Книги з теми "Balanced architecture"

The fundamental purpose of this paper is to analyze the transformations in the international financial architecture and their impact on the national financial system. The analysis of the international financial architecture's functioning mechanism suggests its similarity with the software system structure. It is static in the way the system functionality is decomposed and divided into implementation teams. The efficiency of international financial architecture's functioning depends mainly on how balanced and interconnected its elements are. Thus, according to systems theory, only by overcoming the deformation of the international financial architecture at all its levels, it is possible to increase the financial system's overall performance. In this regard, maintaining a dynamic balance in the development of the international financial architecture as an integral unit of its structural elements and functions is becoming of urgent importance. This aspect of the research allows the creation of an instrumental and methodological basis for forecasting the directions for further developing the international financial architecture in the context of the globalization of the world economy at the national financial systems level. This study concludes that the complex solution of the international financial architecture challenges involves creating the foundations for implementing progressive structural changes in the economy and contributing to sustainable economic development.

Banking Law fully addresses the current landscape of banking law and regulation post the 2008 financial crisis. Coverage is balanced between transactional, regulatory, and private law topics across UK banking law, as well as European and international law. The text aims to cover everything needed for a full understanding. Topics covered include: the banker–customer relationship, payment, regulatory architecture in the UK and the European Union, macroprudential regulation, banking culture, governance, incentives, crisis management and resolution, and combatting financial crime.

This Conclusion draws together the main themes of the previous ten chapters. It has been argued that the major theatres that were built in Britain between the 1940s and the 1980s were, on the one hand, representative of a new attitude to theatre. Supported by public funding, they explored new relationships with their surroundings, included new kinds of public space, and housed auditoria in which the actor–audience relationship was rethought. At the same time, these buildings also demonstrate important continuities in their conception and design, and they reveal the richness of a ‘mainstream’ modern architecture. The conclusion ends with a brief examination of the kinds of plays staged in Britain’s new civic and repertory theatres during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Like the design of the buildings, these plays balanced continuity and change.

This chapter analyses the history and effectiveness of the two major mechanisms of resolution of balance-of-payments crises: IMF emergency financing and complementary mechanisms, and sovereign debt workouts. It argues that IMF lending has historically met its counter-cyclical objectives and has been improving in recent decades in terms of providing adequate lending facilities as well as focusing conditionality on macro-relevant areas. Swap arrangements among central banks constitute the most important complementary mechanism, but benefit mainly developed countries. In contrast to advances in IMF financing, the need to have a better framework for debt resolution remains one of the major gaps of the international financial architecture. In this regard, this chapter proposes a multilateral mechanism that would lie between the voluntary and statutory solutions that have been proposed in the global debate. This mechanism would offer a sequence of voluntary negotiations, mediation, and eventual arbitration that would take place with pre-established deadlines.

A stable state in a healthy reef is a dynamic equilibrium which is maintained by interactions between different trophic groups and by a balance between growth and erosion, which is caused by weather and eroding species. If the stable, coral-dominated state is perturbed beyond a critical point, the system undergoes a phase shift and switches to an alternative state, perhaps one dominated by macroalgae; this alternative state itself is then relatively stable. A hysteresis effect means that removal of the stresses that caused the switch in the first place may not be sufficient to reverse the condition back to that of a healthy reef. Changes to structural species, particularly the main architectural species, are particularly difficult to reverse, as are changes which encourage bioeroding species. Trophic balances are lost and results include loss of productivity and a loss of wave-breaking effects, which in turn causes shoreline erosion and further loss of productivity.

This book breaks new ground by arguing that we have a moral duty to vote that is based on a Samaritan obligation to aid fellow citizens improve their lot in society. The argument adds a fresh perspective to the voting ethics literature, which is dominated by views that reject the morality and rationality of voting. Maskivker shows that voting is not irrational if we view it as a valuable contribution to a collectively rational activity. This reasoning means that the duty to vote is a duty of common pursuit to help society achieve good governance. Furthermore, voting is not morally optional just because other ways of helping society exist since its connection with the establishment of government is unique, which makes voting morally obligatory under the right circumstances. The book touches on the problem of voter incompetence and offers a balanced view of why citizen ignorance is not unalterable: we know that much of it is due to structural factors in the political architecture of our societies, which can be reformed. Although voting without information may lead to bad governance, Maskivker’s basic insight is that voting judiciously can be an effective path to justice, and it is not a burdensome task to ask from citizens. The book elaborates on the notion of a careful vote as well as the idea that we can value voting and elections not only for what they symbolize (i.e., equality of political voice) but also for what they can bring about (i.e., good governance).

Writing Material Culture History examines the methodologies currently used in the historical study of material culture. Touching on archaeology, anthropology, art history and literary studies, the book provides history students with a fundamental understanding of the relationship between artefacts and historical narratives. The role of museums, the impact of the digital age and the representations of objects in public history are just some of the issues addressed in a book that brings together distinguished scholars from around the world. This new edition includes: * A new wide-ranging introduction highlighting the role of material culture in the modern period and presenting recent contributions to the field. * A more balanced and easy-to-use structure, including 9 methodological chapters and 20 'object in focus' chapters consisting of case studies for classroom discussion. * 5 fresh 'object in focus' chapters showing greater engagement with 20th century material culture, non-European artefacts (particularly in relation to issues of power, indigenity and repatriation of objects), architecture (with pieces on industrial heritage in Europe and on heritage destruction in China) and the definitions and limits of material culture as a discipline. * Expanded online resources to help students navigate the museums/institutions holding key artefacts. * Historiographical updates and revisions throughout the text. Focusing on the global dimension of material culture and bridging the gap between the early modern and modern periods, Writing Material Culture History is an essential tool for helping students understand the potential of objects to re-cast established historical narratives in new and exciting ways.

While Chapter 3 focuses primarily on the evolution of global health governance, Chapter 4 pays more attention to its contemporary manifestation as a secondary institution within international society. This chapter discusses the current state of the global health governance architecture—who the important actors are, how they operate, how they have changed over the past twenty-five years, and how they illustrate the fundamental beliefs and attitudes within the global health governance system. In particular, the chapter discusses the relative balance between state-based and non-state actors, as well as public versus private actors. This chapter highlights five key players within contemporary global health governance: states; the World Health Organization; multilateral funding agencies; public–private partnerships; and non-state and private actors

This chapter proposes a comprehensive yet evolutionary reform of the global monetary non-system that evolved out of the breakdown of the original Bretton Woods arrangement in the early 1970s. The recent North Atlantic financial crisis showed how dysfunctional the current international monetary and financial architecture is for managing today’s global economy, and led to calls to reform it. Proposals for reform in this chapter include: (i) a global reserve system that mixes the multi-currency arrangement with an active use of the International Monetary Fund’s Special Drawing Rights; (ii) stronger mechanisms of macroeconomic policy cooperation, including management of the exchange rate system and capital account regulations; (iii) additional automatic balance-of-payments financing facilities, and the complementary use of swap and regional arrangements; (iv) a multilateral sovereign debt workout mechanism; and (v) major reforms of the system’s governance.

Alleviating the tension between security and freedom is a fundamental challenge for a free and democratic constitutional state. How difficult it is to strike a balance between these concepts became particularly clear during the period of terrorism instigated by the German militant group ‘The Red Army Fraction’ in the 1970s. Forty years later the question of the right way of achieving such a balance is no less relevant. However, in view of our increasingly technological and globalised society, the legal questions which have emerged from this conflict require new responses. The documentation from the ‘JuWissDay 2017’ conference confronts this task. It collates articles regarding the need for reform of Europe’s security architecture, the obligation of the German Federal Intelligence Service to respect fundamental rights, the obligation of transparency in risk prevention law, the function of migration law in counterterrorism as well as reflections on the concept of an ‘anticipated state of emergency’ in legislation. This volume is the first in the series of publications entitled ‘Schriften der Jungen Wissenschaft im Öffentlichen Recht‘. With contributions by Felix Krämer (Gießen); Judith Sikora (Marburg); Timo Schwander (Berlin); Dr. Björn Schiffbauer (Köln); Maria Wilhelm (Münster); Mirka Möldner (Erlangen); Elisabeth Kath, LL.M. (Innsbruck); Dr. Carsten Hörich (Halle/Saale); Dr. Tristan Barczak, LL.M. (Münster); Dr. Benjamin Rusteberg (Freiburg); Tobias Brings-Wiesen (Köln); Dr. Frederik Ferreau (Köln).

The United States played an active role in the response to the euro crisis and decisions on the involvement of the International Monetary Fund. U.S. policymakers supported the use of the Fund in order to assist Europe and prevent contagion across the Atlantic. But the United States conditioned its support on euro-area-wide policies to extinguish the crisis, including creating the European Financial Stability Facility and European Stability Mechanism, using the European Central Bank balance sheet fully, and committing to banking union. This chapter traces the evolution of U.S. strategy during the crisis and the conversion of officials in Washington to the cause of completing the architecture of the euro area. The IMF staff also advocated deepening the euro area, and did so more strongly than many euro-area member states. The Fund’s advocacy, which is puzzling from the standpoint of its bureaucratic interest, reflects the preferences of the United States and other non-European members.

The story of comics is also the story of the modern city. Visible Cities, Global Comics thus makes urban contribution to an interdisciplinary phase in comics studies. Striking a balance between descriptive, historical, analytical and theoretical modes, Fraser’s research monograph explores representations of the city in a selection of comics from across the globe. First, this book brings insights from urban theory to bear on specific comics texts; and second, it uses comics texts to elucidate themes of urbanism, architecture, planning and the cultures of cities in works from the 18^th through the 21^st centuries. Throughout, close readings of comics by artists from a range of locations—Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Holland, Japan, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay—contribute to an exploration of larger urban themes. Chapters include “The Modern City Streets” (ch. 1), “The Passions of Everyday Urban Life” (ch. 2), “Urban Planning, Built Environment and the Structure of Cities” (ch. 3), “Architecture, Materiality and the Tactile City” (ch. 4), and “Danger, Disease and Death in the Graphic Urban Imagination” (ch. 5). Fraser’s writing presumes no previous knowledge of either urban theory or the ninth art. Readers are introduced to names, places, historical events, urban thinkers, and formal elements of the comics medium with which they may not be familiar. In the process, each chapter introduces readers to specific comics artists and texts and investigates a range of matters pertaining to the medium’s spatial form, stylistic variation, and cultural prominence.

The theme for the 2021 Edinburgh Dialogue was ‘The Changing International Order and Its Impact on Constitution Building Support’. This Dialogue sought to contribute new thinking on the constitutional implications likely to be triggered by changes to both the international order and the nature of conflict in the past decade, in particular given their impact on the peacebuilding field, which attempts to revise the underlying political settlement. The discussion was premised on an increasing sense within the social science academy and among practitioners that the post-Cold War global order for dealing with intrastate conflict has been fundamentally disrupted. Debates within comparative politics, international relations and international law—to a much greater extent than in comparative constitutional law—are dealing with the shift in the geopolitical balance of power—even if this shift has not yet reached the institutional architecture of the international order. Acknowledging these changing conflict dynamics, some of the ‘models’ with which international actors attempt to assist stakeholders’ exit from conflict—including by constitutionalizing political and legal institutions—are (or should be) changing.

Evidence-informed policy is a deliberate process that features analysis of evidence as a necessary step to reaching a public policy decision. Risk is inherent in policy decisions, and decision-makers must often balance consideration of costs; social, economic, and environmental impacts; differential outcomes for various stakeholders; and political considerations. Policymakers rely on evidence to help reduce uncertainty and mitigate these risks. This chapter considers the policymaking process as infrastructure and takes a constructivist approach to the development of evidence. It highlights the reflexivity between the demand for, and supply of, evidence and issues of power, authority, expertise, and inclusion. Finally, the chapter addresses the challenges of applying evidence to complex problems where multiple, heterogeneous variables affect outcomes and concludes with a call for further research to examine the decisions, values, and norms embedded in the design and development of the technical architectures and processes used in policy analysis and decision support.

This chapter outlines challenges to the successful dissemination of evidence-based treatments and to the realization of a broad public health impact of scientifically informed treatments. Themes include focusing on treatment designs, service systems, and training models that emphasize flexible interfaces for individual differences and exception management routines for real-time challenges. Examples include (a) modular treatment systems that balance laboratory-derived structure and expertise with real-time feedback, client input, and supervisory guidance; (b) service systems to accommodate youth for whom no evidence-based treatment is available or one has failed to achieve the intended benefit; and (c) training models that allow multiple starting points and pathways or strategies to achieve competencies across many evidence-based treatments. It is contended that the field must adopt new architectures in these areas to retain the many gains made by the proliferation of evidence-based treatments while also advancing the ability of evidence to guide practice in working systems.

Companies across all industries are engaging in digital transformation to harness the power of advanced information technologies. Building on interviews and diverse case studies, this book describes how data and algorithms are reshaping management practices, organizational structures, corporate culture, and work roles. The book develops a broad framework for understanding digitalization not as a technological change, but as a new normative mindset, ‘the data imperative’. New managerial ideals compel companies to pursue digital omniscience and omnipotence—the abilities to represent and understand the world through real-time data flows and to control customer experiences, physical equipment, and workers with software. The efforts to complement and replace human expertise with data and smart algorithms are associated with shifts in strategic priorities, adoption of powerful modular architectures, new organizational structures, and introduction of artificial intelligence into diverse work roles. Surveying the changes in management and the workplace, this book offers an integrative and balanced account of the ongoing changes. It elaborates how artificial intelligence is changing work at all levels of the hierarchy and envisions how the emerging artificially intelligent organization will change how professionals work. The frameworks and ideas espoused in this book will help the reader understand the ongoing changes in the workplace that affect everyone from executives and professionals to frontline workers.

Fashion by Design, Second Edition, explains how the elements and principles of design relate to fashion, based on the philosophy of the Bauhaus Experiment of the 1920s and 1930s, which is the foundation for art education in the United States. The book is structured into three parts: the stages of the design process (inspiration, identification, conceptualization, exploration/refinement, definition/modeling, communication, and production); physical elements (such as line, shape, form, space, texture, light, pattern, color, and value); and theoretical principles (like balance, emphasis, rhythm, proportion, and unity) of design. This is reinforced by fashion designer profiles and illustrations covering art, architecture, and fashion. The book aims to improve the designer’s eye for creating fashion and related art forms; to identify terminology used in the communication of fashion; and to show how other factors, such as the human form, clothing structure, historic silhouettes, fashion trends, culture, and industry trends, may impact the development of a line or a collection. New to this Edition: - New introductory chapter on the stages of the design process - New chapter on sustainable design - New end-of-chapters exercises with application to the fields of fashion design (including the development of a design journal), fashion merchandising (such as styling, product development, buying or trend research) and theater arts (such as costume, sets, lighting) STUDIO Features: - Flashcards based on the glossary to enhance comprehension of key concepts and terms - Downloadable “Paper Dolls” pdfs for students to interact with key concepts of the design process - Study smarter with Self-Assessment Quizzes featuring scored results and personalized study tips Instructor’s Resources: - PowerPoint Slides for each chapter - Instructor’s Guide with sample course outlines for teaching and tools for integrating the STUDIO with the course

The chapters in this volume concentrate on the Dissenting traditions of the United Kingdom, the British Empire, and the United States. The Introduction weaves together their arguments, giving an overview of the historiography on Dissent while making the case for seeing Dissenters in different Anglophone connections as interconnected and conscious of their genealogical connections. The nineteenth century saw the creation of a vast Anglo-world which also brought Anglophone Dissent to its apogee. Yet any treatment of the subject must begin by recognizing the difficulties of spotting ‘Dissent’ outside the British Isles, where church–state relations were different from those that had originally produced Dissent. The chapter starts by emphasizing that if Dissent was a political and constitutional identity, then it was a relative and tactical one, which was often only strong where a strong Church of England existed to dissent against. It also suggests that in most parts of the world the later nineteenth century saw a growing enthusiasm for the moral and educational activism of the state, which plays against the idea of Dissent as a static, purely negative identity. The second section of the Introduction suggests identifying a fixation on the Bible as the watermark of Dissent. This did not mean there was agreement on what the Bible said or how to read it: the emphasis in Dissenting traditions on private judgement meant that conflict over Scripture was always endemic to them. The third section identifies a radical insistence on human spiritual equality as a persistent characteristic of Dissenters throughout the nineteenth century while also suggesting it was hard to maintain as they became aligned with social hierarchies and imperial authorities. Yet it also argues that transnational connections kept Dissenters from subsiding into acquiescence in the powers that were. The fourth section suggests that the defence and revival of a gospel faith also worked best when it was most transnational. The final section asks how far members of Dissenting traditions reconciled their allegiance to them with participation in high, national, and imperial cultures. It suggests that Dissenters could be seen as belonging to a robust subculture, one particularly marked by its domestication of the sacred and sacralization of the domestic. At the same time, however, both ‘Dissenting Gothic’ architecture and the embrace by Dissenters of denominational and national history writing illustrate that their identity was compatible with a confident grasp of national and imperial identities. That confidence was undercut in some quarters by the spread of pessimism among evangelicals and the turn to premillennial eschatology which injected a new urgency into the world mission. The itinerant holiness evangelists who turned away from the institutions built by mainstream denominations fostered Pentecostal movements, which in the twentieth century would decisively shift the balance of global Christianity from north to south. They indicate that the strength and global reach of Anglophone Dissenting traditions still lay in their dynamic heterogeneity.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.