Дисертації з теми "B ce"

This thesis traces the evolution of the concept of African philosophy through three phases: the cultural essentialism of Léopold Senghor, founder of Négritude, the universalist critical reaction of Paulin Hountondji and the professional philosophers, and the sophisticated particularism of Valentin Mudimbé. The three stages are contextualized with discussion of the socio-political positioning of each writer, his motives, and his particular understanding of what is at stake in the definition of African philosophy. The initial need to bring about a revalorization of African culture and a recognition of African philosophical capabilities is met by a flamboyant and highly vocal cultural movement, Négritude, which is, however, intrinsically limited in scope and lifespan, and sets up a number of persistent, dogmatic suppositions about the ‘essentially African reason’. A demonstration of the Western origins of this essentialism debunks but does not dispel its influence, since it is firmly anchored to the themes of authenticity, colonial influence, and postcolonial independence. This leads to a dilemma where any move to separate African philosophy from the notion of a distinctly African reason is perceived as a Eurocentric attempt at acculturation, or a capitulation to the false universalism of ‘Enlightenment philosophy’, and on the other hand, the view that African thought is essentially different from European thought is also criticized as deriving from the Western colonial discourse. There is no definitive answer to this problem, and even the search for such an answer is itself part of the problem, a further twist in the ruse that Mudimbé believes is inherent to the colonial discourse. The practical solution Mudimbé proposes is to introduce an écart between African scientific practice and the West, to create a new space within which Africans might investigate the field of their experience in an Afrocentric way which will preserve their cultural specificity.

MESQUITA, Pedro Pucci de. O Pronaf B e a Pobreza Rural no Município de Caucaia, Estado do Ceará. 2009. 69f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2009.
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This dissertation develops a perspective of the microcredit as combat instrument of the rural poverty, tends in view the experience of the Program PRONAF B as effective instrument of social inclusion of the most lacking population, through employment generation and income, necessary to the eradication of the poverty in Brazil. Such it conjectures it is based, above all, in the effectiveness of the Program PRONAF B, considered a form of fast credit, without bureaucracy and solemnity-maintainable. It is discussed the concept and dimension of the poverty in Brazil, with special prominence the Northeast area; the rural society; agricultural politics and family agriculture. It is criticized to the causes and the origin of the poverty, to the point of review as a group compound of social facts that demands a new avaliation of the State and of the society. For this road, to be reached the eradication of the poverty in the future, it is necessary, to create opportunities so that the poor population is integrated the consumption society through microcredit programs, that provide the correction of the facts social that causes of the poverty.
A presente dissertação desenvolve a perspectiva do microcrédito como instrumento de combate à pobreza rural, tendo como referência o Programa PRONAF B como mecanismo de inclusão social da população mais carente, através de geração de renda. Os objetivos deste trabalho são as identificações do perfil sócio-econômico dos beneficiários do PRONAF B, residentes em Caucaia, e das possíveis alterações nas variáveis econômicas da população local. Para a utilização da pesquisa foram utilizados dados primários e secundários, obtidos, respectivamente, através de entrevistas e levantamento nos arquivos locais dos bancos de desenvolvimento e federações de agricultores locais. Discute-se, assim, o conceito e dimensão da pobreza no Brasil, com especial destaque a região Nordeste; a sociedade rural; política agrícola e agricultura familiar. Critica-se a origem da pobreza, a ponto de reclassificá-la como um conjunto complexo de fatos sociais que exigem uma reavaliação do Estado e da sociedade. Por esta via, para se alcançar a erradicação da pobreza, é necessário que se crie oportunidades para que a população pobre seja integrada à sociedade de consumo, através de programas de microcrédito, que proporcionem a correção dos fatos sociais desencadeadores da pobreza. Tudo isso induz à conclusão de que discutir simplesmente a pobreza como um problema de renda não constituirá em solução para o problema.

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A proposta desta dissertaÃÃo à avaliar o Programa de MicrocrÃdito Rural do BNB, o Agroamigo, sob o ponto de vista da qualificaÃÃo do processo de crÃdito do Pronaf Grupo B. Esta linha de crÃdito do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) destina-se aos mais pobres entre os agricultores familiares. Nesta perspectiva, a pesquisa envolveu 41 agricultores do municÃpio de Caucaia-CE, alÃm dos membros das diversas instituiÃÃes que intermedeiam essa polÃtica pÃblica. A despeito das adversidades enfrentadas na execuÃÃo do Programa, a pesquisa revela que a implementaÃÃo da referida metodologia conferiu qualidade ao processo de concessÃo de crÃdito no Ãmbito do Pronaf B. Os principais resultados percebidos relacionam-se aos seguintes aspectos: grau de compreensÃo das condiÃÃes do financiamento, adequaÃÃo do crÃdito Ãs necessidades do agricultor e da atividade desenvolvida por ele e sua famÃlia, agilidade do processo, proximidade e acompanhamento, Ãndices de adimplÃncia e de financiamento de atividades nÃo-agropecuÃrias. Complementarmente, foram investigados aspectos inerentes Ãs condiÃÃes de vida desses agricultores, à forma de organizaÃÃo e participaÃÃo social que desenvolvem, bem como ao inter-relacionamento entre eles e as instituiÃÃes mediadoras do crÃdito, e destas entre si.
The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate BNBâs Rural Microcredit Program, the âAgroamigoâ, under the perspective of the qualification of Pronaf Group B process of credit. This credit line of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf) is designed to the poorest among the family farmers. The research involved 41 farmers in the municipality of Caucaia-CE besides the members of the different institutions that intermediate this public policy. Despite the adversities faced in the execution of the Program, the research reveals that the implementation of the referred methodology has added quality to the process of credit concession regarding the Pronaf B. The main results perceived are related to the following aspects: degree of comprehension of the financing conditions, adequacy of the credit to the farmerâs needs and to the kind of activity developed by him and his family, process agility, proximity and follow-up, payment rates and financing of non-agropecuary activities rates. In addition, we have investigated some aspects inherent to these farmersâ life conditions, to their way of organization and the social participation they develop, as well as to the interrelationship between them and the institutions which mediate the credit, and these institutions among themselves.

MACIEL, Iracy Soares Ribeiro. Avaliação da metodologia do Agroamigo em Caucaia-Ce. 2008. 254 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pro - Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza-CE, 2008.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate BNB’s Rural Microcredit Program, the “Agroamigo”, under the perspective of the qualification of Pronaf Group B process of credit. This credit line of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf) is designed to the poorest among the family farmers. The research involved 41 farmers in the municipality of Caucaia-CE besides the members of the different institutions that intermediate this public policy. Despite the adversities faced in the execution of the Program, the research reveals that the implementation of the referred methodology has added quality to the process of credit concession regarding the Pronaf B. The main results perceived are related to the following aspects: degree of comprehension of the financing conditions, adequacy of the credit to the farmer’s needs and to the kind of activity developed by him and his family, process agility, proximity and follow-up, payment rates and financing of non-agropecuary activities rates. In addition, we have investigated some aspects inherent to these farmers’ life conditions, to their way of organization and the social participation they develop, as well as to the interrelationship between them and the institutions which mediate the credit, and these institutions among themselves.
A proposta desta dissertação é avaliar o Programa de Microcrédito Rural do BNB, o Agroamigo, sob o ponto de vista da qualificação do processo de crédito do Pronaf Grupo B. Esta linha de crédito do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) destina-se aos mais pobres entre os agricultores familiares. Nesta perspectiva, a pesquisa envolveu 41 agricultores do município de Caucaia-CE, além dos membros das diversas instituições que intermedeiam essa política pública. A despeito das adversidades enfrentadas na execução do Programa, a pesquisa revela que a implementação da referida metodologia conferiu qualidade ao processo de concessão de crédito no âmbito do Pronaf B. Os principais resultados percebidos relacionam-se aos seguintes aspectos: grau de compreensão das condições do financiamento, adequação do crédito às necessidades do agricultor e da atividade desenvolvida por ele e sua família, agilidade do processo, proximidade e acompanhamento, índices de adimplência e de financiamento de atividades não-agropecuárias. Complementarmente, foram investigados aspectos inerentes às condições de vida desses agricultores, à forma de organização e participação social que desenvolvem, bem como ao inter-relacionamento entre eles e as instituições mediadoras do crédito, e destas entre si.

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A ocupação urbana sem planejamento adequado nas cidades tem causado impactos significativos sobre o meio ambiente e, este fato, afeta diretamente a população que sofre com a queda do nível das condições de qualidade da água nos recursos hídricos em áreas urbanas. Esses impactos no ambiente são facilmente identificados como impermeabilização do solo, aumento do escoamento das águas residuárias e disposição inadequada do lixo. Área selecionada para o estudo da presente pesquisa compreende a região sudeste da cidade de Fortaleza, uma zona adensável, compostas por bairros heterogêneos quanto aos aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais, desprovida de sistema público de esgotamento sanitário e com um deficiente sistema de drenagem. Nesta região observa-se uma intensa e especulativa ocupação do espaço geográfico decorrente do crescimento da expansão urbana em Fortaleza, com as construções de diversos empreendimentos residenciais e comerciais. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral, diante a problemática exposta, envolvendo a expansão urbana, a especulação imobiliária e a poluição hídrica, analisar e avaliar a qualidade das águas do rio Cocó, sub-bacia B-2, margem direita, e de seus aportes, levantando e discutindo os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e bacteriológicos de amostras de águas coletadas diretamente no leito do rio e em alguns de seus aportes, como também propor algumas recomendações tendo em vista a sustentabilidade e a qualidade ambiental da área de estudo, a sub-bacia-B2 do rio Cocó na cidade de Fortaleza
Urban occupation without adequate planning in the cities has caused significant impacts on the environment and this directly affects the population that suffers with the decreasing quality level of the water from water resources in urban areas. These environmental impacts are easily identifiable: soil sealing, increase of wastewater drainage and inadequate waste disposal. The selected area for this research is the southeast region of Fortaleza: a densely populated area; comprising – concerning socioeconomic and environmental aspects – heterogeneous neighborhoods; devoided of sanitary sewage system; and with a poor drainage system. In this region it can be observed an intense and speculative occupation of the geographical space due to the urban growth in Fortaleza, by the building of diverse residential and commercial enterprises. This research has as objective, concerning the above-mentioned problems, involving urban expansion, real estate speculation and water pollution, to analyze and evaluate the water quality of the Cocó river, sub-basin B-2, right margin, and of its tributaries, raising and discussing main physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples collected directly from the river and some of its tributaries, as well as to propose some recommendations aiming sustainability and the environmental quality of the studied area, the Cocó river, sub-basin B2 in Fortaleza

Orientador: João Afonso Zavattini
Banca: Mabel Calina de França Paz
Banca: Marisete Dantas de Aquino
Banca: Natale Chierice Junior
Banca: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton
Resumo: A ocupação urbana sem planejamento adequado nas cidades tem causado impactos significativos sobre o meio ambiente e, este fato, afeta diretamente a população que sofre com a queda do nível das condições de qualidade da água nos recursos hídricos em áreas urbanas. Esses impactos no ambiente são facilmente identificados como impermeabilização do solo, aumento do escoamento das águas residuárias e disposição inadequada do lixo. Área selecionada para o estudo da presente pesquisa compreende a região sudeste da cidade de Fortaleza, uma zona adensável, compostas por bairros heterogêneos quanto aos aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais, desprovida de sistema público de esgotamento sanitário e com um deficiente sistema de drenagem. Nesta região observa-se uma intensa e especulativa ocupação do espaço geográfico decorrente do crescimento da expansão urbana em Fortaleza, com as construções de diversos empreendimentos residenciais e comerciais. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral, diante a problemática exposta, envolvendo a expansão urbana, a especulação imobiliária e a poluição hídrica, analisar e avaliar a qualidade das águas do rio Cocó, sub-bacia B-2, margem direita, e de seus aportes, levantando e discutindo os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e bacteriológicos de amostras de águas coletadas diretamente no leito do rio e em alguns de seus aportes, como também propor algumas recomendações tendo em vista a sustentabilidade e a qualidade ambiental da área de estudo, a sub-bacia-B2 do rio Cocó na cidade de Fortaleza
Abstract: Urban occupation without adequate planning in the cities has caused significant impacts on the environment and this directly affects the population that suffers with the decreasing quality level of the water from water resources in urban areas. These environmental impacts are easily identifiable: soil sealing, increase of wastewater drainage and inadequate waste disposal. The selected area for this research is the southeast region of Fortaleza: a densely populated area; comprising - concerning socioeconomic and environmental aspects - heterogeneous neighborhoods; devoided of sanitary sewage system; and with a poor drainage system. In this region it can be observed an intense and speculative occupation of the geographical space due to the urban growth in Fortaleza, by the building of diverse residential and commercial enterprises. This research has as objective, concerning the above-mentioned problems, involving urban expansion, real estate speculation and water pollution, to analyze and evaluate the water quality of the Cocó river, sub-basin B-2, right margin, and of its tributaries, raising and discussing main physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples collected directly from the river and some of its tributaries, as well as to propose some recommendations aiming sustainability and the environmental quality of the studied area, the Cocó river, sub-basin B2 in Fortaleza
Doutor

La réaction de cycloaddition entre un azoture et un alcyne catalysée par le cuivre (I) (CuAAC) pour former un 1,2,3-triazole 1,4-disubstitué est très utilisée dans de nombreux domaines de la chimie. Cette réaction a très vite été utilisée en synthèse peptidique notamment du fait du caractère isostère du noyau triazole et de la liaison amide. Toutefois l'impact de l'insertion d'un triazole sur la structure secondaire de peptides n'a été que faiblement exploré. Ainsi, pour étudier l'effet d'un tel remplacement nous avons choisi deux peptides modèles structurés le premier modèle est un peptide linéaire de la famille des peptaibols et le second est un peptide cyclique la tamandarine B. Dans un premier temps, nous avons optimisé une voie de synthèse de peptaibols que nous avons appliqué à l'alaméthicine F50/5 et à un analogue de la bergofungine D. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé une synthèse peptidique en phase solide sous irradiation micro-ondes en profitant d'un cocktail de réactifs efficaces contenant du diisopropylcarbodiimide comme agent de couplage et de l'oxyma. Cette méthode de synthèse a été étendue à l'obtention d'analogues silylés de l'alamethicine en substituant dans différentes positions l'acide aminobutyrique par un résidu hydrophobe et encombré : la bis-triethylsilyl-dipropylglycine (TES-Dpg). Dans la deuxième partie nous avons développé la synthèse de dipeptides à motif triazole. Puis nous avons défini les conditions réactionnelles nécessaires pour leur utilisation en SPPS et synthétisé des peptides contenant plusieurs motifs triazoles. Ces dipeptides ont ensuite été utilisés pour réaliser un scan triazole sur les deux peptaibols modèles. Les études structurales par dichroïsme circulaire, RMN et les tests biologiques de différents analogues nous permettent de conclure que le triazole affecte la structure secondaire des peptaibols et par conséquence induit une perte d'activité. Ainsi il apparaît que le concept de triazole comme isostère de la liaison peptidique doit être employé avec prudence. Dans l'optique de comprendre l'impact de triazole sur l'activité et la structure secondaire de peptides cycliques, nous avons généré des analogues simplifiés de la tamandarine B un depsipeptide cyclique d'origine marine. Nous rapportons les résultats préliminaires de cette étude
The cycloaddition reaction between an azide and an alkyne catalyzed by copper (I) (CuAAC) to form a 1,2,3-triazole 1,4-disubstituted is widely used in many areas of chemistry. This reaction was rapidily used in peptide synthesis because of the isosteric nature between the triazole ring and the amide bond. However, impact of the insertion of a triazole on the secondary structure of peptides was only scarcely explored. Thus, to study the effect of such a replacement we chose two models of structured peptides. The first models are linear peptides of the peptaibols family and the second is the cyclic peptide tamandarin B.First, we have optimized a peptaibols synthesis that was applied to alamethicin F50 / 5 and to an analog of bergofungin D. For this we used a solid phase peptide synthesis under microwave irradiation taking advantage of the efficient cocktail consisting of diisopropylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent and Oxyma. This synthesis has been extended to silylated analogues of alamethicin by substituting in different positions the aminobutyric acid by the hydrophobic and crowded residue: bis-triethylsilyl-dipropylglycine (Dpg-TES).In the second part we have developed the synthesis of dipeptides containing a triazole motif. Then we defined the reaction conditions necessary for their use in SPPS and synthesized peptides containing several triazoles rings. These dipeptides were then used to perform a triazole scan on the two peptaibols models. The structural studies by circular dichroism, NMR and biological tests of various analogs allow us to conclude that the triazole affect the secondary structure of peptaibols and consequently induces a loss of activity. Thus it appears that the concept of triazole as isosteric of the peptide bond should be used with caution.In order to understand the triazole impact on the activity and the secondary structure of cyclic peptides, we generated simplified cyclic analogues of tamandarin B a depsipeptide of marine origin. We report the preliminary results of this study

La bursite infectieuse est une maladie du poulet (Gallus gallus) causée par un virus (noté IBDV) de la famille des Birnaviridae, genre Avibirnavirus. Certaines souches d'IBDV dites hypervirulentes (vvIBDV) induisent une mortalité supérieure à 30 %. Il n'y a pas de marqueur génétique de virulence pour les caractériser. Afin de comparer l'épidémiologie moléculaires des deux segments génomiques de l'IBDV, notés A et B, de courtes régions génomiques phylogénétiquement représentatives de chacun des segments ont été identifiées, en comparant les phylogénies dérivées de séquences nucléotidiques complètes ou partielles déjà publiées. Ces régions correspondent au tiers moyen du gène VP2 (segment A) et aux deux tiers 5' du gène VP1 (segment B). Ces régions ont été amplifiées et séquencées chez 50 souches virales d'origines et de phénotypes variés. Leur étude phylogénétique suggère que les segments génomiques ont co-évolué chez 70 % des virus étudiés (dont les vvIBDV), mais que des phénomènes de réassortiment pourraient avoir affecté 13 % des souches virales. Un des virus potentiellement réassortant (segment A apparenté aux vvIBDV, segment B non vvIBDV), inoculé expérimentalement à des poulets sensibles, avait un pouvoir pathogène réduit sans que la réplication virale apparaisse modifiée. Les bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité de l'IBDV ont finalement été recherchées chez deux souches virales apparentées aux vvIBDV identifiées lors de l'étude phylogénétique, l'une issue d'une lignée particulière de virus pathogènes (88180), l'autre apparentée aux vvIBDV typiques mais dotée d'un pouvoir pathogène réduit (94432). Un système de génétique inverse a été développé pour chacune. Le pouvoir pathogène in vivo des clones moléculaires correspondants s'est avéré comparable à celui des virus parentaux. Onze virus génétiquement modifiés dérivés des clones moléculaires ont été construits et caractérisés in vivo. Le pouvoir pathogène de 88180 semble lié au segment A et à plusieurs régions du segment B, alors que l'atténuation de 94432 s'avère liée à trois mutations peptidiques codées par le segment A.

Des lignées de souris transgéniques (Tg) pour les protéines d'enveloppe du VHB et les molécules de classe I (HLA-A2) et II (DRB1) du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité humain ont été créées dans le but de caractériser l'implication de l'antigène HBs (AgHBs) porté par les protéines d'enveloppe lors l'infection chronique par le VHB. Ces souris expriment de manière constitutive l'AgHBs à des taux élevés dans le foie. L'AgHBs est sécrété dans le sérum en l'absence de toute production d'anticorps anti-HBs et de pathologie hépatique. Le statut immunologique des souris triple Tg (AgHBs/HLA-A2/HLA-DRBl) est comparable par plusieurs aspects à celui des porteurs chroniques du VHB infectés à la naissance chez lesquels le virus se multiplie à bas bruit. L'injection d'un plasmide (pCMV-S2. S) codant pour deux des protéines d'enveloppe du VHB permet de rompre la tolérance au niveau des cellules T CD8+. Par contre, le compartiment T CD4+ est tolérisé. La présence mutuellement exclusive des lymphocytes T CD4+ et de F AgHBs souligne le rôle de ce dernier dans le maintien de la tolérance vis à vis des lymphocytes T CD4+. Parrallélement à cette étude, la sécurité et l'immunogénicité d'un vaccin à base d'ADN a été apprécié chez dix porteurs chroniques du VHB dans un essai de phase I de vaccination thérapeutique. Les injections de pCMV-S2. S ont entraîné une diminution marquée de la charge virale chez deux patients et une baisse transitoire de la charge virale de plus de 50% chez quatre autres patients. Des cellules T CD8+ et CD4+ mémoires spécifiques de l'enveloppe du VHB ont été mises en évidence chez tous les patients après vaccination
By using HLA-A2-/HLA-DRl-transgenic H-2 class Wclass II-knockout mice, we have generated transgenic (Tg) mouse lineages expressing the HBV enveloppe proteins in a context of human MHC molecules. The Tg mice express high amount of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carried by the envelope proteins in the liver. The HBsAg is secreted and present in the serum of mice during the animal's lifetime. This preclinical humanized mice model mimics in some aspects the tolerance to HBsAg observed in chronic HBV carriers. As a therapeutic tool, a DNA plasmid encoding the small and the middle protein of HBV was used to immunize Tg mice. Despite a high concentration of HBsAg in sera, injection of this DNA induced a high frequency of CD8+ T cells secreting IFNgamma. Nevertheless, the DNA-based immunization elicited no CD4+ T cell responses. However, when pro-inflammatory stimuli were given before or after DNA-based immunization, the HBsAg was cleared from the serum. This model provides evidence that HBsAg displayed a strong tolerogenic effect on the CD4+ T cell compartment. We also carried out a phase I trial evaluating tolerance to vaccination with a naked DNA vaccine encoding the small and middle envelope proteins in ten patients chronically infected with HBV who did not respond to existing treatments. This vaccination was well tolerated. In two patients a decrease in viral DNA levels accompanied by an HBe/anti-HBe seroconversion was observed. In four other patients the decrease was only transient, even if a fourth injection was given. However, after genetic vaccination, we demonstrated the induction or reactivation of IFNgamma-secreting envelope-specific T-cells in ail patients

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
As a way to test this actual scenario and the prospects of sustainable development to the natural resources of cearense capital it was tested the New Director Plan of Fortaleza like an instrument of sustainable drainage and enhancement urban vegetation, from the case study applied in the Watershed B-5 where, today it is one of the most dynamic areas to the building market of Fortaleza. This evaluation occurred since a large bibliographic revision about the management of drainage and urban vegetations and of the main legal references of urban planning of Fortaleza, including the Work and Posture Code and the Land Use and Occupation law. As a way to show perceptions and actions of the community, it was applied a questionnaire to the residents in Watershed B-5 area. The obtained results demonstrated the shortage of a major pro activity by the public power in ensure the law enforcement and ensuring that the same is appropriate to the urban environment dynamism. On the other hand, the community should valorize the natural resources instead of searching the particular comfort and recognizing that the individual actions form the collective scenario in the cities. The progressive lost of the water resources and the urban vegetation that occurred during Fortaleza history, unfortunately didnât finish yet and despite of the uncountable advances the last years with the deployment of a more correct environmental posture by the public power side and the general society, there is still a disorderly land occupation process that commits the sustainability of these areas
Como forma de avaliar o atual cenÃrio e as perspectivas de desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para os recursos naturais da capital cearense foi avaliada o novo Plano Diretor de Fortaleza como instrumento de valorizaÃÃo da drenagem sustentÃvel e da vegetaÃÃo urbana, a partir do estudo de caso aplicado à Bacia B-5, onde, atualmente, à umas das Ãreas de maior dinamismo para o mercado imobiliÃrio de Fortaleza. A avaliaÃÃo ocorreu a partir de uma extensa revisÃo bibliogrÃfica sobre a gestÃo da drenagem e vegetaÃÃo urbanas e das principais referÃncias jurÃdicas de ordenamento urbano de Fortaleza, incluindo CÃdigo de Obras e Posturas e a lei de Uso e OcupaÃÃo do Solo. Como forma de expor a percepÃÃo e aÃÃes da comunidade, foi aplicada um conjunto de questionÃrios aos residentes na Ãrea da Bacia B-5. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a carÃncia de uma maior prÃ-atividade por parte do poder pÃblico em garantir a aplicaÃÃo da legislaÃÃo vigente e que a mesma esteja adequada ao dinamismo do ambiente urbano. Por outro lado, a comunidade deve valorizar os recursos naturais em detrimento da busca do conforto particular e reconhecendo que as aÃÃes individuais à que formam o cenÃrio coletivo nas cidades. A perda progressiva dos recursos hÃdricos e da vegetaÃÃo urbanos que ocorreu ao longo da histÃria de Fortaleza, infelizmente, ainda nÃo cessou e apesar dos inÃmeros avanÃos nos Ãltimos anos com a implantaÃÃo de uma postura mais ambientalmente correta por parte do poder pÃblico e da sociedade em geral, hoje ainda hà um processo de ocupaÃÃo do solo de forma desordenada, o que compromete a sustentabilidade dessas Ãreas

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Introduction: In the last two decades researchers have concentrated on the construction of a new type of broadband stimulus and a narrowband version for the realization of the AEP-FS. Such studies are attempts to improve the amplitude as well as to reduce the time necessary to record the Potential Auditory Evoked test called chirp. Objective: To describe the latency, amplitude and minimum levels of response in the Bone-Conducted Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials recording, with the B-71 transducer in hearing children and with conductive hearing loss using the NB CE-Chirp® LS stimulus in the frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz. Method: 14 children (22 ears) average age of 3.5 months were evaluated. The AEP-FS was recorded in the intensities of 10 to 50 dB nNA (maximum output of the equipment), always seeking the minimum level of each child response. The Radioear B-71 bone transducer was used with the manual method of fixation performed by a second experienced researcher. The latency averages in the two ears as well as the latency averages with the NB CE-Chirp® LS and Toneburst stimuli were compared by means of the Student t-test. Results: Bone conducted AEP-FS using the NB CE-Chirp® LS stimulus in the frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz presented lower mean V-wave latencies and higher wavelength when compared to results obtained with the toneburst stimulus described in literature, mainly in the frequency of 500 Hz. No significant difference was observed in the latency and amplitude variables between the right and left ears. Conclusion: NB CE-Chirp® LS stimulation was promising in its use in the bone conducted AEP-FS. However, research with a larger number of subjects should be carried out in order to introduce normative values for its clinical usage
Introdução: nas duas últimas décadas, grupos de pesquisadores concentraram-se na construção de um novo tipo de estímulo de banda larga e de uma versão de banda estreita para a realização do PEATE, na tentativa de alcançar maiores amplitudes e de reduzir o tempo de teste necessário para o registro Potencial Evocado Auditivo, estímulo este, denominado chirp. Objetivo: descrever e comparar os resultados de latência, amplitude e níveis mínimos de resposta no registro do PEATE por via óssea em crianças ouvintes e com perda auditiva condutiva, utilizando o estímulo NB CE-chirp® LS nas frequências de 500 e 2000 Hz. Método: foram avaliadas 14 crianças (22 orelhas), com idade média de 3,5 meses nas frequências de 500 e 2000 Hz. O PEATE-FE foi registrado nas intensidades de 10 a 50 dB nNA (saída máxima do equipamento), buscando sempre o nível mínimo de resposta da criança. Foi utilizado o transdutor ósseo Radioear B-71, utilizando o método manual de fixação realizada por um segundo pesquisador experiente. As médias das latências nas duas orelhas e as médias da latência com os estímulos NB CE-chirp® LS e tone burst foram comparadas por meio do teste t-Student. Resultados: O PEATE-FE, por via óssea utilizando o estímulo NB CEchirp ® LS nas frequências de 500 e 2000 Hz, apresentou latências médias de onda V menores e amplitude de onda maior, quando comparado com resultados obtidos com o estímulo tone burst descrito na literatura, principalmente na frequência de 500 Hz. Não foi observada diferença significativa nas variáveis latência e amplitude entre as orelhas direita e esquerda. Conclusão: o estímulo NB CE-chirp® LS mostrou-se promissor em sua utilização no PEATE-FE por via óssea, porém, novas pesquisas com maior número de sujeitos, devem ser realizadas com o objetivo de lançar valores de normatização para seu uso clínico

Reduction of cholesterol ester (CE) from lipid burden lesion-associated macrophage foam cells has been shown to reduce plaque volumes. Hydrolysis of CE to free cholesterol (FC) in macrophages is an essential step for removal of CE from the macrophage and its transport to the liver by high density lipoprotein (HDL) for further metabolism. Since CE must again be hydrolyzed into FC in the liver catalyzing this hydrolysis, it becomes imperative to find the identity of these enzymes. In this study the role of key enzyme in catalyzing the hydrolysis of CE to FC, neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) was evaluated. Further, ability of this CEH to hydrolyze CE delivered via scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) or SR-BII was also monitored. CE hydrolysis and FC efflux were monitored from cells transfected with CEH expression vector. No significant difference was noted in either the intracellular CEH activity or FC efflux between cells transfected with an empty vector or a CEH expression vector. Further no difference was seen when experiments were repeated with cells stably transfected with SR-BI or SR-BII. Future experiments with more optimization of the cells system used will be required to reach any conclusions on the role of CEH in hydrolyzing HDL-CE delivered via SR-BI/BII.

BRITO, J. S. Novo plano diretor de Fortaleza como instrumento de valorização da drenagem e da vegetação urbana: percepção da população da sub-bacia B-5, Fortaleza, CE. 2010. 206 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil: Saneamento Ambiental) – Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2010.
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As a way to test this actual scenario and the prospects of sustainable development to the natural resources of cearense capital it was tested the New Director Plan of Fortaleza like an instrument of sustainable drainage and enhancement urban vegetation, from the case study applied in the Watershed B-5 where, today it is one of the most dynamic areas to the building market of Fortaleza. This evaluation occurred since a large bibliographic revision about the management of drainage and urban vegetations and of the main legal references of urban planning of Fortaleza, including the Work and Posture Code and the Land Use and Occupation law. As a way to show perceptions and actions of the community, it was applied a questionnaire to the residents in Watershed B-5 area. The obtained results demonstrated the shortage of a major pro activity by the public power in ensure the law enforcement and ensuring that the same is appropriate to the urban environment dynamism. On the other hand, the community should valorize the natural resources instead of searching the particular comfort and recognizing that the individual actions form the collective scenario in the cities. The progressive lost of the water resources and the urban vegetation that occurred during Fortaleza history, unfortunately didn’t finish yet and despite of the uncountable advances the last years with the deployment of a more correct environmental posture by the public power side and the general society, there is still a disorderly land occupation process that commits the sustainability of these areas
Como forma de avaliar o atual cenário e as perspectivas de desenvolvimento sustentável para os recursos naturais da capital cearense foi avaliada o novo Plano Diretor de Fortaleza como instrumento de valorização da drenagem sustentável e da vegetação urbana, a partir do estudo de caso aplicado à Bacia B-5, onde, atualmente, é umas das áreas de maior dinamismo para o mercado imobiliário de Fortaleza. A avaliação ocorreu a partir de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre a gestão da drenagem e vegetação urbanas e das principais referências jurídicas de ordenamento urbano de Fortaleza, incluindo Código de Obras e Posturas e a lei de Uso e Ocupação do Solo. Como forma de expor a percepção e ações da comunidade, foi aplicada um conjunto de questionários aos residentes na área da Bacia B-5. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a carência de uma maior pró-atividade por parte do poder público em garantir a aplicação da legislação vigente e que a mesma esteja adequada ao dinamismo do ambiente urbano. Por outro lado, a comunidade deve valorizar os recursos naturais em detrimento da busca do conforto particular e reconhecendo que as ações individuais é que formam o cenário coletivo nas cidades. A perda progressiva dos recursos hídricos e da vegetação urbanos que ocorreu ao longo da história de Fortaleza, infelizmente, ainda não cessou e apesar dos inúmeros avanços nos últimos anos com a implantação de uma postura mais ambientalmente correta por parte do poder público e da sociedade em geral, hoje ainda há um processo de ocupação do solo de forma desordenada, o que compromete a sustentabilidade dessas áreas

Le virus d'Epstein-Barr (EBV) est un herpesvirus extrêmement répandu dans la population humaine. Bien que l'infection par EBV soit généralement bénigne, ce virus est aussi associé à de nombreuses proliférations malignes et, in vitro, EBV peut infecter et induire une prolifération indéfinie des lymphocytes B. Parmi les onze gènes viraux exprimés dans les lymphocytes B immortalisés par EBV, les antigènes nucléaires EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A et EBNA3C ainsi que la protéine membranaire LMP1 sont tous nécessaires à l'immortalisation induite par EBV. EBNA2 joue un rôle essentiel dans le processus d'immortalisation car il active l'expression de nombreux gènes cellulaires et de toutes les protéines virales exprimées dans les cellules B immortalisées. EBNA2 a un domaine d'activation de la transcription mais, contrairement à la plupart des facteurs de transcription, il ne se fixe pas directement à l'ADN. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés au mécanisme par lequel EBNA2 pouvait activer la transcription. Nous avons pu montrer que la protéine cellulaire RBP-JK se fixe à l'ADN sur les éléments de réponse a EBNA2 et interagit directement avec EBNA2. Nos résultats suggèrent fortement que RBP-JK peur recruter EBNA2 au promoteur de ses gènes cibles. Un certain nombre de résultats montrant que RBP-JK est un répresseur de la transcription nous ont incités à étudier plus en détail le mécanisme d'activation transcriptionnelle par le complexe EBNA2-RBP-JK. Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer qu'EBNA2, recruté aux promoteurs par RBP-JK, activait la transcription non seulement en apportant un domaine activateur de la transcription mais aussi en interférant avec la répression due à un corépresseur recruté par RBP-JK. Enfin, comme il avait été montré que EBNA3A et EBNA3C peuvent réprimer l'activation transcriptionnelle par EBNA2 (Le Roux et al. , 1994), nous avons tenté d'élucider les mécanismes qui sous-tendent cet effet. Nos résultats montrent que, très probablement, EBNA3A et EBNA3C répriment l'activation de la transcription par EBNA2 en interagissant stablement avec RBP-JK et en déstabilisant sa fixation à l'ADN in vivo

L’objectif de cette étude a été de développer et d’optimiser la préparation de catalyseurs à base de pérovskites La1-xAxBO3+δ (A = Sr, Ag, Ce; B = Mn et Cr; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,2) utilisées en combustion du méthane. Les catalyseurs ont été préparés, à pression atmosphérique ou sous pression (conditions hydrothermales), par des méthodes conventionnelles (co-précipitation) et non conventionnelles (sous micro-ondes). La méthode de préparation a un effet important sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des catalyseurs préparés et par conséquent affecte leur activité catalytique en combustion du méthane. La substitution d’éléments actifs (Sr, Ag, Ce) dans les réseaux LaBO3 (B = Mn, Cr) permet d’abaisser considérablement la température (T50) de combustion du méthane. Le système à base des oxydes lanthane-chrome existe sous différentes formes (LaCrO3, LaCr2O6, LaCrO3- La2O3 et LaCrO3-LaCr2O6) dont l’obtention dépend du mode de synthèse utilisé. La teneur de la phase secondaire (LaCr2O6 ou La2O3) est fonction de l’atmosphère, de la température et de la durée de calcination utilisées. Ces catalyseurs présentent des réductibilités différentes (mobilité des espèces oxygène variable) ce qui affecte leur activité en combustion du méthane ou des suies diesel. En effet la pérovskite LaCrO3 préparée par la méthode hydrothermale, très peu réductible et possédant une importante aire BET, conduit à une activité très importante en combustion des suies diesel (Tmax = 435°C) mais présente une faible activité en combustion du méthane. Tous les catalyseurs à base de manganèse sont affectés par l’empoisonnement par H2S, lequel provoque une diminution de l’activité catalytique en combustion du méthane liée à la diminution du nombre des sites actifs. Ce dernier reste, toutefois appréciable dans le cas du catalyseur le plus actif La0. 8Ag0. 2MnO3+δ préparé par la méthode hydrothermale assistée par micro-ondes
The objective of this study was to develop and to optimize the preparation of La1-xAxBO3+δ perovskites catalysts (A = Sr, Ag, Ce; B = Mn or Cr; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 2) used for methane combustion. Catalysts were prepared, at atmospheric pressure or under pressure (hydrothermal conditions), by conventional methods (co-precipitation) and non conventional methods such as microwaves irradiation. The method of preparation has an important effect on the physico-chemical properties of the prepared catalysts and affects consequently their catalytic activity in methane combustion. The substitution of active elements (Sr, Ag, Ce) in the networks of LaMnO3 and LaCrO3 allows to lower considerably the light-off temperature (T50) of methane combustion. The lanthanum-chromium oxides system exists under various forms: LaCrO3, LaCr2O6, LaCrO3- La2O3 and LaCrO3-LaCr2O6 whose obtaining depends on the used mode of synthesis. The content of the secondary phase (LaCr2O6 or La2O3) is dependent on the atmosphere, the temperature and the duration of calcination used. These catalysts present different reducibility (mobility of the oxygen species) which affects their activity in methane or diesel soot combustion. However, LaCrO3 perovskite, prepared using hydrothermal method which was found to be hardly reducible and possessing a great BET surface area, leads to an important activity in diesel soot combustion (Tmax = 435°C) but shows low activity in methane combustion. All manganese based catalysts are affected by the poisoning by H2S, who provokes a decrease of the catalytic activity in combustion of the methane which is connected to the decrease of the number of the active sites. The latter remain, however noticeable in the case of the most active catalyst La0. 8Ag0. 2MnO3+δ prepared using microwaves assisted hydrothermal synthesis

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude par diffusion inélastique de neutrons des propriétés magnétiques de borures de terre rare : ceb#6, prb#6 et ybb#1#2. La difficulté de réalisation des expériences, notamment la faiblesse des signaux due en partie à la forte absorption des neutrons par le bore, nous a conduit à inclure, dans un programme d'analyse, la correction d'absorption. La partie principale de cette thèse a été l'étude des interactions magnétiques dans les phases ordonnées de ceb#6 et prb#6. Nous avons confirmé la présence d'interactions magnétiques quadrupolaires importantes, grâce à la mesure des excitations magnétiques dans la phase quadrupolaire de ceb#6 en appliquant un champ magnétique dont la valeur était comprise entre 0 et 6 t, et dans les phases double-k et simple-k basse température de prb#6. De plus nous avons montré qu'il semble exister une compétition entre les interactions magnétiques quadrupolaires et les interactions magnétiques dipolaires dans le compose ceb#6, alors que les interactions quadrupolaires dans prb#6 semblent au contraire renforcer la structure magnétique dipolaire. Les mesures effectuées avec le compose ybb#1#2 nous ont permis de donner une valeur de 60 k pour l'énergie du gap, cette valeur étant conforme à celles obtenues par des mesures de résistivité et d'optique. De plus nous proposons un schéma de niveau de champ cristallin, avec le niveau fondamental #8 et les niveaux excites #7 et #6 a respectivement 18 et 39 mev. En annexe, nous présentons également les résultats obtenus par diffusion inélastique de neutrons avec le compose bidimensionnel xy bani#2(po#4)#2. Un programme a été développé pour déconvoluer les spectres mesures de la fonction de résolution instrumentale à 4 dimensions. Les largeurs intrinsèques, ainsi déterminées, de la diffusion magnétique critique ne montrent aucune caractéristique des excitations non linéaires prévues par la théorie, mais peut être expliqué uniquement par une renormalisation des ondes de spin

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire idiopathique (HTAPi) se caractérise par une une augmentation des résistances vasculaire, une augmentation de la PAPm et à long terme une insuffisance ventriculaire droite. La dysfonction endothéliale est l’événement initial de la maladie. Elle résulte d’un déséquilibre de synthèse des molécules vasoactives, d’un défaut de production de facteurs de croissance. Ces perturbations affectent directement le muscle lisse adjacent qui en réponse produit une vasoconstriction et une prolifération excessive. Le muscle lisse possède également ses propres anomalies intrinsèques contribuant à amplifier son phénotype vasoconstrictif et prolifératif. Actuellement, les thérapeutiques de l’HTAP ne permettent pas de corriger le remodelage vasculaire et les données cliniques soulignent leur manque d’efficacité en ce qui concerne la survie des patients. Ces travaux de doctorat ont visé à proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’implication de la kinase Src dans la pathogenèse de l’HTAP. Nous avons montré que l’augmentation du niveau de Src dans les CML-AP été associée au développement de l’HTAPi. Aussi, nous avons montré que l’inhibition de Src, avec des molécules spécifiques, prévient la prolifération des CML-AP in vitro et réverse l’HTAP dans un modèle expérimental induit par la monocrotaline. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’inhibition des récepteurs adrénergiques dans l’HTAP. Nous avons comparé les effets du nébivolol, un β-bloquant de troisième génération qui possède des propriétés vasodilatatrices, aux effets du métoprolol, un β-bloquant de deuxième génération. Nous avons montré que le nébivolol, contrairement au métoprolol, a des effets positifs sur la dysfonction endothéliale, la relaxation des artères pulmonaires et sur le modèle expérimental de l’HP induite par la monocrotaline. Ainsi au cours de ce doctorat, nous avons caractérisé deux stratégies thérapeutiques différentes qui ont montré toutes deux un potentiel intéressant pour le traitement de l’HTAP
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (iPAH) is characterized by an increased vascular resistance, increase pulmonary artery pressure, and at long term, a right ventricular failure. Endothelial dysfunction is the initial event of this pathology. It is a result of altered vasoactive molecules synthesis, altered growth factors production. These alterations directly affect the neighboring smooth muscle which produces an important vasoconstriction and a significant proliferation. Also, the smooth muscle has its own intrinsic abnormalities that participate in its vasoconstriction and proliferation phenotypes.It is to note that to date, PAH treatment strategies do not improve the vascular remodeling. Moreover, clinical results show no efficiency of these treatments on patient survival. Accordingly, this thesis studies have targeted new and better therapeutic approaches. To this aim, we have fist oriented our research toward the involvement of Src kinase in PAH pathology. We found that increased Src level in the Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells (PA-SMC) was associated with PAH development. Also, we have showed that, in vitro, Src inhibition, with specific molecules, prevent PA-SMC proliferation and revert PAH in a monocrotaline-induced experimental model. The second aim of this thesis work was oriented toward beta-adrenergic receptor inhibition in PAH. We have compared the effect of both the nebivolol, which is a third generation of b-blockers that has a vasodilation proterties, and metoprolol, which is a second generation of -blockers. Our results show that, as opposite to metoprolol, nebivolol has positive effects on endothelial dysfunctions, pulmonary artery relaxation, and on monocrotaline-induced PH in rats.Therefore, during this thesis, we have characterized two different therapeutic strategies that both show interesting potential in PAH treatment

A. Fumigatus a été exposé à 91 mélanges d’amphothericine B, micafungine et nykkomycine Z. Le meilleur modèle est un modèle global de surface de réponse avec des équations polynomièles pour m et CI50. On voit une large région de synergie, sur le bord micafungine et nykkomycine Z (proportions normalisées équivalentes), et vers le milieu de la figure. On a simulé différents profiles de m et CI50 en variant systématiquement les paramètres des polynomes. Pour CI50, on a pu simuler des isoboles assymétriques et irrégulières, mais passant au maximum 2 fois la ligne d’additivité. Enfin, l’évolution dans le temps et la relation concentration-effet pour des données de microarrays ont ete fittés simultanément, avec comme sous-modèles respectifs un modèle de croissance / décroissance exponentiel et un modèle de Hill. Les données étaient une base de résultats Affymetrix HG-U95Av2 de 51 arrays, aprés exposition au cisplatine ou à l’oxaliplatine de cellules de carcinome ovarien humain A2780. 18 gènes ont été sélectionés. Une comparaison des paramètres permet de voir les gènes présentant des profiles différents
A. Fumigatus was exposed to 91 fixed ratio combinations of amphotericin B, micafungin, and nikkomycin Z. Effect was assessed with an XTT assay. The best model was an overall response surface including polynomial equations for m and CI50. There was a large zone of synergy, mostly at the nikkomycin Z / micafungin edge and into the center of the ternary plots. The effect of changing the values of the different polynomial parameters for m and CI50 was systematically simulated. For CI50, asymmetrical and irregular isobols could be simulated, and the additivity line could be crossed twice at maximum. Finally, time-course and concentration-effect of gene expressions from microarray studies were fitted simultaneously, the respective submodels being the exponential increase / decrease model and the Hill model. The dataset was an Affymetrix HG-U95Av2 51 arrays dataset, after exposure of A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin and oxaliplatin, focusing on 18 selected genes. Comparisons of model parameters helped distinguish genes with various expression patterns and could also help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the agents, and their timing

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系碩士班
93
In this research, homogeneous (R0.5A0.5)MnO3 (R = Gd, Yb; A = Ca, Sr) and (R0.5A0.5)NiO3 (A = Ce, Th) compounds with perovskite structure were synthesized by a polymeric citrate precursor method. (R0.5A0.5)TiO3 (A = Ca, Sr) was synthesized by a solid state method. (R0.5A0.5)MnO3 series samples have orthorhombic symmetry and (R0.5A0.5)NiO3 have monoclinic symmetry. The samples prepared by the polymeric citrate precursor method has a better homogeneity and the grain size is smaller than that prepared by the solid state method. Mn and Ti samples have M3+ and M4+ mixed valence state observed by XANES. The (R0.5A0.5)MnO3 samples are insulator, they has a spin-glass like property and the FC and ZFC susceptibility is irreversible. The (R0.5A0.5)NiO3 samples are paramagnetic metal. At 1 T magnetic field, both (R0.5A0.5)MnO3 and (R0.5A0.5)NiO3 have negative magnetoresistance (MR) ratio. The maximum MR ratio of (Gd0.5Ca0.5)MnO3 sample is found at 80-100 K,with a range of 60-65%. The maximum MR ratio of (R0.5A0.5)NiO3 sample is found at 180-200 K, with a range of 50- 60%. The (R0.5A0.5)TiO3 samples are paramagnetic Mott insulator.

碩士
國立交通大學
應用化學系碩博士班
102
In this thesis, series of (La1-xMx)2(Ce1-yNy)2O7 (M=Yb or N=V) were prepared by sol-gel method to study the influence of metal cation to their physical and electrochemical properties. For (La1-xYbx)2Ce2O7 series, single-phase were observed in XRD with a substitution range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and their compositions were confirmed by ICP-AES/SEM-EDS. The refined cell constants decreased as the amount of substituted-Yb increased. According to the result from TPR, these materials react with hydrogen in the temperature of 400-750oC and their structures remain stable up to 900oC. Dense ceramic pellets for the materials were obtained through the optimal sintering condition, at 1600°C for 1 h under air, and the relative density of the pellets reached 95%. Total ionic conductivity increases significantly with x = 0.1 of substituted-Yb content. For (La0.9Yb0.1)2Ce2O7, the measurement of ionic conductivity via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the conductivities were in a range of 3.5×10-3 – 6.9×10-2 S/cm at 600-900oC. When x>0.1, the drop trend in total ionic conductivity with increasing Yb contents were attributed to the crystal phase transformation of pyrochlores, which could be speculated by XPS analysis. The total ionic conductivity rises as oxygen partial pressure increased, indicative of a p-type semiconductor. The electronic conductivity of (La1-xYbx)2Ce2O7 measured via four probe method were in a range of ~10-5 – 10-3 S/cm at 600-900oC, and exhibited no significant difference between the results measurement under O2 and H2. The Yb-substituted La2Ce2O7 exhibits high total conductivity and low electronic conductivity compare to that of electrolyte materials Y0.16Zr0.84O2 (YSZ), which is a potential electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cell. For La2(Ce1-yVy)2O7 series, pure phase were observed in a range of 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2 and their compositions were analyzed by ICP-AES/SEM-EDS. The refined cell constants decreased as V contents increased. From the TPR result, these materials started to react with hydrogen in the temperature range of 400-750oC and they exhibited structural stability up to 900oC. The dense ceramic pellets were sintered at 1500oC for 1h under air, and the corresponding relative density is over 95%. Total ionic conductivity increases with the substituted-V content. La2(Ce0.8V0.2)2O7 exhibited high total ionic conductivity of in the range of 3.7×10-3 - 10-1 S/cm at 600-900oC, which is higher than the total ionic conductivity of YSZ and similar to (La0.9Yb0.1)2Ce2O7.

In this thesis I examine the relationship with literacy constructed by the users of public libraries, such as, in this case, the José Vasconcelos Library in México city. As a central dimension of the ethnographic study, I analyze reading in groups as a social practice. I show how the José Vasconcelos Library as a public space is signified through various uses beyond the traditional practices to which many Library spaces are subjected. I describe some examples of the appropriation of public spaces and show how diverse practices are produced that involves literacy and written culture. I then analyze the relationships that are woven between different manners of reading and the activities and practices undertaken by several groups or collectives of readers who use the library as a meeting point to study, to read or to perform different activities in places that are available to the public. To approach this problem, I take into account a sociocultural concept of reading, which emerged from the New Literacy Studies. I considered “reading” not only as a cognitive competence, but also as a social tool.

La cartographie peptidique est une méthode qui permet entre autre d’identifier les modifications post-traductionnelles des protéines. Elle comprend trois étapes : 1) la protéolyse enzymatique, 2) la séparation par électrophorèse capillaire (CE) ou chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (HPLC) des fragments peptidiques et 3) l’identification de ces derniers. Cette dernière étape peut se faire par des méthodes photométriques ou par spectrométrie de masse (MS). Au cours de la dernière décennie, les enzymes protéolytiques immobilisées ont acquis une grande popularité parce qu’elles peuvent être réutilisées et permettent une digestion rapide des protéines due à un rapport élevé d’enzyme/substrat. Pour étudier les nouvelles techniques d’immobilisation qui ont été développées dans le laboratoire du Professeur Waldron, la cartographie peptidique par CE est souvent utilisée pour déterminer le nombre total de peptides détectés et leurs abondances. La CE nous permet d’avoir des séparations très efficaces et lorsque couplée à la fluorescence induite par laser (LIF), elle donne des limites de détection qui sont 1000 fois plus basses que celles obtenues avec l’absorbance UV-Vis. Dans la méthode typique, les peptides venant de l’étape 1) sont marqués avec un fluorophore avant l’analyse par CE-LIF. Bien que la sensibilité de détection LIF puisse approcher 10-12 M pour un fluorophore, la réaction de marquage nécessite un analyte dont la concentration est d’au moins 10-7 M, ce qui représente son principal désavantage. Donc, il n’est pas facile d’étudier les enzymes des peptides dérivés après la protéolyse en utilisant la technique CE-LIF si la concentration du substrat protéique initial est inférieure à 10-7 M. Ceci est attribué à la dilution supplémentaire lors de la protéolyse. Alors, afin d’utiliser le CE-LIF pour évaluer l’efficacité de la digestion par enzyme immobilisée à faible concentration de substrat,nous proposons d’utiliser des substrats protéiques marqués de fluorophores pouvant être purifiés et dilués. Trois méthodes de marquage fluorescent de protéine sont décrites dans ce mémoire pour étudier les enzymes solubles et immobilisées. Les fluorophores étudiés pour le marquage de protéine standard incluent le naphtalène-2,3-dicarboxaldéhyde (NDA), la fluorescéine-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) et l’ester de 6-carboxyfluorescéine N-succinimidyl (FAMSE). Le FAMSE est un excellent réactif puisqu’il se conjugue rapidement avec les amines primaires des peptides. Aussi, le substrat marqué est stable dans le temps. Les protéines étudiées étaient l’-lactalbumine (LACT), l’anhydrase carbonique (CA) et l’insuline chaîne B (INB). Les protéines sont digérées à l’aide de la trypsine (T), la chymotrypsine (CT) ou la pepsine (PEP) dans leurs formes solubles ou insolubles. La forme soluble est plus active que celle immobilisée. Cela nous a permis de vérifier que les protéines marquées sont encore reconnues par chaque enzyme. Nous avons comparé les digestions des protéines par différentes enzymes telles la chymotrypsine libre (i.e., soluble), la chymotrypsine immobilisée (i.e., insoluble) par réticulation avec le glutaraldéhyde (GACT) et la chymotrypsine immobilisée sur billes d’agarose en gel (GELCT). Cette dernière était disponible sur le marché. Selon la chymotrypsine utilisée, nos études ont démontré que les cartes peptidiques avaient des différences significatives selon le nombre de pics et leurs intensités correspondantes. De plus, ces études nous ont permis de constater que les digestions effectuées avec l’enzyme immobilisée avaient une bonne reproductibilité. Plusieurs paramètres quantitatifs ont été étudiés afin d’évaluer l’efficacité des méthodes développées. La limite de détection par CE-LIF obtenue était de 3,010-10 M (S/N = 2,7) pour la CA-FAM digérée par GACT et de 2,010-10 M (S/N = 4,3) pour la CA-FAM digérée par la chymotrypsine libre. Nos études ont aussi démontrées que la courbe d’étalonnage était linéaire dans la région de travail (1,0×10-9-1,0×10-6 M) avec un coefficient de corrélation (R2) de 0,9991.
Peptide mapping is a routine method for identifying post-translational modifications of proteins. It involves three steps: 1) enzymatic proteolysis, 2) separation of the peptide fragments by capillary electrophoresis (CE) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 3) identification of the peptide fragments by photometric methods or mass spectrometry (MS). During the past decade, immobilized enzymes for proteolysis have been gaining in popularity because they can be reused and they provide fast protein digestion due to the high ratio of enzyme-to-substrate. In order to study new immobilization techniques developed in the Waldron laboratory, peptide mapping by CE is frequently used, where the total number of peptides detected and their abundance are related to enzymatic activity. CE allows very high resolution separations and, when coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), provides excellent detection limits that are 1000 times lower than with UV-Vis absorbance. In the typical method, the peptides produced in step 1) above are derivatized with a fluorophore before separation by CE-LIF. Although the detection sensitivity of LIF can approach 10 12 M for a highly efficient fluorophore, a major disadvantage is that the derivatization reaction requires analyte concentrations to be approx. 10 7 M or higher. Therefore, it is not feasible to study enzymes using CE-LIF of the peptides derivatized after proteolysis if the initial protein substrate concentration is <10-7 M because additional dilution occurs during proteolysis. Instead, to take advantage of CE-LIF to evaluate the efficiency of immobilized enzyme digestion of low concentrations of substrate, we propose using fluorescently derivatized protein substrates that can be purified then diluted. Three methods for conjugating fluorophore to protein were investigated in this work as a means to study both soluble and immobilized enzymes. The fluorophores studied for derivatization of protein standards included naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), fluoresceine-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) and 6-carboxyfluorescein N-succinimide ester (FAMSE). The FAMSE was found to be an excellent reagent that conjugates quickly with primary amines and the derivatized substrate was stable over time. The studied substrates were -lactalbumin (LACT), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and insulin chain-B (INB). The CE-LIF peptide maps were generated from digestion of the fluorescently derivatized substrates by trypsin (T), chymotrypsin (CT) or pepsin (PEP), either in soluble or insoluble forms. The soluble form of an enzyme is more active than the immobilized form and this allowed us to verify that the conjugated proteins were still recognized as substrates by each enzyme. The digestion of the derivatized substrates with different types of chymotrypsin (CT) was compared: free (i.e., soluble) chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GACT) and chymotrypsin immobilized on agarose gel particles (GELCT), which was available commercially. The study showed that, according to the chymotrypsin used, the peptide map would vary in the number of peaks and their intensities. It also showed that the digestion by immobilized enzymes was quite reproducible. Several quantitative parameters were studied to evaluate the efficacy of the methods. The detection limit of the overall method (CE-LIF peptide mapping of FAM-derivatized protein digested by chymotrypsin) was 3.010-10 M (S/N = 2.7) carbonic anhydrase using insoluble GACT and 2.010-10 M (S/N = 4.3) CA using free chymotrypsin. Our studies also showed that the standard curve was linear in the working region (1.0×10-9-1.0×10-6 M) with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9991.

The overall research aims to ascertain the degree of commitment social oriented educational area of ​​librarians working in university library in the city of Chillán. The thesis seeks to discover whether there is an interest based on a matter of "compromise", by librarians working in college, to develop proposals with the order to fulfill a social role in the community outside cash. The investigation also exposed, the work done by a group of librarians, who work in the Library of the University of Concepción, Campus Chillán. Which through effective social engagement, which will be released in the background of this research, they have discovered it is necessary to encourage the social role among colleagues working in other area universities. The methodology used in the research is the mixed approach. This approach allowed the integration or combination of qualitative and quantitative approach. Combine different types of sampling, the dimensions of the expanded research and understanding. The term "compromise" implies commitment to society, is to against prevailing ideas, to defend the things to be believed, even if it means taking some risks and discomforts. From this perspective, the study investigates the level of commitment that librarians of the university libraries in Chillán, are being out, to participate consciously in the transformation of education, not only in the community that belongs to them (students), but also with those who are part of the external community, where inserted college. It is argued that the university library as a service framed in a public institution, has a social responsibility that should expand its definition. It also states that above all librarians are people and like any other, have a commitment to society.