes from aleurone cells.

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5

Mathlouthi, N., M. Larbier, M. A. Mohamed, and M. Lessire. "Performance of laying hens fed wheat, wheat-barley or wheat-barley-wheat bran based diets supplemented with xylanase." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-047.

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Two experiments were conducted to study the response of laying hens to a commercial enzyme preparation (Safizyme XP20) containing 70 000 IU g-1 xylanase. In the first experiment, 270 laying hens (ISA Brown), aged 28 wk, were fed basal diets of wheat (W), wheat-barley (WB) or wheat-barley and wheat bran (WBB) without xylanase, or supplemented with 1400 IU xylanase kg-1 in 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. In the second experiment, 180 ISA Brown laying hens, aged 28 wk, were assigned to 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and fed wheat-based diets containing 2753 or 2653 kcal metabolizable energy (ME) kg-1 without xylanase, or supplemented with 1400 IU xylanase kg-1. Egg production (% hen-day), egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and changes in body weight were recorded for 12 wk. The effects of xylanase on true metabolizable energy (TME) values of wheat, barley and wheat bran were determined using roosters. Layers fed W-, WB- or WBB-based diets had similar egg mass. The feed conversion ratio of layers fed the WBB-based diet was better (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the other groups. Xylanase improved (P ≤ 0.05) egg mass of layers fed W- or WB-based diets, but it did not affect the performance of hens fed the WBB-based diet. Low dietary ME significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the performance of laying hens. Xylanase supplementation improved (P ≤ 0.05) egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio of layers fed the low energy diet. It did improve the feed conversion ratio of layers fed the high-energy diet. Addition of 1400 IU xylanase kg-1 to the low-energy diet was equivalent to an increase of at least 100 kcal ME kg-1. Xylanase increased (P ≤ 0.05) the TME values by 5.2 and 2.44% for wheat and barley, respectively, and did not affect the TME value of wheat bran. Key words: Xylanase, hens, laying, wheat, barley, wheat bran, metabolizable energy.

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6

Ontañon, Ornella M., Soma Bedő, Silvina Ghio, Mercedes M. Garrido, Juliana Topalian, Dóra Jahola, Anikó Fehér, Maria Pia Valacco, Eleonora Campos, and Csaba Fehér. "Optimisation of xylanases production by two Cellulomonas strains and their use for biomass deconstruction." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 4577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11305-y.

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Abstract One of the main distinguishing features of bacteria belonging to the Cellulomonas genus is their ability to secrete multiple polysaccharide degrading enzymes. However, their application in biomass deconstruction still constitutes a challenge. We addressed the optimisation of the xylanolytic activities in extracellular enzymatic extracts of Cellulomonas sp. B6 and Cellulomonas fimi B-402 for their subsequent application in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis by culture in several substrates. As demonstrated by secretomic profiling, wheat bran and waste paper resulted to be suitable inducers for the secretion of xylanases of Cellulomonas sp. B6 and C. fimi B-402, respectively. Both strains showed high xylanolytic activity in culture supernatant although Cellulomonas sp. B6 was the most efficient xylanolytic strain. Upscaling from flasks to fermentation in a bench scale bioreactor resulted in equivalent production of extracellular xylanolytic enzymatic extracts and freeze drying was a successful method for concentration and conservation of the extracellular enzymes, retaining 80% activity. Moreover, enzymatic cocktails composed of combined extra and intracellular extracts effectively hydrolysed the hemicellulose fraction of extruded barley straw into xylose and xylooligosaccharides. Key points • Secreted xylanase activity of Cellulomonas sp. B6 and C. fimi was maximised. • Biomass-induced extracellular enzymes were identified by proteomic profiling. • Combinations of extra and intracellular extracts were used for barley straw hydrolysis.

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7

Beauchemin, K. A., L. M. Rode, and V. J. H. Sewalt. "Fibrolytic enzymes increase fiber digestibility and growth rate of steers fed dry forages." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-096.

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Seventy-two steers (289 kg) were offered ad libitum cubed alfalfa hay, cubed timothy hay, or barley silage supplemented with incremental levels of xylanase (IU) and cellulase (FPU), combined in a ratio of 1 IU:0.04 FPU. For alfalfa hay, low and moderate levels (900 to 4733 IU kg−1 DM) increased weight gain by up to 30% (P < 0.10), whereas, for timothy hay, the highest level (12 000 IU kg−1 DM) improved gain (P < 0.10) by 36%. No response to enzymes was observed for barley silage. Fibrolytic enzymes improve weight gain of cattle but optimal enzyme levels depend upon the type of forage. Key words: Beef cattle, forages, enzymes, cellulase, xylanase, carbohydrases

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8

Simmins, P. H., та J. Wiseman. "Performance of grower/finisher pigs fed barley and wheat -based diets containing different levels of a β-glucanase and xylanase enzyme combination". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012242.

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Exogenous enzymes have been used in pig feed to reduce the antinutritional factors in the cereal components of the diets and, as a consequence, improve energy and protein digestibility. The predominant fibre components in barley are soluble β-glucans and insoluble arabinoxylans, both of which are known to have anti-nutritional effects in the pig but through different mechanisms. In wheat both soluble and insoluble arabinoxylans are relevant, for the same reasons (Partridge, 2001). Consequently a product with a combination of β-glucanase and xylanase may be necessary to elicit a performance improvement in pigs fed diets containing both barley and wheat. Furthermore, much work in grower/finisher pigs has been undertaken at single inclusion levels of enzyme product. The object of the current study was to compare the response of growing and finishing pigs fed diets containing barley and wheat supplemented with a β-glucanase and xylanase product included at different levels in the diet.

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9

Nsereko, V. L., D. P. Morgavi, K. A. Beauchemin, and L. M. Rode. "Inhibition of ruminant feed enzyme polysaccharidase activities by extracts from silages." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-015.

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Extracts from 14 barley silages inhibited endo-1, 4-β-xylanase and α-amylase activities of a ruminant feed enzyme additive from Trichoderma longibrachiatum by 23 to 50% but had little effect on cellulase activity. The inhibitory factor(s) were <10 kDa in size and were stable to autoclaving. These observations may explain why feed enzymes are generally less effective when applied to silages than when applied to dry feeds. Key words: Silage, fibrolytic enzymes, Trichoderma, xylanase, inhibitors

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10

Benjavongkulchai, E., and M. S. Spencer. "Purification and characterization of barley-aleurone xylanase." Planta 169, no. 3 (November 1986): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392139.

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11

Beauchemin, K. A., S. D. M. Jones, L. M. Rode, and V. J. H. Sewalt. "Effects of fibrolytic enzymes in corn or barley diets on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-050.

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A study was conducted to establish whether fibrolytic enzyme feed additives influence performance of feedlot cattle fed high grain diets, and to compare the effects of feeding diets of barley or corn on performance and carcass characteristics. Crossbred beef steers (408 kg) were offered high concentrate diets (95.1%, dry matter basis), consisting mainly of barley and barley silage or corn and corn silage. Concentrates were treated with either no enzyme or one of two enzyme mixtures. Calves were slaughtered after a 103- to 145-d feeding period at an average weight of 570 kg and 10.8 mm of backfat. Barley-fed calves grew faster (1.45 vs. 1.29 kg d−1), ate more dry matter (DM; 9.79 vs. 9.31 kg d−1), and converted DM to gain (6.85 vs. 7.35 kg DM kg−1gain) more efficiently compared with corn-fed calves (P < 0.001). Meat from barley-fed calves tended to be more highly marbled and was brighter in colour than meat from corn-fed calves, but diet had no effect on muscle score, rib eye area, or carcass leanness. Effect of enzymes differed for corn and barley diets; Enzyme 1, a preparation with higher xylanase activity than Enzyme 2, improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of barley diets by 11% over the finishing period, but enzyme treatments had no such effect for corn diets. Fibrolytic enzymes can be used to improve the digestibility of barley-based diets, but are not advantageous for corn diets. Further work is necessary to determine optimum formulation and level of application of enzyme preparations for use in barley diets. Further study of the differences in carcass characteristics of cattle fed barley or corn diets is warranted to substantiate the trends observed on this limited group of animals. Key words: Feedlot cattle, barley, corn, enzymes, cellulase, xylanase

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12

Javed, Khuram, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Sharif, Hussain Muneer, Talha Najam, and Umair Iqbal. "Effect of enzymes by substitution of corn with wheat on growth performance and digestibility of broilers." Brazilian Journal of Science 1, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v1i5.83.

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Substitution of corn with wheat associated with its variable energy content and detrimental effect on broiler performance. In a case of high-cost yellow corn, several feed producers are choosing to replace yellow corn with other ingredients like wheat, barley or sorghum. The predominant Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSP) in wheat are the pentosans (arabinixylans). Nonstarch polysaccharides create a viscous environment in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens thereby interfering with the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Broilers lack endogenous enzymes to degrade arbino-xylans of wheat. Supplementation of exogenous feed grade enzymes to the cereal based diets improve the performance of broilers. Enzyme supplementation of chicken cereals based diets has resulted in improved starch and nitrogen digestibility as well as improved absorption of starch, amino acids and lipids. Supplemental enzymes such as β-glucanase, xylanase, protease and amylase break the polymeric chains of NSP into smaller pieces, thereby improving their nutritional value. The study concluded that the supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes in wheat-based diet improve growth performance, ileal viscosity and gastric passage rate in broiler chickens.

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13

Wang, Y., T. A. McAllister, L. M. Rode, K. A. Beauchemin, D. P. Morgavi, V. L. Nsereko, A. D. Iwaasa, and W. Yang. "Effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation on microbial protein synthesis, enzyme activity and attachment to feed in the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec)." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 3 (March 2001): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000277.

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The effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation, the application method and feed type on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis were investigated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Steam-rolled barley grain and chopped alfalfa hay were sprayed with water (control, C), an enzyme preparation with a predominant xylanase activity (EF), or autoclaved enzyme (AEF) 24 h prior to feeding, or the enzyme was supplied in the buffer infused into the Rusitec (EI). Microbial N incorporation was measured using (15NH4)2SO4in the buffer. Spent feed bags were pummelled mechanically in buffer to segregate the feed particle-associated (FPA) and feed particle-bound (FPB) bacterial fractions. Enzymes applied to feed reduced neutral-detergent fibre content, and increased the concentration of reducing sugars in barley grain, but not alfalfa hay. Ruminal cellulolytic bacteria were more numerous with EF than with C. Disappearance of DM from barley grain was higher with EF than with C, but alfalfa was unaffected by EF. Treatment EF increased incorporation of15N into FPA and FPB fractions at 24 and 48 h. In contrast, AEF reduced the 24 h values, relative to C; AEF and C were similar at 48 h. Infused enzyme (EI) did not affect15N incorporation. Xylanase activity in effluent was increased by EF and EI, compared to C, but not by AEF. Xylanase activity in FPA was higher at 48 h than at 24 h with all treatments; it was higher with EF than C at 24 and 48 h, but was not altered by AEF or EI. Applying enzymes onto feeds before feeding was more effective than dosing directly into the artificial rumen for increasing ruminal fibrolytic activity.

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Kutasi, J., Á. Bata, E. Brydl, P. Rafai, and V. Jurkovich. "Characterisation and effects of a xylanase enzyme preparation extracted from Thermomyces lanuginosus cultures." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 49, no. 2 (April 2001): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.49.2001.2.6.

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This paper describes the production of an enzyme preparation from the fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Thermal resistance, pH stability and lignocellulolytic activity of the enzyme preparation high in xylanase were studied on a variety of grains and forages. The enzyme preparation preserved more than 70% of its original xylanase activity for 4 and 1 h at 60 and 70 °C, respectively. The xylanase activity remained over 80% when the preparation was incubated for 30 min at pH 4.5. In vitro digestibility studies indicated that the enzyme digested 7.5, 8.5 and 8.0% of the dry matter (DM) of barley meal, wheat bran and oat meal samples, respectively. When applying 60-min incubation, 7.5, 7.3 and 8.4% of DM of the oat straw, alfalfa hay and triticale straw was digested, respectively. When the time of digestion was increased to 360 min, the sunflower hull showed 15.8% DM digestibility.

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15

Lipiński, Krzysztof, Halina Skórko-Sajko, Cezary Purwin, Zofia Antoszkiewicz, and Marek Werpachowski. "Effect of xylanase supplementation to cereal-based diets on apparent fecal digestibility and growth performance of pigs / Wpływ suplementacji diet z udziałem zbóż ksylanazą na pozorną strawność kałową i wskaźniki tuczu świń." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0011.

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Abstract A total of 300 growing-finishing pigs (30-110 kg BW), the offspring of Naima sows and Duroc boars, were allocated to three dietary treatments (five pens per treatment, 10 males and 10 females per pen). The growth performance of pigs was determined, and the apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in animals fed grower diets was calculated by the simple balance method. Complete diets with a high content of triticale (70%-73%) and barley (6.8%-12%) were supplemented with endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (6200 EPU per g). The minimum xylanase activity per kg feed was 1050 and 1500 EPU. Xylanase, at activity levels of 1050 and 1500 EPU kg-1 complete diet, significantly (P≤0.05) increased the apparent digestibility of total protein and highly significantly (P≤0.01) that of crude fat. No significant differences in the digestibility of N-free extractives and energy were found between groups. The increased activity of xylanase (1500 EPU kg-1 feed) contributed to an increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibre (P≤0.05) and organic matter (P≤0.01), compared with the control group. Higher (P≤0.01) daily gains and average final body weights were noted in pigs fed diets supplemented with the mono-enzyme preparation. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to improve in pigs receiving xylanase-supplemented diets, but the observed differences were statistically non-significant.

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Patience, J. F., M. R. Bedford, H. L. Classen, and J. Inborr. "The effect of dietary enzyme supplementation of rye- and barley-based diets on digestion and subsequent performance in weanling pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-011.

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of xylanase (850 U g−1) supplementation of a rye and soybean meal-based diet (exp. 1) and β-glucanase (1086 U g−1) supplementation of a barley- and soybean-meal-based diet (exp. 2) on the progress of protein and starch digestion throughout the small intestine. In each experiment, 12 weanling pigs per treatment were fed the experimental diet for a 10-d period, at the end of which feed intake and weight gain were recorded and samples of digesta were collected from the small intestine, colon and rectum. Xylanase supplementation did not result in any improvement in rate or efficiency of gain, feed intake, starch or protein digestibility (P > 0.05). Digesta viscosity was increased by enzyme supplementation in some sections of the small intestine. β-glucanase supplementation resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in rate of gain and improved protein digestibility in the colon and in the last three-quarters of the small intestine, but had no effect on starch digestibility. In conclusion, β-glucanase supplementation of barley/SBM-based diets for young weanling pigs was of benefit whereas pentosanase supplementation of rye/SBM-based diets was not. Key words: Swine, pentosanase, β-glucanase, digestion, barley, rye

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17

Mellange, J., J. Inborr, and B. P. Gill. "Enzyme supplementation of wheat, barley or sugar beet pulp based diets for early weaned piglets: effects on performance and faecal nutrient digestibility." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022467.

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The aim of this study was to examine if enzyme supplementation could improve the performance of early weaned piglets by increasing nutrient digestibility of diets in which energy content was reduced by replacing wheat with barley or sugar beet pulp.The following diets were supplemented with (+) and without (-) stabilised multi-enzyme premixes (E1, E2 and E3 respectively): diet W containing 706g/kg wheat and formulated to supply 14 MJ DE/kg, diets B and SBP in which DE was reduced to 13.25 MJ/kg by completely replacing wheat with barley or 185g/kg sugar beet pulp respectively. All diets were formulated to provide 150g/kg of apparent ileally digestible ideal protein, giving a crude protein concentration of about 217g/kg. Soya bean (200g/kg) and fish meal (75g/kg) were added at equal levels to all diets. Main enzyme activities in E1 were xylanase (T . longibrachiatum), amylase (B. subtilis) and pectinase (A. niger), in E2 beta-glucanase (T. longibrachiatum), xylanase (T. longibrachiatum) and amylase (B.subtilis) and in E3 beta-glucanase (T. longibrachiatum), amylase (B. subtilis) and pectinase (A. niger). The feeds were pelleted (3mm).

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Merriman, Laura A., Pete Wilcock, and Gustavo Cordero. "PSIII-19 The Effect of Xylanase on Finisher Pig Performance." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.287.

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Abstract The breakdown of long chain arabinoxylans into smaller chain xylo-oligomers by the use of xylanase results in a shift towards fiber utilizing bacteria resulting in production of small chain fatty acids and improved pig performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylanase (Econase XT; AB Vista) on finisher pig performance. A total of 598 pigs; (37.4 ± 1.0 kg) were fed a single-phase diet for 60 days. Pigs were assigned to two treatments; 0 (CTL) or 16,000 BXU/kg of xylanase (XYL) with 12 pen replicates and 24/25 pigs (mixed sex; gilts and boars) per treatment. The diet was based on wheat, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and wheat midds; SID Lys: 0.88%, NDF: 14.7%, and NE: 2090 kcal/kg. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated in phase 1 (0-26d), phase 2 (26-60d) and overall (0-60d). Liveability was measured per treatment. Data were analysed using JMP 12 using the standard least square platform and ANOVA was performed to determine significance at P < 0.05. The model included initial BW as a covariant. The results indicated that there was no effect of xylanase on liveweight, ADG or ADFI at any phase of the finisher period. The use of xylanase improved FCR in phase 2 (2.53 v 2.60: P < 0.05) and overall (2.44 v 2.49 P=0.03). No differences were seen in liveability (CTL; 96%; XYL 98%; P = 0.29). It can be concluded that the use of xylanase can be used in finisher feeds to improve FCR which is linked with greater energy utilisation that has been associated with greater fiber breakdown through xylanase use.

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McAllister, T. A., S. J. Oosting, J. D. Popp, Z. Mir, L. J. Yanke, A. N. Hristov, R. J. Treacher, and K. J. Cheng. "Effect of exogenous enzymes on digestibility of barley silage and growth performance of feedlot cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-099.

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Barley silage was sprayed with water or with a 2:1 combination of commercial cellulase and xylanase preparations, or the enzymes were introduced directly into the rumen, in a digestibility study (replicated incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square) using 10 sheep. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were lower (P < 0.05) when enzymes were dosed intraruminally than when applied to silage, but enzymes by either route did not affect (P > 0.05) intake of DM, organic matter or digestible organic matter, or digestibilities of DM or NDF, ruminal pH, xylanase activity, endoglucanase activity or ruminal cellulolytic bacterial populations. Treating the silage portion of an 82.5% barley silage backgrounding diet with the enzyme mix at 0, 1.25, 3.5 or 5.0 L t−1 DM tended to linearly increase (P = 0.08) final weights of steers (n = 24). Average daily gain tended to be (P = 0.06) and feed intake and feed efficiency were (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively) quadratically related to these enzyme concentrations from days 0 to 56, but not overall (days 0 to 120). In contrast, treatment of both portions (forage and concentrate) of a 70% barley-ryegrass silage finishing diet at 3.5 L t−1 DM increased (P < 0.01) the average daily gain of finishing feedlot cattle by 10%. Carcass weights and traits were not affected (P > 0.1) by enzyme supplementation. In this study, treating the total mixed ration improved feedlot cattle performance more than treating the silage component alone. Key words: Enzymes, beef cattle, growth, barley silage

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McCann, M. E. E., J. D. G. McEvoy, and K. J. McCracken. "The effects of barley variety, the location of production and enzyme addition on overall and ileal digestibility in growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005937.

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Spring barley is the most widely produced cereal in Northern Ireland. Riviera and Dandy are the main varieties but there is a lack of information regarding their nutritive value. Variety and location of production affect the nutritive value of barley (Valaja et al 1997). An aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of Riviera and Dandy and also to examine the effect of location of production. Cereal grains contain a high level of non starch polysaccharides (NSP). The major NSP present in barley are β-glucan and arabinoxylan and supplementation with exogenous enzymes has been shown to increase digestibility to different extents (Yin et al 2000). A further aim of this study was to examine the effects of a mixture of β-glucanase and xylanase on these two varieties.

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Huhtanen, Pekka, and Hannele Khalili. "The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass-silage-based diet." British Journal of Nutrition 67, no. 2 (March 1992): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19920028.

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Carboxymethylcellulase (EC3.2.1.4; CMCase) and xylanase (EC3.2.1.8) activities were assayed in rumen fluid and from microbes closely associated either with rumen particulate material or with feed particles incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle. The cattle were fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and a simple ‘T’-piece duodenal cannula and were given four diets in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment. The basal diet (diet C) consisted of grass silage, barley and rapeseed meal (700, 240 and 60 g/kg total dry matter (DM)) given at the rate of 5·3 kg/d or supplemented with 1·0 kg sucrose/d given twice daily (diet S), twice daily with 0·25 kg sodium bicarbonate/d (diet B) or as a continuous intrarumen infusion (diet I). Giving sucrose supplements decreased CMCase and xylanase activities extracted from microbes associated with rumen particulate material or feed particles incubated in nylon bags as compared with diet C. Supplementation of the sucrose diet with sodium bicarbonate resulted in higher CMCase and xylanase activities than other sucrose diets (S and I). Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were found to be very sensitive in detecting differences in the rumen environment and were related to changes in cell wall digestion. The activities were highly correlated with disappearance of DM and neutral-detergent fibre from nylon bags incubated in the rumen, rumen and total digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates and rumen pool size of cell-wall carbohydrates. It was concluded that the attachment of fibrinolytic enzymes is involved in the depression of fibre digestion. Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were much higher when measured from rumen particulate material than from feed particles incubated in nylon bags.

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22

Veloz Villavicencio, Eliana, Tuulia Mali, Hans K. Mattila, and Taina Lundell. "Enzyme Activity Profiles Produced on Wood and Straw by Four Fungi of Different Decay Strategies." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010073.

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Four well-studied saprotrophic Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes species with different decay strategies were cultivated on solid lignocellulose substrates to compare their extracellular decomposing carbohydrate-active and lignin-attacking enzyme production profiles. Two Polyporales species, the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata and brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola, as well as one Agaricales species, the intermediate “grey” rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, were cultivated on birch wood pieces for 12 weeks, whereas the second Agaricales species, the litter-decomposing fungus Coprinopsis cinerea was cultivated on barley straw for 6 weeks under laboratory conditions. During 3 months of growth on birch wood, only the white rot fungus P. radiata produced high laccase and MnP activities. The brown rot fungus F. pinicola demonstrated notable production of xylanase activity up to 43 nkat/mL on birch wood, together with moderate β-glucosidase and endoglucanase cellulolytic activities. The intermediate rot fungus S. commune was the strongest producer of β-glucosidase with activities up to 54 nkat/mL, and a notable producer of xylanase activity, even up to 620 nkat/mL, on birch wood. Low lignin-attacking but moderate activities against cellulose and hemicellulose were observed with the litter-decomposer C. cinerea on barley straw. Overall, our results imply that plant cell wall decomposition ability of taxonomically and ecologically divergent fungi is in line with their enzymatic decay strategy, which is fundamental in understanding their physiology and potential for biotechnological applications.

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Beauchemin, K. A., L. M. Rode, and D. Karren. "Use of feed enzymes in feedlot finishing diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-124.

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An enzyme mixture with predominantly xylanase and cellulase activities was added to a high concentrate diet (92.2%, dry matter basis) and fed to growing heifers (370 kg) reared in a commercial feedlot. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake but increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain by 9% (1.40 to 1.53 kg d−1) and numerically improved feed-to-gain ratio by 10% (7.72 to 6.95 kg dry matter kg−1 gain). Feed enzyme technology can improve efficiency of commercial feedlot cattle production. Key words: Beef cattle, feedlot cattle, enzymes, barley

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24

Pinheiro, Vanessa Elisa, Jorge A. Ferreira, Jorge Henrique de Almeida Betini, Eliana Setsuko Kamimura, and Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli. "Utilizing a novel fungal enzymatic cocktail as an eco-friendly alternative for cellulose pulp biobleaching." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 7509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7509-7529.

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Enzyme cocktails can alter the lignin and hemicellulose content in wood cell walls, improving the bleaching process during pulp production and offsetting the need for toxic chemicals. In this study, brown pulp was biobleached with a mixture of crude fungal extracts rich in xylanase and laccase, respectively produced from Aspergillus tamarii Kita and Trametes versicolor on waste materials. The optimal conditions for biobleaching were a mixture of xylanase and laccase crude extracts (1 to 2 v/v), at a temperature of 36 °C and a pH of 5.5. The treated brown cellulose pulp showed a reduction in the Kappa number by 1.83 points, representing an efficiency of 20.3%. In addition, the brightness increased by 4.65 points in comparison to the control. Hence, studies involving the application of the standardized cocktail during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues, e.g., barley residue and sugarcane bagasse, led to the formation of 85 g/L and 25 g/L of reducing sugars, respectively. Moreover, the standardized cocktail caused greater deinking of the recycled paper pulp.

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Chen, Nancy Jung, and Robert E. Paull. "Endoxylanase expressed during papaya fruit ripening: purification, cloning and characterization." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 4 (2003): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp02208.

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Papaya (Carica papaya L.) softening during fruit ripening is correlated with the activities of an endoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.8). A 32.5-kDa xylanase (CpaEXY1) from ripening fruit mesocarp was purified 45 871-fold on enzymatic activity and to homogeneity by SDS electrophoresis. The enzyme had endo- and not exo-xylanase activity, a pH optimum of 5–7 and was inhibited by Ca2+, Co2+, and Zn2+. Degenerate primers were constructed from five peptides obtained from the purified enzyme, and a full-length cDNA clone (AY138968) was isolated from a library constructed from ripening mesocarp. CpaEXY1 coded for a 64.96-kDa protein that had up to 61% identity with the 12 predicted Arabidopsis Family 10 endoxylanase-like sequences and 40% to the barley aleurone xylanase. The peptide sequences, obtained from the trypsin-digested purified protein, were all found between amino acid 267�and 426 out of the predicted 584 amino acids. The N-terminal 27 amino acids were hydrophobic and formed a predicted secretory signal peptide. A predicted carbohydrate-binding module was located between amino acids 60�and 182, distinct from the C-terminal endoxylanase catalytic center. CpaEXY1 was developmentally expressed during fruit ripening and the expression correlated with the variation in softening patterns of different varieties. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CpaEXY1 was expressed during fruit ripening; the expression was correlated with softening and was modified by post-translational proteolysis. This modification may take place in the cell wall, and regulate enzyme activity and cell-wall-microdomain-specific hydrolysis.

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García-Aparicio, María P., Mercedes Ballesteros, Paloma Manzanares, Ignacio Ballesteros, Alberto González, and M. José Negro. "Xylanase contribution to the efficiency of cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis of barley straw." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 137-140, no. 1-12 (April 2007): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-9064-0.

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27

González-Ortiz, Gemma, Krzysztof Kozłowski, Aleksandra Drażbo, and Michael R. Bedford. "Response of turkeys fed wheat-barley-rye based diets to xylanase supplementation." Animal Feed Science and Technology 229 (July 2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.005.

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Rabee, Alaa Emara, Amr A. Sayed Alahl, Mebarek Lamara, and Suzanne L. Ishaq. "Fibrolytic rumen bacteria of camel and sheep and their applications in the bioconversion of barley straw to soluble sugars for biofuel production." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): e0262304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262304.

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Lignocellulosic biomass such as barley straw is a renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional feeds and could be used as bioenergy sources; however, low hydrolysis rate reduces the fermentation efficiency. Understanding the degradation and colonization of barley straw by rumen bacteria is the key step to improve the utilization of barley straw in animal feeding or biofuel production. This study evaluated the hydrolysis of barley straw as a result of the inoculation by rumen fluid of camel and sheep. Ground barley straw was incubated anaerobically with rumen inocula from three fistulated camels (FC) and three fistulated sheep (FR) for a period of 72 h. The source of rumen inoculum did not affect the disappearance of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD). Group FR showed higher production of glucose, xylose, and gas; while higher ethanol production was associated with cellulosic hydrolysates obtained from FC group. The diversity and structure of bacterial communities attached to barley straw was investigated by Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing of V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA genes. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The dominant genera were RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, Butyrivibrio, Succiniclasticum, Selenomonas, and Streptococcus, indicating the important role of these genera in lignocellulose fermentation in the rumen. Group FR showed higher RC9_gut_group and group FC revealed higher Ruminococcus, Saccharofermentans, and Butyrivibrio. Higher enzymes activities (cellulase and xylanase) were associated with group FC. Thus, bacterial communities in camel and sheep have a great potential to improve the utilization lignocellulosic material in animal feeding and the production of biofuel and enzymes.

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Borrego-Benjumea, Ana, Adam Carter, James R. Tucker, Zhen Yao, Wayne Xu, and Ana Badea. "Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression Provides New Insights into Waterlogging Responses in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020240.

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Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress causing oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the rhizosphere. Barley is more susceptible to waterlogging stress than other cereals. To gain a better understanding, the genome-wide gene expression responses in roots of waterlogged barley seedlings of Yerong and Deder2 were analyzed by RNA-Sequencing. A total of 6736, 5482, and 4538 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in waterlogged roots of Yerong at 72 h and Deder2 at 72 and 120 h, respectively, compared with the non-waterlogged control. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the most significant changes in GO terms, resulted from these DEGs observed under waterlogging stress, were related to primary and secondary metabolism, regulation, and oxygen carrier activity. In addition, more than 297 transcription factors, including members of MYB, AP2/EREBP, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, and G2-like families, were identified as waterlogging responsive. Tentative important contributors to waterlogging tolerance in Deder2 might be the highest up-regulated DEGs: Trichome birefringence, α/β-Hydrolases, Xylanase inhibitor, MATE efflux, serine carboxypeptidase, and SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein. The study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to waterlogging in barley, which will be of benefit for future studies of molecular responses to waterlogging and will greatly assist barley genetic research and breeding.

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Xue, Xianli, Rong Wang, Tao Tu, Pengjun Shi, Rui Ma, Huiying Luo, Bin Yao та Xiaoyun Su. "The N-Terminal GH10 Domain of a Multimodular Protein from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Is a Versatile Xylanase/β-Glucanase That Can Degrade Crystalline Cellulose". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, № 11 (27 березня 2015): 3823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00432-15.

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ABSTRACTThe genome of the thermophilic bacteriumCaldicellulosiruptor besciiencodes three multimodular enzymes with identical C-terminal domain organizations containing two consecutive CBM3b modules and one glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 48 (GH48) catalytic module. However, the three proteins differ much in their N termini. Among these proteins, CelA (orC. besciiCel9A [CbCel9A]/Cel48A) with a GH9/CBM3c binary partner in the N terminus has been shown to use a novel strategy to degrade crystalline cellulose, which leads to its outstanding cellulose-cleaving activity. Here we show thatC. besciiXyn10C (CbXyn10C), the N-terminal GH10 domain from CbXyn10C/Cel48B, can also degrade crystalline cellulose, in addition to heterogeneous xylans and barley β-glucan. The data from substrate competition assays, mutational studies, molecular modeling, and docking point analyses point to the existence of only one catalytic center in the bifunctional xylanase/β-glucanase. The specific activities of the recombinant CbXyn10C on Avicel and filter paper were comparable to those of GH9/CBM3c of the robust CelA expressed inEscherichia coli. Appending one or two cellulose-binding CBM3bs enhanced the activities of CbXyn10C in degrading crystalline celluloses, which were again comparable to those of the GH9/CBM3c-CBM3b-CBM3b truncation mutant of CelA. Since CbXyn10C/Cel48B and CelA have similar domain organizations and high sequence homology, the endocellulase activity observed in CbXyn10C leads us to speculate that CbXyn10C/Cel48B may use the same strategy that CelA uses to hydrolyze crystalline cellulose, thus helping the excellent crystalline cellulose degraderC. besciiacquire energy from the environment. In addition, we also demonstrate that CbXyn10C may be an interesting candidate enzyme for biotechnology due to its versatility in hydrolyzing multiple substrates with different glycosidic linkages.

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Van Campenhout, Steven, Annick Pollet, Tine M. Bourgois, Sigrid Rombouts, Johnny Beaugrand, Kurt Gebruers, Evelien De Backer, Christophe M. Courtin, Jan A. Delcour та Guido Volckaert. "Unprocessed barley aleurone endo-β-1,4-xylanase X-I is an active enzyme". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 356, № 3 (травень 2007): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.066.

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Caprita, Rodica, та Adrian Caprita. "Effects of exogenous xylanase and β-glucanase on carbohydrate digestibility in wheat and barley". Journal of Biotechnology 208 (серпень 2015): S65—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.198.

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33

VAHJEN, WILFRIED, K. GOLLNISCH, O. SIMON, and E. SCHULZ. "Development of a semiquantitative PCR assay for the detection of the Clostridium perfringens type C beta toxin gene in purified nucleic acid extracts from the intestinal tract of pigs." Journal of Agricultural Science 134, no. 1 (January 2000): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969900725x.

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Total DNA was extracted and purified from luminal digesta samples (1 g) of 14-week-old (c. 43 kg bodyweight) pigs. Digoxigenin (DIG) labelled PCR products of the beta toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens type C were generated with DIG-11-UTP and chemoluminescent signals of DIG-labelled PCR products were detected on slot blots and recorded with a sensitive charge coupled densitometric camera. Detection limit and correlation of chemoluminescent signals to initial target DNA concentration were evaluated. Detection of the beta toxin gene could be achieved with 100 ag C. perfringens DNA in the presence of 1 μg unspecific DNA. The semiquantitative DIG-PCR assay was used to evaluate the relative abundance of the beta toxin gene of C. perfringens type C in purified DNA extracts from intestinal samples of pigs, which were fed a wheat/barley diet (controls), supplemented with the antibiotic avilamycin (40 mg/kg feed), a xylanase (4000 U/kg feed) or a combination of both feed additives. The antibiotic treatment significantly reduced the amount of PCR product in ileal and colon DNA extracts. Xylanase supplementation significantly reduced the amount of PCR product in colon samples, but led to an increase in jejunal samples. From the results it is concluded, that the antibiotic inhibited growth of C. perfringens type C in the ileum and colon of pigs. The semiquantitative DIG-PCR assay can be used to sensitively monitor the relative abundance of specific pathogens in the intestinal tract.

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Ran, Tao, Atef M. Saleem, Yizhao Shen, Gabriel O. Ribeiro, Karen A. Beauchemin, Adrian Tsang, Wenzhu Yang, and Tim A. McAllister. "Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 8 (June 28, 2019): 3578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz216.

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Abstract A metabolism study was conducted using 8 ruminal cannulated beef heifers to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) selected specifically for forage-fed ruminants on ruminal pH, fermentation, nitrogen balance, and total tract digestibility of heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with 2 treatments and 2 periods. The 2 treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw, and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The enzyme was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU·kg−1 DM 24 h before feeding. Each period comprised 2 wk of diet adaptation and 1 wk of sampling and data collection. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were unaffected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean, minimum, maximum, and duration pH <5.8, did not differ between treatments. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, and acetate-to-propionate ratio were also not affected by RFE. However, ruminal NH3-N concentration (P < 0.06) and endoglucanase activity (P < 0.08) in ruminal fluid tended to be higher with RFE. Nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet, despite the fact that it was specifically selected for this trait in laboratory assays. However, the increased ruminal NH3-N concentration suggests it potentially increased ruminal proteolytic activity.

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Lai, Doreen M. L., Amanda M. Slade та Geoffrey B. Fincher. "Development and regulation of (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Seed Science Research 3, № 1 (березень 1993): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001574.

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AbstractThe development of (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.73) has been examined in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Millewa) grain, and in isolated aleurone layers and scutella. Activity is first detected in extracts of intact grain 2–3 days after the initiation of germination and thereafter increases until 6 days. In isolated aleurone layers, (1→3,1→4)-β-glucanase activity is secreted for up to 4 days. Treatment of aleurone layers with gibberellic acid (GA3) results in a 2-fold enhancement of secreted enzyme for the first 2 days, but activity decreases after 2 days. (1→3,1→4)-β-Glucanase secretion from GA3-treated aleurone layers clearly precedes the secretion of amylase and (1→4)-β-xylanase. Small but significant levels of cellulase are secreted from aleurone layers after GA3 treatment. Isolated scutella also secrete (1→3,1→4)-β-glucanase but GA3 has little apparent effect on secretion patterns from this tissue. Proteins secreted from excised aleurone layers and scutella, together with those in homogenates of intact, germinated grain, have been examined by Western blot analysis, using monoclonal antibodies against barley (1→3,1→4)-β-glucanases as probes. In each case the wheat (1→3,1→4)-β-glucanase is recognised only by the monoclonal antibody that is specific for barley isoenzyme El.

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Peltonen, Sari. "Comparison of xylanase production by fungal pathogens of barley with special reference to Bipolaris sorokiniana." Mycological Research 99, no. 6 (June 1995): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80535-2.

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Caspers, Martien P. M., Finn Lok, Karin M. C. Sinjorgo, Mieke J. Van Zeijl, Kirsten A. Nielsen та Verena Cameron-Mills. "Synthesis, processing and export of cytoplasmic endo-β-1,4-xylanase from barley aleurone during germination". Plant Journal 26, № 2 (23 грудня 2001): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01019.x.

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38

Caprita, Rodica, та Adrian Caprita. "Effect of xylanase and β-glucanase on in vitro digestibility parameters of ground barley grain". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24 (липень 2013): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.241.

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39

Nørgaard, Jan Værum, Navodita Malla, Giuseppe Dionisio, Claus Krogh Madsen, Dan Pettersson, Helle Nygaard Lærke, Rasmus L. Hjortshøj, and Henrik Brinch-Pedersen. "Exogenous xylanase or protease for pigs fed barley cultivars with high or low enzyme inhibitors." Animal Feed Science and Technology 248 (February 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.12.005.

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40

Kanauchi, Makoto, Ayaka Chijimi, Mayumi Ohnishi-Kameyama, and Charles W. Bamforth. "An investigation of two xylan-degrading enzymes and a novel xylanase inhibitor in malted barley." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 119, no. 1-2 (June 17, 2013): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jib.64.

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41

Yin, Y. L., J. D. G. McEvoy, H. Schulze, and K. J. McCracken. "Studies on cannulation method and alternative indigestible markers and the effects of food enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets on ileal and overall apparent digestibility in growing pigs." Animal Science 70, no. 1 (February 2000): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051602.

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AbstractTwo different cannulation procedures (simple ileal ‘T’ cannula v. The post valve ‘T’ caecal cannula (PVTC)) and two indigestible markers (TiO2 v. Cr2O3) were studied with six male littermate pigs fitted with PVTC or simple ileal ‘T’ cannulae. Six diets were used, of which two were based on wheat and wheat bran and the other four were based on two barleys of different bushel weight without and with exogenous enzymes (ß-glucanase/xylanase). Proportional TiO2 and Cr2O3 recoveries in faeces were less than 1·00, the mean values for the six diets being 0·858 for TiO2 and 0·811 for Cr2O3. With both markers, recovery in faeces was lowest for the most digestible wheat-based diet (A). The ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy and amino acids measured with Cr2O3 were significantly (P < 0·001) lower than those measured with TiO2. There was no difference in overall apparent digestibility of DM, CP and energy measured with simple ileal ‘T’ cannula and PVTC techniques. However, IAD of DM, energy and CP measured with the PVTC method were significantly higher than those measured with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method. The data also showed that the standard errors with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method were greater than when using the PVTC method. Diet significantly affected ileal and overall digestibility of nutrients (P < 0·001) with values being highest for diet A and least for the wheat bran-based diet (B). Overall digestibility (OD) of DM and energy were higher for the higher bushel weight barley-based diet (C) than for the normal bushel weight barley-based diet (E). Enzyme inclusion improved OD for both barley diets and ileal digestibility of energy (0·060) and CP (0·057) for the normal bushel weight barley.

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O’Connell, J. M., T. Sweeney, J. J. Callan, C. Byrne, and J. V. O’Doherty. "The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emission from pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010127.

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Ammonia and volatile fatty acids are significant sources of pollution. In wheat, xylans predominate as the primary non-starch polysaccharide while in barley β-glucan predominates. β-glucans have also been shown to support the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. By increasing bacterial activity in the hindgut, the pattern of nitrogen excretion and VFA production may be augmented. Exogenous enzymes may increase nutrient digestibility by degrading the β-glucan. It is hypothesised that the addition of an exogenous enzyme mix to a barley-based diet would result in a benefit in terms of increased nutrient digestibility however; this benefit may be reduced by an associated increase in ammonia emissions.

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O'Connell, J. M., T. Sweeney, J. J. Callan, and J. V. O'Doherty. "The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs." Animal Science 81, no. 3 (December 2005): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc42040357.

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AbstractA 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between cereal type (wheatv. barley) and an exogenous enzyme supplement (with or without) on nutrient digestibility, large intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid profile andin vitromanure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs. The enzyme supplement used contained endo-1, 3-β-glucanase (EC 3·2·1·6) and endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (EC 3·2·1·8). The diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of net energy (9·8 MJ/kg) and lysine (10·0 g/kg). Urine and faeces were collected over seven consecutive days from 16 boars (four boars per treatment, 80·0 kg live weight) that were housed in metabolism crates. After collections, the pigs were slaughtered and the contents of the intestinal tracts were removed for analysis. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen. The inclusion of an enzyme supplement in barley-based diets increased (P< 0·05) DMD, OMD and nitrogen digestibility compared with unsupplemented diets, however there was no effect of enzyme supplementation in wheat-based diets. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in selected components of the gut microflora. Pigs offered unsupplemented barley-based diets had higher populations of bifidobacteria (P< 0·05) in the caecum and colon than those on the enzyme supplemented barley diet, however, there was no effect of enzyme supplementation on bifidobacteria in wheat-based diets. There was a significant interaction between cereal type and enzyme inclusion in volatile fatty acid production and inin vitroammonia emissions. In the absence of an enzyme supplement, barley-based diets reduced the proportion of isovaleric acid (P< 0·05) and isobutyric acid (P< 0·05) in the caecum and colon and also reduced manure ammonia emissions during storage from 0 to 240 h (P< 0·05) compared with the wheat-based diet, however there was no effect of cereal type in enzyme-supplemented diets. In conclusion, the inclusion of an enzyme in barley-based diets increased nutrient digestibility but also increased ammonia emissions.

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Benassi, Vivian Machado, Rosymar Coutinho de Lucas, Michele Michelin, João Atílio Jorge, Héctor Francisco Terenzi, and Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli. "Production and action of an Aspergillus phoenicis enzymatic pool using different carbon sources." Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 15, no. 3 (September 6, 2012): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-67232012005000019.

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Aspergillus phoenicis is an interesting heat tolerant fungus that can synthesize enzymes with several applications in the food industry due to its great hydrolytic potential. In this work, the fungus produced high enzymatic levels when cultivated on inexpensive culture media consisting of flakes from different origins such as cassava flour, wheat fibre, crushed soybean, agro-industrial wastes, starch, glucose or maltose. Several enzymatic systems were produced from these carbon sources, but amylase was the most evident, followed by pectinase and xylanase. Traces of CMCases, avicelase, lipase, β-xylosidase, β-glucosidase and α-glucosidase activities were also detected. Amylases were produced on rye flakes, starch, oat flakes, corn flakes, cassava flour and wheat fibre. Significant amylolytic levels were produced in the culture medium with glucose or when this sugar was exhausted, suggesting an enzyme in the constitutive form. Cassava flour, rye, oats, barley and corn flakes were also used as substrates in the hydrolytic reactions, aiming to verify the liberation potential of reducing sugars. Corn flakes induced greater liberation of reducing sugars as compared to the others. Thin layer chromatography of the reaction end products showed that the hydrolysis of cassava flour liberated maltooligosaccharides, but cassava flour and corn, rye, oats and barley flakes were hydrolyzed to glucose. These results suggested the presence of glucoamylase and α-amylase as part of the enzymatic pool of A. phoencis.

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Cho, C. H., M. Hatsu, and K. Takamizawa. "The production of D-xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0414.

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Agricultural wastes, rich in D-xylose content, were hydrolyzed using the mixed crude enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. AHT-1 and Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Shells of pistachio, peanut, walnut, chestnut, barley brans and sunflower seed peels, were used as raw or pretreated forms. Pretreatment was performed by milling or steam explosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis after steam explosion was more effective than milling processing. More than 13 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells, walnut shells, sunflower seed peels and peanut shells (less than 0.5 mm size) by the action of mixed enzyme solutions. A maximum of 36 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells when mixed enzyme solution, containing 3,000 U and 33 U per g of substrate with xylanase and β-xyosidase activities, respectively, was applied. The ratio of the enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to acid hydrolysis in this finding was 100%.

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Khalili Ghadikolaei, Kamran, Kambiz Akbari Noghabi, and Hossein Shahbani Zahiri. "Development of a bifunctional xylanase-cellulase chimera with enhanced activity on rice and barley straws using a modular xylanase and an endoglucanase procured from camel rumen metagenome." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101, no. 18 (August 1, 2017): 6929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8430-2.

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Hristov, A. N., T. A. McAllister, M. E. Olson, K. J. Cheng, L. J. Yanke, and J. A. Shelford. "Effect of Tween 80 and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in steers fed a diet containing 70% barley." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-067.

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Ten Jersey steers (484 ± 55 kg) were fed a basal diet of 70% rolled barley grain and 30% alfalfa silage [dry matter (DM) basis] with or without additives, in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square experiment. Treatments (additives per kilogram dietary DM) were: C, no additives (control); T, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1); SH, salinomycin (13 mg kg−1); TSM, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (6.5 mg kg−1); and TSL, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (3.25 mg kg−1). Ruminal pH, concentrations of ammonia, total free amino acids, reducing sugars and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fluid phase viscosity were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Ruminal carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase activities, numbers of protozoa, and outflow rates of the liquid and solid phases of ruminal contents did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Ruminal lactic acid bacteria populations tended (P < 0.1) to be smaller with SH compared with C, but counts were unaffected (P > 0.05) by T, TSL and TSM. Partitioning of ruminal digesta and microbial protein flow were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with C, the ruminal rate of degradation (in situ) of alfalfa DM tended to be higher (P < 0.10) with SH, and the rate of barley grain DM degradation was higher (P < 0.05) with T. Intake and apparent digestibilities of DM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment, as were blood glucose and urea levels. Tween 80 and salinomycin did not affect ruminal fermentation or nutrient digestibility in steers fed a barley grain/alfalfa silage diet. Key words: Tween 80, salinomycin, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, steer

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48

Ran, Tao, Atef Saleem, YiZhao Shen, Gabriel Ribeiro, Adrian Tsang, Karen A. Beauchemin, Wenzhu Yang, and Tim McAllister. "PSXII-23 Effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme on fiber digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance and total tract digestibility of heifers fed a high forage diet." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.832.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a recombinant fibrolytic enzyme (RFE; xylanase XYL10C) on ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics, total tract digestibility and nitrogen balance in beef heifers. The experiment was a cross-over design with two treatments and two periods, using eight ruminal cannulated beef heifers. The treatments were a basal diet containing 60% barley silage, 30% barley straw and 10% supplement (DM basis) without (control) or with RFE. The RFE XYL10C was selected specifically for ruminants using a high throughput in vitro micro assay and was sprayed onto the barley straw at a rate of 6.6 × 104 IU/kg DM 24 h before feeding. The diet was prepared daily using a data ranger. Each period was 21 d, with a 14-d adaptation and 7-d sample collection period. The digestibility and nitrogen balance were measured by total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment, and random effects of period and heifer. Feed intake (8.9 kg/d) and total tract digestibility of DM (65.5%), NDF (57.2%) and ADF (51.2%) were not affected by RFE. Ruminal pH including mean (6.52), minimum (5.79), maximum (7.05), and duration of pH < 5.8 (0.64, h/d) did not differ between treatments. No treatment effects were observed for total VFA concentration (106 mM), molar proportion of acetate (68.2%) and propionate (17.5%) and acetate to propionate ratio (3.94). However, adding RFE vs. control tended (P < 0.08) to increase ruminal NH3-N concentration (5.75 vs. 5.23 mM) and endoglucanase activity (44.3 vs. 40.7 µmol glucose/min/mL wet rumen contents). There were no differences in nitrogen utilization and rumen microbial protein synthesis (90.7 g/d) between treatments. The results indicate that RFE XYL10C did not improve fiber digestion in heifers fed a high forage diet.

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Peltonen, S., and R. Karjalainen. "Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in Barley After Infection with Bipolaris sorokiniana or Treatment with its Purified Xylanase." Journal of Phytopathology 143, no. 4 (April 1995): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1995.tb00606.x.

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Rezaeian, M., D. S. Parker, and G. W. Beakes. "Cellulase and xylanase activity of the rumen anaerobic fungi grown on untreated and sodium hydroxide treated barley straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003070.

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The treatment of straw with sodium hydroxide in order to upgrade its nutritive value and to increase the utilisation of its energy by ruminants has been widely employed in many parts of the world. The aim of the experiment was to assess the fibrolytic activity of the anaerobic fungi in vitro using either untreated or NaOH treated barley straw.Anaerobic fungi were isolated from the rumen of a sheep fed with a diet of hay and lucerne pellets using medium C based on that described by Davies et al. (1993) and as modified by Rezaeian (1996). The Isolates were inoculated into two series of culture media containing either sodium hydroxide treated (TS) or untreated milled straw (US). Five replicate cultures were prepared and incubated at 39 °C over a period of 12 days. The dry matter loss of the substrates and changes in pH of the medium cultures were measured.

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