Статті в журналах: "Bacillus cereu"

1

Vargas, Edgar, and Giselle Abarca. "Relación entre el estrés y las bacterias entomopatógenas Pantoea (Erwinia) agglomerans (herbicola) y Bacillus cereus en jobotos (Col: Melolonthidae) (Phyllophaga spp., Anomala spp. y Cyclocephala spp.), en Costa Rica." Agronomía Mesoamericana 9, no. 2 (May 30, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v9i2.19466.

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Concentrations of Colony Forming Units (CFU) were determined for two entomopathogenic bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus), at the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of agriculturally important Phyllophaga and Cyclocephala white grubs, which were collected in five agroecosystems in Costa Rica. L2 and L3 larvae of Phyllophaga elenans collected in all regions where the study was conducted were extensive carriers of Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereu. L2 and L3 larvae of Phyllophaga obsoleta, Phyllophaga menetriesi, Cyclocephala sanguinicollis and Cyclocephala castaniella found in the Central Valley and Central Pacific regions were carriers of Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus bacteria. In 60% to 90% of larvae in all white grub varieties studied, Pantoea agglomerans showed greater concentrations of CFU than Bacillus cereu, which showed the lowest CFU concentration. Egg, pupal, and adult mortality in all Phyllophaga species was due to Pantoea agglomerans in 62%, 80% and 22.5% of the cases, respectively. A possible antagonistic interaction between Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus cereus is also discussed. In general, it was noted that light and larval manipulation were the main stress factors affecting these scarabids.

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2

Liu, Shuai, Manman Wei, Rui Liu, Shaoping Kuang, Chao Shi, and Cuiping Ma. "Lab in a Pasteur pipette: low-cost, rapid and visual detection of Bacillus cereu using denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification." Analytica Chimica Acta 1080 (November 2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.011.

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3

LINDSAY, D., V. S. BRÖZEL, and A. VON HOLY. "Biofilm-Spore Response in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis during Nutrient Limitation." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1168.

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This study aimed to trace the dynamics of biofilm formation by vegetative cells and endospores of Bacillus cereus DL5 and Bacillus subtilis 168. Counts of B. cereus DL5 and B. subtilis 168 vegetative cells and spores either attached to glass wool or, correspondingly, planktonic cells were determined by standard plate-counting methods. Results from this study highlighted the biofilm-forming potential of both spores and vegetative cells of two different Bacillus species. It was shown that once Bacillus spores had attached to a surface, the spores germinated under favorable (B. cereus DL5) and even unfavorable (B. subtilis 168) nutrient conditions, resulting in biofilms containing both spores and vegetative populations. Furthermore, it was suggested that vegetative B. cereus DL5 cells exhibited a low propensity for spore formation in attached and planktonic growth forms in nutrient-limited growth medium. By contrast, vegetative B. subtilis 168 cells readily formed spores in planktonic and attached microcosms when exposed to nutrient-limited growth conditions. Sporulation in attached Bacillus populations is an important practical consideration for many food industries, such as dairy processing, where bacilli are routinely isolated from populations attached to processing-equipment surfaces.

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4

Mutia, Maya Sari, Elvia Annisa, and Suhartomi Suhartomi. "ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF INDIAN BORAGE (Coleus Amboinicus) LEAVES AGAINST BACILLUS CEREUS." Healthy Tadulako Journal (Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako) 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/htj.v7i1.151.

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Bacillus cereus is aerobic, positive gram, and spore-forming bacilli bacteria. The enterotoxin of this bacteria can cause food poisonous that manifest as diarrhea and vomitus. Some previous study has been performed to explore the antibacterial effect of Indian borage leaf, but none of them were explore the antibacterial effect of Indian borage against Bacillus cereus. Hence this study was design to explore the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Indian borage against Bacillus cereus. This was an experimental study with post only control group design. Ethanol extract was extracted by maceration methods and antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus was evaluated by disc diffusion methods. The obtained ethanol extract was dissolved into some concentraions (1 g/ml, 0.8 g/ml, 0.6 g/ml, 0.4 g/ml, 0.2 g/ml). Data was analysed by One Way ANOVA and followed by Post hoc Test Tukey HSD using SPSS 25. Ethanol extract of Coleus amboinicus showed significant difference at the two highest concentration group against the lowest concentration (P- Value < 0.05). The average of inhibition zone diameter from the lowest (0.2 gr/ml) and highest (1.0 gr/ml) concentration were 14.87 mm and 31.50 mm, respectively. Overall, ethanol extract of Indian borage leaves had potential antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. This antibacterial activity increase followed by the increase of the concentration.

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5

Němečková, I., K. Solichová, P. Roubal, B. Uhrová, and E. Šviráková. "Methods for detection of Bacillus sp., B. cereus, and B. licheniformis in raw milk." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, Special Issue (January 4, 2012): S55—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/313/2011-cjfs.

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Totally 75 raw milk samples were analysed with the methods employing the media compared – MYPA, PEMBA, Brilliance<sup>TM</sup> Bacillus cereus agar, and HiCrome Bacillus agar. The reference method with MYPA seems to be the most suitable for dairy plants laboratories because there is only low risk of mistaken identity. However, the samples containing miscellaneous micro-flora should be heat-inactivated before plating. Both positive and negative strains (totally 132) were isolated. Twelve strains, which could cause problems in the evaluation of the plates, were selected and identified by phenotyping and by PCR methods for Bacillus sp., B. cereus, and B. licheniformis. The PCR methods differed in their selectivity within particular bacilli group, within genera Bacillus, and within raw milk microflora.

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6

Quagliariello, Andrea, Angela Cirigliano, and Teresa Rinaldi. "Bacilli in the International Space Station." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122309.

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Astronauts remote from Earth, not least those who will inhabit the Moon or Mars, are vulnerable to disease due to their reduced immunity, isolation from clinical support, and the disconnect from any buffering capacity provided by the Earth. Here, we explore potential risks for astronaut health, focusing on key aspects of the biology of Bacillus anthracis and other anthrax-like bacilli. We examine aspects of Bacillus cereus group genetics in relation to their evolutionary biology and pathogenicity; a new clade of the Bacillus cereus group, close related to B. anthracis, has colonized the International Space Station (ISS), is still present, and could in theory at least acquire pathogenic plasmids from the other B. cereus group strains. The main finding is that the genomic sequence alignments of the B. cereus group ISS strains revealed a high sequence identity, indicating they originated from the same strain and that a close look to the genetic variations among the strains suggesting they lived, or they are living, in a vegetative form in the ISS enough time to accumulate genetic variations unique for each single strains.

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7

GRIFFITHS, M. W. "Toxin Production by Psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. Present in Milk." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 790–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.9.790.

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Using a reversed passive latex agglutination assay, about 85% of psychrotrophic Bacillus spp. tested were shown to produce diarrhoegenic toxin during growth on brain heart infusion broth at 25°C. The majority of these strains were identified as Bacillus cereus or cereus-related strains. However, a number of other species was capable of synthesizing the toxin. Further investigation of four psychrotrophic Bacilli showed that the toxin was produced during growth in milk at temperatures ranging from 6 to 21°C. Toxin production increased with increasing temperatures and was not synthesized in appreciable quantities until the bacterial count exceeded 1 × 107 cfu/ml.

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8

Pannucci, James, Richard T. Okinaka, Robert Sabin, and Cheryl R. Kuske. "Bacillus anthracis pXO1 Plasmid Sequence Conservation among Closely Related Bacterial Species." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.1.134-141.2002.

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ABSTRACT The complete sequencing and annotation of the 181.7-kb Bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1 predicted 143 genes but could only assign putative functions to 45. Hybridization assays, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing were used to determine whether pXO1 open reading frame (ORF) sequences were present in other bacilli and more distantly related bacterial genera. Eighteen Bacillus species isolates and four other bacterial species were tested for the presence of 106 pXO1 ORFs. Three ORFs were conserved in most of the bacteria tested. Many of the pXO1 ORFs were detected in closely related Bacillus species, and some were detected only in B. anthracis isolates. Three isolates, Bacillus cereus D-17, B. cereus 43881, and Bacillus thuringiensis 33679, contained sequences that were similar to more than one-half of the pXO1 ORF sequences examined. The majority of the DNA fragments that were amplified by PCR from these organisms had DNA sequences between 80 and 98% similar to that of pXO1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed large potential plasmids present in both B. cereus 43881 (341 kb) and B. thuringiensis ATCC 33679 (327 kb) that hybridized with a DNA probe composed of six pXO1 ORFs.

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9

Sankararaman, S., and S. Velayuthan. "Bacillus Cereus." Pediatrics in Review 34, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-4-196.

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10

Sankararaman, Senthilkumar, and Sujithra Velayuthan. "Bacillus Cereus." Pediatrics In Review 34, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.34.4.196.

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11

Jackson, Susan G. "Bacillus cereus." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): 704–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.704.

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Abstract Bacillus cereus is an environmentally ubiquitous, Grampositive, spore-forming bacillus responsible for 2 distinct foodborne disease syndromes as well as other manifestations of pathogenicity. The rapid-onset, "emetic," foodborne-disease syndrome is associated with an emetic toxin; the delayed-onset, "diarrheal" syndrome is associated with elaboration of enterotoxin. The majority of methods for detection of these toxins have relied on In vivo testing. More recent work on purification of enterotoxin facilitated the development of a rapid, specific, fluorescent Immunodot assay and a tissue culture screening assay for enterotoxin. Work on characterization and detection of emetic toxin is ongoing

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12

Radnedge, Lyndsay, Peter G. Agron, Karen K. Hill, Paul J. Jackson, Lawrence O. Ticknor, Paul Keim, and Gary L. Andersen. "Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2755-2764.2003.

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ABSTRACT The three species of the group 1 bacilli, Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. All inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. B. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is phylogenetically monomorphic, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis are genetically more diverse. An amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis described here demonstrates genetic diversity among a collection of non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species, some of which show significant similarity to B. anthracis. Suppression subtractive hybridization was then used to characterize the genomic differences that distinguish three of the non-anthrax-causing bacilli from B. anthracis Ames. Ninety-three DNA sequences that were present in B. anthracis but absent from the non-anthrax-causing Bacillus genomes were isolated. Furthermore, 28 of these sequences were not found in a collection of 10 non-anthrax-causing Bacillus species but were present in all members of a representative collection of B. anthracis strains. These sequences map to distinct loci on the B. anthracis genome and can be assayed simultaneously in multiplex PCR assays for rapid and highly specific DNA-based detection of B. anthracis.

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13

Bhandari, Vaibhav, Nadia Z. Ahmod, Haroun N. Shah, and Radhey S. Gupta. "Molecular signatures for Bacillus species: demarcation of the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus clades in molecular terms and proposal to limit the placement of new species into the genus Bacillus." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_7 (July 1, 2013): 2712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.048488-0.

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The genus Bacillus is a phylogenetically incoherent taxon with members of the group lacking a common evolutionary history. Comprising aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, no characteristics are known that can distinguish species of this genus from other similar endospore-forming genera. With the availability of complete genomic data from over 30 different species from this group, we have constructed detailed phylogenetic trees to determine the relationships among Bacillus and other closely related taxa. Additionally, we have performed comparative genomic analysis for the determination of molecular markers, in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs), to assist in the understanding of relationships among species of the genus Bacillus in molecular terms. Based on the analysis, we report here the identification of 11 and 6 CSIs that clearly differentiate a ‘ Bacillus subtilis clade’ and a ‘ Bacillus cereus clade’, respectively, from all other species of the genus Bacillus . No molecular markers were identified that supported a larger clade within this genus. The subtilis and the cereus clades were also the largest observed monophyletic groupings among species from the genus Bacillus in the phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and those based upon concatenated sequences for 20 conserved proteins. Thus, the relationships observed among these groups of species through CSIs are independently well supported by phylogenetic analysis. The molecular markers identified in this study provide a reliable means for the reorganization of the currently polyphyletic genus Bacillus into a more evolutionarily consistent set of groups. It is recommended that the genus Bacillus sensu stricto should comprise only the monophyletic subtilis clade that is demarcated by the identified CSIs, with B. subtilis as its type species. Members of the adjoining cereus clade (referred to as the Cereus clade of bacilli), although they are distinct from the subtilis clade, will also retain the Bacillus genus name as they contain several clinically important species, and their transfer into a new genus could have serious consequences. However, all other species that are currently part of the genus Bacillus and not part of these two clades should be eventually transferred to other genera. We also propose that all novel species of the genus Bacillus must meet minimal requirements, foremost among which is that the branching of the prospective species with the Bacillus sensu stricto clade or the Cereus clade of bacilli should be strongly supported by 16S rRNA gene sequence trees or trees based upon concatenated protein sequences. Additionally, the presence of one or more of the CSIs that are specific for these clades may be used to confirm molecularly the placement of the species into these clades. The identified CSIs, in addition to their usefulness for taxonomic and diagnostic purposes, also provide novel probes for genetic and biochemical studies of these bacteria.

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14

Anand, Taruna, Nitin Virmani, Rajesh Kumar Vaid, Bidhan Chandra Bera, Umang Ahlawat, and Bhupendra Nath Tripathi. "Isolation and Characterization of A Bacillus Phage from Equine Carcass Disposal Site." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.13082.

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Bacteriophages play an important role in bacterial control in natural niche however a little is known about Bacillus sp. phages prevailing in cadaver affected soils. In the current study, the Bacillus sp. phage was isolated from the equine cadaver disposal site and characterised to gain an insight into the issue of role of phages in biological dynamics of manure thus formed over years. Firstly, the host bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus group member as assessed by phylogenetic analysis and secondly it’s corresponding phage from same soil sample was also enriched and characterised. The phage (VTCCBPA38) was found to belong to family Myoviridae and was active within the temperature range of 4°C - 45°C. As assessed by biological sensitivity by spot test, the phage was active against 6/19 (31.6 %) Bacilli tested including Bacillus cereus from goat mastitis. Thus the phagemay find potential use in biocontrol of diseases caused by Bacillus sp. Furthermore, this report is valuable as the first study for investigation of Bacillus sp. phage in carcass burial sites.

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Субботин, A. Subbotin, Бажин, A. Bazhin, Калёнова, L. Kalenova, Новикова, and M. Novikova. "Dependence of the Biological Activity of the Permafrost Bacteria Bacillus Sp. on Temperature." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 4 (October 8, 2014): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7288.

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Fossil bacteria in permafrost evolutionarily adapted to low temperatures (-5ºC), modern probiotics bacteria are adapted to living in warm-blooded animals (37ºC). It was found that at -5ºC, the enzymatic activity of fossil bacteria Bacillus sp. MG8 is a minimal strain. At lowering the incubation temperature to -16ºC, the enzymatic activity of bacte-ria MG8 increases in 3 times, at the temperature 42ºC - in a 1.5times relative IP5832 strain probiotic bacteria Bacillus cereus. Fossil strain Bacillus sp. MG8 and probiotic bacterial strain B.cereus IP5832 at incubation temperature 37ºC practically don’t differ from each other in the enzymatic activity in vitro and toxicity in laboratory animals in vivo. Incubation fossil bacteria Bacillus sp. at -5ºC allows to reduce their toxicity in warm-blooded animals in 5 times in comparison with Bacillus cereus JP5832, and to increase immunostimulating effect in the doses from 0,005•106 to 50•106 microbial cells per mouse. The obtained data show that fossil saprophytic bacteria strain MG8 Bacillus sp. from permafrost are less toxic to modern mammals than even bacilli-probiotics for medical purposes.

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16

Lee, Jae Yong, Jae Min Shim, Xiaoming Liu, Zhuang Yao, Kang Wook Lee, Kye Man Cho, Gyoung Min Kim, Jung-Hye Shin, Jong-Sang Kim, and Jeong Hwan Kim. "Inhibition of Bacillus cereus in Cheonggukjang Fermented with Bacillus Starters with Antimicrobial Activities." Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 45, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2016.45.5.736.

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17

Vaňková, J., and K. Purrini. "Natural epizooties caused by bacilli of the species Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 88, no. 1-5 (August 26, 2009): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1979.tb02497.x.

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18

Han, Cliff S., Gary Xie, Jean F. Challacombe, Michael R. Altherr, Smriti S. Bhotika, David Bruce, Connie S. Campbell, et al. "Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 3382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.9.3382-3390.2006.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the B. cereus sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of B. anthracis reveal conspicuous sequence homogeneity, environmental isolates of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis exhibit extensive genetic diversity. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of the genomes of two members of the B. cereus group, B. thuringiensis 97-27 subsp. konkukian serotype H34, isolated from a necrotic human wound, and B. cereus E33L, which was isolated from a swab of a zebra carcass in Namibia. These two strains, when analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism within a collection of over 300 of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis isolates, appear closely related to B. anthracis. The B. cereus E33L isolate appears to be the nearest relative to B. anthracis identified thus far. Whole-genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis 97-27and B. cereus E33L was undertaken to identify shared and unique genes among these isolates in comparison to the genomes of pathogenic strains B. anthracis Ames and B. cereus G9241 and nonpathogenic strains B. cereus ATCC 10987 and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Comparison of these genomes revealed differences in terms of virulence, metabolic competence, structural components, and regulatory mechanisms.

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Stiller, Alison, Ashley Fink, and David Mitchell. "Bacillus cereus & Bacillus pumilus Harvested from a Copper Roof Inhibit the Growth of Other Microorganisms." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 17, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2020.016.

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Bacteria growing under the effects of unique selective pressures have distinct adaptations allowing them to survive. Copper surfaces present challenges for bacterial survival because ions dissolve from the surfaces and disrupt cell membranes, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. In this study, the copper roof of Simons Hall in Collegeville, Minnesota was sampled for bacterial species during November 2018. Bacteria were isolated and grown in culture, and zones of inhibition were identified surrounding three of the bacterial colonies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify two of the bacteria samples as Bacillus cereus and a third sample as Bacillus pumilus. Bacilli are large, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria commonly found in diverse environments. They are endospore-forming aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Initial experiments indicated that all three Bacillus strains had the ability to inhibit the growth of three environmental microorganisms. Results from growth curve experiments depicted inhibitory effects on environmental microorganisms at all stages of the growth curve, which is contrary to the prediction that the inhibitory behavior would appear at one specific period of the growth curve. Additional experiments involved plating isolates of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus with laboratory samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes to further understand the effectiveness of B. cereus and B. pumilus at inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms. These findings support previous studies and suggest that Bacillus are capable of inhibiting or killing other organisms. Further research will be conducted to illuminate the inhibitory mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic possibilities. KEYWORDS: Bacteria; Copper; Resistance; Growth Curve; Inhibition; Bacillus; Bacteriocin; Antimicrobial Peptides

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HILGREN, J., K. M. J. SWANSON, F. DIEZ-GONZALEZ, and B. CORDS. "Susceptibilities of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Avirulent Bacillus anthracis Spores to Liquid Biocides†." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.2.360.

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The susceptibility of spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and avirulent Bacillus anthracis to treatment with hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, a peroxy–fatty acid mixture, sodium hypochlorite, and acidified sodium chlorite was investigated. Results indicated that B. cereus spores may be reasonable predictors of B. anthracis spore inactivation by peroxyacetic acid–based biocides. However, B. cereus was not a reliable predictor of B. anthracis inactivation by the other biocides. In studies comparing B. cereus and B. subtilis, B. cereus spores were more resistant (by 1.5 to 2.5 log CFU) than B. subtilis spores to peroxyacetic acid, the peroxy–fatty acid mixture, and acidified sodium chlorite. Conversely, B. subtilis spores were more resistant than B. cereus spores to hydrogen peroxide. These findings indicated the relevance of side-by-side testing of target organisms and potential surrogates against categories of biocides to determine whether both have similar properties and to validate the use of the surrogate microorganisms.

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Märtlbauer, Erwin, and Per Einar Granum. "Bacillus cereus Toxins." Toxins 13, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050295.

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David, D. B., G. R. Kirkby, and B. A. Noble. "Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 78, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.78.7.577.

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McIntyre, Lorraine, Kathryn Bernard, Daniel Beniac, Judith L. Isaac-Renton, and David Craig Naseby. "Identification of Bacillus cereus Group Species Associated with Food Poisoning Outbreaks in British Columbia, Canada." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 23 (October 10, 2008): 7451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01284-08.

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ABSTRACT Food poisoning laboratories identify Bacillus cereus using routine methods that may not differentiate all Bacillus cereus group species. We recharacterized Bacillus food-poisoning strains from 39 outbreaks and identified B. cereus in 23 outbreaks, B. thuringiensis in 4, B. mycoides in 1, and mixed strains of Bacillus in 11 outbreaks.

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Zhao, Chang Qing, Wu Yong Chen, and Bo Teng. "Removal of Chromium (VI) in Tannery Wastewater by Immobilized Technology." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.545.

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Bacillus cereus was embedded in powdered activated carbon to prepare immobilized granule. Then, the granules was used to treat the Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater. The results showed the removal effect of Cr(VI) removed by the immobilized Bacillus cereus was better than either the single powdered activated carbon or the single Bacillus cereus. SEM photograph showed that the Bacillus cereus in the granules grew well. After the total chromium and the Cr(VI) in the solution and the granules were detected before and after treatment, it was found that the Cr(VI) in the solution and the granules was decreased, but the total chromium was changeless, which indicated that the removal of Cr(VI) with the granules was mainly as the results of both the chromate reductase produced by Bacillus cereus and the adsorption of activated carbon. The kinetics data of Cr(VI) removed by immobilized Bacillus cereus could be well-described by pseudo-second-order rate model. The experiments demonstrated that the immobilized Bacillus cereus could be selected as a new biomaterial to remove Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater.

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Helgason, Erlendur, Ole Andreas Økstad, Dominique A. Caugant, Henning A. Johansen, Agnes Fouet, Michéle Mock, Ida Hegna, and Anne-Brit Kolstø. "Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis—One Species on the Basis of Genetic Evidence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2627-2630.2000.

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ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, andBacillus thuringiensis are members of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. B. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. B. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes thatB. anthracis should be considered a lineage of B. cereus. This determination is not only a formal matter of taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the B. cereus group.

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Yamborko, G., L. Pylypenko, and I. Pylypenko. "DETECTION OF ENTEROTOXYGENIC BACILLUS CEREUS IN VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS." Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, no. 76 (August 1, 2017): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vlubs.2017.76.20.

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27

Marliyana, Soerya Dewi, Didin Mujahidin, Yana M. Syah, and Yaya Rukayadi. "Time-Kill Assay of 4-Hydroxypanduratin A Isolated from Kaempferia Pandurata Against Foodborne Pathogens." Molekul 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2017.12.2.363.

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Time–kill assay was performed for 4-hydroxypanduratin A that was isolated from Kaempferia pandurata rizhome against four important foodborne pathogens, namely Bacillus cereus ATCC 21772, Bacillu subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100. The methods have been investigated in term of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and killing time curve using methods of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The results showed that 4-hydroxypanduratin A rapid acting in killing bacteria as follow: B. cereus : 1×MIC for 4 h, P. mirabilis: 4×MIC for 0.5 h, meanwhile B. subtilis and S. aureus were 1×MIC for 2 h. In conclusion, 4-hydroxypanduratin A showed strong antimicrobial activity against four important foodborne pathogens.

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JUOLA, MARI, KRISTIINA KINNUNEN, KRISTIAN FOG NIELSEN, and ATTE von RIGHT. "Surfactins in Natto: The Surfactin Production Capacity of the Starter Strains and the Actual Surfactin Contents in the Products." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-030.

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Surfactin-type lipopeptides are suspected of being implicated in the rare food poisonings caused by Bacillus species outside the Bacillus cereus cluster. In order to get information on surfactin levels in actual human foods, bacilli from three commercial samples of a Japanese traditional bean product, natto, were isolated in order to clarify their potential to produce the suspect lipopeptides. The isolated bacilli were characterized as Bacillus subtilis. They were β-hemolytic and gave a positive signal in the PCR screen for genes associated with surfactin production, and their culture extracts were cytotoxic to boar sperm cells. Organic extracts of both Bacillus cultures and the natto samples were analyzed for their surfactin content using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. All the strains proved to be surfactin producers (15 to 39 μg/ml culture medium); the natto samples contained as much as 2.2 mg g−1 of surfactins. This means that consumers can ingest at least approximately 80 to 100 mg of surfactins per single 50-g natto serving apparently without suffering any ill effects, indicating a very low human toxicity.

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29

Vilas-Bôas, G. T., A. P. S. Peruca, and O. M. N. Arantes. "Biology and taxonomy ofBacillus cereus,Bacillus anthracis, andBacillus thuringiensis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 6 (June 2007): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-029.

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Three species of the Bacillus cereus group (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis , and Bacillus thuringiensis ) have a marked impact on human activity. Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are important pathogens of mammals, including humans, and B. thuringiensis is extensively used in the biological control of insects. The microbiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of these three species are reviewed, together with a discussion of several genomic studies conducted on strains of B. cereus group. Using bacterial systematic concepts, we speculate that to understand the taxonomic relationship within this group of bacteria, special attention should be devoted also to the ecology and the population genetics of these species.

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LIN, S. F., H. SCHRAFT, and M. W. GRIFFITHS. "Identification of Bacillus cereus by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.7.921.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for rapid identification of Bacillus cereus isolates. Ten B. cereus group isolates (comprising B. cereus, Bacillus mycoides, and Bacillus thuringiensis strains), five other Bacillus spp., and five non-Bacillus spp. were used. Two types of media, brain heart infusion (BHI) and Trypticase soy agar (TSA), were tested. The results indicated that all B. cereus group isolates produced characteristic absorbance peaks at wave numbers between 1738 and 1740 cm−1 These peaks were not affected by the growth medium. None of the other bacteria tested showed a similar peak after growth on BHI or TSA. Absorbance peaks between 1800 and 1500 cm−1 of members of the B. cereus group had different shapes and sizes, suggesting that FTIR may be useful for rapid identification of species within the B. cereus group.

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31

Hill, Karen K., Lawrence O. Ticknor, Richard T. Okinaka, Michelle Asay, Heather Blair, Katherine A. Bliss, Mariam Laker, et al. "Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 1068–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.1068-1080.2004.

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ABSTRACT DNA from over 300 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis isolates was analyzed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. thuringiensis and B. cereus isolates were from diverse sources and locations, including soil, clinical isolates and food products causing diarrheal and emetic outbreaks, and type strains from the American Type Culture Collection, and over 200 B. thuringiensis isolates representing 36 serovars or subspecies were from the U.S. Department of Agriculture collection. Twenty-four diverse B. anthracis isolates were also included. Phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data revealed extensive diversity within B. thuringiensis and B. cereus compared to the monomorphic nature of B. anthracis. All of the B. anthracis strains were more closely related to each other than to any other Bacillus isolate, while B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains populated the entire tree. Ten distinct branches were defined, with many branches containing both B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates. A single branch contained all the B. anthracis isolates plus an unusual B. thuringiensis isolate that is pathogenic in mice. In contrast, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (ATCC 33679) and other isolates used to prepare insecticides mapped distal to the B. anthracis isolates. The interspersion of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates within the phylogenetic tree suggests that phenotypic traits used to distinguish between these two species do not reflect the genomic content of the different isolates and that horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in establishing the phenotype of each of these microbes. B. thuringiensis isolates of a particular subspecies tended to cluster together.

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Wei, Jianchun, Huijuan Zhang, Huifang Zhang, Enmin Zhang, Binghua Zhang, Fei Zhao, and Di Xiao. "Novel Strategy for Rapidly and Safely Distinguishing Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus by Use of Peptide Mass Fingerprints Based on Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 59, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): e02358-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02358-20.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to construct a rapid, high-throughput, and biosafety-compatible screening method for Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). MALDI-TOF MS coupled to ClinProTools was used to discover MALDI-TOF MS biomarker peaks and generate a classification model based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to differentiate between different Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus isolates. Thirty Bacillus anthracis and 19 Bacillus cereus strains were used to construct and analyze the model, and 40 Bacillus strains were used for validation. For the GA screening model, the cross-validation values, which reflect the ability of the model to handle variability among the test spectra, and the recognition capability values, which reflect the model’s ability to correctly identify its component spectra, were all 100%. This model contained 10 biomarker peaks (m/z 3,339.9, 3,396.3, 3,682.4, 5,476.7, 6,610.6, 6,680.1, 7,365.3, 7,792.4, 9,475.8, and 10,934.1) used to correctly identify 28 Bacillus anthracis and 12 Bacillus cereus isolates from 40 Bacillus isolates, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. With the obvious advantages of being rapid, highly accurate, and highly sensitive and having a low cost and high throughput, MALDI-TOF MS ClinProTools is a powerful and reliable tool for screening Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus strains.

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Fahani, Ayu, Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti, and Ahmad Muhlisin. "Contamination of Bacillus cereus in Elementary School Snack Food." Tropical Health and Medical Research 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35916/thmr.v1i2.10.

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Many food snacks have the advantage but still have health risks as evidenced by the many cases of food poisoning, one of the causes of food poisoning is Bacillus cereus. This study aims to determine the amount and percentage of Bacillus cereus pollution on snacks sold in elementary schools. This research is expected to provide information to the public about the presence or absence of bacteria Bacillus cereus contamination. This research uses purposive sampling technique. The sample used in this study was hawker food sold in Elementary School as many as 20 samples consisting of 10 samples that have not fried and ten samples that have cooked. The results of the questionnaire study showed 83% of sellers did not put snacks in closed containers and found Bacillus cereus in meals. Conclusion 9 (45%) of food samples contaminated with Bacillus cereus bacteria

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34

Harmon, Stanley M., Donald A. Kautter, and Gayle Lancette. "Lipid Globule Staining to Aid in Differentiating Bacillus Species." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.4.649.

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Abstract The use of the lipid globule stain to aid in differentiating the Bacillus cereus group (i.e., B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoldes, and B. thurlnglensls) from other Bacillus species was investigated. Smears from colonies grown on suitable agar were made on precleaned slides, stained, and examined microscopically for characteristic deep blue lipid globules. The study included a total of 649 cultures of Bacillus species plus 143 Incompletely characterized Bacillus isolates from food. Only B. cereus, B. cereus var. mycoldes, B. thurlnglensls, B. megaterlum, and B. sphaerlcus were consistently positive for lipid globules, although at times, a few cells of B. aneurlnolyilcus and B. thlamlnolytlcus were also positive. The lipid globule stain procedure Is of value In differentiating Bacillus species, especially when performed by an experienced analyst and used in conjunction with tests for cell and spore morphology.

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35

Rowan, Neil J., George Caldow, Curtis G. Gemmell, and Iain S. Hunter. "Production of Diarrheal Enterotoxins and Other Potential Virulence Factors by Veterinary Isolates of Bacillus Species Associated with Nongastrointestinal Infections." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 4 (April 2003): 2372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.4.2372-2376.2003.

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ABSTRACT With the exceptions of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus species are generally perceived to be inconsequential. However, the relevance of other Bacillus species as food poisoning organisms and etiological agents in nongastrointestinal infections is being increasingly recognized. Eleven Bacillus species isolated from veterinary samples associated with severe nongastrointestinal infections were assessed for the presence and expression of diarrheagenic enterotoxins and other potential virulence factors. PCR studies revealed the presence of DNA sequences encoding hemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxin complex and B. cereus enterotoxin T (BceT) in five B. cereus strains and in Bacillus coagulans NB11. Enterotoxin HBL was also harbored by Bacillus polymyxa NB6. After 18 h of growth in brain heart infusion broth, all seven Bacillus isolates carrying genes encoding enterotoxin HBL produced this toxin. Cell-free supernatant fluids from all 11 Bacillus isolates demonstrated cytotoxicity toward human HEp-2 cells; only one Bacillus licheniformis strain adhered to this test cell line, and none of the Bacillus isolates were invasive. This study constitutes the first demonstration that Bacillus spp. associated with serious nongastrointestinal infections in animals may harbor and express diarrheagenic enterotoxins traditionally linked to toxigenic B. cereus.

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36

Vilas-Boas, Gislayne, Vincent Sanchis, Didier Lereclus, Manoel Victor F. Lemos, and Denis Bourguet. "Genetic Differentiation between Sympatric Populations of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 3 (March 2002): 1414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1414-1424.2002.

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ABSTRACT Little is known about genetic exchanges in natural populations of bacteria of the spore-forming Bacillus cereus group, because no population genetics studies have been performed with local sympatric populations. We isolated strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus from small samples of soil collected at the same time from two separate geographical sites, one within the forest and the other at the edge of the forest. A total of 100 B. cereus and 98 B. thuringiensis strains were isolated and characterized by electrophoresis to determine allelic composition at nine enzymatic loci. We observed genetic differentiation between populations of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Populations of a given Bacillus species—B. thuringiensis or B. cereus—were genetically more similar to each other than to populations of the other Bacillus species. Hemolytic activity provided further evidence of this genetic divergence, which remained evident even if putative clones were removed from the data set. Our results suggest that the rate of gene flow was higher between strains of the same species, but that exchanges between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis were nonetheless possible. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed sufficient recombination for B. cereus populations to be considered panmictic units. In B. thuringiensis, the balance between clonal proliferation and recombination seemed to depend on location. Overall, our data indicate that it is not important for risk assessment purposes to determine whether B. cereus and B. thuringiensis belong to a single or two species. Assessment of the biosafety of pest control based on B. thuringiensis requires evaluation of the extent of genetic exchange between strains in realistic natural conditions.

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Mei, Feng, Jiaqi Lin, Manli Liu, Yao Yang, Xiaofeng Lin, and Fang Duan. "Posttraumatic Bacillus cereus Endophthalmitis: Clinical Characteristics and Antibiotic Susceptibilities." Journal of Ophthalmology 2021 (March 17, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634179.

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Purpose. To report the clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibilities, and visual outcomes of patients with posttraumatic endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus. Methods. In this retrospective, noncomparative case series, the medical records of eyes with culture-proven Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis treated from January 2016 to December 2019 at a referral center were reviewed. Clinical features, antibiotic susceptibilities, and visual outcomes were assessed. Results. A total of 19 eyes of 19 patients were identified. Three patients progressed to orbital cellulitis. Vitrectomy was performed in 13 eyes, and 11 required silicone oil tamponade. Finally, seven eyes underwent silicone oil removal surgery during follow-up. Only two patients retained a visual acuity better than FC. Four patients underwent evisceration, and three patients had NLP. The cultured Bacillus cereus was sensitive to levofloxacin, ofloxacin, tobramycin, and neomycin at 100%. Conclusions. The visual outcomes of posttraumatic Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis were generally poor regardless of the prophylactic and therapeutic measures administered. Vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade could help to save the eyeball. Bacillus cereus has a good susceptibility to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and neomycin; therefore, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides can be used to treat Bacillus cereus infection.

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38

Wilson, Melissa K., Rebecca J. Abergel, Kenneth N. Raymond, Jean E. L. Arceneaux, and B. Rowe Byers. "Siderophores of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 348, no. 1 (September 2006): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.055.

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39

Daffonchio, Daniele, Sara Borin, Giuseppe Frova, Romina Gallo, Elena Mori, Renato Fani, and Claudia Sorlini. "A Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Marker Specific for the Bacillus cereus Group Is Diagnostic forBacillus anthracis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1298-1303.1999.

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ABSTRACT Aiming to develop a DNA marker specific for Bacillus anthracis and able to discriminate this species fromBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, andBacillus mycoides, we applied the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique to a collection of 101 strains of the genus Bacillus, including 61 strains of theB. cereus group. An 838-bp RAPD marker (SG-850) specific for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. mycoides was identified. This fragment included a putative (366-nucleotide) open reading frame highly homologous to the ypuA gene of Bacillus subtilis. The restriction analysis of the SG-850 fragment withAluI distinguished B. anthracis from the other species of the B. cereus group.

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40

MOSSO, Mªs ANGELES, Mª LUISA GARCÍA ARRIBAS, JOSÉ A. CUENA, and Mª CARMEN DE LA ROSA. "Enumeration of Bacillus and Bacillus cereus Spores in Food from Spain." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.3.184.

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The Bacillus and B. cereus spore populations of 102 samples of food (salad dressing, dried soups, sweet desserts, milk and milk products, rice dishes, pasta and flour), 93 collected from retail markets of Madrid and 9 from chinese restaurants have been studied. Bacillus spores were detected in 82.4% of the samples, while the incidence of B. cereus spores was 14.7%. In salad dressing and dried soups the contamination rate by species of Bacillus was 100% and also both showed the highest contamination of B. cereus spores (25% and 50% respectively). No samples of rice dishes and pasta exhibited B. cereus spore contamination although these were contaminated by other Bacillus species. All the samples studies showed less than 104 and 105 c.f.u./g or ml B. cereus and Bacillus spores respectively. Twenty-four strains of B. cereus isolated were characterized by morphology and biochemical properties and showed most of the characteristics of the type strain. Enterotoxin, phospholipase C and hemolysin production were present in 13 of the isolated strains showing different degrees of production. The vascular permeability reaction (VPR) was used for determining enterotoxin activity. The enterotoxigenic strains showed a positive VPR; 6 of them caused necrosis and 12 positive mouse lethal tests.

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41

Marx, C., P. Reimer, R. Gross, K. Wörtler, M. Steinmetz, and P. Peters. "Meningoenzephalitis durch Bacillus cereus." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 166, no. 04 (April 1997): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1015441.

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42

Bollet, C., L. Roussel, J. M. Lorthioir, M. Kiredjian, and Ph de Micco. "Myonecrose a Bacillus cereus." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 19, no. 5 (May 1989): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(89)80244-6.

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43

Chorin, Eric, Dominique Thuault, Jean-Jacques Cléret, and Claude-Marcel Bourgeois. "Modelling Bacillus cereus growth." International Journal of Food Microbiology 38, no. 2-3 (September 1997): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00110-4.

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44

Schemmer, G. B., and W. T. Driebe. "Posttraumatic Bacillus cereus Endophthalmitis." Archives of Ophthalmology 105, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 342–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1987.01060030062026.

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45

Feoktistova, N. A., S. V. Merchina, and A. V. Mastilenko. "Results of proteomic analysis of bacillus cereus FBc - 28 UGSKHA bacteriophage." Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy, no. 4(44) (November 19, 2018): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2018-4-216-221.

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46

Kim, Jin-Young, Hye-Lim Yoo, Young-Duck Lee, and Jong-Hyun Park. "Detection of Bacillus cereus Group from Raw Rice and Characteristics of Biofilm Formation." Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2011.24.4.657.

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47

Nanteza, Hasifa, Ratih Dewanti-Hariyadi, and Siti Nurjanah. "The Occurrence of Bacillus Cereus in White Pepper from Bogor, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012030.

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Анотація:

Abstract White pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a spice with earthy heat and an intense floral aroma widely produced and consumed in Asia. In Indonesia, it is commonly used to flavor dishes that require a spicy taste. However, white pepper can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus cereus, an endospore-forming bacterium widely grounded in soil and dust. The bacterium causes emetic and diarrheal syndromes and has been implicated in various foodborne disease outbreaks in different parts of the world. Currently, data pertaining to the occurrence of Bacillus cereus in white pepper in Indonesia is not available. This study aimed to isolate and assess the occurrence of Bacillus cereus in white pepper obtained from markets in Bogor, Indonesia. The study consisted of sample collection and preparation, isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus using Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin (MYP) agar, and confirmation by biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction to detect the gene encoding for16S rRNA. Of the 20 samples analyzed, 18 of them (90%) were contaminated with presumptive Bacillus cereus, and the highest concentration was 5.77 log10 cfu/g. The high counts of Bacillus cereus were probably attributed to the postharvest processing operations that the spice encountered. All the 15 tested isolates showed a clear band at the expected length of around 1686bp after being separated from PCR products on ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel. This result confirmed the existence of Bacillus cereus in white pepper samples.

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48

Bala, I., A. H. Arzai, M. D. Mukhtar, and S. B. Manga. "Isolation and characterization of partially furified bacteriocin of Bacillus cereus (CF1) soil isolate." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.56s.

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Bacteriocins are proteinaceous antimicrobial substances produce by bacteria against closely related bacterial species. However their broad spectrum inhibitory activity has been observed against other microorganisms such as fungi. The aim of this study was to isolate and determine physical, chemical and biological characteristics of bacteriocin from B. cereus of soil origin. A Gram-positive spore forming bacilli coded as CF1 was isolated by pour plating technique from the soil sample of the cereal farm land of Kura local government area, Kano State Nigeria and identified as Bacillus cereus based on cultural, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. Bacteriocin was isolated from this B. cereus and partially purified by solvent method (cold acetone) and had broad spectrum inhibitory activity with MIC of 64 AU/ ml. This bacteriocin was thermo stable up to 121°C for 15 minutes and its activity was maintained at wider pH value of 2-12. Although, the bacteriocin isolated by this B. cereus was not affected by some chemical such as Urea, EDTA and Tween 80, other chemical such as SDS and trypsin enzyme deactivated its activity. It is therefore recommended that further studies be carryout on this bacteriocin to purify the bacteriocin using Poly Acryl Amide Gel Electrophoresis PAGE and to elucidate its sequence, to determine its molecular conformation and antibacterial activity on multi drug resistant pathogens. Key words: Bacteriocin, Bacillus cereus, Broad spectrum, Tween 80 and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate.

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Berger, Bradley J., Shane English, Gene Chan, and Marvin H. Knodel. "Methionine Regeneration and Aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 8 (April 15, 2003): 2418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.8.2418-2431.2003.

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ABSTRACT The conversion of ketomethiobutyrate to methionine has been previously examined in a number of organisms, wherein the aminotransferases responsible for the reaction have been found to be members of the Ia subfamily (L. C. Berger, J. Wilson, P. Wood, and B. J. Berger, J. Bacteriol. 183:4421-4434, 2001). The genome of Bacillus subtilis has been found to contain no subfamily Ia aminotransferase sequences. Instead, the analogous enzymes in B. subtilis were found to be members of the If subfamily. These putative aspartate aminotransferases, the yugH, ywfG, ykrV, aspB, and patA gene products, have been cloned, expressed, and characterized for methionine regeneration activity. Only YkrV was able to convert ketomethiobutyrate to methionine, and it catalyzed the reaction only when glutamine was used as amino donor. In contrast, subcellular homogenates of B. subtilis and Bacillus cereus utilized leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine as effective amino donors. The two putative branched-chain aminotransferase genes in B. subtilis, ybgE and ywaA, were also cloned, expressed, and characterized. Both gene products effectively transaminated branched-chain amino acids and ketoglutarate, but only YbgE converted ketomethiobutyrate to methionine. The amino donor preference for methionine regeneration by YbgE was found to be leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. The B. subtilis ybgE gene is a member of the family III of aminotransferases and falls in a subfamily designated here IIIa. Examination of B. cereus and Bacillus anthracis genome data found that there were no subfamily IIIa homologues in these organisms. In both B. cereus and B. anthracis, two putative branched-chain aminotransferases and two putative d-amino acid aminotransferases were discovered as members of subfamily IIIb. These four sequences were cloned from B. cereus, expressed, and characterized. Only the gene product from the sequence designated Bc-BCAT2 was found to convert ketomethiobutyrate to methionine, with an amino donor preference of leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. The B. anthracis homologue of Bc-BCAT2 was also cloned, expressed, and characterized and was found to be identical in activity. The aminooxy compound canaline was found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of B. subtilis YbgE and also inhibited growth of B. subtilis and B. cereus in culture.

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Rahman, Md-Mafizur, Sang-Jin Lim, and Yung-Chul Park. "Molecular Identification of Bacillus Isolated from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Feces by Using an SNP-Based 16S Ribosomal Marker." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080979.

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Ambiguous, heterogeneous, endospore-forming Bacillus species, notably Bacillus cereus, often produce fatal toxins that threaten human health. We identified Bacillus from wild animal fecal samples (n = 80), including the Korean water deer (n = 25) and striped field mouse (n = 55). Using traditional culture-based methods, 25 animal fecal samples (31.25%; 25/80) were found to be positive for Bacillus species, whereas using molecular techniques, 19 samples (23.75%; 19/80) were found to be positive for the same. In addition, we designed a Bacillus species-specific 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene marker and utilized it to identify 19 samples by means of PCR amplification and sequencing, using at least one colony from the 19 Bacillus positive samples. The recovered sequences were matched to sequences of three Bacillus species (B. cereus, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. megaterium) from the GenBank database. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree generated in this study established specific clades for the Bacillus group. In addition, to differentiate between B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis, we designed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based primer by identifying SNPs in the alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences of B. cereus group strains. The SNPs were used to design primer sets for discrimination between highly similar species from the B. cereus group. The study could be used in surveillance of agricultural fresh-produce-associated Bacillus outbreaks, for accurate identification of each Bacillus species, and in the development of control measures.

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